aagc final report

8/2/2019 Aagc Final Report

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ASSURED ACCESS TO THE GLOBAL COMMONSM | A | S | C

April 20


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Assured Accesstothe

GlobAl commons

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Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied

within are solely those of the contributors and do not necessarily

represent the views of Allied Command Transformation or any

other agency of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.

Permission to reprint or excerpt is unrestricted. Please cite as

follows: Maj. Gen. Mark Barrett, Dick Bedford, Elizabeth Skinner, Eva

Vergles, Assured Access to the Global Commons, Supreme Allied

Command Transformation, North Atlantic Treaty Organization,

Norfolk, Virgina USA, April 2011.

Photo Credits: Canadian Department of National Defence, National

Aeronautics and Space Administration, North Atlantic Treaty

Organisation, United States Department of Defense and

www.istockphoto.com


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sir Winston churchill

uK houseof commons, 16 mArch 1950


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Assured Access to the GlobAl commo

Contents

D

F

Ex S x

I x

M 2

A 12S 20

C 32

C: A R A 44

E 50

P C 56


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A NAO . F , , , , k , , .

T C . T , NAO . B , , k NAO . Q , C , A , j , . I , , , , .

I . C G C. W , , NAO . T , , . F, NAO NAO A. F, , , .

A A G C NAO . M, - k . O k M-N Ex 7 (MNE7), , x , , j. I k S C P G, , j MNE-7, k . D A.

Foreword


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exeCutive summary


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xii

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Two prominent geo-strategists from the late 19th century, Halford Mackinder and Alfred Thayer

Mahan, recognized the challenges posed by the increasing interconnectedness of their era...

Mackinder characterized the growing economic interdependence of Europe as a closed political

system of worldwide scope. He recognized that economic interdependence had made the world

less resilient and more unstable as the explosion of social forces echoed sharply around the

globe, and the weakest elements in the political and economic organisms of the world shattered

in consequence.2

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x , A q , , , , , . I NAO ? D ? D - JF C? A q x ? D R E q ? A ?

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M-N Ex 7, G C. T - , k , , , . Eq , , A k , G C , .

A G C . I k L, NAO q , , , . W ,

, , , . I , NAO x A , G C .


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GrAnt hAmmond

introduCtion


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k j . O j ,

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F 62 , NAO A. I, , A , , , , C. B A , , ,

. I , , G C , , , k .

T G C x,z . Commons R , z . S , , res nullius, , res communes, j x .4 C E , commoners, x -x. T use.5

M, , , , , . M N A Oz (NAO) z , , , , .

T (, , , ) . F, : , E C L C L S, 400 . T , , .


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, k , . T x C x k k x. T A x x . L , C, . I k C, k k , , G C.

I M 2010, G S A, S A C (SAC),

G C C NAO. T . G A , k , x A. Tk x M F Pj, A , , x . E k z , x, -A , A, : , , . A AC - k, q C z . L, kk NAO, , .

k , j x . T , NAO - -. O , k . T , : NAO; NAO ; NAO ; NAO, , .

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NAO C? I , q . I k x . T, q k . B .


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maritime


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4

, G C, q P x M S 4000 . ,

, , z . M- k , k -. T k . A P4, , , U S, C ; x - .6 T

. T, k , - .

E- , -q k j. S 50,000 , 150 , , . F 1968 2008, q.7 M . B C J 80% S M.8 Tk , , - ,

j j-- . C . A , - , -, .

I x, , .T 2007-2010 qk z .G , . T, , , , A x, .9

he ocean is a mighty harmonist.William Wordsworth


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T D j H G (1583-1645) z . H 1609 k,Mare Liberum (Te Freedom of the Seas), , C.10 F , E j . E , z .11 C , A AT M, k T I S P U H, ,

. A M N ; , .

T 1982 U N C L S (UNCLOS), 1994, , k UN C, - .

Because the Convention balances the rights and duties of ag, port, and coastal states, the entire

architecture of oceans law represents a package deal, in which states are required to accept

all of its provisions, enjoying rights and fullling concomitant responsibilities. This careful balance

between the rights and duties of ag and coastal states represents a grand bargain that unfoldedduring the negotiation of the Convention.12

A q , UNCLOS , ,, , . A , , . T k . I , q , x z (EEZ) ,

.13 Px, E . T xz .

nato aCtivitiesinthe maritime domain

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.14 T , , j z , . , - - , , - .

A A M S k , k k A .15 I , , ( E-A ) A.


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N NAO . E 100 , H K, I J 2004 2011, 2010 Hqk. A , , q, , .

T A M S S C z . NAO k ,

... which often involve forward engagement with non-NATO partners, such as Australia, Finland,

Japan and Ukraine, the world over. At any one time, Allied vessels and supporting assets may be

engaged in Operation Ocean Shield NATOs contribution to determined international counter-

piracy operations in the Indian Ocean or participating in NATOs counter-terrorism maritime

operation in the Mediterranean Sea Operation Active Endeavour or exercising with the navies

of the nations currently participating in NATOs Istanbul Cooperative Initiative Bahrain, Kuwait,

Qatar and the United Arab Emirates or with a Partnership for Peace country like Sweden in the

context of the NATO Response Force.16

A . T NAO O A E, , , , M S, , E. I A , , . T A M S NAO - . T- , , q G C, k NAO

.17

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A ,

- , --z , - . k , , . NAO x x -k .19 T A - . F - k k . M , j .I -, - ,


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, - . W , - , -.

Changing Conditionsand emerging ConCerns

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A / - - . S, , - -- . O k ---x -- k CONEX , . S , NAO .27

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A k . A , NAO k k q .

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k x , k .30 T k USS C Y 2000 x, ; , U S Y .

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.32 T A S A N (ASEAN) .33 T S A, I A, , . T M, T, S, , . T S. W ( S CS), k S 2004 2008. T , .

P A G A, k S M, , . T k 2006; 92% S .N k 2010, , .34 A z, q -x, k , k x , , , GPS- , -, - , x k, .35


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U S, . W j G , q , , . I , S q, K , j , S, k .36 S S , U.S. k , U S U.S. .3

I , S K S F - S J, SK- A S. E S .38 I S K .

P j , k . I A 2010, UN S C z ,39 j U.S. SD, , x . T S, k NAO , R, I, C.40

C- - q q . T z . I FN, A k - .41 T , -x , k A, E, N A . A k UNCLOS.42 NAO S G AF R NAO AC.43 I 2009, R A , Ax :

I look at the high north and I think it could either be a zone of conict I hope not a zone

competition, probably, said Admiral Stavridis, Supreme Allied Commander Europe. There a

certainly going to be areas of disagreement between the Alliance and Russia, but the issues a

so big and so important that a cooperative approach, nding zones of cooperation, will be ve

important in the time ahead.44

natos Futureinthe maritime domain

T A M S :

deterrence and collective defence;

crisis management;

cooperative security through partnerships, dialogue, and cooperation; and,

maritime security.45


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T NAO G C. C k , , k ( , , ) A , .

[The] emerging strategic context requires a substantial re-appraisal of the contribution of maritime

forces in supporting NATOs objectives over the coming decades. Whether in support of Alliance

joint operations, or when leading in a predominantly maritime mission, appropriately resourced

and enabled maritime forces have critical roles to full, defending and promoting the collectiveinterests of the Alliance across a spectrum of defence and security challenges, as dened in the

Strategic Concept. The maritime environment also lends itself well to strengthened engagement

in cooperative security.46

A - , ,NAO k , . I, k x A, NAO . NAO k A k.

T 1982 L S C, , , . D k, z q . NAO, , UNCLOS .

A C, NAO . P S NAO MG, , . A , ,

A C x .C , , k , x q , , , .47

A- H A x NAO, EU, UN, , , . M - UNS C , k z .

T A O A. I EEZ, , , A . O , UNCLOS N . T , x . F k A (C, U S, N, Dk) NAO . T , R, NAO


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2002. T NAO A. T A , NAO x , k , k- .

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T k, .euripides


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T , , . I , . B , , , k-. P - , , , k j .S z , k, , . A qk, . A M N

Yk, , A ; C U.S. N Yk. Lk , , : , , . T, , , , , q , z, z .

A , - , . I , q , . T 1944 C I C A (C C), j . A , q .51 N j , z(ADIZ). T, q j . O , , j .52

T . , -, - , , , . T , , , - , , , , . Sz , , k .

nato aCtivitiesinthe air Commons

T NAO, x A. A , . M NAO . T , - . Lk , j q A, .

S C W , NAO j , A . T


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, C2 , k , , A. A NAO q, - - A .

I A NAO, k ,53 k q A . R B J A S Nk (BALNE, 1998) . I , k ,

F F .54 W , NAO: k .

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. I q , , , k, x , k, .


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, . I , E C :A . T k FAB , . TFAB q x .58

T x - k , j . T

k M D A 24 J 2011, z W E N A k, k A, . I k , k 9/11, k , , .

W - NAO k k? NAO x , C W.59 T - , , . T ,

, z . F, x - . I , NAO . T NAO , k .

T j k NAO - -:

The continued proliferation of long range surface-to-air (SAM) and advanced fourth generation air-to-

air missile technologies will challenge NATO and its partners. Combined with long range precision-guided ballistic missiles, these high-end capabilities will put forward air-basing and deployed carrier-

based air operations at risk.

Persistent disruption to the command and control (C2) of aviation infrastructure through attacks in

space and cyberspace60 would have profound implications for civil and military air operations.

The increasing lethality and affordability of unpiloted aerial systems is changing the fundamental nature

of air operations, and over time will dilute what has been a competitive advantage for the Alliance.

T Ck k, NAO k - .

T k . A , , x. O (UAS), - , , , - k , -, j .61 T , , q ( ) . F, A . W - . SAM, - k k, , , , k .62


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A - , , G C, , , . S , , , , A . N - k ; x k k . F , , - - x -- .63 A , FEU- - x k. A

, , UAS , k .64

natos Futureinthe air domain

A NAO L A . A A x , x , q . R BALNE NAO

, .A j NAO. T A x , FAB, . A q NAO , , j , j .

A - , k UAS . I , k. W UAS x , , x x . NAO , A.

T , , - - - .65 N, q , , .W - , , -

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I believe it is probably truethat fortune is the arbiter ofhalf the things we do, leaving

the other half or so to becontrolled by ourselves.

Niccol Machiavelli - The Prince


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. A , , 1967 O S - .66T q , , .A , E .67

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, , .In the early 20th Century, Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan was adamant in his belief that sea power

was not only naval power, and not even mostly military power. He insisted the greatest military

utility of sea power was a healthy and protable sea commerce which would produce the wealth

necessary to sustain a nation at war...Military space strategy should be intended to produce space

power in times of peace as well as in times of war, in all of its forms. Therefore, not only military

space theorists, but all military space leaders must be always cognizant of civil and private space

programs.68

T E

T k k z .

nicolAus copernicus


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O q M , x. B j E, - , .72 T . S q k j , UN I U, j .

T , x , .73 A , , j k.E, , k, k .

nato aCtivitiesinthe spaCe domain

A , , , . NAO

- , k . NAO - -q , k . T k , , , . I NAO, , , - -, .74 T , ,, GPS . T NAO k . O , q k.

T NAO k ,

x , , x - .ISAF , x, , , . T k , , . I k,x , .75 C NAO , . U , k , , .

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A k , O S k .81 O 22 M 2007, E S A, k E C, k q .82

[T]he European Space Policy sets out a basic vision and strategy for the space sector, and tackles

issues such as science, applications including security and defence, access to space and exploration.

Based on that European Space Policy, the Resolution adopted by the Space Council of ESA

and European Union ministers denes a vision for Europe in space and provides guidelines for

implementing that vision.83

T . I, , G M E S. F, , , , E . , EU ESA j .


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, , k - . T q / k , E. S, , . T, - , k . A - , , . A , , .

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natos Futureinthe spaCe domain

T , , , , . C q , , k . S -, k q . T OS , z k x . T j NAO : , , NAO ; ; ;

NAO ; x, NAO .

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S, , . O q NAO SSA , , . T - , M U - , .

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2010, U S .104 G, N, S , , . F , k k , S D A, j 300 .105

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, A x NAO , , , . A NAO q . P Kkk NAO x , , , x .


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I , z . T x k , , , , .


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A! I . I .confucius - Book9


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Cyber


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C q , , . T 1982, z .109 T ,

. T . I , , z , , , k, , , k . M , , W W W.

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ARPANE; , k .110

T W W W B x , k . T x . T W W W 1991, , x .111 T , ,, . I (ISP) , W W W. B I Ex, S, C, Fx k .

I ; .

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, , x , , . F x, (USA ), -A - (), (E) F , SACOM C . k , q , x k .

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z. I , k k .

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- k Wkk . M, k Wkk , k W.116

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.122 T Oz E C D E , , $18 , 3-4% .123

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nato aCtivitiesinthe Cyber domain

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-k j k R k H , , k, k k , , q.133 T q NAO , k .

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Uk -k, Sx , .138D I k , . T Nz , x.139 C k Dk I, k, k .

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Sx, 2008, k . M , , SCADA , k, x- Sx.

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A , . C - , , , .143 T z q . E k k . B , .144 E , , -. A G. A z N Yk , q - - , , , .


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Today, a critical element of any cyberdefense strategy is the understanding that cyberspace is

international by nature. No one country can deal effectively with cyberthreats on its own.... The

concept of in-depth cyberdefense, which was endorsed at the Lisbon summit, is not intended to

be a military-only, or even a military-centric, strategy. It necessarily cuts across the portfolios of

a variety of actors, as it spans the technology employed, the awareness of users, and the physical

protection of key elements of our hardware.145

W j k,

k . , , , . F, W , , . A , , -, , k k. F , , q j . T k , , .

T , , k . I k ,

. NAO k IBM j q SAC, 2011. T - k ,, , j, I , A .146 S x , , .

A , j ( IPV [ ] 4 IPV 6), . Bx k , , k,

k k . T q k . 147

A , k. E k x . A k , , ? I , - . E k , k. F, k , j

k k. T . S , , , , - k .

A k, -k , . T , , / . T , k , . T, , q .148


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natos Futureinthe Cyber domain

A , , , - k x .149 M , z, x z, , -k , , -k , , . G x - , , x k

.

E : , , . P , k . A, NAO x A, k. D , NAO C D C, .150 S , z k NAO, EU, UN, ,

C , - k NAO IBM . A ,

. NAO EU, , . T , , z .

T , , . T , , NAO , , , , . U , , A- .151 F,

S C C D C, .T -- k E 2007 NAO , A A 5 -W k , , x , q , , .

N - .D - , - . E , , , . T EU P C Nk O,

, , .

A - , -, , , NAO k A. P, , , . I , k q , , ? T q , , , , . A NAO


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42

, - x? S GPS . N .Y, - , k , , ?

T S C NAO , , , A, NAO

z .152 I NAO . Rz , A , CCD COE, , C D MA, A.153 D , x , -- k , , . T, NAO A k . T A k, .

O q A , ? I , NAO ? x A , NAO x x z , .154 T :

NATO must accelerate efforts to respond to the danger of cyber-attacks by protecting its own

communications and command systems, helping Allies to improve their ability to prevent and

recover from attacks, and developing an array of cyber defence capabilities aimed at effectivedetection and deterrence.155

I z x NAO, , , . I , , q , -q . A , , , q -, NAO, ,, .

T NAO C D C NAO , , -k.156 T :

It should be supported by a well-dened cyber defence and intelligence information exchange;

it should be standardized to the maximum extent to meet any common requirements and be

independent from any specic implementation; and,

it should be derived from NATOs evolving cyber defence policy, which will dene respective roles in

managing the NATO network, especially in case of cyber-attacks.157


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T, , q :

What is freedom of access in cyberspace? How can it be assured for those who use it responsibly, but

defended against those who seek to limit or deny it?

How do we prepare to function at all levels, in the event that we lose access to cyberspace?

How much does cyberspace need to be regulated? Where is the proper balance between an open

internet and a secure internet?

How do nations develop (and share with NATO) network monitoring and intrusion detection

capabilities that can be used to positively attribute attacks in cyberspace? How do we categorize levels of attack in cyberspace, and how do we determine the appropriate level

of response? Who should retaliate, how, and with what authority?

Among all the architects, providers, and users in every sector of cyberspace, who has the right or

responsibility to defend themselves, and how?

What are the norms, best practices, and regulations we want to support and promote across the cybe

domain?

I , ; k

.

thucydides, HistoryoftHe PeloPonnesian War, booK iii


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ConClusion

A R A


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G C


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46

G C , , , k z . D , , , , , ,

. T NAO k , , C. I , , C, . T , , q . T, k C

, q x.

M C , . W , , . T , , x, k z. I , ad hoc, . U, , k . W , , -k. W , , , , .

T , , -k, -, k C - , - q. M x . W q G A S M x, . T NAO k k UN EU, k x .W , : , . M, A ,k , ,, , , .

E - C , q. T, G C k- k , , .T A x, x, , , . NAO, z , . R Bz, R, I, C (BRIC), j k G C, , C , .158

H, M U , , , . T , , , , - . W G-20 k- C, j z . Lk , . I , x, k .


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B , x C. I, , , -z k NAO, UN, EU, NGO, , k C. T C, , . T x , x, . R - , - .

T , k . A / C A. F , q NAO :

Do we have the right doctrine and policy?

Do we have contingency plans and do we exercise those plans?

Do we conduct planning scenarios and table-top war games with our Joint Force Commanders based

on access to the Commons?

If yes, are defence planners evaluating the results and considering the capabilities required to conduct

such operations in complex environments far from home?

Do our maritime forces have the right Rules of Engagement and capabilities required to forcibly open

closed strait or canal?

Are our regular and special forces properly networked and integrated?

Do we know how to operate, lead, and empower a complex network a diverse collection of

organizations, personalities, and cultures to accomplish assigned roles and missions?

Are we prepared to operate without support from space or cyberspace, without GPS and without

global communications? One of the conclusions of our report is that in todays complex environment,

our highly networked forces lose access to the network, the mission may be jeopardized.

Are NATO forces prepared to operate in an environment where they are denied access to and use of

the Global Commons?

T q. NAO C k , , . S , k , A , j , -T .

I , jW z x x ,

k. W G C . I M-NEx 7 k k, .

TAssured Access to the Global Commons j A SC. B A k C, NAO k 21 .


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48

I , . C G C. W ,, x NAO, , , , . F, NAO NAO A. F, , , .


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Wir leben alle unter dem

gleichen Himmel, aber wirhaben nicht alle den gleichen

Horizont.

A k, z.

-KonrAd AdenAuer

chAncellorofthe federAl republicof GermAny (1949-1963)


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exeCutive summary

1 Fk H, T M C N-M E, Contested Commons: Te Future of American Powerin a Multipolar World, C N A S, J 2010: . 51; ://..////CNAS%20C%20C_1.

2 I.

introduCtion

3 G H, : A A, Dk N, Hk F, R D, L W II,., Crosscutting Issues in International ransformation (W, D.C.: N D U P, 2009), . 10.

4 S J. Bk, Te Global Commons: An Introduction (W, D.C.: I P), . 6.5 T , x

C NAO .

maritime

6 W K, H P F U.S.-C G, G F A TC,National Public Radio, 18 J 2011; ://..///.?I=133029198

7 S S F, V V W S; ://..///8 H, T M C N-M E.9 A M S, Ax 1, C-M(2011)0023, 18 M 2011: . 1-2, . 5.10 G , O L W P, 1625 T Y W

.11 J Kk, I L R, S J, ., Securing Freedom in the Global Commons (S: S

U P, 2010), . 51.12 F , ; , . C

, . Kk, I L R, . 51.13 I., . 52.14 J, , U S x ; C

, , .15 A M S: . 1-4, . 11.16 D A. Rz, T E N E?NAO Review (2010); ://..///2010/M_

S/EN/x.17 A M S: . 1-3, . 9, 10.18 T

, .19 NAO M C, AC k, Nk, V, 30 S 2010; ://

.../-

endnotes


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20 A M S: . 1-1, . 1.21 T EEZ UNCLOS III, 1982, 200-

U N C L S, 30 A 1982, UN D. A/CONF.62/122 (1982), 10 D 1982,1833 U.N..S. 3, 397, 21 I.L.M. 1261 (1982) ( 16 N 1994), U N, N Yk.

22 C . I . S A Ez R, M A C I L: A R,American Journal of International Law 95(2001): . 757.

23 S N C, C, Mk MK, D A, W C N O, C , Te Globe and Mail, 14 J 2011; ://.

.///-/---/1870900/24 S S Hz, R S. S C, U x, A, 2007; ://z...25 H, T M C, . 55.26 R D. K,Monsoon: Te Indian Ocean and the Future of American Power(N Yk: R H, 2010), . 15.27 N R , Homeland Security Newswire, 28 A 2010.28 Jk Izz, I x, BBC News Online, 22 S 2010.29 R C S A M, Oz E C D

(OECD), P, M 2004: . 1; ://..//29/8/31839546.30 A M S: . 1-2, . 6.31 M S, H D P: S S, ime, 22 A 2009; ://..///

/0,8599,1893032,00.32 T M I, M, S.33 G C: A P, x AC k, S, 15 N 2010; ://

../-

34 T I M B: H-k , IMB, ICCC C S, 17 J 2011: ://.-.//429--k--------

35 A A G , k . T . J S M Rz, F A C P K,ABC News, 22 F 2011; ://../I/--k----jk/? =12971097

36 J B, US 11 S V, imes of London, 24 A 2010; ://..k/////7106414.

37 I.38 J M. G, S K jk , , Los Angeles imes, 21 J 2011,; ://.

./2011/j/21//---k--2011012239 S C R 1918(2010) [

S] 27 A 2010, S/RES/1918 (2010).

40 S , Radio Netherlands, 9 D 2010; ://../-j/-----

41 S C C 2007: S R, I P C C (IPCC), G:; ://./__/4///.

42 T , , R, U S, C, N, Dk.43 R A C C W NAO, UPI.com, 2 O 2009: ://../_N/2009/10/02/

R-A-C---NAO/UPI-55371254525955/44 I.45 A M S: . 1-1, . 2.46 I.: . 1-1, . 1.47 I.: . 1-4, . 11.

air

48 M R, A S, Securing Freedom in the Global Commons, S J, . (S: S UP, 2010), . 132.

49 I.50 Kk, I L R, . 57.51 E (.., ) (.., )

j z, (T , U.S. ). N q , . I., . 57. R Ax 2 (R A) C I CA, N E - J 1990 (14 N 1991).

52 Kk, I L R, . 58.


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52

53 F NAO A P M C, - JAPPC , Kk, G, 13-15O 2010.

54 I.55 USGS/ICAO E S P; ://..k./k.56 G W, A 130 ,Te Guardian, 16 A 2010.57 T I C A Oz (ICAO)

. 190 .58 S R E F A Bk (FAB) I C P

I O 2008, EUROCONROL P R C, B, B, 31 O 2008;://..///__k/__k_.

59 A NAO , NAO .60 T , .61 T N M S U S A, , 2010: . 16.62 R, A S, . 136-7.63 N R W S H M S C, Homeland Security Newswire, 28 A 2010.64 F SAM C W, S A M S I A

D S, A P A, 16 D 2010: ://../-.65 R, A S, . 141.

spaCe

66 P G A S Ex U O S, I M O C B (k O S ), UN GA 2222 (XXI); ://...//SL/.

67 T F Aq I 100k, K L, k. UK M S P, J 2010: . 1-1, 1-2, . 104.

68 C B D. Z, USAF, C S: T R F S P T, High Frontier3,. 4 (2007): . 63-66; ./~z/.

69 T S R 2010, S F, . 62, 77. 2009 . I 2011.

70 J R, T R C-B M A S S, R 28,E S P I (ESPI), S 2010: . 5.

71 S O S .72 Kk, I L R, . 59-60.73 F - , S S D UN

I U : ://../IU-R///74 Mj S S, USAF, W NAO P S?JAPCC Journal7 (2008): . 38.75 I.76 S D J, J L, H. Bk S, Bz, D G, A D W S: N

S I, M I, 12 F 2009; ://../.?=66077 A x SES, , q Lx

. T , x U.S. . S ://..//S///x.

78 S ESA : ://../SPECIALS/A_ESA/SEMW16ARR1F_0.79 R D S, XIX, L, 1 D 2009:

://..//////___.80 D -E , Te Engineer, 9 D 2010; ://...k//

----E--/1006482.81 T UN O O S A k O S J

2009: T UN S P UN x .... k... U N .... UN S P, A/AC. 105/2009/CRP.12, UNC P U O S, 52 , 3-12 J 2009: . 4; ..////AC105_2009_CRP12E.

82 S R E S P: ESA D G P E S P, ESAC, T N, 2007.

83 I., . 3.84 N S S U S, J 2011: . 3.85 B J, NASA R US , Te Guardian, 12 F 2009; ://.

..k//2009//12/----86 Ax S, A F P k 21,000 P S , alking Points Memo, 25 J 2011; ://

.k./2011/01/--k--k-20000----.?=87 C k , , ..,

E , . Mj. P V, USAF,P P G C A S Wk, 5 O 2010, k 15 O 2010.


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88 S W: E B: S : C - , , Te Economist, 9 D 2010; ://..//17647639?_=17647639

89 R, T R : . 35.90 I.: 37.91 I 2010, U.S. A F $214 USD - S F

S- , U.S. N, k 10 U S. S, A F P k 21,000 P.

92 F, M C R - N K I,

k 25 . D M. G, W B M L C: T MP B,Arms Control oday (D 2009); ..//2009_12/G93 R, T R : . 36.94 S W: E B: S : C -

, , Te Economist, 9 D 2010; ://..//17647639?_=17647639 S W: E B.

95 I.96 I.97 C U, 7 F 2011, Chinascope[ Q J 10 D 2010]

B-4; ://..////3291/9298 R, T R : . 38.99 P B. S, IU I I H S J, Space News, 26 M 2010; P B. S, T

A L J S S, Space News, 25 F 2011.100 T x U.S. A F S C, N AFB N. S

2022, x . S , A F S C , 27 M 2010; ://...//.?=123206668.

101 T C W , x, , - z.G F, P P, T A. P, F A, N D,IEEE Spectrum (C AC, E, E S) 37, . 3 (M 2000); ://..///-.

102 T . S, , E M, D, O SCz, U.S. C C, A D W S, k P D F, U.S.C C, 16 O 2008; ://...///2008-10-.

103 T UK M S P, . 205..(3): O R R S, D, C, DC, UK M D, J 2010: . 2-6.

104 A - x, Le Monde, 8 F 2011; ://..//2011/02/08/1477152.

105 SDA , x 60% E . SDA N P Cj S M 300 S, Space Daily, 24 J 2011;..//SDA_N_P_Cj_S_F_M_T_300_S_999.

106 L. C. S, : RC S P ISAF, 30 N 2010.107 R, T R : . 61.108 T ESA C C O S A C E U 11

O 2010. I : ://..////EU_____O_2010.

Cyber

109 S W G , B C. I G Neuromancer(1984).110 S B M. L, V G. C, D D. Ck, R E. K, L Kk, D C. L,

J P, L G. R, S W, A B H I, I S; ://..///.#I_C

111 Uk q , B-L, W , k . H Hx Mk L (); Hx P (); URL. S MI : ://..///.

112 U M I S 2010, , I U (IU), G://../IU-D////2010/M/MIS_2010_S_E.

113 Wk, , , U.S. F, , q C. J W, Wk,


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Te Daily Show with Jon Stewart, 5 J 2011; ://..//-j-5-2011/

114 A -- k k , .

115 Wkk , , k . T q 250 U.S. S D . Wkk:NAO B P A R,Euronews, 7 D 2010; ://../2010/12/07/kk------/

116 R S, V k O Wkk C B,Wired, 9 D 2010; ://...k/

//2010-12/09/-k--kk-117 A z JS , - k j . T j k j k. T , , . R S, J P-Wkk Ak E Ck B, Wired,13 D 2010; ://...k///2010-12/09/-k--kk-

118 G C: A P P, F R x AC k, S, 15 N 2010;://.../-

119 Dk B, T C S E, Securing Freedom in the Global Commons (S: SU P, 2010), . 39-40.

120 M W, I x, , Te Guardian, 9 J 2010; ://...k//2010/j/09/---

121 W ,Aljazeera Africa, 15 J 2011; ://.jz.///2011/01/2011114224727460658.

122 C W, H E S D I, Te elegraph, 28 J 2011; ://...k/

////8288163/H-E----.. O 11 F 2011,P H Mk 30- , 18 C .

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125 Wkk: NAO B P.126 D NAO C D C, Ax A SH/J6/COI/07-203139 I-3/-1162/S: NU, 4 O 2007.127 I.: . 9-11.128 H 1016 . R Kz, Te Singularity is Near(N

Yk: P G, 2005), . 125.129 T C N C I, W H, W, D.C. [ ]: . 2-3; ://.

.//---130 D NAO C D C: . 10-11.131 I: . 2-2.132 NAO C C, F R AC k, C C D C

Ex, , E, 19 O 2010; ://.../-133 I. A , E , J 24 ,

.134 W E S , R k qk z

E . T M.135 J Mk, V S S L C 103 C,New York imes, 28 M 2009.136 J Hk, C W C P: I NAO D, Research Paper no. 62, R D, NAO

D C, R, N 2010.: . 3.137 I., . 6.138 S N F, L O M, E C, W32.Sx D, . 1.3, Symantec Security Response, S

C., N 2010; ://..///32x-139 Lk -k, k . G

Sx, I , .

140 A , k.

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imes, 27 F 2011.


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146 V MC, NAO, IBM Ex P C C & C,Integration Developer News, 7 J2011.

147 I.148 C k

.149 Hk, C W C P, . 3.150 D NAO C D C: . 9.151 I.152 S C D S M N A O,

L 20 N 2010: 19, 8 11.

153 Hk, C W C P, . 9.154 S NAO C D P A; ://..////_49193.155 NAO 2020: A S; D E: A R G Ex N

S C NAO, 17 M 2010; ://..////_x_63654.156 S D A C-k NAO : ://..////_49193.157 D NAO C D C: . 5.158 NAO G C: G P, W, D.C., 3 F 2011. T AC

k ; ://.../-


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partiCipantsand Contributors

A NkASEAN S CAA C U SB M DBBC N A SC I, R AC N AC S & I SC SC I LC R A IC C G A

C J O S CEC C D CEC S C A PC F RD R OD F NAOD k EDD RkD, C D CD A VE A USA

E C USAE F USAE F USAE I USAE J USAE P USAE S USAE Cz R USAE N USAE S AE S P I

E U S CF M DF UG M DG S & G SH C S SH FIBM - N B.V.IBM - SI R Sq E M

J A P C C

Mk L, LM I MM S NAO

M R F NAOM Uk EU

N D U, USAN M I

N S C SN S C, USA

N S S ONAO A C

NAO C3 ANAO CC A RNAO D C

NAO HQ ESCDNAO WN W D C

N I S AP R I O

P R C M EUPj 2049 I

QQ GRAND C

R I ER A M NAO

R U S I

S. Rj S I SS AB

S A I S, JHUS M S NI C

S W FS D A

S AS M D

S I D CS I

Sk I P R I

T Gk S CU S M NAO

U BU P

US A W CUS C G

US D DUS D S

US N W CUS-CRES

USS E


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