Title: a view of fruit culture in Afghanistan.

A VIEW OF FRUIT CULTURE IN AFGHANISTAN

Noorani Gul Nabi khan Research Student of UOM1

Consists of three parts:General Information about Afghanistan.Value of Horticulture to Afghanistans Economics.A view of fruit culture or Pomology.

Contents of the Presentation 2

Part A: Afghanistan in Asia

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Continuous 4

Location of Afghanistan

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Continuous

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Population:

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Food security and population:

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Climate:8It is located in dry part of the world.Cold and snowy winter.Hot and dry summers.Wet season runs form winter to early spring. In summer, Indian monsoon.There is variation in temperature. HT (49 C), LT (-16 to -10)

Temperature variability:

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Precipitation:

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Climate changes:

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Usage of water:

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We use About 30% of the countrys available water. loss of water within the systemPoor distribution of water over the growing season. poor management of available water.Traditional irrigation systemWeak Gov

Part B: Value of Horticulture to Afghanistans EconomicsMajor roles of agriculture in the country are, Food security. Earning foreign exchange.Poverty reduction. Improved income and status of women.Alternative to poppy production.

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Multiple roles of Agriculture:

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MAILS MASTER PLAN:

Currently we are working on the following goals.Agriculture growth and poverty reduction.Horticulture improvement. Livestock production systems improvement.Overcoming on Food security. Management of natural resources.Research and technology transfer. Privatization and private sector development.Quality control and certification system.Policy, monitoring, evaluation and planning.

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Afghanistans Income:The Afghan economy is primarily agriculture based.About 85% people depends directly or indirectly on farm income.Over 600,000 farmers produce horticultural products.Prewar in 1970s, 43 % of total export earning accounted by Horticulture products dry fruit, nuts and fresh fruits.In 1970s, annual income was 600 million US $Before war, Afghanistan provided 20% of raisin to the global market and dominated pistachio market.Exports income in 2012 around $376 million estimated.Grapes are biggest fruit crop with estimated value of US$180 Million in 2003.2nd largest fruit by production is Pistachio with estimated value US$95 million in 2003.Other export goods are afghan rugs, wool, cotton, hides, gemstone and mines.

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Exports

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Wool factory at Wardag province Exhibition of Afghani rugsQuality rugs are making by women.

Different types of Gemstones Transportation of cottonHarvest of Cotton

Horticulture Improvement:Objectives areProduct for processing, processing factories for raisin and nuts, post harvest handling, export of fresh fruit and packing of products.Finding of valuable new markets.Dissemination of expertise through extension services.Increasing availability of high quality varieties and planting inputs.Commitment of financial resources.

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NRM.Priorities Watershed and forestry management Soil management Weather 21

Collection zone of water, Hashar Terraces for planting and watershed management

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NR Basic Problems:Deforestation ( Overcutting)Overgrazing or desertification Unplanned urbanizationOver population Poverty Unemployment Shifting agriculture No energy

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Terraces: Let us have a look to terraces

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Please Click me here

Watershed Management and Forestry

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Project of Watershed and Pine Nut My implemented project of Pine nut. CBO,S / micro-Project / Selection of place, Planting materials and inputs/ labor costsNursery or Direct planting

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Have a look to Livestock in AfghanistanHalf of Agriculture GDP derive from livestock.It is a key component b/c of its importance.1.5 million nomadic kuchi people.We have commercial advantages of the following animals. Bees Camels Cattle Goats Poultry Sheep26

The total market value of all the goods and services produces within the boarder of a nation during a specific period of time, is called GDP.26

Livestock

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Importance of livestock.They provide usAnimal power for crop farming, where machinery is not applicable. Milk and meat for household consumption and sale.Manure as a natural fertilizer .Dung is used as a fuel for cooking and heating. Wool, hides and skins are important exports. 28

Part C: A view of Fruit Culture in Afghanistan 29

Part C:Contents of Part CIntroduction of Fruits and their cultivars.GAP (Good Agriculture Practices).Harvest, Process and Market.

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C1: Fruits and Cultivars Priority of Fruits Based on informal Discussions with MAIL Personnel. Commercial Very High Priority : Grapes and RaisinHigh Priority: Almonds, Pistachio, Apple , Pomegranate. Medium Priority: Apricot, Plum and Prunes, Peach, Walnut, Citrus, Figs, MulberryLower Priority: Pine nut, Olive, Domestics consumption of Other minor fruits: Cherry, Jujube, Straw berry, Persimmon, Pear, Loquat , Date plum

You might unfamiliar with some of them so plz follow pictures

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Grapes and Raisin: Initial problems of Grapes in Afghanistan:Trellising Pruning Variety selection Gibberellins application Markets and meeting custom standardsReducing water wastage in irrigation IPM for Grapes ( Downy mildew, powdery mildew, cicadas, spider mites)33

It is very broad to state the varieties and problems of every fruit but let us have a look to grapes and citrus.

Opportunities:Excellent market in Pakistan, India and Middle east for seedless.Trellising is spreading day by day.Develop of rootstock which are resistant to insects and diseases.

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Varieties:140 - NC of PHDPVery popular varieties of grapes in Afghanistan

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Traditional ways to make raisin:36

drying in shade or mud bricksTraditional hanging system Modified traditional grape hanging systemAlternative grape hanging system

Alternative grape hanging system 37

Grapes laid on netting and highly reduce labor req rack width= 1mTotal rack height=3-4mDistance btw drying shelves =50-100cm depends on farmerRack frame material= iron

Conclusions: the best quality raisin is produced using the traditional mud brick structures with grapes hung from wooden stakes. The use of stakes strung like a rope ladder increase capacity of the facility.

Lets have a look to Citrus:

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Nursery Management of Fruit crops:Problems of Nurseries in Afghanistan:No rule regulation for nursery fields.The parent of sapling is unknown(male or female)No quality in private sector nurseries.There is no system for the production and supply of root stock.Week government.No long term strategy, low quality plant materialsNon existence of pollinators No difference b/w commercial and home gardening. Lack of certified varieties.It is expensive to produce quality sapling. Weak quarantine in boarders .

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PHDP ( Perennial Horticulture Development Program)In 6 agro climacteric regions based on fruits crops.Importing of new varieties. GermplasmNational collection Adaptive research Demonstration orchards Technical training and eventsRegistered private nurseries Nursery Growers Associations 40

Afghanistans Soil:Priority Problems:High phLow organic matter (0.2-2.5%) High amount of calcium carbonate High erosion potential, Poor soil structure Micronutrients deficiencies (iron, zinc, copper and boron)Soil fertility tests are low with nitrogen, variable level of phosphorus and adequate level of potassium. 41

Priority opportunities:Additions of organic matter ( compost, cover crops, animal manures)Mulches, Conservation tillageCrop rotation Foliar application of nutrients Correct fertilizer timing, placement and amount.Testing fertilizer quality.

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Land preparation Deep ploughed, harrowed Add Chemical fertilizer and manure. weedingBreaking of clods leveling

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Chemical Fertilizer and Organic: Two main chemical fertilizer:Urea (N.P.K) (46-0-0) white fertilizer ( carbamide)Diammonium phosphate (DAP) (18-46-0)P2O5, K2OOrganic manure:Animal manure Night soil (human manure)Green manure

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Amount and time of fertilizer DAP at planting 25kg/jeriebUrea usually to field crops, planting, tillering and flowering (50kg/j)Animal manure (5-20t/ha)45

Orchard layout based on a triangleEstablish a straight baseline, usually next to a fence or roadway (3-5m)Another rope tie with that nail at the other side of field which variable.Adjust the other segment to met with right angle triangle. Make a right angle triangle to baseline using Pythagoras theorem. Stick along baseline and right angle line with desire row and tree spacing using tape or knotted rope. 46

Baseline with 3-5 m to roadway

Variable segment

4m

5m3m4 * 5 m Planting

A2+B2=C2

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Orchard layout:

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5m3m4m

Staff training 22-25 November 200948

1423

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Planting:

Care for newly set fruit plants:

Cut back the new plants immediately after plantingStacking of plantsTie the tree looselyProtect tree trunks for sunscaldA thick layer of mulchControl weed (glypost, round off)Frequent irrigation

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Irrigation: 52

Furrow Irrigation Basin Flood Drip

Intercropping and Covercroping:53

Nitrogen fixation Green manure Increase population of pollinators Protecting of erosion by water and airwater and windProviding a firm surface for harvestingNo ground water pollution by sprayingCrowding out harm weedsInfiltration of waterHelping manage water in the planting

Training and Pruning of Deciduous fruits:We use three types of systems: for almond, apricot, plum, apple, peach, pear,Centre leader system ( walnut, pistachio, pin nut, Open center system (almond, apricot, plum, apple, peach, pear)Modified center system( apple, fig, Depends on crop, climate, seasons, production goal, etc

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Training and Pruning of Grapes:

Traditional Bush vine system and its conversion to I-Trellising T- Trellising I- trellising

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T-Trellising I-Trellising

C3: Harvest, Process and Market

Pick your ownBy handsBy machinesBy chemicals

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Process:Very less amount of fruits goes to processing in Afghanistan while a large portion used in form of fresh fruits. 57

Market:Afghanistans dry fruits, nuts and fresh fruits have well demanded market in Pakistan, India, UAE, China, and Russia 58

Thank you for your attention. 59