(ab initio) pathintegral molecular dynamicsluca/course_tu/05_path... · the double slit experiment...

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(Ab initio) path-integral Molecular Dynamics

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Page 1: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

(Ab initio) path­integral Molecular Dynamics

Page 2: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

The double slit experiment

Sum over paths:

Suppose only two paths:

interference

Page 3: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

The double slit experiment

● Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits. 

● Electrons may pass through any sequence of slits before reaching the detector

● Take the limit in which infinitely many gratings   empty space→

Page 4: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

Do nuclei really behave classically ?

Page 5: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

Do nuclei really behave classically ?

Page 6: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

Do nuclei really behave classically ?

Page 7: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

Do nuclei really behave classically ?

Page 8: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

Example: proton transfer in malonaldehyde

only one quantum proton

Tuckerman and Marx, Phys. Rev. Lett. (2001)

Page 9: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

Example: proton transfer in water

Classical H5O2+ Quantum H5O2

+

Marx et al. Nature (1997)

Page 10: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

Proton inWater­Hydroxyl (Ice) Overlayers on Metal Surfaces

Li et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. (2010)

T = 160 K

Page 11: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

Proton inWater­Hydroxyl (Ice) Overlayers on Metal Surfaces

Li et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. (2010)

Page 12: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

The density matrix: definition

Ensemble of states:

Ensemble average:

Let's define:

ρ is hermitian: real eigenvalues

Page 13: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

The density matrix: time evolution and equilibrium

At equilibrium:

ρ can be expressed as pure function of H and diagonalized simultaneously with H

Page 14: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

The density matrix: canonical ensemble

Canonical ensemble:

Page 15: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

Canonical density matrix: Path integral formulation

One particle one dimension:

K and Φ do not commute, thus, Trotter decomposition:

Page 16: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

Canonical density matrix: Path integral formulation

Evaluation of:

Page 17: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

Canonical density matrix: Path integral formulation

Matrix elements of  in space coordinates:

acts on the eigenstates from the left:

Page 18: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

Canonical density matrix: Path integral formulation

Where it was used:

It can be Monte Carlo sampled, but for MD we need momenta!

Page 19: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

Path integral isomorphism

Introducing a chain frequency and an effective potential:

Page 20: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

Path integral molecular dynamics

Fictitious momenta: introducing a set of P Gaussian integrals

: convenient parameter

Gaussian integrals known:  (adjust prefactor      )

Does it work?

i. change of integration variables:  uncouple harmonic term;ii. multiple time scale numerical integration algorithm; inherent time scales of the harmonic and external potential terms treated with appropriate time steps;iii.  a  highly  efficient  canonical  MD  method  that  rigorously  generates  a canonical phase space distribution (thermostat).

Page 21: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

Many body path integral

● Each  bead  evolves  at temperature P∙T

● P  determined  by  how “quantum” the problem is

● Mapping  converges  to give  the  exact  quantum mechanical  result  as  P  is increased

Page 22: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

Path integrals: expectation values

Same formula, but more efficient to evaluate:

eigenvalue of O acting on a coordinate eigenstate

Page 23: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

Path integrals: expectation values

Discretized (and finite) evaluation:

So that:

Estimators for thermodynamic quantities (derivatives of Z):

Page 24: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

Alternative / complementary approach:Colored thermostats 

Page 25: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

Stochastic velocity rescaling thermostat

Page 26: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

Langevin dynamics

Page 27: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

Langevin dynamics

Page 28: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

Colored noise thermostat

Page 29: (Ab initio) pathintegral Molecular Dynamicsluca/Course_TU/05_Path... · The double slit experiment Introduce of a large number of intermediate gratings, each containing many slits

Example: liquid water

PIMD

classical

Colored thermostat