ab81 kirchoff’s law (kirchoff’s current law & kirchoff’s ... · ab81 theory...

AB81 Kirchoff’s Law (Kirchoff’s Current Law & Kirchoff’s Voltage Law)

Analog LabExperiment Board

Ver. 1.0

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94-101, Electronic Complex, Pardesipura INDORE-452010, India.Tel.: 91-731-2570301 Fax: 91-731-2555643Email: [email protected] Web: www.scientech.bz

http://www.scientech.bz/

mailto:[email protected]

AB81

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 2

AB81

Kirchoff’s Law(Kirchoff’s Current Law & Kirchoff’s Voltage Law)

AB81

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.Introduction 4

2. Theory 6

3.Experiments

• Experiment 1 To study the Kirchoff’s Current Law. 8

• Experiment 2 To study the Kirchoff’s Voltage Law. 10

4. Warranty 12

5. List of Service Centers 136. List of Accessories With AB81 147. Notes 15


AB81

INTRODUCTIONAB81 is a compact, ready to use Kirchoff’s Law (Kirchoff’s Current Law & Kirchoff’s Voltage Law) experiment board. This is useful for students to study Kirchoff’s current Law and Kirchoff’s voltage Law. It can be used as stand alone unit with external DC power supply or can be used with Analog Lab which has built in DC power supply, AC power supply, function generator, modulation generator, continuity tester, toggle switches and potentiometer.

List of Boards :

Model Name

AB01 Diode characteristics (Si, Zener, LED)AB02 Transistor characteristics (CB NPN)AB03 Transistor characteristics (CB PNP)AB04 Transistor characteristics (CE NPN)AB05 Transistor characteristics (CE PNP)AB06 Transistor characteristics (CC NPN)AB07 Transistor characteristics (CC PNP)AB08 FET characteristicsAB09 Rectifier CircuitsAB10 Wheatstone BridgeAB11 Maxwell’s BridgeAB14 Darlington PairAB15 Common Emitter AmplifierAB16 Common Collector AmplifierAB17 Common Base AmplifierAB18 Cascode AmplifierAB19 RC-Coupled AmplifierAB20 Direct Coupled AmplifierAB21 Class a AmplifierAB22 Class B Amplifier (push pull emitter follower)AB23 Class C Tuned AmplifierAB25 Phase Locked Loop (FM Demodulator & Frequency

Divider / Multiplier)AB28 Multivibrator ( Mono stable / Astable)AB29 F-V and V-F ConverterAB30 V-I and I-V ConverterAB31 Zener Voltage Regulator AB32 Transistor Series Voltage RegulatorAB33 Transistor Shunt Voltage Regulator


AB81

AB41 Differential Amplifier (Transistorized)AB42 Operational Amplifier (Inverting / Non-inverting /

Differentiator)AB43 Operational Amplifier (Adder/Scalar)AB44 Operational Amplifier (Integrator/ Differentiator)AB45 Schmitt Trigger and ComparatorAB51 Active filters (Low Pass and High Pass)AB52 Active Band Pass Filter AB53 Notch Filter AB54 Tschebyscheff FilterAB56 Fiber Optic Analog LinkAB65 Phase Shift OscillatorAB66 Wien Bridge OscillatorsAB67 Colpitt OscillatorAB68 Hartley OscillatorAB80 RLC Series and RLC Parallel Resonance AB82 Thevenin’s and Maximum power Transfer TheoremAB83 Reciprocity and Superposition TheoremAB84 Tellegen’s TheoremAB85 Norton’s theoremAB88 Diode ClipperAB89 Diode ClampersAB90 Two port network parameterAB91 Optical Transducer (Photovoltaic cell)AB92 Optical Transducer (Photoconductive cell/LDR)AB93 Optical Transducer (PhotoTransistor)AB96 Temperature Transducer (RTD & IC335)AB97 Temperature Transducer (Thermocouple)AB101 DSB Modulator and DemodulatorAB102 SSB Modulator and DemodulatorAB106 FM Modulator and Demodulator

………… and many more


AB81

THEORYKirchoff's two laws reveal a unique relationship between current, voltage, and resistance in electrical circuits that is vital to performing and understanding electrical circuit analysis. Many circuits are extremely complex and cannot be solved with Ohm's Law. These circuits have many branches which would make the use of Ohm's Law impractical or impossible.Through experimentation in 1857 the German physicist Gustav Kirchoff developed methods to solve complex circuits. Kirchoff developed two conclusions, known today as Kirchoff’s Laws.Law 1: The sum of the voltage drops around a closed loop is equal to the sum of the voltage sources of that loop (Kirchoff's Voltage Law).Law 2: The current arriving at any junction point in a circuit is equal to the current leaving that junction (Kirchoff’s Current Law). Kirchoff’s two laws may seem obvious based on what we already know about circuit theory. Even though they may seem very simple, they are powerful tools in solving complex and difficult circuits.Kirchoff’s Voltage Law :Kirchoff’s first law is also known as his “voltage law”. The voltage law gives the relationship between the “voltage drops” around any closed loop in a circuit, and the voltage sources in that loop. The total of these two quantities is always equal. In equation form: Esource = E1 + E2 + E3 + etc. = I1R1 + I2R2 + I3R3 + etc. Σ source = where the symbol S (the Greek letter sigma) means “the sum of”.Kirchoff’s voltage law can be applied only to closed loops (Fig.1).

Fig. 1A closed loop must meet two conditions:1. It must have one or more voltage sources.2. It must have a complete path for current flow from any point, around

the loop, and back to that point.


AB81

Kirchoff’s Current Law :Kirchoff’s second law is called his current law and states: ‘‘At any junction point in a circuit, the current arriving is equal to the current leaving.” Thus, if 15 amperes of current arrives at a junction that has two paths leading away from it, 15 amperes will divide among the two branches, but a total of 15 amperes must leave the junction.We are already familiar with Kirchoffs current law from parallel circuits, that is, the sum of the branch currents is equal to the total current entering the branches, as well as the total current leaving the branches|in = |Out 1 + |Out2 |in 1 + |in 2 + |in 3 = |Out

Fig. 2While applying the above two laws for circuit calculations, plenty of errors can occur unless proper algebraic signs are given both to IR drops and battery EMFs.We will follow a very simple sign convention, which would apply equally to IR drops and battery EMFs.A rise (or increase) in voltage would be considered positive and given a +ve sign and a fall (or decrease) in voltage would be considered negative and hence given a −ve sign.For Battery EMF while going round a loop if we go from the negative to positive terminal of a battery, there is a rise in potential, hence this EMF should be given +ve sign.For IR drops on resistor if we go through a resistor in the same direction as its current, then there is a fall or decrease in potential for the same reason that current always flows from a higher to a lower potential.Hence this IR drop should be taken −ve. However, if we go around the loop in a direction opposite to that of the current, i.e., if we go upstream, there is a rise in voltage. Hence this IR drop should be taken as positive.So, the algebraic sign of IR drop across a resistor depends on the direction of current in that resistor.


AB81

EXPERIMENT 1

Objective :

To verify Kirchoff’s Current Law.

Apparatus required :

1. Analog board AB81.

2. DC power supplies +12V from external source or ST2612 Analog Lab.

3. Digital multimeter.

4. 2 mm patch cords.

Circuit diagram :

Circuit used to study Kirchoff’s Current Law is shown in Fig 3.

Fig. 3


AB81

Procedure :

• Connect +12V dc power supplies at their indicated position from external source or Analog Lab.

1. Connect 2mm patch cord between test point 1 & 2, 3 & 4, 5 & 6, 7 & 8, 9 & 10, 11 &12, 13 & 14, 15 & 16.

2. To test KCL at node B

3. Measure incoming current I in between test point 1 & 2 by replacing 2mm patch cord with an Ammeter.

4. Reconnect patch cord between test point 1 & 2.

5. Measure outgoing current I1 between test point 7 & 8 by replacing 2mm patch cord with Ammeter.


7. Measure outgoing current I2 between test point 3 & 4 by replacing 2mm patch cord with an Ammeter.

8. Reconnect patch cord between test point 3 & 4. .

4. Check whether the sum of incoming current/currents is equal to the sum of outgoing current/currents.

5. Repeat above procedure for junction point C, D, G, H, I and there corresponding incoming and outgoing current/currents.

Result :

_________ (Yes/No), the sum of incoming current/currents is equal to the sum of out going current/currents for all junction point.


AB81

EXPERIMENT 2

Objective :

To verify Kirchoff’s Voltage Law.

Apparatus required :

1. Analog board of Kirchoff’s Laws.

2. DC power supplies +12V from external source or Analog Lab.

3. Digital multimeter.

4. 2 mm patch cords.

Circuit diagram :

Circuit used to study Kirchoff’s Voltage Law is shown in Fig 4.

Fig. 4


AB81

Procedure :

• Connect +12V dc power supplies at their indicated position from external source or Analog Lab ST2612.

1. Connect 2mm patch cord between test point 1 & 2, 3 & 4, 5 & 6, 7 & 8, 9 & 10, 11 & 12, 13 & 14, 15 & 16.

2. To test KVL in loop ABIJ.

3. Measure current Iin flowing through resistor of 330E with the help of Ammeter by replacing 2mm patch cord between test point 1 & 2 with an Ammeter.


5. Measure current I1 flowing through resistor of 100E with the help of Ammeter by replacing 2mm patch cord between test point 7 & 8 with an Ammeter.


7. Measure current Iout flowing through resistor of 100E with the help of Ammeter by replacing 2mm patch cord between test point 15 & 16 with an Ammeter.


9. Calculate different IR drop in the selected loop (Check that the Sign of IR drop should be given after considering direction on current)

10. Measure the sum of IR drop with there sign.

11. Equate the sum of all IR drop with there sign and sum of the source voltage of that particular loop.

12. In case of No voltage source in loop take the sum of all voltage source equal to zero.

13. Repeat above procedure for loop BCHI, CDGH, DEFG ……………. by measuring current flowing through different resistor in the loop.

Result :


AB81

________(Yes/No), The sum of IR drop in all of the loop is equal to the source voltage of that loop coming and is equal to zero in case of loop with No voltage source.


AB81

WARRANTY

1) We guarantee the instrument against all manufacturing defects during 24 months from the date of sale by us or through our dealers.

2) The guarantee covers manufacturing defects in respect of indigenous components and material limited to the warranty extended to us by the original manufacturer, and defect will be rectified as far as lies within our control.

3) The guarantee will become INVALID.

a) If the instrument is not operated as per instruction given in the instruction manual.

b) If the agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed.

c) If the customer resells the instrument to another party.d) Provided no attempt have been made to service and modify the

instrument.

4) The non-working of the instrument is to be communicated to us immediately giving full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning the type and sr. no. of the instrument, date of purchase etc.

5) The repair work will be carried out, provided the instrument is dispatched securely packed and insured with the railways. To and fro charges will be to the account of the customer.

DISPATCH PROCEDURE FOR SERVICE

Should it become necessary to send back the instrument to factory please observe the following procedure:

1) Before dispatching the instrument please write to us giving fully details of the fault noticed.

2) After receipt of your letter our repairs dept. will advise you whether it is necessary to send the instrument back to us for repairs or the adjustment is possible in your premises.

Dispatch the instrument (only on the receipt of our advice) securely packed in original packing duly insured and freight paid along with accessories and a copy of the details noticed to us at our factory address..


AB81

LIST OF SERVICE CENTERS

1. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.90, Electronic Complex Ph : (0731) 2570301Pardesipura, Email : [email protected] INDORE – 452010

2. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.First Floor, C-19, Ph : (011) 22157370, 22157371F.I.E., Patparganj Industrial Area, Fax : (011) 22157369DELHI – 110092 Email : [email protected]

3. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.New no.2, Old no.10, 4th street Ph : (044) 42187548, 42187549

Venkateswara nagar, Adyar Fax : (044) 42187549CHENNAI – 600025 Email : [email protected]

4. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 202/19, 4th main street Ph : (080) 51285011 Ganganagar, Fax : (080) 51285022 BANGALORE- 560032 Email : [email protected]. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

8,1st floor, 123-Hariram Mansion, Ph : (022) 56299457 Dada Saheb Phalke road, Fax : (022) 24168767 Dadar (East), Email : [email protected] MUMBAI –400014 6. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 988, Sadashiv Peth, Ph : (020) 24461673 Gyan Prabodhini Lane, Fax : (020) 24482403 PUNE – 411030 Email : [email protected]. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd SPS Apartment, 1st Floor Ph : +913355266800 2, Ahmed Mamoji Street, Email : [email protected]

Behind Jaiswal Hospital, Liluah, HOWRAH-711204 W.B.8. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd Flat No. 205, 2nd Floor, Ph : (040) 55465643 Lakshminarayana Apartments Email : [email protected] ‘C’ wing, Street No. 17, Himaytnagar,


AB81

HYDERABAD- 500029LIST OF ACCESSORIES

1. 2mm Patch cord (red) .........................................................1 Nos.

2. 2mm Patch cord (black) ......................................................1 Nos.

3. 2mm Patch cord (blue) ........................................................7 Nos.


AB81

NOTES


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