a1 climate study
DESCRIPTION
A1 Climate StudyTRANSCRIPT
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FRAMMEFFRRAAMMMMEE
LLLIIIFFFEEENNNAAATTT000888///GGGRRR///000000000555333333
2010
FRAMMELIFE08NAT/GR/000533
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FRAMME, " - & 4 NATURA 2000 ", . LIFE08 NAT/GR/000533, 50% LIFE+ (Nature & Biodiversity) / 1.636.750 . FRAMME 2008, , .
FRAMME , Fire Restoration Methodology for Mediterranean Forests - environmental safety & sustainability of 4 interventions in the Rhodes NATURA 2000 site with contract number LIFE08 NAT/GR/000533 is a project co-financed by 50% by the European Commissions LIFE+ Programme and has a total budget of 1.636.750 . The management of the project is carried out by Elliniki Etairia Society for Environment & Cultural Heritage as a Coordinating Beneficiary. Associate Beneficiaries to the Project are The Agricultural University of Athens as well as the three municipalities in Rhodes affected by the devastating fires of 2008; Municipality of Lindos, Municipality of Ataviros and the Municipality of South Rhodes.
: , () . 75, : 210 5294465
: , . (2010a). FRAMME LIFE08 NAT/GR/000533 . URL: http://www.ellet.gr/framme
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In this study, the climatic-bioclimatic conditions of the island of Rhodes, were examined.
The climatic data analysed (base period 1955-1977) was taken from the meteorological
station which is located close to the airport of the island (36o24, 2805E, altitude 35m).
The aforementioned station operates under the direction of the Hellenic National
Meteorological Service. From the climatic data, the climatic type of the area was determined
according to the Kppen climatic classification and the bioclimatic classifications of
UNESCO-FAO and Emberger. In addition, the bioclimatic conditions of the area were
evaluated using the thermohygrometric index (THI).
From the analysis of the climatic data of the island, it was determined that January
presents the lowest value of the mean monthly air temperature as well as of the mean monthly
maximum and minimum air temperatures, contrary to August which is characterized by the
highest value of the aforementioned parameters. The value of the mean monthly relative
humidity was lowest and highest in July and December, respectively. The total amount of
monthly precipitation presented its highest value in December. This parameter presented its
lowest value in July and August (almost zero). From the course of the maximum amount of
precipitation during 24 hours, a primary and a secondary maximum was confirmed in
November and May, respectively. The minimum values of the aforementioned parameter
were observed in July and August. The prevailing winds are mainly north-westerly and
westerly during the winter season and the rest seasons of the year, respectively. The
maximum values of wind speed were observed during the summer months of the year.
According to the Kppen climatic classification, Rhodes is characterized by a hot temperate
climate with dry and very hot periods during summer in combination with mild winters (Csa).
The Natura 2000 area of study GR4210005 is characterized by an accentuated and attenuated
thermomediterranean bioclimate (UNESCO-FAO). The biologically dry period in Rhodes
starts in April and ends in September. Natura 2000 area GR4210005, belongs to the sub-
humid bioclimatic type with hot winters, according to the classification of Emberger,. From
the evaluation of THI and its resulting classes, it was found that the months January and
February fall under the cold class, March and December fall under the cool class, April,
May, October and November in the comfortable class and finally the period between June
and September in the hot class. From the analysis of the climatic and bioclimatic data of the
island of Rhodes, it was concluded that high priority for anti-erosive works must be given to
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the sloping regions with westerly- north-westerly orientation as well as to the burnt areas from
the fire of 2008.
However, for a more detailed, microclimatic study of the island of Rhodes, a spatial
distribution of the climatic parameters is required which can be conducted with the proper
equipment.
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1. .................................................................................................................... 5
2. ........................................................................................................... 6
3. ...................................................................................................... 10
3.1 N ............................. 10
3.2 .......................... 14
4. ........................................................................... 17
5. .......................................................................................................... 20
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1.
,
(- .., 2007). H
,
,
(Schroeder and Beck, 1970; , 2002).
,
.
(Sebastin-Lopz et al., 2008).
, ,
2007 (-
., 2008). 2007
.
(Matsoukis
et al., 2010). 2007
NATURA 2000 (WWF,
2008).
.
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:
, , , ,
2.
250
, .
( . 1215 m)
(WWF, 2008).
(.. 3624, .. 2805, . 35 m)
1955-1997.
,
( ) (C),
(%), (), (nots)
24.
.
Kppen
,
- -,
(-,
1996).
,
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.
,
.
24.
( )
.
UNESCO-FAO.
()
()
Gaussen :
2 (1)
( (1), ).
,
. Gaussen
40%.
(m) :
hbr
pmm fJJJJX *
2
++= (2) :
Jm =
Jp =
Jr =
Jb =
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fh = (h)
:
h 40% fh = 1,0 40% < h 60% fh = 0,9 60% < h 80% fh = 0,8 80% < h 90% fh = 0,7 90% < h 100% fh = 0,6
() Gaussen :
= mXX (3)
1:
1.
() ( , 1996;
, 1980).
150 < 200 --
125 < 150 -
100< 125 -
75 < 100 -
40 < 75 -
0 < 40 -
Emberger (, 1980)
( ) (Q) :
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( )mMmMPQ+
=*
2
*1000 (4)
:
= (mm)
M= ( Kelvin)
m= ( Kelvin)
Emberger
(Q)
.
, , ,
, , ,
(, 1980).
,
,
(oy et al., 2007; Matsoukis et al., 2010)
()
Toy et al. (2007):
THI = -[(0.55-0.0055 * F)*(T-14.5)] (5)
T = (0C), F= (%)
2.
2. ( Toy et
al., 2007; Kamoutsis et al., 2007).
THI (
0C)
Cold -1,7 to +12,9 Cool +13 to +14,9 Comfortable +15 to +19,9 Hot +20 to +26,4
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3.
3.1 N
19,1 C.
(. 3.1)
11,9 C
27,1 C.
(-4,3 C)
(+0,2 C).
26,2 C
12,5 C.
(20,6 C) (16,9 C)
,
(- .., 2007).
(...)
15,2 C.
(. 3.1,)
.
22,5 C 15,2 C.
(30,7 C)
(15,1 C) .
25-8-1988 42,0 C -4,0 C
19-1-1964.
0,3.
.
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(+4,2 C)
(+4,1 C) .
(-4,4 C
-3,7 C ).
(-2,5 C -2,2 C )
.
(. 3.1)
(58%) (72%).
66%.
(53,4 )
.
(16,4 ) (15, 9 ).
(. 3.1)
(0.3) (, )
(4,3).
(339 )
6,5 . -
,
1,5 . (-)
(18,5) 1,6 6,4
.
(. 3.1)
84,8
(0,2).
.
. To
703,0 mm, (157,4 mm)
(
-
(165,4 mm) (122, 0 mm). 24
(. )
. 24 (. 3.1)
.
(178,8 mm)
(138,5 mm) 24
(, ).
(, )
.
.
(. 3.1)
(11,6 Kt) (6,1 Knots).
(11,0 Knots)
.
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()
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
oC
M & ()
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
oC
& ()
-10.0
-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
C
()
50
55
60
65
70
75
(%)
()
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
& max 24 ()
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
mm
max 24
()
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
nots
. 3.1. .
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3.2
,
,
(
ppen) Csa. ,
.
.
(125
-
-
- (lea-Ceratonion)
(. 2) - -
(Quercion ilicis).
(. 2) - (. 1)
(, 1978, 1978).
2. ( , 1978)
(lea-Ceratonion)
(Quercion ilicis),
Emberger
8,8 C 7,0 C
.
(, 1978).
( )
(THI),
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3. ,
cold,
-1,7 +12,9 C, cool (THI = +13,0
+14,9 C), , , comfortable
(THI = +15,0 +19,9 C) hot
(THI = +20,0 +26,4 C).
3. ()
1955-1997 .
(0C) 12,33 cold 12,51 cold 13,75 cool 16,21 comfortable 19,33 comfortable 22,37 hot 24,01 hot 24,32 hot 22,46 hot 19,67 comfortable 16,19 comfortable 13,57 cool
3.3
,
,
(. 3.1),
.
,
.
(. 3.1)
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2008
,
, .
,
.
24 (. 3.1)
(, )
(, )
2008.
,
.
,
,
Gaussen, ,
24,
-
2008 .
.
,
,
.
4.
.
, .
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o
.
24
.
.
. GR4210005 -
.
.
,
,
-
2008 .
- .
,
,
GR4210005
.
, ,
,
,
.
(, 2002; .. 2007; Matsoukis et al.,
2009; Kamoutsis et al., 2010), (Chronopoulou-Sereli et al., 1983; Horbert et al.,
1988; - .., 1996) (Matsoukis et al.,
2010).
,
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2008, .
,
.
-
(,
, .)
.
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5.
Chronopoulou-Sereli A., Chronopoulos J., Horbert B. und Kircheorg A., 1983.
Stadtklimatische Untersuchungen in Athen. Schr. R. d. Fachbereichs
Landschaftsentwicklung der TU Berlin Landschaftsentwicklung und Umweltschutz
Nr. 17.
Horbert B., Kircheorg, A., Chronopoulou-Sereli A. and Chronopoulos J., 1988. Impact of
Green on the Urban Atmosphere in Athens. Scientific Series of International Bureau
Kernforschungsanlage Jlich GmbH. Berlin, Germany.
Kamoutsis A., Matsoukis, A., Charalampopoulos I., Chronopoulou-Sereli A., 2007.
Biometeorological conditions in mountainous communities and adjacent urban center
in Greece by the use of indices: The case study of mountainous Nafpaktia district.
Developments in Tourism Climatology, 3rd International Workshop on Climate,
Tourism and Recreation, Alexandroupolis, Greece, 144-149.
Kamoutsis A., Matsoukis A, Chronopoulos K. and Manoli E., 2010. A comparative study of
human thermal comfort conditions in two mountainous regions in Greece during
summer. Global Nest Journal (in press).
atsoukis A., Kamoutsis A. and Chronopoulou-Sereli A., 2009. Air temperature and thermal
comfort conditions in mountainous and urban regions. International Journal of
Sustainable Development and Planning, 4(4): 357-363.
Matsoukis A.S., Kamoutsis A.P., Chronopoulos K.I. and Fotos D.N., 2010. Role of burned
and unburned pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) areas to air temperature and thermal
comfort conditions. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 19(6): 1125-1131.
Schroeder M. and Beck J., 1970. Fire weather. A guide for applications of meteorological
informations in forest fire control operations. US. Department of Agriculture Forest
Service. Agriculture Handbook 360.
Sebastin-Lopz A., Salvador-Civil, R. Gonzalo-Jimnez J. and San-Miguel-Ayanz J., 2008.
Integration- of socio-economic and environmental variables for modelling long-term
fire danger in Southern Europe. Eur. J. Forest. Res., 127: 149-163.
Toy S., Yilmaz S., Yilmaz H., 2007. Determination of bioclimatic comfort in three different
land uses in the city of Erzurum, Turkey. Building and Environment, 42: 1315-1318.
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WWF, 2008. 2008 .
, .
., 2002.
. .
, .
., -, ., ., .
. 2007. To
.
...... - , ,
, 55-62.
. 1978. , ,
, .
. 1978. , ,
, .
. 1978. , ,
, .
. 1980: . ,
. , .
- ., 1996. .
, .
., . ., 1996.
. 3
--
, , 25-27 1996, 135-140.
- ., ., ., ., .,
., ., ., - ., 2007.
- ,
, , , ,
. &
&
. , .
LIFE08 NAT/GR/000533 - FRAMME
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- ., ., , ., . ., 2008.
.
2007-
, , , , 191-
213.
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1. 2. 3. 3.1 N 3.2 4. 5.