a world of geology on the isle of dogs: building stones at canary...

UrbanGeologyinLondonNo.32

©RuthSiddall;UCL,August2015v.2February2016

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AWorldofGeologyontheIsleofDogs:BuildingStonesatCanaryWharfRuthSiddall

CabotSquare,CanaryWharf

CanaryWharfislocatedontheWestIndiaDocksontheIsleofDogs,inpostcodedistrictE14intheLondonboroughofTowerHamlets.TheWestIndiaDocks,originallyconstructedbetween1800-1802heldthemonopolyforshipsfromtheWestIndiesimportingsugarandrumfromtheplantationsthere.TheoriginalCanaryWharfwastheNumber32berthoftheWestWoodQuayoftheImportDock,builtin1937forFruitLinesLtd.,whooperatedtheCanaryIslandsfruittrade(Hobhouse,1994a).Themoderndevelopmentwasproposedin1985,backedbyAmericanBanksCreditSuisseFirstBostonandMorganStanleyandenvisionedbyUSarchitectsSkidmore,Owings&Merril(SOM).HoweverprevaricationsoverrisingcostscausedthesefirmstopulloutandthecontractwasthengiventoCanadiandevelopersOlympia&YorkwhocontinuedtoworkwithSOM.Theinitialbuildingworkhadbegunin1987andreacheditspeakin1989,withthefirstphasecompletedin1991.Buildingcontinuestothisday.Thedevelopmentwasextremelyambitiousforitstimeandremainsimpressivelymoderntoday(havingavoidedtoomuch1980s-stylepostmodernarchitecturewhichwouldnowhaveappeareddated).Onthatnote,architecturalinformationquotedbelowisfromCanaryWharfGroupPLCandCherryetal.,2005).ThestonesusedintheCanaryWharfdevelopmentareuniversally‘exotic’withveryfewexamplesofBritishstonesusedhere.ThisisprobablytheonlyguideIhavewrittenwhichdoesnotusethewords‘PortlandStone’and‘larvikite’;materialssotypicalofbuildingintheCityandWestminster.Nevertheless,ifyouwanttostudyhighgrademetamorphicrocksonthestreetsofLondon,thenyoushoulddefinitelyvisitCanaryWharf(thereareafairfewgoodfossillocalitiestoo).Asafairlyrecentdevelopment,thereisareasonablygood,ifnotcomplete,recordofthebuildingstonesusedhere.AlotofinformationissummarisedintheSurveyofLondon(Hobhouse,1994b).StonecontractorsMillerDruckLtd.andPriestsStonework&Restorationhaveworkedonthedevelopmentandhavelistedthestonesusedforsomeoftheprojectslistedontheirwebsite.US-basedMillerDruckareresponsibleforthemorefrequentthanaverageuseofNewWorldstonesinthisdevelopment.Theprovenanceofotherstoneshasbeendiscoveredonthewebsitesofquarryfirmsetc.,proudtohavesuppliedtheproject.However,asisalwaysthecasewith



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buildingstones,informationisofteneitherincompleteormissing.Consequentlysomedetectiveworkisalwaysneeded.Inthemid1990s,EricRobinsonmadesomeefforttotrytoidentifythestones;somewerefamiliartohimbutmanywerenew,andsourcedfromnon-traditionallocalities,especiallyfromtheNewWorld.Withoutaccesstotheinternet,identifyingthesestoneswouldhavebeenaprettydauntingifnotimpossibletask.AnanonymouscorrespondentofEric’swrites‘thereareatleast20differentstonesfromatleast14differentcountries’.Hegoesontosaythatthereisprobablyenoughmaterialherefora‘jumbo-sizedbook’.ThewealthofstonesusedhereisalmostoverwhelmingandthereforethistourisnotexhaustiveandliststheprincipalstonesusedontheexteriorsofbuildingsinthemainCanaryWharfdevelopment(withafewexceptionsofpublicallyaccessibleinteriors).Ihaverecordedaround50stonesrepresentingabout20countries.Gettingthere…TheeasiestwaytogettoCanaryWharffromcentralLondoniseitherbyDocklandsLightRailway(DLR)fromBank,takingatraintowardsLewisham.AlternativelytaketheJubileeLondonUndergroundline.ThebesttimetovisitCanaryWharfisaSundaywhenthestreets,squaresandpavementsarerelativelyempty.Howevercafésandshopsareallopenshouldyouneedabreakfromtheoverwhelminglyspectacularstonesonshow.Amapofthedevelopmentcanbeaccessedathttp://group.canarywharf.com/about-us/the-estate/ThiswalkstartsWestIndiaQuayDLRStation.Leavethestationanddescendontothequayofthe‘ImportDock’,followingsignsfortheMuseumofLondonDocklands.Walkalongthequay,pasttherestaurantsacrosscobblesofoldandnewgranitesettsandslabsofYorkStone.WestIndiaDocksTheremaining19thCentury,brick-builtwarehouseshere,theonesthatescapedthebombsofWorldWarII,wereconstructedbetween1800-1804andnowhousingtheMuseumandrestaurantsetc.,weredesignedbyarchitectsGeorgeGwilt&Sons.TheMuseumofLondonDocklandsisagoodplacetolearnaboutthehistoryofthesedocks,includingthelargepartthattheyplayedintheSlaveTrade.AstarkreminderofthisisthestatueofRobertMilligan(1746-1809)whichstandsonthedockside.Milligan,thesonofplantationowners,grewupinJamaicabutmovedtoLondonin1779.HeleadtheconsortiumtoestablishWestIndiaDocksfortheimportofrum,sugarandcoffeefromtheWestIndies.Theabolitionofslavery,thoughcampaignedforthroughoutMilligan’slife,didnothappenuntilaquarterofacenturyafterhisdeathatwhichpointMilliganwastheownerof526slaves.Milliganwasneverasupporterofthiscampaign.Neverthelessherehestands,inbronzebyprominentsculptoroftheday,RichardWestmacott,anastatueerectedin1813.Milligan,aScotsman,iscommemoratedforthepartheplayedintheestablishmentofthedocks,onaplinthofPeterheadGranite.Thisisasalmon-pinkgranitefromPeterhead,extractedfromquarriesatStirlinghill,northofAberdeen.Itisapost-tectonic,Caledoniangranite,intrudedc.406Ma.PeterheadGraniteismuchmoreeasilyrecognisablewhenpolished,butinthiscase,installedbeforetheinventionofgranitepolishingmechanisms,thestoneishoned(smoothedbutnotpolished).Neverthelessafewofthecharacteristic,rounded,grey,maficenclavesarepresent.PeterheadGranitehadbeenquarriedsincethe18thCentury,butthisisarelativelyearlyuseofthisstoneinLondon.TakethepathawayfromthedockspasttheLedgerBuildingandthenturnleftontoHertsmereRoad.Followthistothepointwherethisdescendsunderground.Inthecolonnadeofthegreengneiss-cladbuildingtoyourleft,astaircaseleadsuptoColumbusCourtyard.Thestaircaseishousedin17ColumbusCourt,whichhasitsmainentrancetotheleftofthelanding.17,ColumbusCourtyard17,ColumbusCourtyardisbyarchitectsGensler&Associates,completedin1999andoccupiedbybankersCreditSuisse.ThecolonnadeonthepodiumlevelfacingWestIndiaDockandthefaçadefacingColumbusCourtyardarecladindarkgreenVerdeCandeias(alsoknownasVerdeMaritaca).Thisisoneoftheoldestcommonlyusedbuildingstones,datingto2.75billionyearsitcomesfromheCandeiasGneissoftheCampoBeloMetamorphicComplexinMinasGeraisstate,Brazil(seeOliveira&Carneiro,2001;Texeiraetal.,



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1998).Thisrockhasalongandcomplicatedhistory;amigmatiticorthogneissformedfrom3billionyearoldprotoliths,itisan‘opdalite’,anorthopyroxene-bearinggranodiorite,whichbelongstothesuiteofrocksknownascharnockites.Itiscomposedofquartz,plagioclase,biotiteandrutile,withthegreencolourimpartedbyhypersthene(orthopyroxene),epidoteandchlorite.Theswirlybandingispickedoutprimarilybybiotite.Alongwithotherspectaculargneissesquarriedlocally,VerdeCandeiaswasverypopularin1980s-1990sbuildingprojects.TurnaroundandwalktowardsthewestsideofColumbusCourtyard.BupaDentalCentreThisbuildingandthenurserynextdoorformthebackofthecrescent-shapedofficeandretailspacewhichfrontsontoWestferryCircus.ThebuildingiscladintheBraziliangarnet-bearinggranite,GialloVeneziano.Thisisusedflame-dressed(roughened)inthewallsandpolishedonthefoundations.Thestonelooksmuchmorepinkintheflame-dressedsurfaces(below).GialloVenezianoisoneofseveralgranitoidsandassociatedorthogneissesquarriedinEspiritoSantoandSEMinasGeraisstatesanddescribedbyPedroso-Soaresetal.(2011).TheserocksbelongtotheNeoproterozoicCarlosChagasSuite,avoluminousmagmaticprovinceassociatedwiththeAraçuaiOrogenandintrudedbetween630-480Ma.Manyofthesegranitoidsandorthogneissarequarriedandareverypopularbuildingstones.IndeedEspirituSanto,oneofBrazil’ssmalleststatesproduces65%ofthecountry’sdimensionanddecorativestones.Ifyouencounterayellowmegacrysticgranitebuildingstone,ithasalmostcertainlycomefromtheCarlosChagasSuite,andwewillencountermorerocksfromthisdistrictinCanaryWharf.

FivesuitesofintrusionarerecognisedintheCarlosChagasSuiteandGialloVenezianobelongstothesecond‘G2’suitedescribedbyPedroso-Soaresetal.(2011),intrudedc.576Ma.Itiscomposedofyellow-pinkperthiticfeldsparmegacrysts,quartz,redgarnets,biotiteandwhitesillimanite.Theyellowcolourationisproducedbygoethite,ironoxidehydroxide,formedintheupperportionsoftheintrusioninthetropicalweatheringenvironment.TheyarequarriedinthevicinityofNovoVeneciaoverthelast40orsoyears.ColumbusCourtyarditselfispavedwithGialloVeneziano,thepinkgraniteRossoPorriñofromtheSpain-PortugalborderandNeroZimbabwe,ablackdoleritefromMashonaland.ThepavingwassuppliedbyPriest’sforarchitectsKoetterKim&Associates.11,WestferryCircusLeavingColumbusCourtyard,onepasses11,WestferryCircusontherighthandside.Thismultifunctionalbuildinghousesarestaurant,officeandtheEastLondonFamilyCourt,theentrancetowhichisonColumbusCourtyard.Thebuildingiscladonallfaceswithawhiteflamedressedlimestonewitharelativelyroughsurface.Fromadistanceitiswhite,mottledwithcreamandbrown,butcloserinspectionrevealsthepresenceoffossils,mostobviouslyammonitesandbelemnites.Thelatterresemblinggreybullets.Thisfaunaistypicaloftheso-calledJuraMarble.ThisstoneisderivedfromseveralquarriesintheAltmühltalNaturpark,locatedinthehillsoftheSouthernFrankonianAlbincentralBavaria.Geologicallythesesedimentsweredepositedinaopenmarineenvironmentdottedwithmoundsofspongereefs.Though



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thesereefsarenotquarried,algaldetritusiscommonlyseenasbrownish,ringstructuresinthelimestone.TheselimestonesareofKimmeridgian(LateJurassic)ageandbelongtotheTreuchtlingenFormation.ThebuildingwasdesignedbyarchitectsScottBrownrigg.TurningrightintothecolonnadeontheWestIndiaAvenuefaçadeof11,WestferryCircus,lookdowntothefoundationswhicharecladinaverycoarsegrained,darkbronzy-greenvarietyofVerdeUbatuba.Thisisacharnockite,aProterozoicgranitoidwhichcontainsmaficphasessuchaspyroxenes(andinthiscasegarnet)inadditiontothestandardrecipeofquartz,micaandfeldspar.Lookcloselyandtheredgarnetsarevisible.Thefeldsparsaremegacrysts,upto10cmacross.Theyareabeautifulshadeofbluegreenandarethepotassicfeldsparvarietymicrocline(below).Thisstonewasintrudedat565MaintotheRibeiraBeltinSãoPaoloState,Brazil.

TurnintorightintoWestIndiaAvenue,andcontinuetoWestferryCircus.WestferryCircusCrescent11WestferryCircusmorphsintoanotherbuildingatthewestendofWestIndiaAvenue.ThenortheastsideofWestferryCircusisoccupiedbyalargecrescentofshopsandofficesdesignedbyUSArchitectsSkidmore,Owings&Merrill.Thebuildingcomprises1,7and11,WestferryCircus.Onthegroundfloorisaarcade,supportedbysquare-sectionpillars.OfmostinterestisthespectacularlymegacrysticGialloVenezianograniteusedontheFoundationsofthepillars.ThisBrazilianstonefromtheNeoproterozoicCarlosChagasSuitestonehasbeendescribedfortherearofthisbuildingfacingColumbusCourtyard,above.Nevertheless,thestoneispolishedonthesidesofthepillarsallowinggoodandphotogenicsurfaces,showingthefeldsparmegacrysts.Thestonehasbeenleftrough(orquarrydressed)onthecolumnplinthsfacingtheCircusandtheseprovideexcellentexamplestoimaginehowthisstonewouldlookinitsnaturalexposure.ThinstripsofCarraraMarbleareusedtotoptheplinthsandseparatethemfromtheupperpartsofthebuilding.ThisstonecomesfromthefamousquarriesintheAlpiApuaneofwesternTuscanyinItaly.TheyareTriassic-JurassiclimestonesmetamorphosedduringtheAlpineOrogeny.Thestoneabovelooksabitgreyandnondescriptatfirstglanceandcouldeasilybepassedoverasconcrete.Howeverlookcarefully,preferablywithahandlensanditispackedwithcomminutedfossilfragments.Mostdistinctivearethenet-likeskeletonsofbryozoa.Italsocontainsbrachiopod,crinoidfragments,foramsandooids.ItisanUpperCarboniferouscalcarenitefromthestateofIndianaintheUSAandmarketedasIndianaLimestone,thisstoneisasiconictobuildinginNorthAmericaasPortlandStoneishereintheUK.ExtractedfromtheSalemLimestoneFormation,aunitthatstrikesmoreorlessnorth-southforaround100kmthroughMonroeand



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LawrenceCountiesinsouthernIndiana.ManyquarriesarelocatedaroundthetownsofBloomingtonandBedford.Thestonehasbeenworkedsincethe1820s.Thefoundationsofthepillarsbetweenshopfrontsarecladwithadarkgreenstonewithabeautifulsilkylustre.Afirstglancethiswouldappeartobeaserpentinite,butmineralogicallyandtexturally,itisnotquiteright.Theslikylustreisprobablydowntofinegrainedmicas,phengiteandthegreenfuchsite.Thestoneisalsostuddedwithtiny,brightpinkgarnets.Therockisstronglyfoliatedandslabsareusedherewhicharebothparallelandperpendiculartothefoliation,thelatterhavingablotchyappearance.ThemostlikelycandidatefortheoriginofthisstonearethevarietiesfromtheSesia-LanzoZoneintheItalianAlpsknownasVerdeAostaandVerdeMontey.TheyarefromaunitcalledtheEclogiticMicaschistComplexandarerocksinitiallyformedathighpressureswhichhaveundergonefurthermetamorphismduringtectonicemplacement(Sandroneetal.,2004).Theimagebelowshowsthisstonecutperpendiculartofoliation(left)andparalleltofoliation(right).

CrossoverWestIndiaAvenueto15,WestferryCircus.15,WestferryCircusCrossingoverWestIndiaAvenue,15,WestferryCircusstandsoppositetheCrescent.ThisbuildingisbyTerryFarrell&Partnersandbuiltbetween1998and2001forbankersMorganStanleyDeanWitter.HoweveritisnowoccupiedbyLondonUndergroundLtd.Itiscladinaspectacularcoarse-grainedgranitewithlarge,rosepinkfeldsparphenocrysts,thesehaveirregularshapesandsometimeshavearimofwhiteplagioclasearoundthem.Whiteplagioclaseisalsoabundantinthegroundmassalongwithgreyquartzandbiotite.Thegraniteisalsofoliated.ThisstoneisusedonallthreebuildingsoccupiedbytheMorganStanleyGroupintheCanaryWharfdevelopment,asshallbeseenbelow.Theidentificationofthisstonehasbeenanenormouspuzzleforme,butIhavebeenrecentlyfoundoutthatitisFinnishPorkkalaGranite,thankstoinformationonstonecontractorsLoveld’swebsitewithreferencetotheirworkat20BankStreet(seebelow).Itappearsthattherewasaclearintentiontoadoptthisstoneasaliveryforthebank’sbuildings.Finlandisfamousforitsrapakivigranites,andindeedtheword‘rapakivi’meansbrokenrockinFinnish,referringtothecommonlyencountered,rubblyweatheredsurfaces.Themorefamous‘Baltic’rapakivigranitescomefromtheFinnish-RussianborderandtheseareencounteredinCabotSquareandwillbedescribedbelow.Porkkalacomesfromasmallintrusion,theObbnåsPluton,locatedonthePorkkalaPeninsulaaround30kmsouth-westofHelsinkiontheBalticCoast.Intrudedaround1.6Ga,thegranitewasdeformedatthetimeitwasintrudedbymovementonthePorkkala-MäntsäläFault,developingthefoliationobservedintherocksseenhere.(Heeremans&Wijbrans,1999).ContinuebackalongthesouthsideofWestIndiaAvenuetoCabotSquare.Thespacebetween15WestferryCircusand25CabotSquareiscurrentlyavacantbuildingsite.



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25,CabotSquare25CabotSquareconstructedin1991,isalsobyarchitectsSkidmore,Owings&MerrillforMorganStanley,anditisalsocladinPorkkalaGranite,asdescribedfor15WestferryCircusabove.ThisbuildinghascausedsomecontroversyintheurbangeologyworldastheSurveyofLondondescribesitasbeingclad‘inamixtureofnaturalandartificialstoneandmarbleinbrownandwhite’(Hobhouse,1994b).

ThepinkPorkkalaGranitedominatestheexterior,buttheinteriorofarcadeatpavementleveliscladwithawhitelimestone.ThishasoftenbeendescribedasanartificialstoneonpreviousstonetoursofCabotsquareandinfacttheoutsideofthecolonnadeprobablyisartificialstone.Inside,thebushhammeredsurfaceswhicharemainlyemployedheredomakeitverydifficulttodeterminethecomposition,butinafewcorners,smooth,honedsurfacesarevisible.Hereitcanbeseentobeanaturallimestone.Lookcarefullyanditispackedwithlarge,fossilnummulites.Thepresenceofstylolitesandcalciteveinsalsodemonstratethatthisisanaturalmaterialratherthanacomposite.Usuallyclassedasmicrofossils,thesenummulites,avarietyofthesingle-celledorganismsknownasforaminiferaarerelativelyhuge,severalcentimetresinlength.TheirpresenceindicatesanEoceneageforthisstone,butunfortunatelyitsprovenanceisunknown.NummuliticlimestonessimilartothisarequarriedinseverallocalitiesintheMediterranean,primarilyinEgyptandTurkey.20,CabotSquareNextdoor,acrossCubittStepsis20CabotSquareisbyKohnPedersonFoxandwascompletedin1991.ThisbuildinghasafaçadefacingtheMiddleDockandextendseastwardsinto10,SouthColonnade.ThemaindoorwayonCabotSquareisframedinagreygreengraniteandthisisalsousedonthefoundationsofthecolonnade.Therearenotmanygreengranitesinproductionandunfortunatelythisstonehasnotbeennamedinthebuildingdescriptions.HoweveritistexturallyidenticaltoSilverGreenGranite,withmedium-grained,greenandbrownfeldspars,distinctiveclotsofbiotiteandrelativelyminorquartz.MillerDruckwerethestonecontractorsforthisbuildingandalthoughnotidentifiedontheirwebsiteforthisbuilding,SilverGreenGraniteisintheirportfolioofstones.ItcomesfromasmallquarrynearRanyahinSaudiArabia,acountrybetterknownfortheexportofmineralwealthotherthanstone.ItsextractedfromtonaliticrocksbelongingtotheKwarBarahahPluton(seeFenton,1983),aProterozoicPan-Africangranite.Theupperstoriesofthisbuildingarecladwithwhiteandgreybandedmarble.AccordingtoHobhouse,(1994b),thisisVermontMarble.HoweverthestonecontractorsPolycorhaverecentlyconfirmedtomethattheysuppliedthestoneisinfactfromtheirmarblequarriesinGeorgia,USA,andindeedthestrong



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veiningseenonmanyfacesistypicaloftheGeorgiaPearlGreyMarbleorCherokeeMarble.TheseareLowerCambrianMarbles,exposedinathinbeltaspartoftheAppalachianBlueRidgeThrustSheet.ThemarbleswerefirstexploitedbytheCherokeeNativeAmericansandthequarryhasbeenoperatingonanindustrialscalesincethe1880s.Turnbackintothesquare,withitslarge,circularfountain.CabotSquarePartoftheoriginaldesignsfordevelopmentbySkidmore,Owings&Merrill,thestoneusedinCabotPlacewassuppliedbyMillerDruckLtdandthesquarewaslaidout1992.ThepleasantpublicspacethatisCabotSquarehasatitscentreacircularfountaincarvedofadarkgreystone,itscolourdeepenedbythecascadingwater.ThisisagranitecalledBlaubrun,literally‘blue-brown’referringthebrownorthoclasefeldsparsandthedistinctlybluequartz.Alsopresentisbiotite.BlaubrunisderivedfromseveralquarriesintheFlivikandHökhultGraniteslocatedontheKalmarCoastofeasternSweden(seeZandstra,1988).TheintrusionsarenamedaftertheportvillageofFlivikwhichliesjustacrossthefjordfromthemainquarriesandthestoneistransportedbyboat.TheplutonsbelongtothesuiteofSmålandGranitoidsoftheTranscandinavianIgneousBeltandwereintruded1.8billionyearsago.Itisalsomarketedas‘PearlAnglais’.ThepavingandstreetfurnitureinthesquareisabandedorthogneisscalledRosaTorcicoda.Thisis

asalmonpinkandgrey,migmatite,incorporatingpegmatitesandtheoccasionallarge(5cmdiameter)feldsparaugen.Ithasagraniticcompositionwithpinkandgreyfeldspar,quartzandbiotite.Thisisoneofseveralpopulardecorativestonesquarriedfromthe2.7GaCampoBeloMetamorphicComplex.Wehaveseenoneofthegneissesfromthisregion,VerdeMaritacainColumbusCourtyard,above.Thisgneiss-migmatiteisfromtheItapecericaGneiss.IndianaLimestoneisusedtocladthefourboxlikebuildings,twoofwhichstandattheeastendofthesquareandtwoatthewestend.Thesehouseplantandstairstothekitchensofrestaurantsinthecaseoftheeastsideofthesquare.Goodexamplesofthebryozoan-richcalcarenitesarevisibleinthesesurfaces(left).

TurnnowtoCreditSuisse,locatedontheNWcornerofthesquare.1,CabotSquare1CabotSquarewasopenedin1991andatthetime,with21stories,itwasthesecondhighestbuildingintheCanaryWharfdevelopment.ItwasbuiltfortheCreditSuisseFirstBostonbankanddesignedbyPei,Cobb,Freed&Partners.Itiscladwithcontrastingblackandwhitestone,JetMistandJuraMarble(Hobhouse,1994b).WehaveencounteredtheKimmeridgianJuraMarblefromtheFrankonianAlbinBavariainColumbusCourtyardatnumber11,WestferryCircus.Thestoneusedhereisapalerversionofthisstoneandhereithasahonedsurfacewhichshowsoffthefossilcephalopodsverywell.Thereareverygoodexamplesofammonitesandexceptionallywell-preservedbelemnitestobeseenhere.Lookmoreclosely,andmanywhiteflecksarejustvisibletothenakedeye.ThesearethemicrofossilsTubiphytesmorronensis,foraminiferawithawhitecyanobacteriacrust(Keuppetal.,2007;Schmidtetal.,2005).SiliceousspongesarealsocommonandindeedtheTreuchtlingenFormationbuiltuparoundspongebioherms.TheblackstoneiscalledJetMistandisadoleritefromtheUSA.QuarriedfromtheRapidanDiabaseSheet,thisisanigneousintrusionextendingsome50kmbetweenthetownsofRapidanandCulpeperinthestateofVirginia.Itisanorthopyroxene-richdolerite(diabaseintheUSA),streakedwithmorefelsicplagioclase-richgabbrosandanorthosites(Tolloetal.,1987).Thisstoneisalsousedforpavinginsidethearcadeandaroundthebuilding.



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Above;ammoniteandbelemniteinJuraMarble,1.CabotPlace.

WrenLandingWrenLandingissituatedonthenorthsideofCabotSquare,overlookingWestIndiaDock.Streetfurniturehereiscladinaredrapakivigranite.Rapakivi-texturedgraniteswerelargelyintrudedduringananorogenicsetting(i.e.notassociatedwithamountainbelt)around1.0–1.8Ga.IntrusivesuitesoftheserocksareknownfromtheBalticregionandinpartsofNorthAmerica.

Classicrapakivigranitesarethevarietyknownaswiborgites(aftertheViborgBatholithontheBalticcoastattheFinnish-Russianborder).Theycharacteristicallyhaveround,K-feldsparmegacrystswitharimofplagioclase.Thesetexturesareknownas‘ovoids’(above).Thisdistinctivetextureisinstantlyrecognisableinbuildingstones,manyofwhichareindeedderivedfromtheFinnishportionoftheViborgBatholith,asisthecasehere.ThisredgraniteisknownasBalticRed(orCarmenRed).TheK-feldsparsareredandtheplagioclaserims,whenpresentaredarkgreen.Alsopresentisalmostblackquartz(morion),hornblendeandbiotite(below).TheViborgbatholithasintrudedbetween1.6-1.5Ga.ThemainquarryingareasarelocatedaroundLappeenrantaandLovisainSEFinland.



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10,CabotSquare&5,NorthColonnadeOntheNEcornerofCabotSquareis10,CabotSquarewhichextendsinto5,NorthColonnade.Completedin1991,itisalsobySkidmore,Owings&Merrill.Theupperstories,withdecorativedetailsarecastfromreconstitutedstone,essentiallyaconcrete.ThefoundationsareanothervarietyofFinnishwiborgitefromLappeenranta,themorecommonlyencounteredBalticBrown.ThishaspalebrownovoidsofK-feldsparrimmedwithgreenplagioclase.Walkingdownto5,NorthColonnade,thereisaslabcontainingamaficenclavewhichalsohasaperfectovoidinsideit.Suchtexturesaregoodevidencefordemonstratingthattheovoidsarenotprimarycrystallisationtextures(below).

ContinuealongtheNorthColonnadetotheentrancetoCabotPlaceshoppingmallandDLRStation.CabotPlaceExteriorCabotPlaceMallhousesshops,restaurantsandtheDocklandsLightRailwayCanaryWharfStation.Theblockisporouswiththe1CanadaSquarecomplexanddesignedbyArgentinianarchitect,CesarPelli.ASFALtdwereresponsiblefordesigningthestationcomplex.TheSurveyofLondonhasbeenparticularlyhelpfulinidentifyingthestones,stating‘ThebuildingiscladinIndianredsandstone,BriarHillsandstonefromOhio,andgreenstonefromtheLakeDistrict’(Hobhouse,1994b).‘Greenstone’fromtheLakeDistrictisafamiliarstoneinBritishBuilding,butBriarHillandAgraarecertainlyexotic.TheentrancesontheNorthColonnadeandtheirmirrorimagesontheSouthColonnadearecladwithLakeDistrictGreenSlate.TheseareOrdovicianvolcanicsediments,ashfallsandotherpyroclasticdepositsthathavebeenreworkedinacraterlakeenvironment.TheyarefromtheSeathwaiteFellFormationoftheBorrowdaleVolcanicGroup.ThetuffsweretransformedintoslatesduringtheAcadianphaseoftheCaledonianOrogenyduringtheSilurian.Theyhavebeenworkedfromseveralquarriesalongoutcrop,notablyaroundAmblesideandConistoninthesouthernLakeDistrict.OntheNorthColonnadeentrance,goodexamplesoftheseslatesareseen.Ontherightoftheportico,thebrassnameplaqueismountedonquarry-matchedslabsshowingbeautifullyrippledandlaminatedbedding.Onthesoffitsonthelefthandside,facingtheentrance,aslabwithfine-grainedrip-upclastsattheinterfacebetweenfine-andcoarse-grainedsediments.Themainbuildinghasaslightly1930sfeelaboutit,especiallyinthedetailingoftheupperstories.ThegroundflooriscladwithBriarHillSandstonewithcontrastingstripesofAgraRedSandstone.BriarHillStoneisaso-calledpicturesandstonewithliesegangbandingformingconcentrations



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ofironduetofluidflowthroughthestone.Itisaquartz-richsandstone,anarenite,withasilicaandhematitecement.ItisquarriedfromtheUpperCarboniferousMasillonFormationinCoshoctonandKnoxCountiesinOhio.AgraRedSandstoneisoneoftheWorld’smostfamousstones,knownfortheRedFortsofDelhiandJaipur,whichhaveinturngiventhenametoathousandIndiarestaurantsintheUK.MuchofthestoneisquarriedinRajasthanbutitisalsoworkedfromMadhyaPradesh.GeologicallythissandstonecomesfromaunitcalledtheUpperBhanderSandstoneFormationwhichisofLatePrecambrianage.Itiscomposedofroundedquartzandsparsefeldspargrains,coatedinredironoxidesandcementedbysilicaandironoxide.ItisadenseandhardwearingbuildingstonewhichhasbeenquarriedsinceatleastMedievaltimes.Thereareover14,000quarriesforthisstonewithinthisunitwhichoutcropsoverahugeareaoftheNeoproterozoicVindhyanBasininnorthernIndia(SeeBanerjee&Banerjee,2010).OntheoppositesideoftheroadistheFinancialConductAuthorityat25NorthColonnade.25,NorthColonnade

HousingtheFinancialConductAuthority(ahandycautionaryestablishmentonthisdockfullofbankers),25,NorthColonnadewascompletedin1998byTroughtonMcAslanincollaborationwithAdamsonAssociates.Thefirstthingthatmeetsourbynowtrainedurbangeologist’seyearethedecorativeslabsontherighthandsideofthesteps.Thisisagreyandpinkbandedorthogneisswhichalsocontainspinkandwhite,coarse-grainedveinswhichlookratherlikerashersofstreakybacon.Thesearegraniticincomposition.Therockhasundergonesheardeformationandthishasbroughtthebandingandpegmatitesroughlyinlinewhicheachotherandalsoformedthefoldstructureswhichareclearontheleftsideoftheseslabs.Theoriginofthisrockisnotknown,butitisalmostcertainlyfromBrazilwheretheword‘Juparana’wascoinedtodescribesuchrocks.ThisisnotawordtobefoundintheOxford

EnglishDictionarybutitisappliedgenericallytodecorativestonesquarriedfrombandedorthogneissofamphibolitefacies,asseenhere.TheoriginalJuparanaClassicowasquarriedfromtheshoresofLakeJuparanainBrazil,butthenamehasnowbeenappliedtosimilarrocksfromBrazil,IndiaandChina.Theslabsaresurroundedbyalowwallwhichiscomposedofthesamematerialasthesteps.Thisisacharnockite,similarincompositiontotheVerdeUbatubaseenat11,WestferryCircusabove,butsomewhatlesscoarsegrained.Thepalebluegreenblotchycrystalsarethefeldsparmicrocline,whereasthedarkermatrixisrichinbiotite,hornblendeandquartz.ThisisprobablytheSouthAfricancharnockiteVerdeFonteinefromBitterfonteininNamaqaland(Cairncross,2004).Movinguptothemainbuilding,thecladdingontheporchsoffits,andalsousedasbandsaroundtheupperstories,isagrey,uniform,mediumgrainedgranite.ItisdescribedasCanadianGraniteinHobhouse(1994b).Howevertheuniformigneoustexture,withnoevidenceofmetamorphismsuggeststhatthisisoneoftheAppalachiangranitesfromtheeastcoast.ItisinfactStansteadGranite,whichisonlyjustCanadian,beingquarriedakilometreorsonorthoftheUSborderfromtheDevonian-agedAverillPluton(seeNasserietal.,2010).Continuealongthenorthsideoftheroadtothecourtyardinfrontof30,NorthColonnade.



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30,NorthColonnadeAnarrowplazawithsteelsculpturesresemblingpalmtreesissitedinfrontoftheentranceto30,NorthColonnade.Itispavedwithtilesandsettsofabeautifulgarnetorthogneiss.Inadditiontogarnetithasyellowishtoslightlypinkfeldspars,quartzandafoliationdefinedbybiotite.ThisstonecomesfromthesamesuiteofBraziliangranitesastheGialloVenezianodescribedinWestferryCircusandColumbusCourtyard,above.ThisistheCarlosChagasSuitewhichunderwentfivephasesofintrusion(Pedroso-Soaresetal.,2011).Thisfoliatedvarietycomesfromthesecondepisodeofplutonismandthegranitesweresubsequentlydeformed.Thegarnetsherearespectacular,bloodred,subhedral,roundporphyroblastsaveragingacentimetreindiameter(below).ThisstoneismarketedasGialloSantaCecilia.

RetraceyoustepstoenterCabotPlaceMallviatheentranceopposite25NorthColonnade.CabotPlaceMallInteriorThegreyandpink,variegatedlimestoneusedonthefloorofthemallisanItalianlimestonecalledFiordePescoCarnico.CesarPelli,thearchitectof1,CanadaSquareandCabotPlace,hasusedFiordePescoCarnicoinseveralofhisprojects.ThestoneisquarriedandsuppliedbyMargraf(IndustriaMarmiVicenti)whichwasestablishedin1906,andthefirmlistitsuseintheCanaryWharfdevelopmentontheirwebsite.ThestoneisextractedintheCarnicAlps,veryclosetotheAustrianborderfromPierabachQuarryinUdine.ItisaDevonianbrecciatedlimestone.DecorativedressingsareintheredmarbleAegeanBordeauxandblacklimestoneNeroMarquina.AegeanBordeaux(alsoknownasRossoLaguna)isfromMuglainTurkey.TheredmarblesoccuraslensesintheCretaceous-PalaeogeneKizilagaçFormation(Özeretal.,2001).Thestrongredcolourationisimpartedbyhematite.NeroMarquinaisaSpanishlimestonefromtheBasqueregion.ItisofmiddleCretaceousageandcontainsfossilsofrudistswhicharetypicaloftheseso-calledUrigonianlimestones.Thefossilsandcross-cuttingcalciteveinsarewhite,butthestonehasbecomeverypopularduetothejet-blacklimestonematrixandthefactthatittakesaveryhighpolish(seePerrier,1992).Passingoutofthemallonthesouthside,wefindourselvesontheSouthColonnade.Oppositeisthemarble-cladThomsonReutersbuilding.10&30,SouthColonnadeTheThomsonReutersbuildingat30SouthColonnade,withitscurvedfaçadeanddigitalstripshowingrollingstocksandsharesnewsisperhapsthemosticonicbuildingonCanaryWharfaftertheTower.Boththisand10,SouthColonnadearecladinGeorgiaMarbleasdescribedfortheadjacent20,CabotSquareabove.AndlikethisbuildingtheyaredesignedbyKohnPedersenFox.



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ContinuetotheplazaoppositetheCanaryWharfTowerandnextto30SouthColonnade.Reuter’sPlaceThisplaza,leadingdownfrom1,CanadaSquaretowardstheJubileeLineUndergroundStationsitsbetweentheThomsonReutersbuildingandtheCitigroupTower.Thisishardlandscapedareawhichduringthe

summerservesasoutdoorseatingspacesforthebarsandrestaurantshousedinthepodiumsofthesurroundingbuildings.Thestairsandconfiningwallsforthese,aswellasthecladdingonthefrontoftherestaurantsontheeastsideisofapalebrown-pinklimestone.Lookcloselyanditispackedwithfossilshellfragments,predominantlycrinoids,Thisisacalcarenite,asandstonecomposedofentirelycarbonatematerial(left).UnfortunatelyIhavenotbeenabletolocatetheprovenanceofthisstone.ApossiblecandidatemaybetheJurassicCrinoidalCalcarenitesworkedfromtheBavarianCalcareousAlpsinthevicinityofMittenwald.Onthewestsideofthesquare,streetfurnitureandplantersarecladwithDakotaMahoganygranite.Thisisprobablythemostexportedandwell-knownNorthAmericanstone;ithasbeenusedonanumber

ofbuildingsintheCityofLondonaswellashereinCanaryWharf.Thisisacoarse-grained,charnockiticgranite,composedofpink-brownK-feldsparperthite,bluishquartz,brownbiotiteandhornblende.Thisisanancientstone,2.7Ga,quarriedfrominliersoftheCanadianShieldexposednearthetownofMilbankinthestateofSouthDakota.TurnbacktoenterCanaryWharfTower,1CanadaSquareatthemainentrance,facingReuter’sPlaza.1,CanadaSquareWalkingintothegroundflooroftheCanaryWharfTower,moreproperlyknownas1,CanadaSquare,isquiteanexperience.Thismostfamousbuildinginthedevelopment,whichhasbecomearecognisableadditiontotheLondonskylinewasdesignedbyCesarPelli&Associates.UntilTheShardwasbuilt,itwasthetallestbuildinginLondon,with50storiestoppingoutat235m.Theexterioriscladinsteel.Butnoexpensewassparedintheinterioreither.Itiswidelyquotedthatthe11mhighlobbyiscladinmarblesimportedfrom‘Italy,GuatemalaandTurkey’(Hobhouse,1994b;Wikipedia).Moststrikingisthedarkredmarblecladdingthecentralliftcores.TheisRossoRubino(right)fromStazzemanearCarrarainItaly.ThisisabandedandcontortedchertylimestonewhichEricRobinsonmostfittinglycalled‘sclerosisoftheliver’stone.Turningtotheotherwalls,theyarecladwithseveralgreenstones.Startingfirstwiththestairwallsinthreecornersofthebuildingajade-likegreenstoneisusedwhichisVerdeGuatemala.IfthisisrealVerde



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Guatemalathenthisisatrulyvaluableandrarelyseenstone.AnotherstonewhichisalmostidenticalinappearanceisquarriedinIndiaandalso(completelylegally)marketedasVerdeGuatemala.HoweverwewillassumethatthestonehereisthegenuinearticleasallsourcesappeartoquoteGautemalaasthecountryoforigin.VerdeGuatemalaisaserpentinitecomposedofalmostpureantigoriteanditisthismineralwhichgivesittheblueish-greenjade-likeappearance.ItisquarriedfromUpperCretaceousophiolitesoftheElTamborGroupintheSierradelasMinas(Harlowetal.,2004).ThewestwallandtherestaurantcomplexintheNWcornerarecladinmorenormalserpentinites,thistimefromItaly.Twovarietiesareseenhere:VerdeChiesaontherestaurantandthebrecciatedVerdeIssorieontheotherwalls.BothofthesestonesarefromtheVald’AostaregionoftheItalianAlps.Theseremnantsofserpentinites,onceancientoceanfloor,thatwereupliftedandemplacedduringtheCretaceous.

VerdeGuatemalaat1,CanadaSquare

FiordePescoCarnicoandNeroMarquinaoccuronceagainaspavinghere,followingthethemeusedintheCabotPlaceshoppingmall.NeroMarquinaisalsousedfortheblackbandsintheRossoRubinowalls.SimilarlyRossoRubinoisusedinthemallinthebasementof1,CanadaSquare.LeavethetowerbythemainentranceonthegroundfloorlevelandturnlefttowardsCanadaPlace,opposite16-19CanadaSquare.CanadaPlaceCanadaPlaceliesdirectlytotheeastof1,CanadaSquare.ThisareawasdesignedandlandscapedbyOlin&PartnersincollaborationwithKoetterKim&Associates.TheBigBlue,ahugesculpturalbowlisbyartistRonArad.KoetterKim&Associateswereresponsibleforprovidingthepavingatthewestendofthesquare.Hereagainwehaveaselectionofdecorativegranites.Themainareaispavedwithaverysimilar,ifnotidentical,stonetotheSantaCeciliaseenat30,NorthColonnade(above).Itissomewhatmorefoliated,havingastronggneissictextureandalsocontainsconspicuous,large,redgarnets.Alsousedhereisagrey,slightlyporphyriticgranitefromSardiniacalledGrigioSardoandthedarkbrownstoneisIndianTanBrownaPrecambriancharnockitefromAndhraPradesh.CrosstheroadattheeastendofCanadaSquaretothebuildinghousingtheWaitrosesupermarket.16-19CanadaSquareThisbuildinghousesabranchofWaitroseandagym.Atfirstglance,thefaçadefacingCanadaSquareisallglassandsteel,butlookthroughthisandthefoyeriscladandpavedwithdecorativestones,suppliedbyPriestStonework&Restoration.Thebuildingwascompletedin2002andisbyarchitectsChapmanTaylor.Thewallsarecladwithabeautifulgoldenandpinksandstone.Thiscolourpatternhasgiventhisstonethe



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tradenamesof‘GoldenDawn’and‘GoldenSunrise’(amongstmanyothernames).ItcomesfromjustwestofthetownofNaboomspruitt(Mookgophong),intheLimpopodistrictofSouthAfrica.Thestoneisafinetoveryfinegrainedsandstone,varyingincolourfrompinkthroughyellowtocream.Arangeofsedimentarystructuresarepresentincludinglaminations,cross-bedding,troughcross-bedding,ripples,andmassiveunits,andthesearevariablypickedoutbyliesegangbanding.Itwasdepositedinanarid,desertenvironment,althoughsomesectionsshowevidenceofaqueousreworking.ThesandstonehasbeenassignedtotheClarensFormation(Cairncross,2004;Bordy&Catuneanu,2002).ThisliesjustbelowtheKarooBasaltswhichwereerupteddirectlyontopoftheClarensFormationdunes,metamorphosingthemandinjectingfluids,whichareinturnprobablyresponsibleforthecolourationandalsotheliesegangbanding.

Onthefloorisamedium,grained,greenish-coloured,wellfoliatedstone.ThisisPietradiLuserna,afamousstonefromthePelliceValleyintheDora-MairaMassifoftheItalianCottianAlps(seeSandroneetal.,2004).Thisisamyloniticgneiss,whichwasonceaPermian(lateVariscan)leucogranitedeformedandmetamorphosedduringtheAlpineOrogeny(LateCretaceous).ItcontainsK-feldspar,quartz,albite,phengite,biotite,chloriteandepidotegroupminerals.Thegreencolourisimpartedbythegreenphengitemicaandchlorite.The‘micro-augen’areofK-feldspar.LeavethebuildingandturnrightintoNorthColonnadeandcontinueuntilyoureachChurchillPlace.1,ChurchillPlaceThe32storeyskyscraperat1,ChurchillPlaceisownedbyBarclay’sBank,designedbyBritisharchitectsPringleBrandonandcompletedin2005.ThestoneusedontheverticalfinsoneithersideofthehugedoorwayisNeroImpala(alsoknowasRustenburgGabbro),a2billionyearoldgabbrofromSouthAfrica.Itiscomposedofplagioclaseandorthopyroxene.Theplagioclaseformsgreycrystalsaroundthesizeofgrainsofrice.Viewedupclose,thestonehastheclassicgabbroic‘saltandpepper’appearance(below),butoverallitappearsblack.

ThepavinginfrontofthebuildingonChurchillSquareisblackNeroZimbabweandpinkRossoPorriño,suppliedbyPriest’s.WehavealreadyseenthesestonesinColumbusCourtyardandtheyareusedubiquitouslyforpavingandkerbsthroughoutthedevelopment.5,ChurchillPlaceThisbuildingwascompletedin2009forUSbankBearsSterns.DesignedbyHOKArchitects,thebuildingwasinspiredbythecurvedformsofmid-CenturyFinnishdesignerArvoAalto(Marchant,2007).Thefaçadeofthebuildinghasverticalfinscladinapale-colouredmetamorphicrock.Thisisamigmatite,apartiallymoltengraniticgneiss,studdedwithsmall,redgarnets.‘Schollen’,blocksofmorebiotite-richgneiss,floatinthemoreleucocraticmatrix.StonesofthistypearemarketedunderthenameofKashmir,andthe



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originalstonetotakethisnamecomesfromIndia,butfromthestateofTamilNaduandnotKashmir.TheyarederivedfromtheProterozoicSouthernGranuliteterrane.SimilarstonesarealsoquarriedinBrazil(KashmirBahiaandKashmirNuovo),butthestoneusedherestronglyresemblestheIndianvariety(seePrice2007).30,ChurchillPlaceOnthesouthsideofthesquareis30,ChurchillPlace,byarchitectsKohnPedersonFoxAssociatesiscladinstainlesssteel.Howevertheporticoatpodiumlevelissupportedbycolumnscladinacream-colouredoolitictopeloidallimestone.Thisstoneisalsorichinfine,greyfossilfragmentsandshowsmarkedcross-bedding,withvariationingrainsizebetweenthese.ThisisoneofthePortuguesemiddleJurassiclimestonesfromtheLusitanianBasin.ThisvarietyiscalledMocaCrèmeanditisquarriedfrommanyquarrieslocatedaroundSantarem,around50kmnorthwestofLisbon(Figueiredoetal.,2010).TheBraziliangarnet-bearinggraniteGialloSanFranciscoisusedforpavingintheportico.ThisisyetanothervarietyofstonefromtheCarlosChagasSuiteinEspiritoSantoBrazil.ThisisaverysimilarstonetoGialloVenezianowithyellowfeldsparmegacrysts,garnetsandstreakedwithbiotite.2,ChurchillPlaceGialloVenezianoisalsousedforpavingandthefoundationsattheRocketrestaurantopposite30,ChurchillPlacewhichoccupiesthesouthernhalfofasemicircularbuildingwhichisnumber2,ChurchillPlace.ThisbuildingisalsooccupiedbyabranchofBarclay’sBankandJamie’srestaurantonthenorthside.ThebuildingalongwithotherstructuresinChurchillPlaceiscladwithCeniaLimestonewhichcomesfromquarriesinthevicinityofTarragonainsoutheastSpain.ThesebeautifullimestonesareextractedfromthemiddleCretaceousBenassalFormation.Theyweredepositedinashallowmarineenvironmentandtheyarepackedwithfossils.TheseincludeareaspackedwiththespirallingrudistToucasiasp.,nerineidgastropods,ammonites,echinoidsandmanyothervarietiesofshells(below).Thestoneisagoldencolour.ThestoneusedherewassuppliedbytheSpanishquarryfirmMarmolesTarragona.

CeniaLimestone.Left;Toucasiafragments.Middle;echinoids(?)&Right;peloidalmatrix.

Thestonesusedat2,ChurchillPlacewereidentifiedfromthedocumentsheldattheLondonBoroughofTowerHamlet’splanningoffices.FollowtheroadbackalongSouthColonadeandturnleftontoUpperBankStreet.Oppositeis25CanadaSquare.25,CanadaSquare25CanadaSquare,housingCitibank,amongstothers,wasconstructedin2002anddesignedbyarchitectsAdamsonAssociates.Theexteriorissteelandglass,butthepodiumlevel’swindowsallowagoodviewintotheinterior.ThewallsofthefoyerarecoatedwithaMesozoicdolomitefromtheLebanoncalledMonte



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Carlo,whilsttheimpressiveflooristiledwithaserpentinitefromtheGreekislandofTinoscalledVerdeTinoscontrastedwithstripsofNeroZimbabwe.NextdoorisJubileeParkwhichhousestheentrancetotheundergroundstation.JubileeParkJubileePark(below)isapleasantgreenspacesurroundingthemainentrancetoCanaryWharfundergroundstation.Ithasbeenlandscapedwithlawns,wallsandwaterfeaturesbyWirtzInternationalN.V.incollaborationwithWillerbyLandscapesLtd.Thedry-stoneeffectwallingisconstructedfromblocksofVinalmontBlueLimestone.Thisisanblue-greyooliticlimestonefromtheLowerCarboniferousCalcairedeMeuse-VinalmontquarriedinVinalmontQuarrynearthevillageofAywailleintheLiègeprovinceofBelgium.Theooidsarevisibletothenakedeyeandthestonecontainswhitefossilfragmentsofbrachiopodsandcrinoids.

LeaveJubileeParkatthesouthernexitontoBankStreet.40&50BankStreetNumbers40and50BankStreetwerebothdesignedbyCesarPelli&Associatesandcompletedin2002.Thetowerof40BankStreethas32stories,whileitssmallerbrothernextdoorhasamere11.Botharecladwiththesamestones.ThecreamcolouredfacadesareanotheroneoftheBrazilian‘giallos’,garnet-bearinggranitoidsfromtheNeoproterozoicCarlosChagasSuiteofEspiritoSantostate.Thisisacoarsegrained,weaklyfoliatedgranitewithlarge,yellowishfeldspars,quartz,biotiteandgarnetswhichcanbeupto1cmindiameter.SuchstonesaremarketedunderavarietyofnamesincludingGialloImperiale.ThefoundationsofbothbuildingsareofthegreenmigmatiteVerdeMaritaca,quarriedfromtheCampoBeloMetamorphicComplexinMinasGerais,Brazil.Thisstonehasbeenseenalreadyat17,ColumbusPlace,describedpreviously.20BankStreetApinkgranite-cladbuilding,withacage-likeframeworkstandsattheendofBankStreet.WearebeginningtoseeapatterndevelopinginthechoiceofstoneusedtocladbuildingseithercurrentlyorpreviouslyownedbyMorganStanley’s.Onceagain,hereisthepink,coarsegrainedPorkkalaGranitewithpinkfeldsparsthatwasusedat15,WestferryCircusand25,CabotSquare.20,BankStreetwasdesignedbyarchitectsSkidmore,Owings&Merrillandcompletedin2003.ThestonecontractorswereLoveld,andIamgratefulforthemfornamingthestoneusedinthisconstruction.Itisashearedpinkandwhitewiborgitevarietyofrapakivigranite.



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PorkkalaGraniteat20,BankStreet.

TheMallbeneathJubileeParkandBankStreetisdefinitelyworthaquickvisit,ifonlytohaveasitdownandacupoftea.Thestoneshereareparticularlyimpressivetoo.JubileePlaceMallJubileePlaceMallcanbeenteredfromanumberofthesurroundingbuildingsandviaCanaryWharftubestation,opposite50BankStreetandviaHeronQuaysDLRstation.Thewallsarecladwithaspectacularmarblebreccia,withwhiteangularclastsinared-brownmatrixisfromCarrarainItaly.ItisthevarietymarketedasCalacattaViola(amongstothernames)anditisquarriedfromaunitknowngenericallyasthe‘metabreccias’whichwereoriginallydepositedintheLateTriassic.ThesearemainlyquarriedintheareaaroundSerravezzaonMountCorchia(Carmignanietal.,2005).TheCarraramarblesweremetamorphosedanddeformedatgreenschistfaciesduringtheAlpineOrogenyintheOligocene-Miocene.Theaspectofthesemarblesthatweseeontheslabsisthemostdecorative.Iftheyhadbeencutatrightanglestothesefaces,onewouldbeabletoseethattheclastsareextremelyelongatedandthestonewouldappeartohaveatextureofparallelstripes.Dressings,liftlobbiesandtheentrancefromHeronQuaysstationarecladinthered,TurkishserpentiniteRossoLevantoTurco.ItisanUpperCretaceousserpentinite,whichwasemplacedduringtheAlpinemountainbuildingepisode.ItcomesfromtheMadenOphioliteComplex(seeAktas&Robertson,1984).Theredcolourationindicatesthatthisrockhasbeenoxidisedandsoitmusthavebeenexposedontheseafloorbeforedeformation.ItcomesfromtheprovinceofElazigandiscalledElazigCherryinTurkish.ThepavingofthemallfloorsfeaturebeautifulstonesperiodicallysetwithlovelymosaicsbyEmmaBiggsdepictingthegoodswhichwereonceimportedintothedocklands.Themosaicsaremadewithtesseraeofcolouredstonesaswellasglassandceramics.Thedramaticstonesusedonthefloorareallhigh-grademetamorphicrocksderivedfromIndia.Thepalegreystonewhichisusedmostabundantlyisthegarnet-bearingmigmatiteKashmirfromthesouthernstateofTamilNaduwhichisalsousedontheexteriorof5,ChurchillPlace.TheorthogneissesusedinpanelsaroundthemosaicsarefromstonesquarriedfromtheEasternGhatsSupergroupinnortheastIndia,fromthestatesofAndhraPradeshandOrissa(Odisha).Thesearegranulitefaciesmetamorphicrocks,richingarnetsformedduringtheArchaean,partofwhatisnowknownastheEastIndianCraton.Theyaremetamorphosedgraniticrocksandcontainlargegrey-bluefeldsparmegacrysts.SlabsofOrissaBlue,quarriednearBrahmapurinOrissaformthemainframesofthemosaics.Thisstonehasfoliated,blotchyfeldsparmegacrystsinamatrixrichingarnets.TheOrissaBlueframesaresetwithpanelsofastunningAugenGneisswithlarge,aligned,euhedraltabularfeldsparsaround10cmlong.Againthisisagarnetbearingrock.UnfortunatelyIdonotknowtheoriginofthisstone,butitislikelytobefromasimilarformationintheIndiancratons.Thinstripsofawellfoliatedgneiss,withoutfeldsparmegacrystsiseitherVizagBluefromAndhraPradeshorthesimilarandgeologicallyrelatedLavenderBlue,alsofromBrahmapurinOrissa.



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Previouspage:StonesusedonthefloorofJubileePlaceMall;a.CalacattaViola;b.RossoLevantoTurco;c.OrissaBlue;d.VizagBlue;e.Kashmir;f.AugenGneiss.Thisisthefinalstoponthiswalk.DLRtrainscanbecaughtfromHeronQuays,whichcanbeaccessedfromthewestendoftheshoppingmalloralternativelyreturntoCanaryWharfundergroundstation,wherethiswalkends.References&FurtherReading

25CanadaSquare:http://25canadasquare.com/pdf/25_canada_square_specification.pdf

Aktas,G.&Roberston,A.H.F.,1984,TheMadenComplex,SETurkey:evolutionofaNeotethyancontinentalmargin.In:Dixon,J.E.&Robertson,A.H.F.(eds)TheGeologicalEvolutionoftheEasternMediterranean.GeologicalSociety,London,SpecialPublications,17,375-402.

Banerjee,A.&Banerjee,D.M.,2010,ModalanalysisandgeochemistryoftwosandstonesoftheBhanderGroup(LateNeoproterozoic)inpartsoftheCentralIndianVindhyanbasinandtheirbearingontheprovenanceandtectonics.,JournalofEarthSystemSciences.,119(6),825-839.

Bordy,E.M.&Catuneanu,O.,2002,SedimentologyandpalaeontologyofupperKarooaeolianstrata(EarlyJurassic)intheTuliBasin,SouthAfrica.,JournalofAfricanEarthSciences35,301–314.

Cairncross,B.,2004,FieldguidetorocksandmineralsofsouthernAfrica.,StruickPublishers,CapeTown.292pp.

CanaryWharfGroupPLC:http://group.canarywharf.com/about-us/

Carmignani,L.,Meccheri,M.&Primavori,P.,2005,MarblesandotherornamentalstonesfromtheApuaneAlps(northernTuscany,Italy).,GiornalediGeologiaApplicata1,233–246.

Cherry,B.,O’Brien,C.&Pevsner,N.,2005,PevsnerArchitecturalGuides;TheBuildingsofEngland:London5:East.,YaleUniversityPress,Newhaven&London.,800pp.

Dooley,K.&Herz,N.,1995,ProvenancedeterminationsofearlyAmericanMarbles.,in;Maniatis,Y.,Herz,N.&Basiakos,Y.,ASMOSIAIIIAthens;Thestudyofmarbleandotherstonesusedinantiquity.ArchetypePublicationsLtd.,London.,243-252.

Fenton,M.D.,1983,ThemineralresourcepotentialoftheHarratNawasif,Sheet21/42C,Ranyah,Sheet21/42DandJabalDalfa,Sheet21/43C,quadrangles,KingdomofSaudiArabia.,USGSOpenFileReport83-372.,21pp.

Figueiredo,C.,Folha,R.,Mauricio,A.,Alves,C.&Aires-Barros,L.,2010,ContributiontothetechnologicalcharacterizationoftwowidelyusedPortuguesedimensionstones:the‘Semi-rijo’and‘MocaCreme’stones.,in:Prikryl,R.,&Török,A.,(Eds.)NaturalStoneResourcesforHistoricalMonuments.,GeologicalSociety,London,SpecialPublications,333,153–163.

Harlow,G.E.,Hemming,S.R.,Avé-Lallamant,H.G.,Sisson,V.B.&Sorensen,S.S.,2004,Twohigh-pressure–low-temperatureserpentinite-matrixmélangebelts,Motaguafaultzone,Guatemala:arecordofAptianandMaastrichtiancollisions.,32,17-20.

Heeremans,M.&Wijbrans,J.,1999,LateProterozoictectoniceventsinsouthernFinland,constrainedby40Ar/39ArincrementalheatingandsinglespotfusionexperimentsonK-feldspars.,TerraNova11,216-222.

Hobhouse,H.,1994a,TheWestIndiaDocks:Thebuildings,warehouses',inSurveyofLondon:Volumes43and44,Poplar,BlackwallandIsleofDogs.,(London,1994),pp.284-300http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols43-4/pp284-300

Hobhouse,H.,1994b,ModernDocklands:Gazetteerofmodernnon-housingdevelopments.,SurveyofLondon:volumes43and44:Poplar,BlackwallandIsleofDogs(London1994),pp.707-724.http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols43-4/pp707-724

Keupp,H.,Koch,R.,Schweigart,G.&Viohl,G.,2007,GeologicalhistoryoftheSouthernFranconianAlb–theareaoftheSolnhofenLithographicLimestone.,NeuesJarbuchfurGeologie&PaläontologieAbhandlungen.,245,3–21.

Loveld:http://www.loveld.com/en/reference.php?page=hq1-canary-wharf

Marchant,2007,5ChurchillPlace.,AECMagazine:http://aecmag.com/case-studies-mainmenu-37/206-5-churchill-place

MargrafFiordePescoCarnico:http://www.margraf.it/en/dt_portfolios/quarry-fior-di-pesco-carnico/



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MarmolesTarragona:http://www.marmolestarragona.com/en/projects

MillerDruckInternationalStoneLtd:CanaryWharf:http://www.millerdruck.co.uk/project.canarywharf.exterior.html

Nasseri,M.H.B.,Grasselli,G.&Mohanty,B.,2010,FractureToughnessandFractureRoughnessinAnisotropicGraniticRocks.,RockMechanics&RockEngineering,43,403–415.

Oliveira,A.H.&Carneiro,M.A.,2001,CampoBeloMetamorphicComplex:TectonicEvolutionofanArcheansialiccrustofthesouthernSãoFranciscoCratoninMinasGerais(Brazil).,An.Acad.Bras.Cienc.,73(3),397-415.

Özer,S.,Sözbilir,H.,Özkar,I.,Toker,V.&Sari,B.,2001,StratigraphyofUpperCretaceous-PalaeogenesequencesinthesouthernandeasternMenderesMassif(WesternTurkey).,InternationalJournalofEarthSciences,89,852-866.

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Indexofstones

AegeanBordeaux–CabotPlaceMall

AgraRedSandstone–CabotPlaceMall

AugenGneiss–JubileePlaceMall

BalticBrown–10,CabotSquare,5,NorthColonnade.

BalticRed–WrenLanding.

Blaubrun–CabotSquarefountain.

BriarHillSandstone–CabotPlaceMall

CalacattaViola–JubileePlaceMall

CarraraMarble–WestferryCircusCrescent.

CeniaLimestone–Jamie’sandRocketRestaurantsandstreetfurnitureinChurchillPlace.

Crinoidalcalcarenite–ReutersSquare,Carluccio’s&Smolensky’srestaurants.

DakotaMahogany–plantersandstreetfurnitureinReutersSquare.


©RuthSiddall;UCL,July2015

21

GeorgiaMarble–20CabotSquare,10&30SouthColonnade.

GialloImperiale–40&50BankStreet.

GialloSantaCecilia–CanadaPlace,30NorthColonnade.

GialloVeneziano–Bupa&pavinginColumbusCourt,WestferryCrescent.

GialloSanFrancisco–RocketRestaurant&30,ChurchillPlace

GoldenDawnSandstone–16-19,CanadaSquare.

GrigioSardo–CanadaPlace

IndianTanBrown–CanadaPlace

IndianaLimestone–CabotSquare,WestferryCircusCrescent.

JetMist–1,CabotSquare.

Juparana–25NorthColonnade.

JuraMarble–11,WestferryCircus,1CabotSquare.

Kashmir–5,ChurchillPlace,JubileePlaceMall.

LakeDistrictGreenSlate–CabotPlaceMall

MocaCrème–30,ChurchillPlace

MonteCarloMarble–25,CanadaSquareinterior.

NeroImpala–1,ChurchillPlace

NeroMarquina–CabotPlaceMall,1,CanadaSquare

NeroZimbabwe-pavingandkerbsthroughouttheCanaryWharfdevelopment,25CanadaSquareinterior.

OnyxMarble–ChurchillPlace

OrissaBlue–JubileePlaceMall

PeterheadGranite–WestIndiaDock,MuseumofLondonDocklands.

PietradiLuserna–16-19,CanadaSquare.

PorkkalaGranite–15,WestferryCircus,25CabotSquare,20BankStreet.

RosaTorcicoda–CabotSquare.

RossoLevantoTurco–JubileePlaceMall.

RossoPorriño–pavingandkerbsthroughouttheCanaryWharfdevelopment.

RossoRubino–1,CanadaSquareinterior.

SilverGreenGranite–20,CabotSquare.

StansteadGranite–25,NorthColonnade.

VerdeChiesa–1,CanadaSquarerestaurant.

VerdeFonteine–25,NorthColonnade,steps.

VerdeGuatemala–1,CanadaSquareinterior.

VerdeIssorie–1,CanadaSquareinterior.

VerdeMaritaca–17,ColumbusCourtyard,40&50BankStreet.

VerdeTinos–25,CanadaSquareinterior.

VerdeUbatuba–11,WestferryCircus.

VinalmontBlueLimestone–wallsandwaterfeaturesinJubileePark.

VizagBlue–JubileePlaceMall

PavinginCanadaPlace

Howtocitethisarticle:Siddall,R,2015,AworldofgeologyontheIsleofDogs:BuildingStonesatCanaryWharf.,UrbanGeologyinLondonNo.31,http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucfbrxs/Homepage/walks/CanaryWharf.pdf

©DrRuthSiddall,UniversityCollegeLondon,GowerStreet,LondonWC1E6BT,UK:[email protected]://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucfbrxs/Homepage/UrbanGeology.htm;

a world of geology on the isle of dogs: building stones at canary...

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