ABBREVIATIONS

A G. W. Leibniz. Siimtliche Schriften und Brie/e. Ed. Deutsche Akadernie der Wissensschaften. Darmstadt, Leipzig, and Berlin. Reprint. Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1966.

AG G. W. Leibniz. Philosophical Essays. Ed. and tr. Roger Ariew and Daniel Garber. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1989.

C Opuscules et fragments inedits de Leibniz. Ed. Louis Couturat. Reprint. Hildesheim: George Olms, 1966.

CD G. W. Leibniz. Causa Dei. In S: 114-145. Cited by article number.

CP Confessio philosophi. Ed. and tr. Y. Beleval. Paris: J. Vrin, 1970.

CSM The Philosophical Writings of Descartes. Tr. J. Cottingham,R. Stuthoff, and D. Murdoch. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

DM G. W. Leibniz. Discourse on Metaphysics. Cited by article number. Tr. and ed. by Leroy Loemker in L: 303-330.

DSR G. W. Leibniz. De Summa Rerum, Metaphysical Papers, 1675-1676. Ed. and tr. G. H. R. Parkinson. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.

E G. W. Leibniz. Opera Philosophica Omnia. Ed. J. Erdmann. Berlin: Scientia Verlag Aalen, 1840.

F G. W. Leibniz. Nouvelles Lettres Et Opuscules Inedits De Leibniz. Ed. A. Foucher De Careil. Paris, 1857. Reprint. Heldesheim: Georg Olms, 1971.

G G. W. Leibniz. Die philosophischen Schriften von G. W. Leibniz. Ed. C. I. Gerhardt. 7 vals. Berlin: Weidmann, 1875-90. Reprint. Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1978.

GL W Briefwechsel zwischen Leibniz und Christian Wolff. Ed. C. I. Gerhardt, Halle: H.W. Schmitt, 1860. Reprint. Hidelsheim: Georg Olms, 1963.

183

184 ABBREVIATIONS

GM G. W. Leibniz, Die mathematischen Schriften von G. W. Leibniz. Ed. C. 1. Gerhardt. 7 vols. Berlin: A. Asher; Halle: H. W. Schmitt, 1849-90. Reprint Hildesheim: Georg alms, 1978.

Grua G. W. Leibniz. Textes Inedits. 2 vols. Ed. G. Grua. Paris: University Press of France, 1948.

H Leibniz: Critical and Interpretive Essays. Ed. M. Hooker, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982.

L G. W. Leibniz, Philosophical Papers and Letters. Ed. and tr. L. Loemker. 2nd edition. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1969.

LA The Leibniz - Arnauld Correspondence. Ed. and tr. H. T. Mason. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1967.

LP G. W. Leibniz. Leibniz, Logical Papers. Ed. and tr. G. H. R. Parkinson, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.

M. G. W. Leibniz. Monadology. In L, 643-652.

MP G. W. Leibniz. Leibniz Philosophical Writings. Ed. G. H. R. Parkinson. Tr. G. H. R. Parkinson and Mary Morris. London: Dent, 1973.

N G. W. Leibniz, New Essays on Human Understanding. Ed. and tr. P. Remnant and J. Bennett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

RL G. W. Leibniz. Lettres de Leibniz a Arnauld d'apres un manuscrit inedits. Ed. G. R. Lewis. Paris, 1952. Reprint. New York and London: Garland, 1985.

S G. W. Leibniz. Monadology and other Philosophical Essays. Tr. P. Schrecker and A. Schrecker. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965.

T G. W. Leibniz. Theodicy. Tr. E. M. Huggard. La Salle: Open Court, 1966. I cite texts either by page number and book abbreviation, e.g. liT p. 43" or by article number, e.g. liT 43."

W G. W. Leibniz. Selections. Tr. and ed. P. Wiener. New York: Scribner, 1951.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

TEXTS AND TRANSLATIONS

Aquinas, Thomas, On Spiritual Creatures. Translated by Mary C. Fitzpatrick and John J. Wellmuth, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1949.

___ . Summa Theologica. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1952.

Aristotle, Metaphysics. Translated by W. D. Ross in The Basic Works of Aristotle, Richard McKeon editor, New York: Random House, 1941.

Nicomachaean Ethics. Translated by W. D. Ross. In The Basic Works of Aristotle.

Posterior Analytics. Translated by G. R. G. Mure. In The Basic Works of Aristotle.

Armstrong, David M., A Materialist Theory of the Mind. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1968.

Augustine, De Genesi ad Litteram. 2 volumes. Translated by John Hammond Taylor. New York: Newman Press 1982.

___ . On the Free Choice of the Will. Translated by Anna S. Benjamin. Indianapolis: Bobbs - Merrill, 1964.

Bayle, Pierre, Selections. Translated and edited by Karl C. Sandberg. New York: Ungar, 1963.

Berkeley, George, Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonus. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1979.

___ . A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge. Edited by Colin M. Turbayne. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill 1957.

Boethius, The Consolation of Philosophy. Translated by V. E. Watts. London: Penquin Books, 1969.

Descartes, Rene Philosophical Letters. Translated and edited by Anthony Kenny. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970.

185

186 BffiLIOGRAPHY

___ . The Philosophical Writings of Descartes. Translated by John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, and Dugald Murdoch, 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

Feldman, Fred, Introduction to Philosophy. New York: McGraw Hill, 1993.

Kant, Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by Norman Kemp Smith. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1929.

___ " Inaugural Dissertation. Tanslated by John Handyside, Westport: Hyperion Press, 1929.

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Samtliche Schriften und Briefe. Edited by German Academy of Science. Darmstadt, Leipzig, and Berlin: Georg Olms and Akademie Verlag, 1923-.

___ . Opuscules etfragments inedits de Leibniz. Edited by Louis Couturat, Paris: 1903. Reprint. Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1966.

___ . Confessio philosophi. Edited by Yvonne Beleval, Paris: J. Vrin, 1970.

___ . Discourse on Metaphysics. In Loernker, Leibniz: Philosophical Papers and Letters: 303-328.

___ . Opera Philosophica Omnia. Edited by Johann Eduard Erdmann, Berlin: Scientia Verlag Aalen, 1840.

___ . Nouvelles lettres et opuscules inedits de Leibniz. Edited by A. Foucher De Careil, Paris: 1857. Reprint. Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1971.

___ . Die philosophischen Schriften von G. W. Leibniz. Edited by C. I. Gerhardt, 7 vols. Berlin and Halle, 1875-1890. Reprint. Hilsdesheim: Georg Olms, 1965.

___ . Die mathematische Schriften von G. W. Leibniz. Edited by C. I. Gerhardt, 7 vols. Berlin and Halle, 1849-1863). Reprint. Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1963.

___ . Textes in edits, 2 vols. Edited by Gaston Grua, Paris: University Press of France, 1948.

___ . Philosophical Papers and Letters. Edited and translated by Leroy Loernker, 2nd ed., Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1969.

___ . Philosophical Essays. Translated by Roger Ariew and Daniel Garber, Indianapolis: Hackett, 1989.

REAL ALTERNATIVES 187

The Leibniz-Arnauld Correspondence. Edited and translated by H. T. Mason, Manchester, 1967. Reprint. New York and London: Garland, 1985.

___ . Der Briefwechsel des Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in der Koniglichen offentlichen Bibliothek zu Hannover. Edited by Eduard Bodemann, Hanover: 1895. Reprint. Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1966.

___ . Logical Papers. Edited and translated by G. H. R. Parkinson, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966.

___ . Monadology. In Loemker, Philosophical Papers and Letters: 643-652.

___ . Leibniz: Metaphysical Papers. Translated by G. H. R. Parkinson, New Haven: Yale University Press 1992.

___ . New Essays on Human Understanding. Translated by Peter Remnant and Jonathan Bennett, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

___ . Monadology and Other Philosophical Essays. Translated by Schrecker, Paul and Anne Martin Schrecker, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965.

Theodicy. Translated by E. M. Huggard, La Salle: Open Court, 1966.

Leibniz: Selections. Translated and edited by Peter P. Wiener, New York: Scribner 1951.

Lewis, David, On the Plurality o/Worlds. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986.

Locke, John, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Edited by Peter H. Nidditch, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975.

Malebranche, The Search After Truth. Translated by Thomas M. Lennon and Paul J. Olscamp, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1980.

Plato, Phaedo. Translated by G. M. A. Grube. In Readings in Ancient Philosophy, S. Marc Cohen, Patricia Curd, and C. D. C. Reeve, eds. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1995.

___ . Republic. Translated by G. M. A. Grube. Revised by C. D. C. Reeve. In Readings in Ancient Philosophy, S. Marc Cohen, Patricia Curd, and C. D. C. Reeve, eds. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1995.

___ . Symposium. Translated by P. Woodruff and A. Nehemas. In Readings in Ancient Philosophy, S. Marc Cohen, Patricia Curd, and C. D. C. Reeve, eds. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1995.

188 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Plotinus, The Six Enneads. Translated by Stephen MacKenna and B. S. Page, Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 1952.

Ree, Paul, The Illusion of Freewill. Translated by Stefan Bauer-Mengelberg, Berlin, 1973.

Spinoza, Ethica. In Spinoza Opera, Heidelberg: Carl Winters, 1925

___ . Ethics. Translated by Samuel Shirley, edited by Seymour Feldman, Indianapolis: Hackett 1982.

Suarez, Francis, On The Essence Of Finite Being As Such, On The Existence Of That Essence And Their Distinction. Translated by Norman J. Wells, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1983.

Theodore G. Tappert, Translator and Editor, The Book of Concord. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1959.

SECONDARY LITERATURE

Abraham, W. E., 'Complete Concepts and Leibniz's Distinction between Necessary and Contingent Truths.' In Studia Leibnitiana (1969) 114263-279.

Adams, Marilyn McCord, William Ockham, Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press, 1987.

Adams, Robert, Letbniz: Determinist, Theist, Idealist, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.

___ . 'Predication, Truth and Transworld Identity in Leibniz.' In Bogen and McGuire, How Things Are: 235-283.

___ . 'Leibniz's Theories of Contingency.' In H: 243-283.

___ '. 'Theories of Actuality.' In Loux, The Possible and the Actual: 190-209.

___ . 'Primitive Thisness and Primitive Identity.' In The Journal of Philosophy, volume 76, No.1, January 1979: 5-26.

David Blumenfeld, 'Superessentialism, Counterparts, and Freedom.' In H: 103-123. ___ . 'Leibniz's Theory of the Striving Possibles.' In Studia Leibnitiana, 1973: 163-177.

REAL ALTERNATIVES 189

___ . 'Leibniz on Contingency and Infinite Analysis.' In Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 4, June 1985: 483-514.

Bogen, James, and James E. McGuire, ed. How Things Are: Studies in Predication and the History of Philosophy and Science. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1985.

Broad, C. D., 'Leibniz's Last Controversy with the Newtonians.' In Woolhouse, Leibniz, Metaphysics and Philosophy of Science: 157-174.

___ . Leibniz, An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.

Brown, Gregory, 'Compossibility, Harmony, And Perfection In Leibniz.' In The Philosophical Review, Volume 96, Number 2, April 1987: 173-203.

Brown, Stuart, Leibniz. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984.

Copp, David, 'Leibniz's Thesis That Not All Possibles are Compossible.' In Studia Leibnitiana (5) 1973,26-42: 27.

Cover, J. A. and Mark Kulstad, Central Themes in Early Modern Philosophy, Indianapolis: Hackett, 1990.

Curley, Edwin, 'Leibniz on Locke on Personal Identity.' In H: 302-326.

Davidson, Donald and Harman, Gilbert, editors, Semantics of Natural Language, 2nd ed. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1972.

Erickson, Stephen A., 'Leibniz on Essence, Existence, and Creation.' In Review of Metaphysics, 1965: 477-487.

Frankel, Lois, 'Being Able to do Otherwise: Leibniz on Freedom and Contingency.' In Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Critical Assessments. Ed. Roger Woolhouse. London: Routledge, 1994.

Frankfurt, Harry G., editor, Leibniz: A Collection of Critical Essays, Garden City: Doubleday, 1972.

Gale, George, 'On What God Chose: Perfection and God's Freedom.' In Studia Leibnitiana (8/1) 1976: 69-87.

Geach, Peter, 'Causality and Creation.' In Geach, Peter, God and the Soul, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969

190 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Gilson, Etienne, The Spirit of Medieval Philosophy. Translated by A. H. C. Downes. New York: Charles Scribner's and Sons, 1940.

Grimm, Robert, 'Individual Concepts and Contingent Truths.' In Studia Leibnitiana 1970: 200-223.

Hacking, Ian, 'A Leibnizian Theory of Truth.' In H: 185-195.

Hooker, Michael, editor, Leibniz: Critical and Interpretative Essays Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982.

Hostler, John, Leibniz's Moral Philosophy, New York: Barnes and Noble, 1975.

___ 'Some Remarks on 'omne possibile exigit existere," in Studia Leibnitiana, 1973: 281-285.

Hunter, Graeme, 'The Superessentialist Misunderstanding.' In Studia Leibnitiana 13/1 1981,123-32.

Ishiguro, Hide, Leibniz's Philosophy of Logic and Language, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1972.

Jalabert, Jacques, Le Dieu de Leibniz, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France 1947. Reprint, New York and London:Gariand 1985.

Jarrett, Charles E., 'Leibniz on Truth and Contingency.' In Jarrett, King - Farlowe, and Pellitier, eds. New Essays on Rationalism and Empiricism. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, supplementary volume 4 (1978).

Jarrett, King - Farlowe, and Pellitier, editors, New Essays on Rationalism and Empiricism. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, supplementary volume 4 (1978).

Jolley, Nicholas, Leibniz and Locke, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.

Kripke, Saul, 'Naming and Necessity.' In Davidson and Harman, Semantics of Natural Language: 253-355.

Kulstad. Mark. 'Did Leibniz incline toward Monistic Pantheism in 1676?' In Leibniz and Europe. Proceedings of Sixth International Leibniz Congress. Hannover: 424-428.

Loernker, Leroy, 'Boyle and Leibniz.' In Leclerc, The Philosophy of Leibniz and the Modern World: 248-275

REAL ALTERNATIVES 191

___ . 'On Substance and Process in the Philosophy of Leibniz.' In Leclerc, The Philosophy of Leibniz and the Modern World: 52-77.

LeClerc, Ivor, editor, The Philosophy of Leibniz and the Modern World, Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1973.

Loux, Michael, editor, The Possible and the Actual. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1979.

Lovejoy, Arthur 0., The Great Chain of Being. New York: Harper 1936.

Maher, Patrick, 'Leibniz and Contingency.' In Studia Leibnitiana, 1980: 236-242.

Mates, Benson, 'Individuals and Modality in the Philosophy of Leibniz.' In Studia Leibnitiana 4 (1972), 81-118.

___ . The Philosophy of Leibniz. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.

___ . 'Leibniz on Possible Worlds.' In Frankfurt: Leibniz: 335-364.

Mondadori, Fabrizio, 'Understanding Superessentialism.' In Studia Leibnitiana, (1985) 17/2,162-190.

___ . 'Leibniz and the Doctrine ofInter-World Identity.' In Studia Leibnitiana 7, 1975: 21-57.

Parkinson, G. H. R. Logic and Reality in Leibniz's Metaphysics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965.

___ . 'Philosophy and logic.' In The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995: 199-223.

Rescher, Nicholas, 'Logical Difficulties in Leibniz's Metaphysics.' In Leclerc, The Philosphy of Leibniz and the Modern World: 176 - 188.

___ . The Philosophy ofLeibniz. Inglewood Heights, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1967.

Rorty, A. 0., The Identities of Persons. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976.

Russell, Bertrand, A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz. London: Allen and Unwin, 1900.

Shields, Christopher, 'Leibniz's Doctrine of the Striving Possibles.' In Journal of the History of Philosophy vol. xxiv Number 3, July 1986: 343-357.

192 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Sleigh, Robert C., Jr., Leibniz & Arnauld. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.

___ . 'Leibniz on Divine Foreknowledge.' In Faith and Philosophy, Vol. 11, No.4 October 1994.

___ . 'Leibniz on Malebranche on Causality.' In J. A. Cover and Mark Kulstad, Central Themes in Early Modern Philosophy, Indianapolis: Hackett, 1990: 161-193.

___ . 'Truth and Sufficient Reason.' In H: 209-244.

Sorabji, Richard, Time, Creation, & The Continuum. Ithica: Cornell University Press 1986.

Trentman, John A., 'Scholasticism in the Seventeenth Century.' In the Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy, edited by Norman Kretzman, et al., New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982: 818-837: 825.

Watson, Richard, The Breakdown of Cartesian Metaphysics. Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press, 1987.

Wilson, Catherine, Leibniz's Metatphysics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.

Wilson, Margaret D., 'History of Philosophy in Philosophy Today; and the Case of the Sensible Qualities.' In The Philosophical Review, Volume 101, No.1 (January 1992): 191-243.

___ . 'Possible Gods.' In The Review of Metaphysics, 1979: 717-733.

Wolfson, H. A., The Philosophy of the Church Fathers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1956.

Woolhouse, R. S., editor. Leibniz, Metaphysics and Philosophy of Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981.

Yost, R. M., Leibniz and Philosophical Analysis. University of California Publications in Philosophy, vol. 27. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1954. Reprint. New York and London: Garland, 1985.

REAL ALTERNATIVES 193

Abelard, 53 Abraham, W., 113, 114, 130 absolute nothingness, 105, 130, 147 absolute subject, 83, 177 absolutely impossible, 51 absolutely necessary (absolute necessity),

17, 18, 110, 151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 163,166,169

absolutely perfect being, 23, 100, 133 accidental properties (accidental

predicates; accidents), 25, 26, 28, 39, 33,35,37,48,85,86,96,98,150, 153,159,161,164,170,178,182

action and passion, 70, 118, 133 active force (power), 115, 120, 154 active intellect, 118, 177 actively potent, 150, 161 actual decrees, 26 Adams, R., 11, 13, 14, 18, 19,32,50,51,

53,58,59,60,61,62,67,68,75,76, 78,92,93,95,96,130,170,174

addition of time, 168 alternative possible Gods, 51 alternative possible continuations of a

history, 170, 172 analytic, 23, 24, 47, 176 analytically false, 11 analytically true, 11, 175 annihilation, 106 antecedent inclinations, 53 antecedent states, 169 antecedent will (willings), 31, 52, 71 appearance of self, 92 Aquinas, 36, 37, 45, 98, 109, 110, 112,

113,115,119,130,131 Aristotle, 14,23,47,89,90,98, 105,

112,116,117,125,130,131,177, 182

Arnauld, 11,24,25,26,27,28,36,37, 38,47,48,49,67,72,92,93,95,97, 120,121,150, 160,161,162,163, 164,169,170,172,173,180

attitudinal principles, 159

Augsburg Confession, 3, 8,9, 15, 16,65, 129

Augustin~ 1,63,98, 103, 128, 129, 130 author of sin, 129 Bayle, 4, 5, 6, 7, 17,42,44,51,54, 141,

150,175 Berkeley, 125, 126, 131, 143, 147 Bernoulli, 128 Bishop Bramhall, 17 Blumenfeld, D., 10, 18, 130, 163, 173 Broad, C., 10, 15, 18, 100, 102, 127,

132,146 Brown, G.,146, 148 Capreolus, 106 causal expression, 69 causes and effects, 29, 152, 169 certainty, 23, 67,166,173,174,175 Christ, 16,94,97, 112, 153, 181 Christian theologians, 87, 103 Stegmann, 130

claims for existence, 8 clear and distinct conceptions (thoughts),

20, 63, 64, 137, clear and distinct thoughts, 63 clearly and distinctly perceived, 42, 66,

136 compatibilism, 8 compatible, 12,44,99, 100, 101, 127,

132, 133, 134, 144, 147 complete concept, 11, 13, 18,20,22,25,

26,28-36,37,38,39,47,48,55,64, 85,89,91,99,113,114,150,152, 155,157,158,160,163,164,166, 167,176,178

compositum, 109, 116 compossible, 24, 43, 100, 127, 134, 142,

146 compound substance, 93 conatus, 56, 113 concept of time, 27, 34, 37,47 concomittance, 69 conditional event, 29 conditioned existences, 28, 54

194

confirmed in good and evil, 64 confused perceptions (conceptions), 31,

35,66,115,127,135,177 consequent and final will., 31 consistently conceivable (consistent

conceptions), 10, 11,52,59,62,98 contingent propositions, 28, 149, 152 conversion, 3 counterfactual complete concepts

(counterfactual conception), 24, 29, 64, 83

counterfactual conditionals, 28, 29, 172 counterfactual existence, 99 counterfactual identity, 11, 12, 13,26,

28,29,30,32,39,50,54,58,83,85, 86,96,99

counterfactual knowledge, 29 counterfactual properties, 26 counterfactual truth, 13,39,99, 105,

150, 160, 180 counterpart, 50,75, 170 counterpart theory, 73, 74, 75, 156 Cover, J., 48 creatio ex nihilo, 102, 103, 104, 106,

109, 110, 112 creation, 8,25,51,99, 100, 103, 105,

109, 110, 111, 115, 116, 118, 119, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 173, 180

criterion of truth, 11,21,28,45,96, 175 Curley, E., 48 damnation., 8, 39, 97 De VoIder, 57, 132 decretory will, 82 deficient cause, 66, 107 degrees of compossibility, 134 deliberation (deliberate) 7,8, 10, 18,21,

23,31,50,53,54,58,60-64 demand for existence, 8 demonstration, 45, 47, 48, 149, 150, 152,

163, 168, 174 Descartes, 14, 17, 18,42,72,104,105,

112,120,121,130,131,136,145, 147, 163

despotic power, 6, 9

INDEX

determinate reason, 8, 41 determination, 6, 7, 18,40,66,67,71,

72,151,175 devil, 3, 17, 108 discursive demonstration, 166 dispositions, 4, 171, 178, 179, 182 distinctions of reason, 34 distinctly conceivable, 43, 165 divine substance, 83, 94 doctrine of compossibility, 102, 127 doctrine of incompatibility, 101 Eckhard, 120, 143, 144 efficient causes, 33, 46, 67, 68, 69, 72 election, 16, 82, 128 ens rationis, 121 entelechy, 107, 132 Epicurus, 3, 23 epistemically possible, 56, 57, 58 Erickson, S., 131 essence, 18,22,26,27,28,33,34,35,

36,37,45,47,57,62,64,78,79,83, 90,92,94,97,100,102,106,107, 108, 109, 118, 121, 122, 126, 129, 130, 139, 151, 160, 162

essences, 20, 27, 30, 34, 46, 63, 64, 79, 101,106,107,113,121,122,123, 124, 129, 145, 147, 173

essential properties (predicates), 25, 28, 85, 159, 164

essentially incomplete, 179 essentially independent, 105 eternal realities, 116 eternal truth, 45, 46, 47,103, 104, 111,

112, 113, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 129, 173

Evangelical (Evangelicals, Evangelicalism), 1,9,55,78,79,80, 82, 129

extrinsic properties, 95 faith, 15, 16, 17, 19,25,80,110,181 Filioque, 83 final cause, 67, 69 first principles, 14 first state, 33, 34, 36,167,171,172

REAL ALTERNATIVES 195

foreknowledge, 151, 152 Formula of Concord, 8,16 Frankel, L., 56, 57, 58, 62, 76 free action, 7, 22, 50, 60 free (divine) decrees, 13,26,27,28,36,

46,121,153 freedom of indifference, 7 freewill, 16,65,72,79,81,151 freewill in bondage, 65 full concepts, 46 general concept, 33 general good, 18 general natural laws, 179 Gilson, E., 98, 109, 110, 119, 129 good will, 1,3,16,18,82 goodness, 4, 17,44,47,51, 122, 152 grace, 1,3,16,54,66,79,80,81,82,87,

107 Hacking, I., 146, 148 Hansch, 117, 118, 119 harmonized sensations, 107 harmony, 9, 10, 19,82, 134, 135, 136,

142, 145, 147 Hawthorne, J., 48 Hermogenes, 105 Hobbes, 17,42,43,47,88 Holy Scripture, 28 Holy Spirit, 3, 93, 94, 96 homogeneous, 167, 173 Hostler, J., 130 Hunter, G., 24, 48 hypothetical impossibilty, 43 hypothetical necessity (hypothetically

necessary), 18,36,151,152,169,172 ideal, 104, 119, 130, 140 ideal agents of evil, 113 ideal being, 119 ideal nature, III ideal relations, 179 identity of indiscernibles, 11, 83, 84, 85,

94,99, 178 image of God,S, 16, 70 impede, 135 imperfections, 63, 97, 102, 135, 139, 140

in signo ralionis, 52 inclinations, 17, 57, 134, 179 incompatible, 3, 20, 31,100,101,102,

109, 132, 133, 134, 135, 138, 142, 144,145,146,151

incompossibility, 100, 101, 102, 103, 127,132

incompossible, 133 indeterminate, 41, 84 individual functions, 13 individual natures, 26 individuality, 32, 33, 37, 119 infima species, 46, 84, 95 infinite analysis account of contingency,

12,165,167,169,172,173 inherent dispositions, 81 inherent law, 107 inseparable, 13, 18,25,36 intelligible, 21, 29, 38, 45,106,124,175 intelligible world, 117, 124 intrinsic expressive powers, 97 Ishiguro, H., 170, 174 Jalabert, J., 109, 110, 111, 112, 113,

114, 119,128,129 Jarrett, C., 47 Jolley, N., 130, 131 judgment, 10,47,61,66,67,70,79, 129 justice, 4, 17,47,62 Kant, 24, 47, 116, 139, 145, 177 Keilah,29 Kulstad, M., 78,97, 130 Lactantius, 16 limitations, 66, 83, 97, 120, 133, 139,

141,145 Locke, 17,48,88,89,93,98,130,131 Loemker, L., 19,77,108,173 logically impossible, 52 logically possible, 10 Lovejoy, A., 131 Malebranche, 112, 114, 130, 143, 147 Manichaeans, 9 Mates, B., 29, 30, 32,41, 49, 96, 98,

113,114,127,130,147,172

196

mediate knowledge (middle knowledge), 28,29,39

Meister Eckart, 105 Melanchthon, 9, 16 merit, 8, 80, 82,97, 146 metaphysical connections, 166 metaphysical necessity, 7, 52, 67 metaphysically necessary, 72 metaphysically perfect, 138 miracles, 36, 53, 65, 67, 68, 71, 73,172 mirroring principle, 29, 30 modes, 43, 45, 46, 78, 79,80,97, 116,

139, 143 modifications, 35,119,133,160,161 Molanus, 129 Molina, 29,54, 160, 172 Moline, 1., 120, 130 Mondadori, F., 11, 12, 13, 18,39,42,88 moral community, 134 moral evil, 9, 10, 137 moral necessity (morally necessary), 52,

72 morally impossible, 52 morally justified, 10 morally necessary, 72 Moses., 181 Mysteries, 71 natural dispositions, 81 natural theology, 4 necessary connection, 150 neo-Platonism, 118 New Pelagians, 16 Nicolas of Cusa, 120 nonactual individuals, 114 non-conceptual, 102, 105, 113, 119 nonexistent possibles, 12 nothingness, 63, 79, 102, 104, 106, 108,

125,179 numeric functions, 13 Ockham, 117, 118, 126, 130 omniscient, 20, 21, 22, 23, 70,122,165 Optionless Universe, 179 Origen, 105 origin of sin, 129

INDEX

original imperfection, 115 original sin, 3, 5, 63 Original sin, 1, 16 Parkinson, G., 11, 16, 18,45, 172 particular will, 82 passions, 7, 17, 31, 66, 76, 135 passive, 34, 35, 108 passive force (power), 35, 108, 125, 171,

178 passive intellect, 177 passive receptivity, 176 Pelagianism., 82 perceptual expression, 69 perfect parallelism, 69 petites perceptiones, 171 phenomena, 27 piety, 6, 17, 181 Plato, 14,71,72,78,103,104,105,117,

120,123,125,128,181 plenum, 142 Pope, 5 potential beings (existents), 102, 104,

105,107, 110, 111, 119, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128

potential existents, 105 potential memory, 164 practical reasoning, 56 predestination, 3, 175 predetermined, 31 pre-established, 164 pre-established harmony, 30, 37, 68 preexistence of the soul, 111, 129 preexistent Christ, 105 prevision, 164, 168, 169, 175 primary matter, 34,107,108,115,177 primary requisites, 78 primiti ve active, 177 primitive active force (power), 34, 35,

107, 177 primitive force (power), 34, 35, 56, 90,

96,107,177 primitive passive force (power), 34, 35,

108, 115, 177 principle of perfection, 142

REAL ALTERNATIVES 197

principle of sufficient reason, 6, 17,58, 59,72,80,99,150,161,169,179, 180

principle of the best, 51, 72, 172 private miracle, 67, 68, 70, 72 problem of evil, 3, 100 proper deliberation, 64 punishment, 3, 9,18,40,55,57,58 pure possibles, 71, 101, 113, 114, 137,

138 purely possible worlds, 8 real alternatives, 10, 15, 178 receptive, 82, 102, 105, 106, 114, 116,

120,125,154,176,177 receptivity, 104, 107, 111, 138,139,

140,141,154, l79 reduced to an equation, 167 reflection, 8, 30, 64, 70,155,171 region of ideas, 117, 118, 121, 126 relative creation, 115 requisites, 43, 78,134,151,160,164 resistance, 3, 41, 66, 81, 82, 83 reward, 9, 58 right intention, 18 Rorty, 87, 88, 97 RusselI, B., 19,33,34,49,79,97, 127,

146, 148, 182 RusselI-Hacking thesis, 146 Rutherford, D., 3, 15, 16, 19 Saint Anselm, 103 Saint Augustine, 60, 79, 103, Ill, 112 salvation, 3,4,8,17,39,62,66,75,80,

81,82,97,181 Satan, 5, 94, 129 Saurez, 106 Schoolmen, 81,151,152 self-control, 71, 72 self-determination, 66, 67, 71, 72, 73 semi-Pelagianistic, 81 sentient being, 106 separability, 13 separate decrees, 75 Sextus, 156, 170, 171, 172 simple intelIigence, 28, 155

simple substances, 117 singular nature, 25 singular proposition, 11, 22, 23 singular propositions, 11, 21, 22, 23, 24,

45, 58, 159, 175 singulars, 20, 21, 23, 45 Sleigh, R., 13, 19,38,39,46,49,85,97,

159, 172, l73, 182 Socinians, 23 Sorabji, R., 127 species differentiation, 95 Spinoza, l7, 42, 46, 47, 78,100,101,

108,119,143,145,146,147,178 sp~h,63,64,89, 135 spontaneous, 7, 8, 154, 172 St. Paul, 19, 82 St. Thomas, 84 stateless substance, 34 Steno,79 Stoic fatum, 6 Stoic philosophers, 9 striving dispositions, 119 Suarez, 106, 107, 128 substance in concreto, 34, 177 substantial forms, 35, 56, 57, 109, 126 superessentialist, 44, 85, 96, 173 superintrinsicalism, 39, 85 suspensions of judgment, 70 TertulIian, 5 The Book of Concord, 3 traduction, 129 transcreation, 106, 128 Trentman, J., 127 Trinity, 83, 93 truths of fact, 27,149,155 unconditionalIy unintelIigible, 151 universal expression, 143, 144 universal harmony, 36, 80 universals, 20, 21, 45, 46,69 vision, 15,23,28,29, 120, 155, 166, 180 Watson, R., 130 William of Ghent" 105 Wilson, c., 124, 125 Wilson, 50, 170, 174

198

worldbound, 24, 30, 44, 85 Wyclif,105

INDEX

Yost, R., 78, 96 Zwingli, 16