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Asian Architecture [ARC 60403 /2234]

PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY

STRATEGIES TO PASSIVE COOLING IN WOOI RESIDENCE

BY USING ELEMENTS FROM TRADITIONAL RUMAH

MELAYU IN RESPONSE TO THE CLIMATE IN WOOI

RESIDENCE, SHAH ALAM

STUDENT NAME AND ID: CHONG YI QI (0304898)

CHOW HONG DA (0318571)

CLEMENT CHEN KIT SEONG (0319574)

JAMES TAY JIA CHUEN (0322210)

JANICE LEE JUEN YUNG (0318695)

KONG XHIANG LYNN (0317730)

LECTURER: MR NICHOLAS NG

SUBMISSION DATE: 29 NOV 2016

Strategies to Passive Cooling in Wooi Residence by Using Elements from Traditional Rumah Melayu in Response to the Climate in Wooi Residen, Shah Alam

ARC 60403/ 2234 ASIAN ARCHITECTURE 2

Table of Contents Page

Abstract .............................................................................................................. 3

1.0 Introduction .................................................................................. ….….4

2.0 Openings in Wooi Residence ................................................................ 5

2.1 Type of Openings ............................................................................... 5

2.1.1 Louvered Doors

2.1.2 Casement windows

2.1.3 Vertical Timber Grilles

2.1.4 Stair Gaps

2.1.5 Clerestory Window Openings

2.2 Position of Openings ........................................................................ 11

2.2.1 Arrangement of Openings on both sides on the same floor

2.2.2 Arrangement of Openings at the top and bottom on the same side

3.0 Environment Factor ............................................................................. 14

3.1 Building Orientation

3.2 Placement of Vegetation

3.3 Swimming Pool as Heat Sink

4.0 Basic Building Elements ...................................................................... 18

4.1 Plans to Section

4.2 Massing

5.0 Building Form ...................................................................................... 22

6.0 Mechanical Ventilation Strategies………………………………………...25

6.1 Mechanical Ventilation

6.2 Mechanical Ventilation Strategy

6.3 Operation

7.0 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 28

8.0 References .......................................................................................... 29



Abstract

The purpose of doing a thorough study on passive cooling in Wooi Residence by using

elements from traditional Rumah Melayu in response to the climate in Shah Alam is to

identify the factors which influence the thermal comfort throughout the building by

integrating elements from the traditional Rumah Melayu due to its passive cooling designs

which responds perfectly to Malaysia’s climate. Ventilation in a tropical climate such as

Malaysia has many natural factors to consider, such as openings, site context, building

form and building components. Therefore, it is essential that the factors are being

discovered. As aid in the justification of this research, literature review, interview with the

architect, Ar. Wooi, and online research on passive cooling were conducted to enhance

the process. In order to provide a well-founded research, it is important to carry out an in-

depth study on Rumah Melayu on how it responds to different climate and context in order

to achieve thermal comfort by using only passive designs. It is prominent that maximum

openings are provided throughout the Rumah Melayu to allow cross and stack ventilation,

where Ar. Wooi integrated and modernized the idea efficiently in Wooi Residence by

using different types of openings such as louvered doors, casement windows, vertical

timber grilles, stair gaps, clerestory, and roof gaps. The building orientation, venturi effect

and heat sink are the environmental factors affecting the ventilation in Wooi Residence

and therefore, is tackled accordingly in response to the local climate. Furthermore, the

hot tropical weather, coupled with the fact that there is not much vegetation to cool and

filter the slightly polluted air makes mechanical ventilation necessary to augment the

natural ventilation strategies. Hence, it has come to a conclusion that all these passive

design factors extracted from Rumah Melayu has aided Ar. Wooi in achieving thermal

comfort in Wooi Residence, where all of the factors are vital in ensuring minimal heat gain

in the building, while at the same time, ensuring sufficient sunlight and airflow to enter the

building.



1.0 Introduction

Today, high energy consumption in combat to the unfavorable weather to achieve thermal

comfort in a building has become a big issue in architecture. Drastic usage of air

conditioning has led to many environmental impact such as greenhouse effect due to the

emission of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) to the ozone layer. In spite of that, it is important

to achieve thermal comfort in a building as it affects the comfortability of the occupants

and habitability of the building. In this case, passive design comes in to play as it helps

one to achieve thermal comfort in a building by introducing ventilation, minimizing heat

gain, and at the same time reduces energy consumption. To further study on passive

design, we have chosen Wooi Residence as our case study due its passive design that

responded perfectly to the context and climate where some of the design are a translation

from the traditional Rumah Melayu. For example, the variation of openings throughout the

Rumah Melayu to allow cross and stack ventilation are integrated in Wooi Residence by

Ar. Wooi. By learning how Ar. Wooi fuses the elements from the traditional Rumah Melayu

to Wooi Residence, we can learn to design architecture that connects and responds well

to its context.

This paper will investigate on the strategies to passive cooling in Wooi Residence by

using elements from traditional Rumah Melayu in response to the local climate by

responding to the following research questions:

Question 1: How does the openings affect the ventilation in terms of type and position in Wooi's residence? Question 2: In term of site context, how does the environmental factors affect the ventilation of Wooi’s Residence? Question 3: What are the basic building design elements which promote ventilation in Wooi’s Residence? Question 4: How does the building form aid in passive cooling? Question 5: How does mechanical ventilation compliment natural ventilation in Wooi’s Residence?



2.0 Openings in Wooi Residence

Being an energy-efficient, eco-friendly home/office and a modern interpretation of the

malay vernacular kampong house. Architect Wooi designed this house with the intention

of not needing to install air-conditioning but instead relying heavily on natural ventilation

means as a form of passive cooling to cool the interior spaces to obtain thermal comfort

in this hot and humid country, Malaysia. Wooi’s residence focuses on specific small

details such as the type and position of openings which will aid in passive cooling in the

house. Through the focus of these different kinds of openings in Wooi residence, passive

cooling strategies such as cross ventilation and stack ventilation can be effectively

employed in the house to improve thermal comfort, increase energy efficiency as well as

being environmentally friendly.

2.1 Type of openings

Wind is free, natural and is one the most basic and environmental friendly energy source

on this planet. Architect Wooi realizes these advantages of wind and explored the

potentials of wind through many different types of methods to use wind source for

ventilation purposes in his house to achieve his goal of creating a green building which

provides great comfort as well as being cost effective in the a long run. Different types of

openings can be identified in Wooi Residence which produced different air flows through

the house. These types of openings are namely louvered doors, casement windows,

vertical timber grilles, stair gaps and clerestory openings.



2.1.1 Louvered doors

In an ordinary house we see in Malaysia, openings are normally only on windows such

as louvered windows. However, Architect Wooi wishes to maximize the use of openings

not only on windows but on doors as well. This is to allow a continuous free flow of air

through the house at all times. Other than being beneficial in providing natural ventilation,

louvered doors are also a great alternative than the more generic door design we normally

see.

Figure 2: Photo shows a louvered door in Wooi Residence

Figure 2.2: Photo shows air flowing through louvered door



2.1.2 Casement windows

Casement windows are said to have an effective open area of 90%. This means that

casement windows usually allow up to 90% of wind to enter the house and blocks only

10% of wind from entering the house. Furthermore, casement windows as shown in

Figure 2.4 can also act as wind scoops which open into prevailing winds when used as

inlets.

Figure 2.3: Photo shows casement windows in Wooi Residence

Figure 2.4: Diagram shows casement window acting as wind scoops



2.1.3 Vertical Timber Grilles

Vertical timber slits as shown in Figure 2.5 and Figure 2.6 is one of the most important

type of openings found in Wooi Residence as it is the most used type of opening in this

house. These openings act as passageways for free flow air to move through the spaces

and aids in cross ventilation to draw air from one side to the other side of the house.

Figure 2.8: Diagram shows the air flow

across in a space

Figure 2.7: Diagram shows air flow

through the house

Figure 2.6: Photo shows air flow

through vertical timber grilles

Figure 2.5: Photo shows vertical

timber grilles of Wooi Residence



2.1.4 Stair gaps

As seen from Figure 2.9, the design of the staircase is coherent to the vertical timber

grilles found in Wooi Residence in terms of how the sides of each stair thread are of

timber stripped design similar to the design of the vertical timber grilles showing sense of

continuity in design between different building components in the house. Besides that,

these stair gaps actually allow stack ventilation to occur and draws air upwards through

different floors in the house through the stack effect.

Figure 2.9: Photo shows stack effect through stair gaps



2.1.5 Clerestory window openings

Clerestory window openings are made in Wooi Residence as shown in Figure 2.10 for

the sole purpose of improving cross ventilation between floors.

Figure 2.10: Photo shows clerestory window openings in Wooi Residence

Figure 2.11: Photo shows air flow out through clerestory window openings during cross ventilation



2.2 Position of openings

Arrangement of openings at the top and bottom on both sides

As shown in Figure 2.12, openings such as the vertical timber grilles and stair gaps are

positioned lower in the building. Clerestory window openings on the other hand are

located at higher levels in the building. This allows a process called stack ventilation or

buoyancy ventilation to occur in Wooi Residence. This particular process happens by the

difference in temperature within different heights in Wooi Residence which will result in

different air densities. The hotter air of lower density at higher levels around clerestory

window openings exert relative negative pressure and help pull air upwards. Openings at

lower levels through vertical timber grilles on façade as well as gaps on stairs allow cooler

air to flow in due to this pressure difference. Hot air is expelled out from the clerestory

window openings due to the stack effect.

Figure 2.12: Diagram shows a section drawing of stack ventilation in Wooi Residence

Figure 2.13: Diagram shows the concept of stack ventilation

CLERESTORY WINDOW

OPENINGS STAIR GAPS

VERTICAL TIMBER

GRILLES



2.2.1 Arrangement of openings on both sides on the same floor

One of the conditions which affects the efficiency of cross ventilation is when the outlet is

bigger than the inlet as shown in Figure and Figure. In this case, largest air velocity occurs

around the inlet because the total force is acting on a small area and forcing air through

the opening at a high pressure. Thus, if the inlet opening is large, air velocity will be low.

Air flows from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. Therefore, air is drawn

from the high pressure inlet and exits through the low pressure outlet hence resulting in

cross ventilation. The other condition which affects the efficiency of cross ventilation is

when the outlet is placed higher than then inlet as shown in Figure 2.14 and Figure 2.15.

Figure 2.16: Diagram shows cross ventilation

Figure 2.15: Photo shows clerestory

window openings as outlets Figure 2.14: Photo shows horizontal

timber grilles as inlets



2.2.2 Arrangement of openings at the top and bottom on the same side

Single sided ventilation occurs for rooms with windows on one side only. As shown in

Figure 2.17, this particular room in Wooi Residence allows cooler air to flow in and warm

air to flow out through horizontal timber grilles at the bottom and exits through the

clerestory window openings at the top on the same side. In single sided ventilation,

convection currents will be able to expel warm air through the top opening and draw fresh

air in from the bottom.

Figure 2.17: Photo shows single sided ventilation in Wooi Residence

Figure 2.18: Diagram shows a single sided ventilation



3.0 Environmental Factors

3.1 Building Orientation

According to Nedhal, M. A., S. S., & W. W. (2010, December 21), building orientation is

a significant design consideration, mainly with regard to solar radiation and wind. In

predominantly hot humid regions like Malaysia which receives sunlight all year around,

buildings should be oriented to minimize solar gain and maximize natural ventilation.

Orientation of a building is very important as it affects the solar radiation, exposure of

heat, and internal heat gain. By orienting it to a proper direction, the whole building’s

internal heat gain will greatly reduce, it will receive enough shade from exposure of heat

and direct solar radiation.

According to our interview with Ar. Wooi, this building is oriented based on the contour

of the terrain, sun path movement and prevailing wind. Due to the prevailing wind of

Shah Alam coming from South to North, he oriented his building in such a way that it is

facing east and west. By orientating the building in such a way, the lounge of the

building in lower ground floor, living room in ground floor and first floor manage to

capture the prevailing wind by the operable pivot timber door and huge casement

windows, allowing cross ventilation to occur throughout the building. In addition, it will

improve the thermal comfort greatly inside the building.

Figure 3.1:

Photo shows a full height

operable pivot timber door

located at the lounge in

lower ground floor which is

used to capture the

prevailing wind from south



Even though the wind direction might come from all direction, the prevailing wind from

south would still be able to direct the wind towards the living room and the lounge of the

building with the usage of vegetation placement.

3.2 Placement of Vegetation

Vegetation can be used to redirect the flow of air and channel it to specific areas on site.

However, the greater the number of vegetation, air flow will decrease. But if we were to

place the vegetation according to the wind direction, it will create the Venturi Effect.

According to Dnr.louisiana.gov,. (2015), venturi effect is defined as when moving air is

channeled to pass through a smaller space or opening, the velocity of the air will increase.

Hence, wind velocity increases. Air flow will always flow from reign of high pressure to

lower pressure. By properly placing the vegetation, venturi effect occur and increases the

velocity of air movement in the area of the site.

The location of vegetation around the building greatly affects the ventilation of Wooi’s

Residence. In Wooi’s Residence, the location of the vegetation, which are mainly

bamboos, are located at the south, north and west of surrounding building. This creates

a pressure difference around the vegetation area, hence, wind velocity increases as it

Figure 3.2: Diagram show the

wind rose for Shah Alam.

Figure 3.3: Photo show that Wooi Residence

is orientated in the west-east direction



channel to pass through the gaps between bamboos. Also, the distance of the vegetation

from building affects the ventilation of the building. The distance of the vegetation from

the building are around 3 – 5 meters away.

By placing vegetation around Wooi’s Residence, it will provide a 'close to nature'

atmosphere. It gives a sense of enclosure and privacy, bringing mankind closer to nature.

By doing so, it brings them away from the hectic lifestyle in city as the Wooi’s family return

home. Besides, vegetation also helps in cooling of the temperature of surrounding site by

providing shade onto the ground. This will cause the temperature of the surrounding site

to be lower. Reductions in temperature would fluctuate even more during the night and

rainy days. This can be explained by biology as the plant excess warmth are offset by

evaporative cooling from transpiration. (NCStateuniversity, 2013). This can be comfirmed

by Safarzadeh & Bahadori (2005), that garden elements can significantly affect thermal

comfort of space.

Figure 3.4: Floor plan shows the placement of vegetation are mainly

at north, south, and west of Wooi Residence



3.3 Swimming Pool as Heat Sink

By owning a swimming pool at home, it will not only be used for fitness purpose, stress

relief and increasing a house’s value, but what is more important is, it acts as a heat sink

too. Swimming pool affects the ventilation of the surrounding building. Also, it provides

passive cooling for the surrounded site.

The implementation of a swimming pool or a pool can be seen in most of Ar. Wooi’s

project. This is because radiative cooling occur when there is a pool. Radiative cooling is

a process of whereby a body loses its heat by thermal radiation. When the swimming pool

starts storing heat, it acts as a heat sink. This would allow air from the opposite direction

to be attracted inwards, thus, allowing cross ventilation to take place and cooling of

internal spaces to achieve thermal comfort through the openings of Wooi’s Residence.

With the breeze constantly being drawn in like a natural fan, heat from Wooi’s Residence

escape at a much faster pace. Not only owning a swimming pools is beneficial to mental

health and physical health, it can be a crucial element for homes which has not achieved

thermal comfort.

Figure 3.5: Photo show that Ar. Wooi owns a swimming pool as it

improves the ventilation of his home



4.0 Basic Building Elements

Basic Building Design Elements which Promote Ventilation in Wooi’s Residence

Wooi Residence has utilized many approaches of using environmentally friendly and

energy efficient elements of nature into its design which promotes passive ventilation.

The architect designed his residence based on the traditional malay kampung house

design which is one of the most natural way to live comfortably in a humid tropical country

in Malaysia.

4.1 Plan to Section

Firstly, the dining & living lounge located at the ground floor is conducted by cross

ventilation and natural lighting effectively, the purpose of this is to improve air movement

as it is placed above the ground just like the Malay traditional house. The openings allow

free flow of air to perform cooling and carry out warm humid air. This important design

element helps to expand the space and support free flow of air.

Figure 4.1: Section show air flow throughout the building



Figure 4.2: Diagram show wind flow in traditional Malay house

The diagram shows the ground floor plan which houses the living rooms placed above

the lower ground compared to the traditional Malay house.

Besides that, the stairwells are also used as exhaust air paths and are connected openly

with the spaces from the café at the lower ground towards the living rooms on the top.

Figure 4.3: Section show stack ventilation in Wooi Residence



Figure 4.4: Photo show the stairwell found in Wooi Residence

The staircase itself acts as vents to allow air flow from all directions, the walls of the

stairwells are also permeable to allow cross ventilation. Thus, this stair design aids in

stack and cross ventilation to channel air movement. The material used, resak wood and

yellow balau aids the natural ventilation just like how the way kampong house is ventilated.



Figure 4.6: Diagram show the spaces in Wooi Residence

4.2 Massing

The massing also plays an important role in its design element to allow for natural

ventilation. The diagram above shows the levels being split so that gaps are created for

effective air movement as mentioned in the plan to section. The design allows for higher

air exchange rates providing effective comfort, reducing the discomfort of tropical humidity.

The unifying element of the design, which is the over sailing umbrella like roof with large

overhang aids the natural ventilation in providing shade to the brick wall to reduce wall

warming and various parts of the house where natural ventilation is present.

The diagram also shows that the massing is designed in a way that the family area, living

and studio are located towards the middle axis of the building- the tiang seri courtyard

where air starts to channel around the building where the inlet, outlet is places without

obstruction.



5.0 Building Form

Building form that influence the interior temperature in Wooi’s Residence.

Passive cooling techniques can reduce the peak cooling load in buildings, thus reducing

the number of the air conditioning equipment that required. Living in a tropical country,

the most efficient way to achieve a good passive cooling in a house in a sustainable way

is follow the three-tier design approach theory. In the first tier of the design approach,

building itself is the one of fundamental factor that impacting the 60 percent of the interior

space heating and cooling.

The shape of the house greatly impact how much of the climate and internal load are

converted into heating and cooling requirements. The indoor temperature will affect by a

lot architectural design features that apply on the house such as the potential for natural

ventilation and passive cooling of the building. They happen in the form of interaction

between the building and its surrounding. One of the main design features that affect the

indoor temperature is the house’s building layout. The main influence of layout is from the

indoor temperature point of view, its effect on the envelope’s surface area, relative to the

floor’s area or the space volume, and consequently on the rate of the heat exchange of

the house with the outdoors. It additionally affecting the building’s potential for natural

ventilation.



Figure 5.1: Floor plan show the curved wall that receive direct sunlight and oblique angle.

To maintain the comfortable indoor environment, it relies on reducing the rate of heat

gains into the house and remove of excess heat from the house. Due to the curve shape

of the house, only parts of the curved wall will receive the direct sunlight, rest of the

external wall receive rays from an oblique angle. When only part of the external wall

receives the direct solar radiation, which also mean the wall receive lesser solar heat.

The larger surface area of the walls that exposure to sun causes a higher heat gain will

also cause higher energy expenditure of the air conditioning equipment to cool down the

indoor temperature for a comfortable indoor atmosphere. In Wooi’s residence, the larger

surface wall is facing to north and south and the smaller wall is facing west and east,

which mean only certain wall have greater heat gain and allow most of the indoor space

does not require much usage of the mechanic ventilation or air-conditioner to cool down

the temperature.



Figure 5.2: Floor plan show the outdoor air flow through the house

Air passing over the surface creates the physiological cooling effect by evaporating

moisture from the surface of the wall. The flow of outdoor breeze with a specific speed

through the house extends the comfort zone of the house. The more irregular shape of

the house it is, the better potential for cross-ventilation. As the external walls for the floor

area is larger, there are more opportunities to provide openings in the house which will

catch down the wind from different directions. Heat transfer mainly by convection through

the openings of the house. Based on the curved wall of the house it create a least obstacle

path for the outdoor air to flow through the house easily compare to a normal straight

house.



6.0 Mechanical Ventilation Strategies that Complement Natural

Ventilation in Wooi Residence

6.1 Mechanical Ventilation

The idea of passive cooling through natural ventilation used by Wooi Residence is derived

from Traditional Rumah Melayu in old villages. This is possible because in the context of

a rural village, air pollution back then was not as severe, and the surrounding trees and

little development means the air is clean enough that natural ventilation is the norm rather

than the exception.

Ar. Wooi lived in a small village in Alor Setar before moving to the current site that is Shah

Alam. Shah Alam, however, is a developing urban town surrounded by more buildings

than trees. This makes sunny days in Shah Alam hotter while rain much harsher. The

new development means the air around is not as clean as a rural area, and as such solely

relying on natural ventilation for a house is not only not effective, it is also quite inflexible

for the different weather conditions that could happen when in a town, such as haze or

storms.

For his house, Wooi Residence, Ar. Wooi decides to complement his natural ventilation

idea with some mechanical ventilation. He also has techniques to use both natural and

mechanical ventilation in tandem to counteract different weather conditions and maintain

the air exchange in the house.

Figure 6.2: Diagram show the natural

ventilation strategies in Rumah Melayu Figure 6.1: Photo shows a traditional

Rumah Melayu



6.2 Mechanical Ventilation Strategy: Fans

The mechanical ventilation used by Ar. Wooi for Wooi Residence is ceiling fans. The

reasoning of Ar. Wooi is that he needed it to introduce air movement in the otherwise still,

hot air trapped in the room. Although there are air vents and natural wind to help with the

air movement, he chose to install some fans as there are some days which the winds are

weak, or when opening windows was not an option.

For his house, he installed ceiling fans in every public space, which has openings for

natural air to enter and escape. His bedrooms are mostly enclosed, so he installs both

ceiling fans and air conditioning for better control of the interior temperature.

There are a few reasons why he does not install air conditioning for his living rooms. For

one, these spaces are quite open with slits and gaps for air circulation. This makes air

conditioning very inefficient and terrible for the environment. He specifically uses fans

because not only it is energy efficient, it also compliments his natural air ventilation

strategy while being very energy conserving unlike using air conditioning. This

combination helped Ar. Wooi realize his idea of energy-efficient house design into his

house, which he uses to showcase his design to clients.

For individual bedrooms, air-conditioning in tandem with conventional ceiling fans can

reduce the energy consumption needed to cool a room, compared to solely using air

conditioners.

Figure 6.3: Photo show the ceiling fans installed in the living room of Wooi Residence



6.3 Operation

During normal days, the windows are left open to let air enter naturally. The fans are set

to low to provide air movement inside the house and create positive air pressure, pushing

stale indoor air out. This allows fresh outside air to enter the house and circulate it

throughout.

During bad weather such as rain, haze and etc., the windows had to be closed, but the

ceiling fans can provide ventilation. The fan power is set to high to distribute the air

throughout the house, ensuring the air does not stay stale. The air can still enter and exit

through openings, so the carbon dioxide levels don’t become high and make air stagnant.

Figure 6.4: Diagram show the ventilation during normal days.

The fans help distribute the air evenly throughout the room

Figure 6.5: Diagram show the air movement during bad weather using fans.

The air moves around the house, preventing stale air stagnating in the house



7.0 Conclusion

A series of passive design strategies have been implemented and mostly are extracted

through the understanding of passive design in the vernacular Rumah Melayu. Other than

that, the strategies are also made possible due to the opportunity provided by the

surrounding context where some regional metaphors are translated into green

architecture. The passive designs, such as the building forms and layout, play a large role

in ensuring an unobstructed ventilation throughout the building. Even the slightest details

like the opening’s position and sizes can make a big difference in controlling the air flow

in the building, and where stack and cross ventilation can be implemented. Other than

building materials and building components, vegetation are used to direct the flow of air

and channel it to specific areas of the building. The vegetation are placed in such a way

that it creates a pressure difference around the vegetation area, hence, wind velocity

increases as it channel to pass through the gaps in between it. Although there are many

openings like air vents and natural wind to help with the air movement, mechanical

ventilation like fans are still installed to help with the air movement for the days when the

winds are weak, or when opening windows was not an option.



8.0 References

Hong Da, C., Clement, C., Yi Qi, C., James, T., Janice, L., & Xhiang Lynn, K. (2016).

Interview of Wooi Residence. , Jalan Bukit Hijau, Empat 26/24D, Taman Bukit Saga,

Seksyen 26, 40400 Shah Alam, Selangor Dahrul Ehsan, Malaysia.

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advantages-and-disadvantages

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alternative_buiding _analysis

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3) Designing Buildings Wiki The construction industry knowledge base. Retrieved

November 28, 2016, from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross_ventilation

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http://gbtech.emsd.gov.hk/english/utilize/natural.html

For Building Form:

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Nostrand Reinhold.

2) Lechner, N. (2009). Heating, cooling, lighting: Sustainable design methods for architects.

Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

For Mechanical Ventilation:

1) MTC » Wooi Residence, Selangor, Malaysia. (2016). Mtc.com.my. Retrieved 16

November 2016, from http://mtc.com.my/project/wooi-residence-selangor/

2) FLS2683. (2016) (1st ed., pp. 1-2). Retrieved from

http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/2306/original/FLS2683.pdf?1384760459

aa compile

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