A STUDY OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE AND JOB

SATISFACTION OF SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS

8y

National University of Moderu LanguagtS Islamabad

A STIrllY OF RDT TTIONSEIP DETWEEN ORGAft..A'.-TIONALCI,TMATT AND JOB SATISFACTION OF SDCONDAXY

SCEOOL TEACHERII

Byr

Azhrr M.tuood Ch$tlbry

A TlEli! .boird ro rtNATIONAL T'NIVERSITY OF MODERN LTNOUAGES IST.AMAEAD

b prt'ul tulfl|ht ofrb. Eq!i@. forrh.gdloft6.Dd.gehEdnti@

NATIOI{AL T'MYEISTTY Of }IODIRII I.ANCUAGES ISTiMABAD

Jole 2004

RESEARCHER'S DECLARATION

do td6y deld 6 dtu ofimlrim ttlt rbc rort lGdr.d inrbis ltEir ir ny oM 3d gE cuicd olr s ! Pt"D *bolt of r!. NUMI, rda tt!4dai'i@ of Bri& O D., Allrt Btrtut M.liL l t rc BdFetd irto oy.'|n6uilaity 6 iditllin for ln. erd ofd.gR

i,'rt./- &r*|-LAz[.r Mohood Ctodtry Bri& @ Dr. Alldr Brlhrh Mslit

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONNr{nONAL ITNIVERSffY OF MOIIEnN T,ANGUAOES. tSLAttADN,

TL. N.don.l Unlv.nlry of Modo Logutg..r llhDib.d P"ttfttttr,C.nn.t

A STUDY OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONALCLMATE AIID JOB SATISFACTION OF SBCONDARY

SCHOOL TEACIIERS

By

ArlirM.nm@d Chadhry

A rh6i! sbnin d .o lhc Ndjon l Uriv6ily of Modm Lrngug.s, lstdrDad jr pdjdrulhalr or uE Equmd for $e gtut or l[. d.8E ot ph.D ir Edl6@

Dr. sa.ed, Ajadulldh Khm Bris @ Dr. aziz Ahr€d yln

RfrrFr.urg o, Advrlc.d llt !nr.d N.ddit Utrtv.ri.y ofMod@Srudt6 & lt*.(t hgurs.., hhD.jb.d

ACKNOWLEDCEMENT

PEic b ror Alnishty Alkn, who betov.d nanki wnh tnc curiosily oanind.

No 6eoNh is evo conpleted by ! single p.don. Mmy p6ple h.ve conrribuled lo $n

eforr od 6sist d me in onplerag thb t !L I sE lly etnowledsc th. ohrribution of

rtrN wbo hclpcd ft dnrlt or irdieny in rhc @nplerid ordiis di!*rrdion.

I M deply indelted and eish ro .rp6 my dee!6r ard sinc€e app@inion io

m€mb€B of ny dhrerlotion conmin*, Bng (R) Dr Alhn Bahsb M.lik (SuF.frisor)

od Poi Dr. S@da Asaddlarr Khs (Dm, Focully of Adveccd Int g.ared Sludies &

RMh), for th.ir pad6ce, @nrin!i.8 domgdot oduing supro4 positive

gidrnce Md ndd foilirc athGian which n.de rle @npldion of tnis ardmB lask

I wish lo exlmd ny appBialion lo cll lhe tqchd. lrincipah, dd espeially Or

Mr2nd Muhmmad DhEict &lwation Omer sseodba rid his 3tail nmbm who

gave rime fEly !d panicipared in this nudy.

A sr€ial vote of rhdk 8G ro Di. shahbdz Kld, Pdads. rnsriruo of

Educslion ed R€edch, Pujrb Univdityi D. Shmsa Aziz, Associate Prof6sor,

Colleee oa EdlsLioh, Islmabad; Mi T8lam M6r!fa, Assisltut Prof$sor (Cmturer

S.iace), Agdcult@ Univ$iiy Faislsbodi Mr. Marbood Ch, A$islsrl pmfN.

(sbrid6} U.iv6ny of Sarsodha; Mi Alin Mahnood, LeluEr, F.deEt C,llese of

Edulion, hlmabaq od Mr. Mumnad Aslm, Pnncip.t, Mustih Mod.t s.hml,

Sp@i.t thdls go lo dl n@b.B of ny fdily for th.n pdyd, sulained suppon

dd dcouag€m.nt duri.g tle y@ il Iot !o @nplcle lhe b!*,

DEDICATION

ThL dkterlatiu is dedrcoted to nrtath.a @hq o"d vile o i6tilled in

ne the wlue of ed@tion and taudt ne the inpottanee of hard wo* and

peBMtunce. Thet are e synbols olprideIor w.

ABSTRACT

The pBqt stldy s coDducled ro d.lmin. 0F elarioship b€rwqorysizaiionar cuoare ond job sali.f&don of govelmdt seonddy s{t@l !e.ch6 Tn€d4la w@ collered tod ?85 t*heN selered fon all govemmdt s€@dary scnmls(192) in disIricl Sargodhr,

Two qu6tionnaic w u!.d to delmi* rhe ElatioNhi! b.r@orgdiutiondl clim.r. 4d rah6 job suslmd. $hich w rtr oddrar'oalclimt desiption q@sri@aiE ed (i0 Mimta sarbf&ton qBtionnaiF. Tbefindings w@ draM aft.r ln. d*npive and infs€ntial anat,s6, Meds, SlddffdDevialion, inler-coF.lation, Pwn conllNtion, l rst, Dosr HOc tud ANOVA ws run

Th* 6 no significdt rEhionsnip 'mne

o.gdianioml climr. sub$at6,*iich rho*ed $ar subsls wft indepoddl of @h o$r. Th* ws signifi@tEl.tionsnip b€rwq job stisfactio l&!oB, wnicn show.d rhar job satisfrtion t*bswcrc deoddenl of ruh othe.,

Oa€rany rcachcm w@ less sarisffed wnn advocem€nqworkinS ondrbnc. Fetule r.rh6 scr moE saislied rho rh nat; counreipan.Thft w6 no signiliot diflma bct*d urb{ sd ruul tach6, job slisa*tioi.

^n khs w mE s.ris6ed rne sidc. cach6 T@n6 havins 6 to t0 @qFid@ wft ls isfi.d rhm rdhd havmg mE dldtu€

Cmml concl$io. lhal coutd bc draM from thk dudt n 1hd pnncipalsb.h.vior ud rah4 brhavior boln $eR

"ignrticerty reldred ro leachen Jobeudenon 6 pe(o\crl h) go\etmnr ldonddy $h@l lemhd. The Rtasobhrpbeiwh rnrcipals benavior md rcncE'job so.kLcrion, howdd oppqld b beEralively stugq lhe lhe €lariomhip or lach*. b.h.vior dd t*hm, job

SulDrnive princ'pol b€lEnd a.d didive principal b€$av'or w tound ro besisnilicdrly coRlaled wrh lob shsf4roi o lhe orh6 hand Bhcriv. Dnncrlatb.havior had no sisnrl'rcmr.oftLLion *'lh rob loustchon.

Coll€ial teachr b.havior sd inrimte teeher b.havior w@ tound ro besignificdlly orelaied with job slhf&rion, on rhe othd hmd disgaSed t@h6b.luvid ru fobd io be n€gatively orellld wirh j.,b s: isterion.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER- 1

P|8. #

I

83It0tl

t,;l.l

t,5L61.1

I_3

INTRODUC'TIONBelrtuund ol the pmbld

Delinilalions of thc shrdy

CHAPTER_ 2RE!'IEW OF R.EI-ATED LTTERATURE

2.I Htuoncal viry oforsuizlionat climare2,2 Nat@ ol oigeiatioml clinrte2.1 O'geizlion.l clinde in plec of Inlenol EnvioMcni2.4 TIdi6 oforg{irlrional clinate2.t Mod.ls oforguiarional BdEvid2.6 DintuioN of dgeidional clihorc2,? ImpoRmce 6l orgsizarioal ctioar2,8 Me6umol of orgdiadonol climale2.9 Orgmizrtional ulihate and job salisf&tion Elalionship

2.10 tob sarisf&lion Historical Olwia2.ll D.fnition orjob sdist-rior2.12 Thoi6 ofjob etislation

Mslow s nid.rchy ofnc€dsHdb€rg\ lwo-tEtor ineoryvmn s expctancy tnoryPqrs-Lawl.r Mod.l

ArEibulio. Tn@ry2.1I Sow6 ofjob $thferion2.14 MesuEmhr oajob sadsf*tion2.15 Dnogapbicinfomation

l3l3l6l9

,9

56a1

CHAPTER-3RDSEARCII METHODOI,OGY

Ll Bai offte Study

3.6 Colletion ed labolation3.? Sratislicol Tmln.nt

CHAPTER_4ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

DdosEpht inlomarion dat.Med of orsmiz:rtional climat€ sDb$al€sMems ofjob etislaction frctoNIntcr{ft lalio b€lwer orsmizational climle suhsl.sInaromlarion baw job Ftisfction lDloucoclado bdv6 orSoiad@l climlte sube.l6 od jo6

CoEhtion b.tw€m principals' benavior md t*b6' job stisf&tioncorclation betwm supponive pdncipal behcvior ed le.ch€n' job

Coftlttion b.twd dirctive pnrcip.l bchavior fld i@h.6' job

Coftlalion b€rwe. €aic v€ prieip.l b.lwio arld lah6, job

Coreladon betwq teacher benavior &d L&hs' job salisfmrion.co@I.!on betwen inti@le l@her b€hovior and r.eh* job

coclation h.tw @llesial t@hd bchavior asl l@h.6, job

CoRlalion bel\@ disqeoeed leachd b€hsvior Md t@he6 job

Difcmc. betvq mal. sd fmale tc.chs job srisfDtionDitT@* betwen ul!.n ed ruRl tch6' job srifrcionDiaIffi@ b.twm sidc. &i ans rah6, job srisf&tionDiftcdc. bct*6 l4h6lob qpdic.qMultiple conprisoB mo.g r@h6,job .rpditrs

7l

1l1l

7a$

a0

83

&3

8?33

,,

93

91

t0l

102

B

t05tirt0?

Cf,APIER_5sut|Ir rY, rtrDrNGq aoNct usoN, DtScLSsoNAND NDCOMMINDAIIONS

5.1 S!@.yof|i..!|dyt2 tun'gt

5.5 r.ca@addid5.5 Modd

EIEIIOGAAIqYIX|IENDICF,S

B: D@cndnc r!&il!d@ Fancl MSQD: OCDO&B

lr

10lctttltal13t1l

lt?

l5l3?t3EL2l,L

ocx>RE

MSa.

CBTIS.

GC||S.

ssT,

SlD,B.i.

IXIE h.

D||.E.t.

LIST OF ABBR-EVIATIONS

or8&izridd cliadc Dqdiptid q&dimiE (Rei!.d)

Mimet Sltirflction QBtimaiG

Oovm@t Boys High Sch@15

OoqDlE Girls HiBb Sch@13

Sfddory S.n@l T*h@

Suppodive Pri@ip.l B.hnid

DiEtive Prituipd B.hlvior

Rdtictire PriNipd B.blvid

Dilag.g€d Ta.bd B.lt.vi6

htitut T4t6 B.h.vioi

ColL8isl Teb6 B.|i!vid

TrbleNo.

17

13

35

36

LIST OF TABLES

Tidc

Distibulion of shel sanple

Dbribltid oaldt6' orisiDl tupleDistlibllion ofonginol ed p{ticipot d smpl€

Distribulion ol ool.lmdr Bot€ HiSb

Dislriblrim 6r cov.mor cirls Hish Sch@l

Disriburio of male ed lmrlc LehcDistributiod oar€chins subj*ls

Dblribulion oflt?e oa$hool t€ochs

Disribulion of lshirg qpdid*MqB ororsoi2lrional climt sub$deMsns oljob saftf&rion fdro6InteFcorelation lmohSor8flizotion.l clioar

Inls @ftlarid mon3 job elisf&lim f&tosCoRlalion betwd orssiztional climale suhcalaud job slisfetio! ldctou

CoRlalio hetwsr principal b.havio. ad l@h.u'

CoGladon b€twM 3upponive principol b€baviorand l*hs job sftthclionCoftlation belwen di@live principal b€noviof and

9t

Table No.4.l4 CoFl.tid betwd r6trictiv. pdmipd H'avin a 98r€eh6' job etkLction

TlbL No. 4.15 Cml.ti@ betr6 tc&h6 bet!.viof ed tea.ncB' 99job slisf*ri@

Tobl€ No. 4. | 6 Codl&rion bet*en @ll.gial ldhd be[avi@ dd llx)lc.chm job s.tkf&tion

Table No. 4,1? Codhtion b€twd inlimle tdhd benlvior l0lud leh*' job ldbt&don

T!bleNo.4.l8 Con l.ti@ b<t96 dise.g.d teh6 b<$.vi@ ad lO2t eb6' job salkfetion

Tabl€ No, 4, | 9 Difi@ce bet@n male and fd.l. i.!.hd' job r03

TabLNo,4,2o DilT.@. h.tsa Mal dd urh.r ta[6' job l(XTahLNo.4,2l Dififfie b.r@ ar6."d si.@ ran6' job tO5

T.bLNo.4,22 Di{f.6ce b.twcd t end'job.xpqi@es 106

T.bl. No. 4.23 Mulliplc @bp{ien of r@ning qFio6 1()'

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

l.l B.ckgrourd oflhe ProbLn

orgenizatioB @ aetspGent forue of s nodem siery, We lmk lowo'd

orgsbrion ror ro.4 edlotioll mdoyDat stert ima! neallhcalln taslon!$m

od poretion of b6ic ri8l s. Nany evcry a.pd of nodem life is innudc€d in onc

wey or oolhtr by or8aniation. Oryanizilions N social ehtitiG that enable pmplc to

eur bgdnc. to achiry€ objcrive.

organizdonal clirote i3 &e hund envibM.nt within rhich d orsmizoriont

employ@s do Oet wo*, lt my El6 to $e e.viremdr si$i. a deodtnmt or in ucnliF oson'zrion. we cdmr G clihal. or bBn it, bd n is tn@. In rum clim . is

llleted by ev.ry ding thal h occuri.S in an org$izotion iDavis & Ncwsron 1985).

Accodins ro Andw (1971) the ln climale is us.d lo d6ign nte quatiry of

intemal mvimmsr shich conditioB in M lh. qulity of cop€alio., ric

dryeloF.dl ol individull, lhe extdi ol ftmbes' dedication or mniLnenr to

orsdiz.rion's purDG€s! .nd thc clficidcy 9irh *fiich those puposd @ rzBtarej inlo

culls. Clihate n d aunorph€e in vhich iDdividuals h.lp, judg€, rcwlrd, @.straib, ed

Thc climal€ of e orsniztion L rhough ro Epcmt r[. p€cctrion of o6jedvc

ch@loislics by m orgdiado.'s mmbeh.

D.vb K (1935) eid both dploycF and nployg lot a nffi favoEble

climate b€ause of its bd€lils, sun d b€fi€r pedomdce sd lob satisfadion.

Enplot6 fel lnrt rhc clinal€ i favoudbt wn6 tn y m doins sndning u*tuI thal

prevides a sdF of p@nal mrrh. Th.y fr€qBdy Mnt chamqging e* thal is

inriosically salisfying. Mdy mployes ols wot Espotuibility dd th€ opporiunny ro

suc.€€d. Ttey w,nr b b. lina.d io dd lal.d and vducd e individ!.js, They wdr ro

f€l thar de orgeization @lly cde alDut their ne€ds dd pmhlms.

Wort clinot is . pscepiud ifi.rtEbtio. of hos well oBdizarionrl ed

o.n eqial ptutic6 lit or tutch dploy6' n.€ds, g@ls srd qper.tioN al a poinr i.

time. I. eifrt, orgeialio.al ftdbds combine p.sepiioos ofthei. woik qvircnmenls

irlo pGiti!. o. regadve ditud6 oDi in lm inl ume behavior. Clinare prodsd

ufayouEbl. tr neeative ar rd.s *bm mplorB f€l incGistcrcid bawM Fend€xpelalions bd nnagsdl ptuticB. Abus6 can rdge from ufair or discriniDioly

hddr bt . srp€wis [o Mrting @ndidos rhat * ur.rfq rcdiou or bonng.

Clinote b$ positive or f6vouEble boifdlations whd mdb6 @ rot disneled by

ru161ioN - whs or€oizdion l paticd ud ddB d. supportive oapeMat n*dq

Soals.nd dD<tati@ (C@k 1936).

Job sdsfsdion is o lel or favoudblo or unfavouroble feelirgs ed €notions pirh

which oplots viw ln.ir worlG (Davis & N€WTDD 1985). .tc,b sadsferion is oefisriv€ atritud. - a felins ofEllliv. lit6 or dislit6,

Job $lisfolion cm b€ viwed d d ov.dl altitude. or n @ aptly b tn€ wioB

pIts of d individ@l's job. lf it is viwed only 6 e ov@ll auitude, hos.vd n@g4

my mis sine $nc tcy hidden .xictlriois s drcy *s o mploye's ovrdl

srtisfstion, lor exmple, al$ough a p@n's strerdl job 3atisl&tion my be hish, it is

imponet ro di$ov€r lhar he lits hjs pDmtior and ol$ rhlt n€ is dirslist€d wilh his

rerlion shcdule thal y.e, Job sarisferio studi6, thcefore, ond l@$ on th. wios

p4ts that de believed lo be v(y iito di si.ce ih* piedispose d dplore lo

b.h&e in c€rlain w's. lmDoiln r{Dets ofjob srisfeti@ include pax oe's

suFdisr, ed tbe utd of tsr Ff@ed o mploy€'s ccwolt6, dd de

imdilt€ working conditioB (Nasldn 1986).

,ob sltisfdtiq El6 lo 6 @lledo. or driM6 rlbt err6 hov. alour lh.ir

job. c.ry (1996) dilTffitialed al !6r rwo 8p{t3 oa job srisfetion nmely f4relididion od overall s|tisletion. F@cB e jobirs.lf, prmotion, BoSrilion. bqelirj

and mrting cddinos *h.@ ovF.ll s.rislclio is a p.M's annldc iowds his or

ndjob- The sbtoot 'On d€ wnob | @lly like ny job is iodi.aliv. oaln mtm oa

.tob satis&rim cl6 b cstah dFig|jB od q!.tiri6 thd e Flllcd io $.Na)a a FFon thi.ts and ack. Tbe teelins of worlhwhild*, which a indilidual hs in

pdiculr in d occupationd posirion, cb be called job s.tistoiim.

B&tzin (1936) rl$ d.finedjob elirlDtions An individutl s *'rrk pnil$phy

oa like Fnecred in sece$ dd satisferion in occupotion. An individual hs to siisfy his

p.rchologicsl n .ds and lics. needs cd bc disned only thftug) son. kiid oljo5." Job

slisfaclion is noinly d dorional dd.fative didralion row€ds m.t m . So n

cm be neasured i. tems of workq's ovcrall satisf&tion witn nis or her job.

Acconting 10 K6ir5 F,E (1985), job skforid is a cdpl.x subje! Tlr.

sme kind of mrt (e.g, ty?ins) my be rn a s.tisltde to $me woikeu ed

disalisltng 1o olhs. In addilion e mplot@ will old be etislied wilh the cemin

6p€.ts ol th. job (qg.. sup€Fi$r, cowrlc6) and disati!fiat with odd (€.8. pay.

b€nefib, or wortihS ohditions). Finally an enployet dlnude nay chang€ ov€r dme. A

ns pofsr, for exmpl., nay i.niclly b. $lislicd wilh his or h€r @lldsu6;

hoev€r. coworls alationshiDs could conc€ivably ersd€ over tnc to 6ult in a

disalt&ng worl clinatc, For lb* redons, n is inpondr for ma!* md peNndl

ldninisrr.t6 ro und€Glod the drndic nd@ oljob $asf&non dd oor b be nbl.d

by l]le c.su.l ootuE in phicb the tem t ot€n dicussed.

W)y should a d.cisid nalq be @ncmaj dboul a ru*els job 6tlii!d6? A

cmon Fy.hologicrr principle holde $at anitude all{l3 lne b€hovior, we @y p@nl

$e hosl influlial cuftor @ceplu.l shflaL for v{ationar

ben prcpG€d by crun.bqg M-M (1979). *lto has ihndliei lhG

dif€Enl t'!6 of sarhfrcrion in wori. FiEt, thee e th. inhnsic arlisletions wnich

6me aon two soa6 (l) rne pl*urc which ir dflved fDr flgagin8 in wort aclivily

(tuftlion pl6E) and (2) l[e 3€@ of aomplishtunt *ticb is qpsi*ed Fon

neefing nial $and!.ds of suess and p€Mnal talianid of abilliB Omugn

&hievencnt, Seond lherc re the comomilorl salisf&toN, which e $@ialed with

lhe phr3ic.l and pstlhologic.l @nditioB ol a pm'r srL Th6. muld include

sorting in a cl@. an condnioncd pldr. having mdy fri.ge b6.nt!, djorine

contdidl com*e6, being dployed by a ompay with 6 workn odent*ior," etc.

4tr4 lhird lh* is lhe.xlriBic salisfeiio, whicn is ftc LDgible E*d& of wo.L i.e

Job salisledon is e ani$de, whicn Bulls ftun balme, md summalioh of

idy spcilic lik6 ed disl&6 dp6iac.d in medon wirti th€ joh. This ltlitude

ndif6t! ilielf in th€ ddulioD oljob .nd oploying orgaiario.. This cvaluation nay

Esl ldgely upon onet success or failue in lhe shievemd of ptr$nol objariv€s sd

upon ihe Ddreivql @nrdbutim of rhe jo! dd @ploying orgdiation to $e mdi.

Thu a wortd nay litc enain asFLe oahis wort ,€1 lnmu8liy diiite oths.

Orsmialionol cli@re rpr€sols m dgoization's *ay ol lif€. lt cso have a

mojor innume d oplole molivari@, Dqforlr@q dd job satisf&tion. Clinar€ is

d6iwd lrom e orgdi2lrimd b.nrvior rFlo th.t irctud.s pbil@phy and elats,

lead*hip, fomal ed infomal orgeiztim, nd 6e @i.l dvienoql.

Th. huM vdE tl'rt 6rpd. clinrrc e quic difitfl fM colmic Elu6

in s oa|nir{i6, E@|Mica de! wilh !l. dlocrid of |Edtw. If you harc

.uonobil. A | clml h.w iq if !o! h.E bodg.t B, de fuxt e rcl .v.il.bl. lo ny

d!o.rtna'!. E@|Mic vdG G @lly dloc!r.4 brt hl|!M v.lE @ ddy

ircmarrl. th.y e sdf-rpn6 .4 b.ing cGrcd, *ilhi! irdividod!.nd gto{F a.

€dr ofoEt .niM. ad lif6lylc (D.vis K | 985).

PdoL lind n@ !.lirf*ti6 *,io $q! i. c.otd.lior ud lens& Th.y c

k vin& gNing .nd $Eitding. b n { bc @ur.d in ffi of v,o|t6' ov.dll

di.tuti@ Th. cor.ta of or8rnir-dionrl elin.lc dd jot sdlradd hs imBingly

b€.dn. tn. fau of. *idc v{idy ofcr&th .tudi6,

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Eirly c.5!hd. fdNcd t|M d F$n l ddogttD[ic cl|DLi'ria b lild

uc ao|l@ of vdtrioo in r4h- jo6.!&f-do[ bd dE tsiti@ tlut voi.rio in

hulm bci.vior io M. cir@rlE M bc .ttribrLd io dgini2lridd &.ioB, lcd

cahd to !d.L job ..lirf.ti@ b oatni?lridd v{i.bl6. Th@ is d my of

d6Fgrp[ic ed olgDianioul f.!o6, whid tuy h&. $m .!si|li6 wnn jot

!.ri.f.tid\ o fos of tlri! !0ny ir d td.liNhip bdva dSrniz{idl clit c,

dstugr@hie infmldd 6 ch@ratuti€ .t'd job ${rt.d6 ol goid&t $h@l

IJ SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

OrsMiu timl b.havior povids lhe indisp€nebl. toudation of k owl.dge dot

h rbelDlely dential ifor. hops !o @hi.ve su@ss in edNolioMl ldd6hjp, And all

lcidmhip and ldninislhlion M *sting with ald thtuuCli orhc. pople 1o &hiqe

orgdizrtiooal goob. Allhough those *ho ae appoi.t d a shool pincip,ls @ usually

sla-ted fsn rhc rut of t@n6 Rio N rhNsht to h.6rdially cfidive, alld this

alfoiftnd ory osage vdy linl€ ih the rshnical dp4rs of teachins rhal emed then

$.ir rpulltion. Ind*4 dE shiii fron clsmn taching b a shool lcldship position

h a najor shin '€quinng

altogalhs dilt€mt skilh ro di$ha8. aien€d duri6

Aiid b.ing appoini.d a pdmipd, one's *ort cotuisr. Fisdily ofturLing wirh

dd thmugh odEr adulls: one confm wilh pople, indiridually ed in small ereupr, one

plm sd holde nalings, $mctirc smdll ed ene$n6 larger oDc n6 immeEbl.

dcomtd eith popl., sm€ pbMqt but mdy inprnpt! dd neBsily huied.

I w6 ddor€d d S$ondrry School Teener for eight tqs in dishi.t Sdgodna.

Durins $€ coue of hy mploynflt, I w6 qune appdEciv. ol de Eliti@ship

belwe. org.niratioml clihale ed job salis|rrion, With the pssose of lime my

Fsial dFim@ nalur.d ro lhe exbt drt I ddund lo dody linl ou the etTdri of

principal-Lehtr ElalioNhip on job s.tisletiod. I vdtucd ro l@k for $n. r.s@h

al@dy cmid o on the subjel. To Dy dismy I coud nol find any on $e subjdr, This

mn{vaihbiliry of lgEh naldial m lhe $bjer. pmpred n. b urdard. lhjs

1.4 OBJECTTVES OF TIIE STUDY

l. Tnc bDad plrpose of $c pmml study wd io &t mine tne r€latio6hip

bdsg org@izali@l dimle tud job satisfmlion of sndary $h@l

2. To delemin. tn€ elarionship Monsjob sarislclion f&los.

l. lo d.lmrncrhe relduonstlp mm8 ors4z&ond dimosions

4. To d€tcmie $e rlauo.ship h.twm pdtuipalt bcnavi@ dd te4h6 job

5. To ddmioe tle rlltionship bctwM l€ch4 behaliot and tocl'*' job

6 To inGtiS,le lhe ditr@., if ex mog d€nognphic infodltid Gd,

teching subjel, t*hiig qFnm. ond tyD. of sh@l) aboul job

I.5 HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY

l|"l Th@ is.o lignili@r relatichip bdsg prircipolt b.hlviordd tch.6 job

H"2 Th* is tro sisnificont rclotionship betwm suppodive p.incipd behalior a.d

t.an u'job eibfelion.

HJ T!@ is e 3ignili@t ElalioNl p h.tws didriv. pdncipal behvior tud

Mhd job $lisfelioo.

H.4 ThcE is no signifiodt Elationship bet"q Eslrictive principal benavior ond

t4h6 job erisf&rion.

H.l Tn* in no sigificml ElalioNhip belws tdhd' behavior ed l@h6' job

1L6 Tn@ is tu iigfli@n rEldioBhip beta@ olleSjd l@hd belEvid tud

tach6 job stisfactioi.

H"? Thec is no ligoilicol rclatioNhip helwm intnat€ tedche beh.vior dd

t@hes job $tisfetion.

H.8 Th@ is rc signincsr Elarionship terwd disg!8.d l*hs beh.vio. .!d

rehm' job erbf*rior

tL9 The is no sisnificdt dilI€dcc belweeh nale sd lnole te$h4' job

tL10 Tn@ is tu signifimt diftode b(r*6 urbs md oFl l@h€6' job

H.ll Tnd h no si8.ificot difTeEnce betwd scidc. and rft trchd' job

Hql2 Th* k no si8nii@t dltffi Es&ding job eftf*lion ddg len B

havir8 dill.ml l@ning dp6idc6.

I.6 DtrLIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Th* srudy w6 d.linir.d in a nMb.r ol wtys

L Th€ srudy w delinned io dishicl Sdeprth..

2. The sludy va delinne! io Covconehl S@ond.ry Schooh h the lary€t a@,

3. Th. shrdy ea delihited 10 0r. pd.Ption of Govcmat S@da.y Sch@l

4. IE ftdy wE d.limit d to hoy!, 8irlr, rbe sd Mal r@nd.ry $h@l in

5. Tn {udy w d.linit d to ssT (S€o.d.ry Schml T@hd) i! dislicl

How !@plc fcl .hout thcirjot .rld diffdl apet3 ofdEirjobc. ,ob

s.tbf6ction i! a r.1 ol |'vou.bL or mfavour$|. fcling! win which dploys

viw th€ir wort (Nsl&m 1985).

l.1A DmognphftInfom.do!

Individul's !.lai.d infomiio

I:I DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

Wha p@plc tdd togdlr.!d folully.gt ro cdltE den efidts

fda.olttt@ puF.., il ! 6lLd o d!&irrlod

lJ2 Ort .lr.tlo..l CUuL

OrBuirxidd clild. i! rh. n|||M 6vit!'||Mt siltin *nich edg&iati@'. @pktyr.. & thcir {6it. ft my rdq !o tlE ovirlm€d withb a

d.pcrndl d in d dtic dSbirrid (D.!i! & Notm 1985).

rr'! Jobs.d.L.d@

II

rJ f,yp|tdc.lftrrvort

Oqenizdiond qimd3.( *14 rrr.. 4r!-

Job saG.do.l

CIIAPTER

RE!'If,W OF RELATED LITERATURE

The @id oa lil@tre is pMr.d into t@ sti@. In de IiEt salion, th€

Eview oi lite.atDE pcrtsiN lo lhe orgeizdio.al clinot€, includins definilios, mod.h,

dintrids ud m6l!a6t ol or8aizarion l clinde The s4qd elion conpns or

Fie{ ofjob etisl&tioa factoG ofjob salhfdion ed ovcwiew of nldy nndings

Blarins job cnaEldinics.

2.I HISTORICALDf,VELOPMENT

Althouen hunm pki@ship6 ha!. cxisrcd sinc. lhe beSirning of tinc, die rn and

science of tryine lo deal wnh $n in conplex orgohizotioB is r€lalively hs. In tne c.rly

days D@pl. wrl@d clone or in lEh stull sDup6 $at lheir workins rlltiorohips wR

€$ny nsdbd. Thcn cme fie induslri.l revolurion. lhdBrry c@red a sulplus of goods

and kmwl.dge 6at eqtutlly esve m*4 ilM.d Mg6, shodtr hoN dd mEpolk solisfoclion. Rohdl Owenq o youg w€lsh l4lory ow6d, wd 6ne of lbe fint to

dp[aiz nulm n..ds of dploye. H. uughr his wrt6 cl@lirs ad ldlEftemd improved thci *o*ing conditions. They @uld hordly be caued mod.m

otg&ialional behavior, bd n ws a tecimins (OMs, 198).

Hklory ofdcvelopment olsodm orsmizaiiotul lhNglt begins fDm 1887. Prior

b rhlr timq Inde sious c@id.rdlion wG givm ro orgoiarioi.l rt'oughr, bur s wc

shall *e, sine 1887 Ast dql of thoulht h6 been givq lo il &d siudi6 lave ben

cond$red ro s@h tor atmar. id.!s fd oremti.g tu4 tatins tnal @ b.fis suir.d lo

nodm Eiliti* ( Ous (1998). Ar rvsliclh mtury dmws io a clN, we *now ldl we

c4 delib.st€ly cnoose lon berwee. tNo conpl€te alkmate $.rtegiB of l@drng od

o.gminn8, tndilionol topdom himhy tr a noE collegial pdrtcipa ve app@b.

Today borh stllegi6 !rc being us.d ih educalion, s w€ll d in buines, goveonot and

lhe nilitary. ad 4h hs iq sn lim6 fime, odvdtt6.

2.2 NATURE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATf,orgsianional cuiate is dF dudy of Fdeption th.l indieidlals have ol v&ious

$pels of $. 6!i!onhq1 in tlE or8eiarion. For smple in $eir pioneers slldy of

oryoizalional clinate in scn@b, Halpen md Coo (1961) c@cived lht th€ sialchmt. or shok h a blsd of lwo sucn dinmions: principal's ledmhip md 1e&h6

int Elions. Cmup int@rios of l@heu in a $h@l night be Egarded s m.logous to

rhe gognphic @nrouE ofa E8iot\ ad p.inciprb' l.ldsbip slylc could b. equled with

|n€ rtn@pheric condiions, in ombi@rion v& $e t& Esulb in a uiquc wial lqluE

in @h dgmizalior'. which ha b€n call.d its clinlt .

2.3 ORGANIZ{TIONAL CLIMATE IN PLACf, OT INTI]RNALENVIRONMENT

R.semnm cocded witn tn€ inrnrr flerioning ol syslens h.ve borcwed

$@ns dd nedodologi6 from diifmdal Fsycholosy ed lEve usd l])e rmorgdizaional climate in plee of intdal @vimmdr (Iveevich. 198?). On wly lo

&quft h.n r und.6l,ndings oa climrc is ro csid.r $e onpdob of $e @rouuct.

Th@ ft lnce wbo b.lieve ftdl clinale @nsisr! of r sel of ch@terisica thal describs

m org{ization, is Elaliely dduine ovd line, dd influoB rhe beiavior ofpopte in

ir. oibs beli€ve lhar cliturG mdse widin s'5rms a3 a result ot lre sryle ol

ndogmflt, the o4eidion s polici6, dd irs snml opedins pc.due. Fon rhe

eodl.ss inlellE|ttio.s o(Iercd by $dnsb, we delinc clinoi€ a: A set oaproFni6 ofthe

mlk mviBnmdl, which tu spftilic 16 a p.nicula orgeiztion, that nay be dGscd by

$c eay th. orShizrion ddls silh i6 €mplorG Dd n . sieral @d llsl dviD.fr€nrs.

Th€ intmal cnvjMndt is c@red by f&toa such d $e strucuG of

depann€nlj ed $e lcldmbip being us.di rbe exrem.l gm@t dviennd inclu&s

e@6 dd politicd !t1i1Dd6. Th* sers of fdioa ned to b. distinelisncd for preticol

reosons. Ifd orgdizaion wdrs to alt r ils srructunl desiSb or leadcFhip poccdurc, ir

would be $lc lo ex@i$ snc fom of con[ol ovs lhe modilication an€mpt rnd

hop.fulln oulcoD6. Oh lhe o$d hed, thc aleEtion of Esowd o! exlmal tolnic.l

drirudd cdmt b. conroll.d a w.ll, if ar ilt. IlE orc eld6r of all qsmizrions is rhe

ehplores. The shrdy of $e orgdiations is lollow wittbul lltinS into qoufl the

bthavio! oa individDals sorking 0lo.e dd .s meoh.6 of snups. hdividuts, such ss th€

sal6 peson on rhe oad, the maDge. pepding a Epon in m ome, or thc lowlB

prepd,a b defi.e a clicnt. occGionally work alon . Th€se noftnrs of solirude d€ @q

|he sdcp€en han comu.iqr. io selt ! piodEr, th€ @.sq n6l disprry de Epon

to oth6, tud tne hwycr ne€ds !o discus lhe c6c with lhe cli6t, Tne f@t that dindividual @ly worts alore wirhin orsr.izlionat s.nin$ indicat6 th.t the sFld ed

rb slb srsLms, dliomol od olhq popl. hale . @nsidmblc inpel on m

dployck behavior (Maq l9??).

OreaiarioM! clina& is m inp.tunt @.c.fl for lhe moas6, b€.e n is

theugb $c cre,lion ofo el1alive o.Crnianioml clinot€ lhal ndsges c4 'lndaSc tl'e

noi6rio." of their enploys, Orsaidional ellodv€b$ cM b. incr4ed by cMlins

orgdizlionol clinat rhal satislles $e nmbeu' need ard al lhc sme rimc chmel tnen

motivaled &nrvior towords orBanianimal go.k (Kolb, Rubin & MclynlE, l9?4).

Ardrws (1971) d€fined orsoianional climrte 6:

The tcm cliille h used ro desien rhe qdny of inteddl enutunn€nrwhich condilions jn tum thd qulny ol the coopqation. the developoent ofindividuals, ad the qteni of nembd' d.dicalio or conmntndl borsdizlior puQc6. and $c effici.ey with which &.t plrFs6 baofr.feslaicd inro rcsllts 0: 212).

A(oding b Own. C Robd (lDr8l:

org$iatioal b.lEvior is ! di$iplin tlEl ckr 1o dqrib., @d6lr4lhe pBdicl hund b€havior in lhe.nviMmflt of aolml orgdizarions. Adislinctive conldbution and cie&lelisli$ or orse,izarion.l behavior as adie'pline is dic .xplicir dognirim lh.t (l) orSuiatons cEle inl€noldt iud stlings, or flvill)menG, $!r have 8st innudce o. $eb.havior of pmpl. in thd .nd (2) tc' $me qrnl lhe inh.l eoli@nnmlof e orsoizalion is influencqt by the ldgq conlexl in vnich rheoryoizrlion it .lf qislr (tor emdq the sial, ooUrical, enonic edlhe bhnolosic.l sFlfls th.l suppon $e dsenalim). Mo@q. tneintcmal sviDnnot of conr.xr of thc orgdiarion is .o! mercly phFicaland ldsibl€ but als ioclud6 the s{iol sd psychotosicat ch@lerislicsoflh. living huM slsld (!: 2l )-

2.4 THf,ORJES OF ORGAIUZATIONAL CLIMAfi

Follwina rc dE r[ori.s, wnicn d.rribe o4dj"lli@l di@c.

TTIEORY X AND IHEORY Y

Mccqo. (1982) Dted tul Mgd.m syl. cM|6 orgeiatiod clidn , He

id.nlifi€s 1e g6@! 3tyl*, onc b6ed o wl'at he called 'Tnory X'lhe othd on

Thory X..rrbDdotrr: TlEry X Br! on fou aduptioa that rhe adninistlior my

l. Thc avedg. p6oN inh@tly disliL wh lId sill .void n whaws

2. Thq mct be suFvk d d@|, daete4 ffi.d 6 thErs.d win

l. Thc arqig. mrtq! 3hirr G?oBibility rrd s€d( tod.l diEtion tw rho*

4, MGi sfrrcB vrlE job seuny.nd. oDq job-Fl|red fsio6.rd h!v. tintc

An@ry X .t . rFtm: M@ag@dr t s6 s nsiag rc rrud in suboldidr*.

.. Deisiminpd.d n d. !l $e roP.

b. Suhordinat€ notiv.t d by f6, th6t5r po,3hh€nG,

c. Cdtd cq cld d rop negddrd, Littlc auperior - lubordirab intr.clim.

e PopL i.h.lly oppG.d ro !o.t by n Dgdor

t7

TL@ry Y rsurpdd.: Th@ry Y, howvd, @bl!G Me v.ry dllldl atnpti@

aboul th. nar@ of p..9le .l srkl, lf ir is e.ris$itrg t!, l[d, dptolca will viw m* a dnud md a

&..Pt!bl. s phy.

2. P€plc ar vql will q*i$ ilindir€, $rnir-tid di 3df@tol in |ne job

if lhey e milt d b d. objccrivd of ihc or$niaiion.

3. nr. wdg. Ftsr|bdd F!p.r @ndilioN, l€do mt @ly io r4tlE$onlibilny d thc job bur ol$ to se€k it

a. It .v!r.9. dploye vdG crsdviry - 6d is fi. ability io md(. e!.d

daieion - dd sk! opponunitie io be cF.tive at wort,

rl6ty Y a r rytt r: M[.tc@li! !a a hivirS @pl.lc trul ed mfid€E i!

& Dcbi@l[ling is wid.ly di{6icd.

b. Comuic.tion [os up Dd doM ed lals.llt

c. Moiiulid i! bt p&riqiprlim &d re{.ds

d Extmiv., ff.ndly, supdior- subordirlrc in|6&rion qisrr.

.. High dee@ ofcdffdac. !!rl Eult ext|l.

r Wd€i!@d i.spo..ibility forh. cdrrd plss qturs.

Rtris Likar (t ?) idotifed lNr lmagqnot 3Fr.G. E&h is denbable in

tdms of thc orgbizatiot chaFcterisli.s. He i.lntilied tbe lolloving sldms o.

L Etploidv. - oulhorll.tlY€.

It i. b8.d on clsical nmg6o1 coe.pt ard dietlve ladship style.

2, Bddol.lt - luthorlLdvc.

I €mphsizcs a onFtGone Elotiotuhip belwd subordinot ard laddr in s

6vib.n6r an which rhe slodinar. is chtiv.ly isohLd ftm othc6 in erL-Glded

Enptoycs wo.k in mor of ! panicipative lcad.Fhip slyl. i. *hich d. leadd

1a!ds to cdult p@ole individldly in lhe Ptits of naljn8 deisioa,

It @ph6iz6 te&n iot€@lion in evsy qitical orymizaliond pm6, Eeh of

the rlstu is n..L of sir vui.bl6 m.ly:

(a) Molivorioml rorces. (d) Comuic{tioo paltm.

(b) Int@lioFind@c. pde. (e) Deisid - Malins PtG.

G) Oo.l-sningprc6s. (0 contol pd*.

The pnney dflR@c b.ru6 Mccrcsq dd Likst\ (196?) lhariB is in iheir

lpplicalion. Mcccgd ( | 982) .rdos6 $. positive valu. ot den@nric mdasflor od

sa,s that thsry X obo nos vllue in cedain situarions while Liken (t96?) nal6 $e

dcinite choice, He seF lhal panicipalive mmgeocnt is the only efialive n@gcmeht

wly io srisfy wdtc6' n..d!.

2.5 MODELS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

OrgMiatids diffd in the qualiry of or8oiationol behavior $at lhey develop.

Th6e dilf.lw* N subatanli.lly cN.<t by dilfs$r nodels oforEa.iational b.h.vior

thal donimic ntra8.mdfs dought in each dgeizotior The nodel lhll neacd hold

$!any begi.s wiih c.nain asmpdore abour p@pl. ed lerh !o cen in interpr.di@

of rhe ddls, Jut s orgeiz!1ioB e dlfffil wirhiD $tuelv.s, $ p@li€s nay vdy

withi. &c d.tdrtidrs or btuch* of o. orgeiztion. The produdion d.partrDdt may

e* within cElo<lidl model wnib th. s|4ponire is b.in8 tri.d in $e 6ahdeparrn€ni And oa courc, ln ptutices of jndividual @g.rs @y dilfer iion thcir

or8ldzatidt pBciling nod.l b6.@ of dEi| pNnal pettrM or dilldrcondilions in tneir d.panbdr The poinl is tulno ooe nodel olorseizlional behalior

b sutrddl to deribc all rhat hSp6s in s o.soizlioo. bu! it co netp distitrCuish me

DisNioB ol rl'e follo*ins four nodcls, NtoEric, curodial luptbnivq od

cou€8ial, pr€8dl d lpprcrindk hisloric.l doluiion in ndag.Dql psctics durinS lne

lat hundEd y4 or noE. Ore nodel rdlds lo doniDrc a p.diol& rim. in hisrqy, bur

al $. sm. tine @h of lbe orho mod€ls is prElicd by sme orydiaiions,

FUNDAMENTALS OF ORGAnI|ZATIONAL AEHAVIOR

M.nrgerirl Authorily

P.nomre Mininun

l Th. Altada. Mod.l. In d aurocdric dviDmat rlE t|rfusdial ondt.dd is

fomd, omci.l aulhorily. Righl of co@d del€gaies 1nis authoriry over th€ p€Ale to

Rhm ir appli6. MMa8.ddlh.Ud* $d n kmws whai is b€t and d'at lhe nployes

obligrtion b ro follow ord6. I1*ud lhor dployg navc io be p6u!d od pusncd

inro pqfom&c€, Md thas is nergdflrs ta3k. M@gencnt do.s tne thinlingi rbe

dPlo'6 obey Ih. ord6- This @vdtionar vi* of mtugdot lads to ljgntq

conlbl of mdoye al mr!.

2. Th. C$rodltl Mod.l. Th. cuslo<ti.t mod.t lsds to .mplo)e dcr.id€nc. o. rbc

org$izlion. Rather the 6eing depmd.nt on rh€ir b6 fd rleir wekly brsd, mploleno{ d.!€r'd on orgeaadon for their seunly ed wdtrc. plrh.F6 mrc mclnlety st 1e4

s orgmiational depaddce is added io a r€duced D€Mnd dePendde o $e bc. If

D.vis K (1985) Epon€d $pportive app@h6 M* wett wilh horh mptotG

ed n&c8€6. o.e sludy ol 200 clqical workd, rcponed 1hai .dployss wnn hjgh job

nployd have leo y.s ol ldidily unds the $ion conlt&t od !@d p4ion

pmslmn.d, rhey c6 mr afod to quil d.n if thc gB l@ks glmd $n*hd els.!

Enploy*s wftking in a cuslodial enviomdl b@one psycnobsically

pwcupicd vnh &a. c@nic waJ& .nd bacfit!, As a 6!ll of d.ir trql,nals, lh.y

ae weu n.inrrine4 h!p9y ed cdlsted. bur they @ mt sronsly moiivale4 e $ey

sive only pGsive c@pemtioo. Th. r6ul1 is that the, do nor pmdlc€ soE vigmuly lhe

undd |he old dtF6lic rlpn@ch. A succBstul cBiodhl alpmen dq.ndr on eonomic

lwurccs, lf e orgMizotion do6 nor bav. d. w€alth lo povide FnsioN and pty othd

bmefirs n cmot tollow ! csrodiol lPpoan. Thc twlting oo€eeial o.id|ntior is

tow€rd non y lo pay waaes sd bdelik. SiNe ddotB physical nceds m alGady

@enably mc! tl'e ddor6 lmt b slnry n€.ds a a moriEiins f@t

3. ltc Supportlv. Mod€|. Th€ supp.nive nodel depd4s on lead6hip insteod oa

pow or mney- Thtugh laddhip, m$rgdar provid* a climar. io hclp @plot6

sow od *conplish ih the iot Bls oforgeizlion th.lhins! olvhich thry @ cap.ble,

Tn ladr src d{ e*6 @ mr by .atlE psive md ci$ant lo orgdianionol

neds bul rhar th€y ae nude so by m inadequtely slpportivc cliEale at wo*. They wiU

bre sponsibilny, dcvelop ! dnve to co nbde, dd inp6v. thm if mdagosl witl

give fieo r chace, Me.aen .i\ ori€n|ltion, lheetoE, is !o support ihc mptotee'rjob

p€fo'lrj.M, Blh6 lhtu siBply suploniv. dploye ba.tirs s in rh. rolodial

2l

siisfcli@ had supponive sup€wi$B.Anod.r study of 200 MaSdi.l ond pmf*i@l

mploys Epon.d lllat slpponive ,upqvision B @@lat d witn orernibdo.l

elletivelB sd jo6 slisf&lion. An odditional stDdy r.porled lhai suptonive mmges

uuolly e@6gcd hieh noriv.lion Mong lhei. slbodin.t n@g6- Anog lh@

ndsgeu wno w€rc low in dolivrtior! only eisht p€rcml had suppoitive manageu.

Davis K (l9es) E on€d, d. slpponive nodcl h6 ha wid€ly 4ept d by

mmog6 paniculsly ar the hignq orymizario.al ld€h. Oft swey of niddle neagcu

rcpoded lhot 90 p@qlasled wirh mMy of the baic ida of suptonive appMh to

4. rhe Collcghl Mod.l, Tn t€m "cou.sial ' ela|es io a body of pe@ns halio8 t

cmmn pupo*. ll is ! Iah com8pl. Th. @llesial nDd.l EgeDlly b Benll in !B@h

hbonldie ed sinild wo qvimo€.t!, and 8Edually il is qolving irro olhd sork

Tle collcgill model torG io pbdrce imporcd lwlts in silualim vh@ n is

sppoprist . On. (udy @veed si€nlisls in lhEe ldtge 6@h labontoris. Laboratory

A ud B vc oFEred i. a Elariv€ly i' dirionol hi€@hical mend. LiboErory C wa

opehied in a mo€ opd, padicipsliv., collegilt ndn.i Ths€ w.e lour n€auB of

pdrmq dd of fellow rialisB, conrribulion ro lnowlcdSq sffi ol p.Eonal

*hieddt dd conhibutio ro @gdlnt objetiG. All lou *@ high in laborarory

C ed $e l6t th@ wft significmdy higho.

2.6 DlDeDsiom of Orglnlzationrl Clintte

Accoding lo Tagiui (l%8) clinar. b Soa"lly delin d a fie ch@ldistics or rh.

iot0l €nvircm€nt in d scn@l buildi.8. Bul we ned to u.ddt nd whol tho*

ch@cristics are od 10 lay lhe smud rcrt fd lhal we $m !o $. @rt of Tagiuri,

Rflalo T.giwi dsnb.d lh. tobl dviomdt in e dsdialim, rh is, lh€

orssiational climle. .! cmpc€d of lour dih€.sio.s:

L Ecolog Efets 1o physical and malsial f&los i. the or8miation, lor qdple

3ire, .ge, d.sigrl' f4iliti6 Md codni@ ofthe buildinss. h ale rcfs b th.

t4nnob6/ $ed by pdple in fic otgdizlion dcsks a.d chaiN. ch.lk bdrdi

cldalos, wery lhins us€d !o cdry olt orseizalioMl aclivitres.

2, Mll.[ is tnc sial dindim in the oi8mizlrion. This includ6 viaully

evsrdi.g r.laling lo tne pe.pl. in the organi4lion. For exd9l€ ho{ @y

$ee oe dd what they d lik . This would irclude mq s.lary, lw.l of

lchesr de m@1. ard @dva1i@ ofsdulls, dd stlddts.

3. Sairl ry3t n r.f6 ro rh€ orglniali@rl md adhinidDrive $tulm ofln.

oryeizlion- Il imlud* how lhe *[@l is orgDiz€d, lhe woy is which

deisim c rud. and wh6 is inslved in n ljna tllcm.

4. Cultu. rc16 to lhe values, b.li.f syst€m, noms. od M)6 of l|)intins tlar

ft ch@ie.istics of p@pl€ in $e oreeizrtioD.

Lnwin sd SFingr ( l9?4) id.otifi.d fi cruial prcpsri6 of clinrrc rnd tsted tnd

in th€ laboDtory situdon, Scl up of $e snuadon wd, lhat thN ompfid euld b.

flg6eed in sinils pddwtion {d dsdopmdl wdts over a two'wel peiod, The lop

'Mag6 of cspade chG then qb ol noagel@l Dd re sivd insEulio6 on

how tn€ir conpoiF slDuld be M, O.e @npdy wB s.l up on highly authoritlria. Uns

dsi8! b euse $e powe. notives. Conmuicolion ws in w.itib& jo6s weE well

dclin.d, and $. pEsidal m.dc oI dcisioN, and litd. tm wa hn for indvidud! b

rhow initiativ., A s@6d conpMy wos orSanired along ftiodly demaElic lide,

dphGizi.g wm, niedly srking Elalimhjp iw d'd 1a3k tnd p.y atd

interpmnal issu6 re @nfonkd in daily trup n etings.

Th€ tnid cmpey rc dBisred for il lchiflilg climrle. Tne pBidmt fomulot d

obj6liv6 in coll.boilio wirh orh6 dcuris, allo*rd SDups ro dlblish thcir oM

prccedw, ad €st blisncd a @w.rd lr€ld for productvely dd coBlantly

cmmieting his dpeltiN of bigh p.d(me by showils appoval of eood m{.

Smdi2ing $e dala of Litwin and Stingd (1974) sinplili6 thar U.ir study

n.vqthel* job 3!tis6d, w hish ir @hicvirs ! frialdly dtnGphc di@tq low h lhe

Lilwin dd Strings ( 1968) id€ntiry six crucid pbpdtiB ofclin.|e:

2.

3.

4.

5.

Amnling lo Cool 0936), in effat otsrniationol ndbs @nbin pqce?tions or

rhet *o& dvimnno|l (s 3lEped by l8k stucture, twords daision hodling sd $

on) inro Fositiv. or f,€8ariv. .ftinrd6 thd in h in0@ beh.vior' Clinore ptodwd

uoaavowble or ncldiv. ltinld* *,no !hplo)6 fel ircotsisldci6 betw@ pesnal

expst tio6 and nd.genst pEc1ic6. Clinatc hs favoudble or positive noif6tatiots

vha nflb6 G nol dislrrled by tueldion - *hft o4qizati@l t@tic€s ed 46ls

e supportivc of Ftsd nds Soals .rd qpdhti@.

Davis K ( 1935) wril6 in his bok dEt Richard H. S (197?) describ.s al

L T.rk rlrrct!rc: M.tiodr io ccconplish a task *c had. lpeific

2. trd.rd - p! .bm rr.troltnlD: honotion, P!y, aid ol||s esErd, N

3. Dalilon entmliAlto!; hporlut deisiore @ @n.d ror toP oMs€oeni

A.Ua.nent .mDh$b: P@plc d6iE 10 do ilEi jobs ell atd conlribu|e lo

Tnidnt .rd ddelopb.rt dp[rilr O.g3nizalions suppon individual

p6lomdc. by appbp.iate l&inilg md d€velopnent,

Sdorlty $ Rirk Orgdizati@al pBu€s lqd 10 hdber uiefi6 ed

OD.!|B s d.t@siyda: P.otle cmmic.rc fEly E&6 lhm Fy lo

5,

6.

1,

8. Strtus dd nor.l.: Individual b.li4ca that $s orsuiation is . Sood pl*e lo

Cmphell O9?D h a Bi4 of orsdi4tional clite lls.Nn iddlifr.d lour

dim.nsions of org&izltionat climte 6mho. io a bunbd of oplrical climle sludics in

9, Re.gdrior .d leedb.ct| lndividuals knw whtl suFvis $jnt otlhcir

mrt rnd tgiv. suppon for good eorr.

IO. Org..b.dob.r.onp...rc .!d nqbUlty: The dgaizlio kmws ic s@lsr

elicipal6 poblni sd d4.lops n w nelhoddskills

Andesn (1934) in a wid ol !ch@l climate es@h us€d Tasiotit (1968)

typology of o€anizali@l climate lo €valuat. the clative impoi{ce aicnd io lh. four

clin.t din€nsions by $h@l clinal. Bedh!6 Sn cMe to rhe onclusion rhd $.

hljoriry ol f*toB n6u,rd by $h@l climlr. itul$ndts f€ll in the sial syslds .(t

cuttuil dinffiioni add knd5 !o igmE tl'. dino$oB of @logv and bilid

FordEd ed Gilrner (1964) idddff.d $c fiv. derqnin6 of o.sEizlriond clitut

2. Size and shaF

4. Stslfl s@nplqily

5. bad6hip style

a) Individu.l automy

b) Tbe degG ol siiuctN iopos€d upon the tcnion.

c) Rwatd di.nhtion

d) coBid.Dtio4 wth dd supporl

Th.s. djs@ims @ived suppon fon subGequ.nt astoF ealtzing nldrs by

tatolettc dd Si6 (1975), Wor.rs, RNh ed Badis, (1974); Jon6 md.tm6, (1979)

Muchidky, ( l9?6)i Pry.. sd PuCh ( 1976),

It M tuted h!w.vd. tnat a onnu$lity of ilds dd of outw.d ltpme of

lelou mi8ht hN. conrdbur€d 1o lh. GulB (cdpb.ll 1970), dd thal lhc nmb€r of

diimioB e6 perhaps loo few (ton6 ed Jd€s 1979),

2,7 IMPORTANCE OF THE ORGANTZATION CLIMATE

alugn (1970) d.sc.ib6 $e imponlre of o.goiational clidic in sh@b in

Orgeidional clim e ha beonc ! vhal od nuch ltldied conc.pt in ednotio.alIBmh od pr&tic.. To hav. s or8dization is 10 h.ve tu orgeizdonrl clinal.or $re rind. This climte will .nn6 mFibut to $e elIerivds of rhcorg&ialion in s..ring itt nflb€u *id ne€ds dd in scoriplishiDs is Boals, oril will contribul. to the inelt*rivd6s of $e orsmization in fulfiUing irsGponsibiliti€s (!p: l9{0).

Thorc (1976), in a @ifl ol oseizatio'.| clim& of $h6ls, 6mludcd,

"B@h should contink". Tbe c@c.pt of orsaianionrl clinar€ n lm inportmr ro

Tne ors$ianiond clihate, doulh suNsd.d by conc.'tual n6ulodl, od

dcfinition l prcblss, ns bm o popule conc@t tu dorizing dd G@h (Schrcido

lrd R€ich6, 1983). It is lh6e 6ftov6i6 lh.l prDmpled enc $@ris|s 1o @mludc thal

il b the tuziBt corc.pl (Cuion, l9?3) md mot mtusins dd univc6ally niundGlood

cohsdcl (Naylor el l98O). Howdd $esc comn€nrs did not sn b ob6.m or vitiale

the inpon@ of ih. ocepl.

Moe lho ! doa wies of tn. c@Eud hav. appotd, FoEhrd a.d Gilno

(1964); UMn a.d Srinser, (1963)i Cdpb.ll, (1970)r Helli.gcldd sloub, (1974)r

JMes $d jones, (19?4)r schn€id€r, (1975); Parne ed Pugh, (19?6)i Tbon6, (1976)l

Powcl dd B te.[eld, (19?8) AndNn, (1984)i Scnneidd, (198])i Rob.n C. Ow.ns,

{ | 98): Th* dids drd plodie|@ nunbq of,nic!6 od pdpds oi $e topic sF l oa

the si8rifi@ce oa the concefl in rhc li.ld of rhe orgoiztion. Il should b. rclcd,

howevd, ihal ih6. Biews have been very crilical of lhe conceptlalization dd

n*ln@6t ol thc climrie co.strwr.

Lindlowod M.adla(l93l)3pot€oltlEinporrdcolclimt inshdls-

Certainly lh. sadlfelion and mrale of shden|l ed sbft @ liSnd ir schd wnhhelfty clim.td lno in $b@l Mrh unhol$y clina&si inde€d, sh@l clinaremauree aE otlen o diet Efleclion ol salisf&tro. wnh ehool (p- l?5).

Gnioh (19?3), th@gh very cddc.l of the Frceived orgdiational clinare, sp.*s

of lhe inpon@ ot rh. cos1jet in rh6. wrds: -

The cobstkl...,., inpliqi by tic lcm o4anizlional clin.te, my b€ on of thendl inponet !o dd tn dinking oa induLial orgdianional psychologist ienny yes (!. 129).

For othe6, th. consttuct is iopondi b@ause it polidd a concepnEl linl belw*n

onalrsis at the orliDiztio.al l4el ed the individ!,l l4el (Litwin ed Sl.ineq, I963i

Patn ond M6fid4 | 9?l) tdr in tne pEdiclion of the orgoizlioal Pnmmtu dd is

a link with o&d orSanialioal coBlruLx fmi.g a mnologi.d ncl Field aid, in

undeulandins edploy* behavior i. qo* orysiation (Sclu.idcr, l9?5). hs pot€ntial

for d*nbin8 Md ud61oldins lhe beh.viot of individuals wi{in d orgdizlion

{H€[Fgel $d Slft@. l9?4r wood@ R,W !d Kiry D 1973),. is ! Etul devi4 fo.

ufttesLndins th. wly individuds strwluc t4d orgeirc the Fr@lions oa nEn m*

mviomdi (Naylof r.d llgo 1980).

Crllin A.B (2002) eFned Ml ol i@nm md adninislt 106 @ nol in lavor of

snid ru16 ar sh@|, Elfcnve *hdl 3h@ld povid€ aloop.ial! l4ning dd lming

oviM€rn. This 6vilmq{ is deli&d a 3tli. suptortire, dd aU(M for individual

2.8 MEASUR.EMENT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CLTMATE

To d.scribe and ass lh. clinate ol a shol F!iB:

L

2.

3,

The dev.lopnftt of a clsr con€pt of whd $e lcy fe!o6 @ in $.

iot@iion - influence .y$d $at de|min s clinale.

Thc ctstio of me mdnodr ol @lleting dara thn d*rib6 the laioB

(usully . p!p.r ad Fncil quqnimiE).

A poccdue by which th€ dotr hay b€ oalyzed dd uhinalely displayed in a

Lii@ll, $ores ol ways of dsdbing sd ssins org&ization l clinolB ol variour

kind! oforeanialim hrve bd pD,LEd in lhc lit dlc. Tne gst bulk oflh* M b.

di!mi$.d beaN lhey @ Iars.ly i.funive in mtule, giving litdc lnddon to cl@,

3ystqncic @ce?l ol lt. mllE ol clidt itelf 6 which ro d€velop d.legllhdin8 ard

dddsd'ds pded@, Thi l@v6 al ldt a &a wUnwebpcd si@dnc lppDEhs

$at hav. bd used in my kds of olgeiztiml *nings, @gin8 lon th€ cEws of

spoce caFul€s to unive6iti6, fen pnMcrof.wd cmpus to the flploras of thc ldge

ofiics. Bcause ou focu hee is on ed*alion, only clinale sesnql tehniques thd

dal speifically witn edMlisrl orysia1i6s Gchmb) re di$ussed.

Th. c@crpl of orsoizjtional cli@L hs ircl6ingly b@n. tnc f{s oa c wide

vdielt of E€rch srudi6. Howd6. n i! luftund.d by qc€pruar, dcfnnid.l sd

nqsiJmdt poblea. nr. divflity rnd cdlndiction in definilions" m*wmdl

rehniqus and osing eeJr ponptcd (cuion, l97l) ro $are "The comcpr of

orStuizational clinale is undoubtdly importel, but it .le sebs to be one ol tne fuzzie

concePls b sone alone in $nedm6 '

Jm6 ad ,68 (1974) in a Fvicw of orleialional clinale, thdry dd 6@h.

idotificd the a!pl@b6 ro die d.finirim &d n*l!a@r ol orgmizlIi@.| climal..

L TlEnultiplaI|j@u,ttBrdgoiatidatuibul6lpp|wh-

2. Thep@epiual-n6||@dt{gdiationaldtib[eappmfh.

3. n!. p@.plDal - n6u@or - individoal .ltibuls appMh.

]I

Ih. pd.fllal na5@ of olgraianio..l cli'nd. ha g.|Elcd li. Itar6l .||lMl of

te4h. how6. l|ic hs b6 wrd6y shdnd k a valid . naw ol

dg!ni2{id.l clim'lc a is d objctirc n6@.

Criri6.f!e lna,t ir sEh a nd@ chdraLrk3 or individud od o!Dj,{id @

@nfouxkd (Fddwd rd Guilnr, 1964, d6 md ,on6, l9?4).

Oui@ (1973) tound F..pru.t n|..sG ofdleit rioml .liturc in lh.r n b not dd

wno rd *,i!r c rhc 3ubjcl! of 3ndy, Hc @mal.d:

To ndr in dE fi.Id. how- th.c ffi lo b. . rEl @nfuio ow whc$d"clidc Ff6 lo naiburd oforgaizllid or aflribur. of p..Dlc (!.2 | ),

.,d6 ond Jd6 (1974) in d a[cnpr !o @lv. the i!*, $gt6tcd thc e of

"orgldzdioDl clitulc' lo E9r661o.soi2!dm.l .tdbul6 sd p6y.lblogic.t clinlr.-

io !!olE61 individud !nribd6. Th. isu. na bd rdtlss.d in t.uhhs of @dr*l

vdidity 3nldi6 Bilg difldl nctt doloSicd L.ldiqB (Dcxlct, l9??. How 1977,

JaF &d ,od l97d C.viI! l9?5; S.lddd6 sd Syrdd, l975idd ,ohrulon, | 9?6).

Th. .potseh io b. uscd in l|rL sody is ber ch@lai2cd b, J.e ..d J(,E

lt4, cleifiorion ol d.fditidd &d i..ffil pt|wh of dStdi2didd clindc,

i,e, O. "Fr.tnd-Ddu@61{r8raizlid orribrk aDpDeh.- Th. cliDr! i5

@iv.d ro b. . d...dpdvdorg6irridwialcd o., bul ir I@utld vi! FePd@ ot

individud n6ba* ,ob sftfanior 6 thc dh6 h!d, ie @iv.d io b. al!*rivd

individud didr.d. In ! Fcttud re@ of orglnialio..l clinL, $! Espo.dols e

in c|Ict atcd io igrbc th.ir fclinlr .bdn lh. or8rriadd &d natly dFib. o

indicn. lh. qrar ro which dh .rdd.d chlEraiB rh. oBAianion.

wirh rh. Nblicnion in 1963 of r !6aFh rlpofr tid.d 'Thc o4eizld l

qinarc of Sch6b", H.lpin a.w. ud ODA D,8,, rlE no{@ ol orinizlion.l clit r.s iolodEcd io .dEro6. E€.E of il! d.finitid, p..pl. in lhc oEoizlior

cxp€i4d o.8diz.liad clinat , tt.y erFd lntl FaP{im of d@ poplc gG a

Ihcr i&ndli.d two clun6 ol f&lors c clurr. c6irr.d of tw lets lb.r

d*rib. rhc r*h6' por.prio of . rah6 a . hut@ grolp,

hdn .a: lt d.gEof cidc.lEi6d.mngr*h6in rh.ehdk.

Irag.t [nt Thc dlgE 10 whict tehd @ inrclv.d ad @6i!.d lo ehid. lh.

E4l.li: Th..!p&s nbrol. ofdE gorp.

Hhdnoc: Thc qGnl io *iich t*h6 c rul€, ptF vqlq !d "!d! tri5!!lr6'a

inp€diig dEir rc& Th. o|[d clut6 of cliuL f&to6 {a thc @ll@liv. Dq!.9tio of

r4hd cffiiig tn. pri@iFl.

TlE.r Th. dyndic bdleid wirh wnich rlE FiEiFl !.rl r tud rdting qmplc

Cdrld.r.do!: Th. q16t ro $tdch rbc FiEip.l tu 3a a laning 1*h6 witt dirnity

Aloof!{: Tn q16i io snich Fimip.l tu dddb.d a miiliininS sbl di{&. (tor

q!.DlG, @ld od dirrDr or slm !d f.iqdly).

Pndocdo! .Ep[.d.: Thc qr6t ro which th. primip.l lric. !o 8d l*h6 ro vorh

hda (16 ddpL, $pdtuin8 cl@ly, b.in8 dir*rirq da ding cdE).

.ll

Halpin ed Coi'! central finding (bopd on iniial data obtained in sevoty one

subuod elemortry shools) wls lhar dsriplion of $e l@heB a o hunn scial eDup

tsd !o b€ lsociared with lle ie&hes' perc.ption of$e pnncipal in elalively consistat

pattcms, for €xuple, $he sb@h srid to hqv. s clN clin.te appo thus in lhe

psceflion of leichs, T4hqs lot hilily €nSoged in deir wort do nol wo* well

bgerher, dd lhor Dhi€vdo! s a g@u! ie nininal. Th. principol in such sch@l is

ss by the tdhe6 d i..rElive in lading th€n, 6 c@ting . 8mt d.il ol nindroce to

th.n mrk, ild s Nt inclin d lo b. @rc@.d lboul den F oml wellt Tah6 sel

|ntle satislDtim aon lh.ir wrk and mrolc b low Th. PrinciPal is s@ a almt sd

inpssd.l, od lods to urg. tah6 ro wk h.rd.r

st.m O. ( l9?0) dcvelop.d . dilt@r app@h ro rh. dsription dld n6ulm6r

of oeeizlional clinare. Th. b6ic ddoalc lhll oddliB slm's udqstading oa

climte €nd,r6 diedy fDn thc lsinie vicw out individuds dd sMp. in

orgdiations nst b. und6t@d in dic c@r.xt oa$eir inr.Eion. In this view bebnvior

is rclat€d lo both peson dd oviDnmal. Ellon5 |o sss $e clinate of a givd

orsrnialrd nus! thd.foE, n6uc bolh ch@lcnsdcs of individual od chmldislics

of the eov@.nenl as su. Tlt lwo key dinosiom $41 desribe $e org6izatioml

clinate of a $h@1, usinS lhe sh-slein Hoif o.geizlional clinale Index @

ddelopsor pEs md conrtol pss vhich combine io de$nbe its orgdizational clioaie,

As OCI orCdizarimrl climate ind€x hs b*n applied to a numbs of schoh, nomative

dou nave beo dwelop.d lhdt e lsful for int.rPreling de sco€ of m individul ehool

obviously, etooh with hign d*.lopmdl pre$ (that h. melinS lhe inlell4tuol-coenitive

v

.€.d. of l@nas dd rl$ lh.i. EidaFdool @.&) G sid.d *i|[ Sood dal of

fccdd ro d@ir. itriilri€ dd ttr tulfll 6.n ao60!.1 !..dr. Sctols lhd -ndia@dd (fo d!qL, 016, cloc epdirid! dir.ctiE l6ddstip) o lL odF n d

FDvidc e dilll:tMt lt t ofi6 ld oFortDity fd t rhd to erew ad develQ a

nrlurc pref63i@rl pe{ple

Concepturl Frrme Work of Orgrnlzitionsl CliDrt€ Descdpalon

Qu6tioDrli. (OCDGR)

ffiORGANZATIONAL

CLIMATE42

\th :w

In this study, six dimensions of & or8eialional clibde desription

qucstionnaircjevbed (oCDQ-RE), devclop.d by Hoy dd Clovs (1986), will be ced lo

m6ft r[. dganizationil clinal€ of sond.ry $h@ls b€aN it is ldy 3impl. ed

diGlly Ehled lo edEarid.

ThE dimmim elared to pincipsl beh.vioi

supportlve prln.lDol b.htvlor: r.Iels a bsic conc.m for

t@hm- Tne prihcipd lill€ns dd is opd lo l4n€r suesdions. Pnisc is

give. genuinely and frcqudtly, od ctiticisn is hmdld codructivcly

The conpehce of f&llly n epeled, and the PrinciFl erhibG a

FIu.l s w.ll a pref*iodl i.t6l in 14h6

Dlddv. prl8lp.l 6.n.ebr: i3 nsid, clo*lt s!p@is4 lhc

pnncip6t @inlaiN ocr.rt h@iioring od dltol ovd ,11 l@h.6 ed

$hml mriviti6, dom to lh. sEllld delail.

Rdtitctlv. prlNlprl b.hrvlor: is behavior lhar hitdm n$er oun

lacilirar€s r€cher worl. The p.i.cipol budds l@hm Pnh Paper wo*,

cmitte€ Equim6l3, ouli.. duli6, ed otnd ddods ftat inlc.Lrc

with their hhing BFmibilili6.

The di|]fui@ elalet b l@h€r b€hwioi

{a) Co[esi.l tqcher b.h.vloc suplons open tnd ptuf*ion]

i.l€@lioB moDs l€ch4, TcDh.N e soud of lher sch@I, djoy

wortins willl tn€ir coll€gues dd @ enthuia*ic, eceptang dd mullally

Gp€lful of their coll.osucs.

o) hllMt. tdch.. b.b.vloi tl$. e cohdiv. and sltung *irlelsrioN mone t*h6, Tchd trowr €&h o{!d w.ll N cl@. FMnol

fricn&, sializc ro&th6 GSulaly, ard pdvid. stolg sial luppon b

Dl6a.tql i6chr b.n.dor |.ahd e 3inply ponjnS ir lin. in

M-pod!.tiv. goup clTon; dEy h.v. m @nlrM eotls, 14 fal $.ir

Urvitr is ond n glriv. &d fidol ofth.ir collaaE dd dE chdL,

2.9 Orgrnizrdoml Clnrte rnd Job S.d .cdon R.l..lDntblp Sludt t

In d qFino|d 3hrdr, Ulwin ad Srrinsa (1968) toud U.r job 3.l|'f-tid

B hjeh6r in "rlfili.lim" inlu..d ctimt6, allliEly high in "&hiddda indued

climi.s ed low in'Do{€i' inda.d climt6.

Fri.dLrdd &ld M!rg!li6 (1969) ielud.d th. *ot rdc a modd.rd ir lhe

orsoiz.tioul clinltc .rd job lalisf!.lim r.lotiNhip. Th.y f@nd lhll cst in

o.!!i,rtid.l clihrn dii*im Fldicl.d q.rLin lrlc of job ethlelion f*los

Howd6, Elatjmhip s rFddr.d by oployFh.ld vdt v.lu6. AtMg lh@ fm

vnm s* M n@ inponsq u rlsialiotul cliMtc high in $Nl nAihiz.d

srisfedo; ddg |h@ for *hon M* ws ls iopor|rl, d dldirltio..l climtre

hish itr 6prit &d lw in diegrgqMt Minia slitfetion.

Dowy, Hdh.s.l. Pn.br ud Sl@um (19?4), fourd a 3i8Diff6l pcilivc

rl.tionrhip b€$6 o.8dialimd clin.le ed job s!tbf&1i6. Howds, lh*

r.htiNhiF $@ rDdolt d by dgsizlrioml l.vcl ed job p.do''mcq wh.n th.y

tdtially led out th. ellol of orgoizaliodl l{.1 dd job p.rfdn@q siedfi@l D$idve

ro odd orr€l.tioB lDBlomed to salrificut n gorivc p.rthl @ftlalios. On dE

b6is oflh* findings,lhcy @nclude4 orgeiaiio.al cli@te sd joh sligfrli@ m iol

riwld, Hrll. ard oldhm {19?4) in o srudy uring $idtisls fion a edh od

developneot dgdiation, rported 3ilrificet positive corelation betwm oryoizationtl

t-afolle(e &d Sim (19?5) Fponcd siSrilicol pcnive coreladon bet$M

orseizlionol clinal. felou snd ah of liv. job degiplive ird€x sal6 (a

Schleids ad Srrdd (19?5) ob64!d Elationship b<rw No n4u6 ofjob

slrisf&tio! ft n6@ of orSaiani@l clitutc ..d wa prdEtion nd tumoYc.

indd* ol oryetatiml efialivcn* in 50 iroulle ag@ie. I B sboM lhat a)

clinote md stisfelion n 6!6 e coclct d for p@ple in en€ Psitio. b) popl.

agr noc on lhe clinaF of lhcir agdcics tnm then sarisfelion c) .eilhd clinale nor

s.tislerion m sho.Sly coftl.ted vith rumova ddt d) salisfelion but Dol clinate is

corclaLd wilh Mover dot . lmplicoions ol lhs dot lor Es@h on orgdizarional

climL sd elif4lion a w.ll a orgoizoliotul cheg. wtr€ disus€d.

Rich.d &d Ra.llick I (2000) rcponc4 .dninnFaroB who positively rSard

teach6'wrl md profqliond t lol! obl6lhd for calgdd.lopndl dd rhN lh.y

€nha@ thc c!.hd'3 .x!.ni*.

M.hl,i (19?7) ha qmin.d thc implieli@ of dplot€s' @livalior od

orslniz.tiond dimal! on rc d p$icipriim i! n{.8@al. P@ incrp@Ml

cltlid .nd in.n*fiv. snid @lulion sa.d io b. hdd blct in m*6parlrcip.tior in mslgodl,

Irdcsm md Lirnrmi ( | 9?9) c@ht d fiv. diIm3ioN of sgai?rional cunale

i.€. 6pinl .u|ncily, faidB!' hlrdna rln dnili3lr.li@ with E o.l.d slisl&ti@ in

firc .@ i,c physicrl, sirl, 6t4n, utdDoy. !.lf &odiz{i@ rld wnh Feive

sF.visy 3tylc, Tncy foud . 3ignjfidr pcnivc r.l.tioNtip b.lvq the ovadl

poeptid a!'d thc ncd s.rirfadd ed p@t{io ot supqvi$ry ny'c. vuiN

din*i@ of Oe vsiabl6 3how.d dilfdl patt6.5 of Flari@hip.

Inddfu (197t na nudj.d rh.ladGhip iry'c.nd dglliz.rionrl clinde Th.

splc includ6 | 58 tah.B lis al8in6ing iturillnis, Il tu c@hd.d ild thc otqall

par.pti6 of tn. clihar., n..d slrnfalio! rd suFdilory !tyl. @Ela€ p6iliv.ly-

CEig (l9r) fould lh.l rehcF in oFn climd. $holr w@ mN saldcd tnm

thoe in clo* clinat *h@l' Simileu McEloy Epdl.d a FlaIio.hip hawd

dsdizrdoal climlc dd r@hd job stirferid, T4h6 *ho dhibncd a hirDd l*.1

ot slisferion lddcd ro pceiv. rhir *h@l clituLe a op6.

Vd*la (1980) h! ot€dcd tnlt rhc !.nicip.rim of wortd i! nugddl i3

b€!€d 6 a d.lm6tic ad@ sylron, Mich urh6 ptfhologicd cqudny @ong

individuk, op€r communiqtion nd.lJnosph.c ot ltult ttd dphah on D€rfomaft

.rhd thd d powd dd 3tdu3, H. hs e!r.<loDt wha individuds .l . lcvel, $arN or

pGirion do nor p.nicip.rc how b ir logic.uy rrd Fychologicrlly po.siblc lo cxp€l

p@plc lren th. low6l Mtr to b. involv.d h 3ah . pra.s lrld the lpF.priol vtlue

sFd k inc!.liz.d in m oqr.ialion?

Nicl (1980).xdir.d dE p|ldiclioi ofjob Gl.t d lniudB llm oreaidddal

climdc din@i@. Th. qu6dlMic lh.r |hcy adnilin.rEd mlaiftd dM

di||6io$ of o4rnianiond clinn .bog wnn sEdl n6G of job sdtufdlion,

pr.pdsiry io 14. lrd job Flalcd di.ty. Eeh odtud. vai.bl. va Ec6.d d dE

d.6 climr. diIfui@3 eirh th. @ ol{.rwi* nullipl. Eg@i@. Tn dindid

oBsiatioid cl{iry m.'ggl a lh. Ml ti8nilidl Ftdictor fd 4h of rhc $r out

c@. vdi!b16. Th. dinmid of p.fomec. w{d d.tEndm dEibucl

sisnin6{y lo UE Fldictim of job e&t&tion ..d poFrtity !o law but mr ro thc

Konmj! ( l98l ) cddsLd . lndy m lh. p4lptid of qgeiz.rimal clidne in

Dublic cio.- Rsl|l indic.r.d |h|t ln@ b m lignidcdl dl.timhiP bcrwa

Foducliviry drd lhe pocprid of oguiz.tiond clidle whcnd th. pcs.piio. a

Dosnive q ncldirc. R6ull! ds indicltcd th!1 tlr elltiGhip bcru@i pc@pri@ of

orsdiationd climtc 4d job tcnrc s M*igdf'cul.

Krislm (1984) did lh. irvdrigalio on Atruio od Indifl flp,oyg of

@uf&tuing cmpdi6. Thcy @npl.t d lh.9cid job elisf&rion ad orsaiztional

climt *de. R.gesion dElFis show.d thi l€d.Bhip sryle, t nr., muicalioni

pax seu.ity md porliciFrim in d@hion matiDg w@ sisDifictul conpohals orjob

salisfelioh for Anrices sh@a mogi1ition, advMcmdl, imovalion, chmge sd

rbsmceorin-depanftdhl conflicts w.esisnilican y ihs orjob stisfaction in India.

Ked.n (1985) adminisler€d . polil. ol oryeizlional chdeteristics md ned

satisfedo q61ioDairc io bdl ofiic4. R6ult3 itrdicare tlur rhe bdkag ory4iatio.al

climte w6 @nsult live md paniciplrive. Th€a wG a pdeived d€lici*y fulfiunol i.

all Ned o@5 {swily' *lt-dm. allomny, ad self{rulizalior)- Trce w 6

sicnifi@r negdir @@ladon b.twa lhc n..d lor 6ten od de orgrnianional clid.re

ths indicariry lnar die pca.ptid b@n6 n.g.live qtq |he ne€dr e d.?riv€d.

Depedq Kllingd rnd PBIosm llldi.d orgMiatlotal climte in 186 btscnB of

Mdonalized berks. Th€y conchd.d lltat popL on.ntcd supeflision csld a fivoEblc

clim&, dd bwal@ric ondd slt dision c@red tu u.lavodble clinate. They.le

conclud.d tnal noh-ffmdal Ewords rlpoDsibilily md psple oriehted $p€nision *d

pcniv.ly corelot€d wilh job salisfelim.

Solohon (1986) eopirically inv6tigat d and conpaed job ch@tdislics atd

ors izatio.al climt in th€ privar€ {d plblic dloi T@ Mys ealtsis orEisce ror

p.ivate ffi public od production v6$ @ie orlididid w@ perf(med. R6ults

yi.ld.d signifi@l dif.ltre bel9€n privaL ed public st6.

Surr! (1987) invslig.tol tl.te Flariombip betwq job sthf&lion dd

organiatio..l clinal€, mons junior md hiddle level nmagd of cotrEl govmmdt.

Findinls indic{e lnat juior dd niddle lev.l p.EQlion of orsmiatioal clinate &d jott

srillerio ws 3ignincdt coRlarql .nd $ar d* t& l4els 6r ndagod did .ot

dif.r in $.i. Feflron of job etisf*rion 6d oryeiztiml clinale. An nd (198t)

invstiSat d the ElorioDsnip of mmaiivc qpelarim, orgdizlid.l clihale dd

l@dc6hip io oploy€e\ int€emtion, in lour Indid public seid indslri*. D.lo indieted

thai orgEizotioml clinot€ was p'oductive and integralio. wos sisnificdntly €loted lo

slD.Nhory ed pd l€admnip. His findirgs also suge€sted tnat supwisory lead.Fhip

fdilitatd inl.Sration noE thd pq EldtioB.

Roiir BoSld (2m4) irv6lig.ted lhc rclalims[ip bdvd oesianio.al

cmhitndt ard i@hs dpow€mnl, Tt!. lindings ddnoretrab rhat t numbcr ot

lehd dpow@st dimmios hovc d inpact on o!!con6 in |he scnml stlings.

Anand (1937) @npnEd $e Fsponps of high ed low ehi€vet sch@ls on lhe

dim€nsion oi eh@l orgdizalioml clinale, (pnv{e vs. public) and teehcar job

stbf*tion. Rsuls pden lh. sig'incol diff@bc. b€twq hish dd low .chi€vq

$heb on the dinsion of diseagltnol, alid.rioq €spint, ad onrml tnd prcdlcllo.

dph6i' Teheu job etsl4lim s nol eienili@dy diffmt liom tlblic hi$ od

bw enicvd or bdwm govmr hiSh lrd low a.hievm. How*.r ldcl of t*h4

job etisiocrion *d higls in public sch@l tdhds

R.isi R.a (1988) nodi.<l dE El.rimhip h.t*d dgrnizlridd clin.r. ed

l*h6 elclcd dcnogEphic inlmdion ro r4h6 job $llsl&lion. CftEl @nclsi@

|h.r @ld b. d6M foo hL lrudy it 0!.t bo$ orgei?jlioncl dimL !d &ooglpnic

chctdiltic3 G lisnificdlly El.r.<t io tahd jo6 sri3f&rion a p.c.iv.d b,

sondrry $h@l rch6.

Domhu. (lt8l).nd Aminah (|982) Elort d inrimt dimdim ro b. posirivcly Elatcd

to €d@tols job sartuf&lio!. Sinil&lr hold6 fand lh. iirinl.lc diMsid ro be

Isiliv.ly El.t.d to .ll ,Dl 3lbsdci .rc@l pomrios FE.iv.d by r.shd.

Mthn ( 1992) inv6dsar.d whdhd cgDtiriosl clinlr. Fr.prio innlae thc

t*ling of oryuizrtionrl comn nat !d job sllhferid b€rren pdvd. ed plblic

€106, R6ulrs indiqr.d lhar th@ is a 3igrilican difr.@. bct@n |h. plivl|C .nd

public clor with Egnd lo climrl., cdmion6! clid.L .rd elbfrti@ Rclnio8hip

on Mn dimdsionr a sp. lor rdvmddl Don lary b*fitr, objetivily, Eliondity,

EoSnili@ sd appeia o! ldining !d edwatid dd Elle f-ini6 lw de foud

H.yar S. (198) srudi.d lh. orBdianionl clinar., job s rlador ad cl.ssJlm

pdfo!ruc. of collcS. tdh6. Ac@rdiig to hio, lh. job erjsf&don of mu.g. lah6

wE pcniv.ly &d signifiorly cl.r.d lo op.n .d .wom@B clinatc.

FEd.ric J.Cr.tlo (2ml) inGtig.r.d d! r.l.dondri! b.Na or8si.rtion.l

clidat ed job $risferim. R6dB indid.d rhd mry sigrifi{l Fl.riGhip3 lotlxl

h.rws or8dizri@l climaG sd job 3!rLt*do vdi.bl6. Evaludo hld rhc gall6r

.Iicr d job $li3fmti6 vei!bt6.

2.10 Job S.dsf.calon: Hbtorlc.l Ov€nlew

The val esoEh donc d job eth|.clion rcfiers vaoN faclon Oal condbule lo

@rke6' salisfelion with theirjobs, L&kd (19?6) corcgori*d thEe diff€Ent approrchd

lhol have b€n usql to srudy job satisliFrion, ln rhc 1920s th€ feus wd on phFical

worlring co.dnionsi physlcal mng.r.nt of $e Nort! end pay, The nms rcl'ioB

ape|l of job sarisfmlion, which qplorcd $e si.l ole of lhe wort emup Md Oe

inp&l of Sood supwiery dlotionship, wrc crphsizert in rhe l9l0s. fic nexl rrmd

de.ged in lhe lare 1950s dd dly l96os ond gdined lhe aahB ol in€ wdk irelf

l]l{ pDduc. job slisf&tiM.

Job slisfflim studie in Oe Unitcd 3r.16 h.ve tlEir tuts in lh. ony

dplohri@t of indulry's @ncm wnh wts ro impovc prrdurivny (ctuebqg, l9?9).

one of |ne fid srudi6 lo dmine thc ebdoNhip oa lnc phlsical driremdr dd

*!(t6 piodNtitty wd cMied our by FEdrict Trylor (19??) al lhe Bd end

Slelworts. In thc ht I920s eotla idtonal stldy ws @ndlcled rt the Handome

Works ofdc \{cstm El{ttic Conpdy in Chiogo, *h.t b.gd in 192? 6 & atbnpt to

idendry dE elatioship bctwM sortins @nditiom &d phlBh.l @ndilions rt lhe pldt,

ended with |he mliztion lhal $cial felou rDd worlm expelarioN had tne g@16r

imp@t oh job satisficlion.

Tne tuwlhome studis gavc eay lo exieosive rs@h on lne hulliplicny of

l&106 involved i. job slisfelion. Hopp@k (1915) Bisd lie holion lhat n may @r be

Fsibl€ lo disociot job s.lhfeiion wi$ other sarisf@tioos in life, In his famous

monosnph, Job sltisj.clio4 lloppock (1t35) sla|e, $at fdily rlatioNhip, bealth,

El.tive si.l !t l$ in rh. comuity, .d a mullitud. of olto fe!o6 my be jBt simpond a $. job ns.lf in d.rming whn w€ t drirely chc.lo cdu sarirl$rion,

HopDet sumdiad th.t job $lbf&ti6 @uld b. d tuncrion ol Bo@l

elirt*rid whh lif., Cnh.b.rg (1979) @ne lhrt Hop!@t'i appm-n to.iob

stirf&rim is typic.l of My nurliB @ndNt d rinc. $. 1935 mrcrnph, CM€bsg

st.l6 thd $is lpptwh Nun6 tht "if dE pnla ot. vsiau. in dE wo.t sioatio!

lclds ro $rb|..tio! tho ir .bsB. will lsd lo job di!dnf&io!.,.' (t, 7),

Cr)d6lin8 m lh. erli6r 3rudid of godd lif. etbf*tio .!rd job saftaelio,

Batfi.ld. W.llsr &d Str.L (1951) no{c rlar e i.v6dg.rid by W6ley ol$c Univdiry

ol Mim6dr srld.nB in 1939 fo!.d rh.t adod. ioMlds lllc job w6 3ignifMdy ed

podniEly chr.d to liL in gddl. w6l.y u!.d $c Uop@t.lob S.ri.f&tio Bldk !trd

rh. tundquisl-Sleno MoEl. Scrlc to sFry 2ll dploycd dd6 12 )@6 .Rd thcir

.frlMl ar lh. uniEilt Hb an lysis ddld a O,3l @ftlotion b.rw rhc tm

m4uB. Bhudo sd KoFlne (1980) nudi.d l|ic hodddrilg .ltel! of s.vsal

veilble rel.Ld lo @upltior !s. ed uh€nizltid. Tr'. t€@hm ui.d ! Blob.l

m*c of gffil lif. s!lirl&ri@, . globd m..s@ orjob $tbl*rio4 r.d . feer,

speific m4w of job slIhf*rid in O.ir 3ludy oa9l I neds of h@$lFl& !o qmirc

$e Ekdonship b€rvg job .rd lif. 3nirledon &d speilic vdiabl6, Th. modc.aling

vei.bl6 choffi for th. 3rudy w. b.r.d d $. findinSr ol d.ir poritivc Elatioship !o

o@parior ase &d ubei4li6 in olh6 |6ffh, Th.y foud cviddc. thlt $e vsi.bl6

sMied (wnich inclldcd @up.iionrl l*el, .ducadon, iMmq Fll-mployd@t ag., job

long*ity, od eid.nddl city rie) pciliv.ly nod@t d $c rhrichip beiw*n job

satisl*ti@.d lile salif&ion. Abough wid.ly studi.d od dieusd in th. lir€Elu€,

sn c@h6 beliqc lhar studi6 linti ng job sarisaaction ed lire sarislanio. @ rm

sinplisiic. R!in, Ldq dd Sleins\ (l9l) 0nalysis ol four lit mlue Evi€s done in lhe

193tu on lhe Eloriomhip berwan job slrisa&tion &l life lrtisfctim fo$d $ar the

"spillovF hypornai" ws suh6tmrially noE suppon€d in lh. studie- Rain d al. (1991)

dsdbed the spillov€r ht?o$esis 6 job s.dsfetion nd lia€ sotisfaclion eh itluocing

the oth6, The Mhe. mai.|liN that lhe majonty of lh* sludis d &setic.l p@ilion

is rot r*o rnd ih{ job slislalim is jan s@ed td afiar lir. ..risr@lim.

The inhi.sic fdluc of i6e e*, or how pople Gcl aboui 1ne.at@ ol th. job

ta3ks, hav. bm purlorlcd to be in$Menld i. p'lducins job salisfrclion (Hekmm &

Oldhm (1971), H€rzts, MaMq, Per.M4 & C.pwU, (195?), Hezbdg, Macnq, &

snydmd, (1959), Driscoll & shiey (198t). Cdpbell & Dme|le (1971). AnonS lhe

iirdnsic aaclos frsquen y BsNiat€d {it! job mtisimtioi qB rcqunihS sueess 6d

Gognilim, b€ilg abl. to tpply tr !e skilh, sd f€eling ennwhile md involvcd i. |n€

job (Crunebs& l9?9). In d dlsiv. job sarisrerion liLEtw Pis, H.zrHsl

Mausn€r, PelejM, md C0pw.ll ( 195?) folnd that $e inlnrsic naluE of the job was ciled

mst frcquorly s a ldgitldinar sdple M @nd@led by Valqlin€ dd Dicr b

der.miG rh. Miation bctwa job adtud6 dd vtriNs job norivalm RsulG lon

$€ sludy showed lhdt inlrinsic lelon such s high i.volvmol Md €nhdced sell_Bl.fl

w€e ! signil'rcml pEdictor ofjob 6[itud.s monS older mrkc6 Doris SD.malo(2001)

mre ir his rh6is' lhal orh6 3rirdi€ he lound qkdal l*!on, d l4tu6 of thcjob lhal

e exr.mal lo the wort, i.ltue@ job eti{&lion (Bhyli.ld, W€lh & Stdiq l9sl),

Cftnd & Buctlcy (19 ), DNhrnc & MrniD (2000), CEhm (1966), Hulin & Smith

(1965), P.a]s (19|), LE & wibu(198t), t bbe, Hst d. & Fffill093), Mrnii

& S.hinkc (198). b l99l Clllup PollolAmcricu mr*d fo'bJ rh shileAndios

r@ 't@

erisfiei wnn lhe in|.rgl ld.l of rh.ir mrt ed lne .lMl of 6nt*t wirh

olh€r p@plc ndy moE wm disattficd wilh frirge b*li& and opponuities lor

Siluatooal trtor have bq shown ro alfet job stisfaction. Tnis appn@h egu€r

that job slisfaclid con6 lbn lhe r.tue of $e job or so* dvin)mot (hdge, Leke,

& Burhd l9?). One situ.lional l4ior @ialed wilh job Flisfelion is job l*el.

Bcae hiehdleel joh6 ft gddlly hod @otlci dd rquje galer stiu divsily.

|n., oR6 havc beftd mrting oditioB Dd h€ncfils. h m. srudy €xdining $e elTets

of Frko job ldel @ job satbf*lid, Robic, Rtu, Scnnid6, Par!. ed Snnn (I98)

studied 440 hospital dployes, Job l*.1 wa as*ed tloud th€ us of lour m6!r.s

ad job sotisfelion w6 n€aur€d by lh. job desnpdve index. Robie el. al. (1998)

Eponed a onsislehtly siSriffcoht positive Glationship b€lwd lie naum oljob l.vel

Nwstron J,W. (1986) delined job satirlactioD, as ir is a set of favomble or

unlavmble f@lihgs wfth wnich mployee viw theh worL (p.109).

2.ll DetinitioN of Job Srlirfictlonl

The cmc€pr ofjob sarisfarion is e oul8D$ah of hmm elarioG lwflmr rhal

b€gd wilh the clsic Ho*domc audi6 in rh€ l.re 192ft. sim.lhis dne. nudEds,

perhals tlFusands of Gedh sludid have tll8n ple. ro delernine what f*!o6 cN*

wo* to be both saGfyin8 Md disatbfying,

Accordjng to Bhylield and Rothc ( l95l ), job .aGr4lion rcf€a to $e i.dividuol s

arilude (feling) loward his sork. Spelor ( | 956) d€fined job stisfolion s howpople

tel abolt $en johs and difi.Ml aspcr. ol then johs." A@rding !o Huch (1981), job

satisf&tj@ will be defmel a "rlE dount oa oveEil posnive afret (of reling) rhnl

individuals bave bNards lheirjobs, '

Amding to v@n (1964), "Job s.risf&rion Ete6 lo th€ pcnive all4uve

oridlalion ol i.dividurls towards lhc erk ole which lhey de pamdy @upying

(p.99). Hoppoct (1915), defined job sothlirction as "aty combimlion of psycbological,

physiolosical ond avno.menlal circumsldce thal cause a D€Mn liu&rully lo sry, i om

satislied wnh nyjob ip.4?).

A@ding !o Kmils F.E (1985). lh. rcm job sainhdon h gflmlly llkfl to

n6 &€ mploye s B@El !nn!d. ioMrd certlin sper of job: $e wo.t ir$lf.

supsvi$r, ssrt4, ed $ m.

Smilh !d Hulin (1969) viw j6b lrtBktion a th. f*lin8s a rcrk€r h6 !bo!l

lhsirjob' (p.6). AcodinS to lnk (19?6), job salisbciion h "lh. pleauable .motional

s|rle Buhing fton 0'e lppEiel of one s job a achiaing or feilitotin8 onel job valu6'

(!.110). Keren {1961) noi6,'lr hc bc€n ono lfl{t d d'ar $c tcf,n !o[ Salisacrid'

is dplor€d in a vai.ly ol wrt6.

,ob Salisl@lion is e anitude, which Esults fon a baldce md sumnarion ol

nmy s?eiic lik6 $d dislite dpsi@.d in @ii@lio. wilh the job.

2.12 Theorlesof job s.tturrc.ion:

We have disc6s€d $. defDilioN ofjob slisf&tioh, bu iol ib eladoship to

orhd Eiablesr which is a maus for rh6+ Lulhs F (19?) ha clsifi.d th6d6 or

job 3arisfation sEh rs conrent lhon6, pm6s lnon6, equity tneon* ed anriburio.

Ar [d no..y wd f.ll to be lnc mly imarive $d thd ! little lard n *s f.lt oEt

ince.li!6 imlude {o*ins condiliotu, sftlriry, rnd Frhap! r dmocalic slylc of

superyision (hunu El.tioos). M@ ecndy $e ontent of molivotion hs bm dmed

lo h. sallcd Hi8h.r leel n edr or noliv6 sEh 6 6l@m dd self-rl!.liarid

(Mrslow)t Espo.sibility, €osnilion, ehidmo! &d .dvdcmdl (Hwbery); ed

goMh md psonal dcvelopnmt (Ald.rf.t.

M.dd" Hl.nrchy of N..d.

Malow (1954) iddlified fiE ld.b in his ne.d hiruhy. They m in bnei 1h.

l. PhyrlologL.l m.dr: Tn fud.nol.l biolosic.l c63ilie ofde huru

orgdim (h!ogd. ilNt, sl*p, dd air, .ic.)

2. Sof.rt ...dt: Th. scond lq.lofn.€ds Nshly cqui!.ldr b lle suiiyr€cd! 6idty pl.trs, 6idl haltl illsl,lie, @ployc abl,.@ pl@, p.y

3. Sshl rc..|. .!d b€longln$4: This $ird tr int mldi.te ldel of rcd!

l@ly coflqpoD& io th. aftciion ald .mlidior n cdr (p|Dtetior fom.l

td infmil wtgnD or ram .rc.)

4- E1@ !..d.: TIE ned for powa, *hisne rn 3i'rB ce h. @nsiddd

pat of thb ldel, &les, srat$ synbols, porclioN, bdnqu.ls, &hievmcnl!

5. Sdf{cr!.[zrdor Il b t[G F$. ! nEriradd ro rNlm Fcplid of !.lfitrro Ediry (Mimu rchicBor dd dcv.loprmr of m€t p.rari.l,

p@.d go$nh, slizaior of potcntial etc, ).

&d'.|.'Ebq|*|r@

Pqrd ( 1962) dwelop.d tnc ned salisf&tid qu6ti@aic ba€d on Mslow s fi$ry,

NminS $!r dc disEp4y h.rw6 4tual ed {ksned fted fulfillnot @ d index or

ScSbvmi (1967) used nodi6.d vsior of n€€d s bf&ion qu6iiom.ie with

edu.ros. Ttey EFn.d dd ihe laecar ned d.icimid lior all €dudoB (*n@l

te*hs dd adninislnlots) w@ in 6tm, Nto@ny ald s.lf{tulizlion. Tach6 in

cmpsien to odninislr.lon w found to indisle g@td need delicidcie in lhe

6led clle8ory whe|a .rnrinkblr. rponed ls dten d.licimi6 bul mrc *lf-

otualiztion deficiftci6.

XriB od Miktein (1985), i. a srudy of high $h@l cachets b.sen on M6low s

rh6ry, r.Coried a signifiMr Fl.rimsnip b.twdjob ralbletion ard need tulfillmal.

E zb.rgt TwcF.ctor Thory:

Hdbeg (l%6) exlended lhe wo|k ol Mslow od d.v€lQed a spmific @tat

tn@.y. H. conducr.d a widcly repon d nodrrionar study on rbod 2m a@M|.trts dd

mgin.6 dplold by fims. Ee ued rhe criricrl incidnr herhod of obt.ining d.la for

dalysis, The prcfessional subjers in lhe 3tudy weG €smtially aked lwo quesiions:

l. Whd did you fcl particuldly good aloul youjob - whal im.d yo! o.?

2, Wtm did you f*l dceprionally bad lbour youjob whlt tum.d rou oftl

Tabulalins tn€se clons !s g@d ed bad felins, Hdbdg conclud€d lhar job

salisfis @ rcla&d io job mrol a.d rhlt jo} disarisfi.B re alli€d to job conlexr

H@bos hbel.d dc erh66 'erivatoB' md cdl€d rh€ disftis hyga@' f&rc_

A: Hvqieft factort. Compdy policy dld adninisrfioB

B: Moth.ton

HygleDcl

ll.r|n.itr dtu&r rrirr rr..r (frs 3,d rtrJ)

I

I

The 1n6ry b6 bq t6tql in educaiionat sdlings SdgiovMi TJ (t96?) replicaled

H€zbds\ study wnn lan€6. Hc ddonslEidj lhat laclou which eoulen for hid' jot

felings of r€rchq (nolivatm) md felo which ecountcd for lov job felinss

(hygise) of l€ohd werc mutuauy exclusive Achiev.ment, rsognnio dd

epoosibility wd€ f&toN which accounted prcdohinatelv |or l@hs job sltfaction

Inreipdsonal al,tio.s, subordinatd-peem, ruF.flhionrdhni.ar' scn@l policv md

administrdion w{e fmtos thal conlributed Ptdoninrt lv lo l@chef joh dissatisf&lion

Advocmol dd sork n*lf, howws did .ot app.s s elisfifi Worlr itself .pp@&d

b be lh. sNe of bo$ etisferion ed distisf*tion

Holdryly (19?3) Eponed $al colrlnion, Bpoisibinv' *hiwddt,

advm@a! !d job *uiry wd aould t be $w6 or erisf&tim fd i@h6

wortirs ddllions, odninbralim, polici6 ed supdvnim !@ p@iv€d to b' erc

of distisfa.tion. Hovdd, ebrioNhips Pith 14hs ed Flary d onpdsali@ Y€e

both $ujG of dnr&tion sd disetisfeti4. Rolph Sa!o9., 0 9?6), Ni's inl*'4s lo

oblain dlta fM Gorgio l4chs, €pon.d tnal H@bd€! $@ry Ps eeneEnv

support€d, 6 did Rodney wic*slrom if, Eponing a studv of laheu in lhe pslince of

cdda. s.nnidt (19?6) ltudied 132 high $h@l priocipoh in dislricb i. chicago slbubs

ond foud that .sain the twef4tor rn6ry lpp@ed to b. sro.Clv supponed bv these

$nol adoinislralon, indicatinS lnsl Hognition, &hiev.menl and adecmst @

najor foes in mtivalins $en to lin $.ir p.rfomde to aplbeh lnor Minm

Luihu F (1997) d€scrib€s lhet coot.ols lhmri* aftempt io idenlily sbat

molivo!€s p@ple al vork (lor .xmpl., sclf-elualiatio., F posibilily, otd gbs0')i tbey

rryro spdifycofthtes ofnodvai.d bchalior Tn pt6.s $@ns on d€ other hdd, e

norc conmed with cogriliv. stc.dd$ th.t go inlo notivalion or €fftr1s eq noE

impone! eirh th. way lncy Elor.d ro on. dolhd.

Vrood'. .!tel.Gy th@ry: Vmn trFd.l b built mud th. concepi or valmce,

insrum.dny and dp{t rcy dld is @m.ly c.lled lh. VIE Tnorv Bv vdftq

VF@ nm th. strsgd' otd ildividu.l! pElffic ln. P&liculdoutcone olhs

lm lhar nisl be B.d iNludq vdu., incdlitc, !|dl!& lnd qpe@d ulilitv Amth6

tujor vdiablc ir ln. v!D6 nouvali@.I pdd i3 €xp€r.my EiFr.mv in vmn's

|hryy h lne pDb6bilily th.l a P.nicule ed@ or €ITon will lad lo a panio!tr li6l ldel

1196 (1971), dd SDdror (1956), h.v.8r!.d that u individu.lt cf€live

'wio! dep6& uFn the di$Epdcy bawm *hal hi envirment olrd d wnal he

otbins, dd wh!1 he hs .dopr.d io or dpe15 (L@l l9?6)

Therc re how4e, . .!nbd of st!di6, whicn uDddcoEd rh. imporlmce of

dp4latioN in undst.ndins job slhli{lion. s.ott Md \vsnow have indicated lhdt

givi.s individual a moe slhtic job pEvi4 (tc.lhlic dP@ttlions) or the orFnizlion

lhey join aM lhe rele fiey will b. playing h$ a posnive e{fei @ job saGfelion,

Expelalion lnsry of s.thfoction which BDphy includ€s in tlh calegory n bded

upon the hr?o$Bis th.t an individusl'3 de8@ of sotisaaction with any elility l€tdins

loNatd a Boal h s invde tuncliot ollhe l4.l olhh p@eived prcbabilily of atbinine

th€ goal, boUr in siiualioN wnat lhe goal is sttaioed sd litladon when it is nol ataihed "

lhe Port r-Ldsl.r Mod.lr Pond snd L.wld refioed dd dGnded Vmom (for exdple

lhe relationsnips e sxpE$€d diagMdaticdly nlher lhd oatlmalically, $@ ore

noE vdio!16, dd lhe cogitiv. pe* of pdsplid plars a c4lEl tole). Podd sd

kwls poiDt d out lhar etton (foM or notjvdion) dds nol lcad dedy lo Pslbm{ce

!r is m.diar.d by aliulid dd lroil! dd by ol. p@eplitu.

MN impondt in dE Pond-Llqld model k what hat9.N tltr th€ p€rf(Mce.

The Nanrs thal follow sd how th* @ Flciv.d wiu d.rmin. s! tuf&don. In olhr

Mnl\ Pons-Lawl6 nodcl sulgds dd this is . sisnificdl lm or d.nrs lion

tradirional driikine - lhd p.rfomm. lads lo ertf&rion-

hlnm F. nored thlr lhc Pond Md L.wlr nodel hs d€tuit lv nad€ a

sisnifi@l cmlribulid io the bdtr utddtnnding of srk norivltiot ud rcladonshap

b€twq pqfme dd elitletion, bul, lo d!te, il ha not had nuci impet on rh€

ctud p@rice of nums tsNc nu.8ddl, Y.l the qp*itfty nDdel pDvidd certain

Equlty Tbcory:

crdii lor equily lhory is uu.lly 8iv.n !o lhe sial FFholosist Adms J.S.

(1963).In sinple t€ms $e $eory dgu.! $!t. major inp inlojob!€rfomdceand

slisfetion is $e de8@ ofeqoity (of io.qlily) thal peple t€rceive it then rcrt

situ.tion. ln otn€r words, it is anothcr corritively bscd moiilalion thmry sd Adms

depicls how $is notivaion ecu6.

Incquity ccuu $th ! pdd p(tdB lh{ tl. dlio ot hi! q hd oulcoc lo

inDu! .nd ttE 6lio ol Eldel ofi6 @ dlcon6 lo inpul r uncqual.

aorh $. inpuF dd drc oupu5 of lh. Fs..nd $c o$- G ba.d lpor th.

pas ! p@plion3, Agc s, cdsltio, cid rt fu!, dSdi4ti@l Po6ili@3,

quliftcdi@ .d hw hld the PaM edb e adPl6 otp@civ.d inP'n tuilu6.

otroc @nrid DriMily ol w.rdr sh s Pty, !lns, p@don dd i ridic

fdo€ in dE job. tr M, d€ nrio is bs.d $on dlc Flu'3 F!.Pri6 of Md lh.

Fs i3 iviiS (iip!t3) dd E.ivi.s (olncm6) v6s dE t{io or whrr th. Elddl

o0!r t giving td eciin&

Adrro (t96r). hs sludicd l|i. imper d.r Feird $.r @.iFvnd ha or

.quny, His ftrdin8' 3ug86t 0ut $qt B pclq qu.hblc Fvmdl to otrFvndt

Wdtd on ri@Er. itudiivc 3Frdn stD tcl oqp.id will F<bc. lh.ir Fodwftny it

MN MnM, hl'vwd. b fi. .e ol p69lc *tD lel od.lDqid (dmc) o

owMl.d (inpuo in cldi6 ro orh.B in t[. wql Pt!c. ln lh. l.flcr ca.' ltc wld

b. horisdon lo croE.quny in ! sy rh|| D.y b. dkt@lid.l fM r orStnirlt@d

nlxlpoitrt Fd .implq lh. m of d tpdire sroe in Oethnd, C.lifomi+ .lloetd

hir sndoyd io 5.t lhar M stge. Int6hn8ly, nm of lh. 4PlovG r@t o

itu6. in p.y, {d on. swic. tM snllly sd.d d loB po, be.@ hc did nol wdl

Hicd6 of tlory @ncditrg $. ctfcl! or ud6Fvndl lad ro job

djt{risledon. Ho*ffi d!. clTcL of @sD.yndt & 1 b6r linirc4 Jolu 0992). Job

sarisferioh reorch thrt hs stsi,ically t6lcd lbe lalidily of Adms equny theory has

Attribution Theory:

w.llrnoM *it] D.y.hologi3t H@B rsu.y 3irBs6 lhal sllributid tlsry dols

ndi.ly wi& the cosnitiv. tMds6 by ehich e individul inl.rPels beh.vio.6 bo.8

caus€d by (or atbibut d !o c€nlin p.ns or thc GlGvDt nvidm40

Heido helid€d $!t hoth imml l@6 (!@61 alitibul* s*h 6 abililv. .fon

s.d farisu.) dd cxt€mat frc (dviFnnqlal altibut6 luch a ru16 dd the wsthd)

mbin. addiliwly lo d.rmift bdavid. H. 3lBt d $ar n is th€ p€a.ive4 rct the

etual dctnDindn ltEr @ inpdldl lo bch.vioi P@pl. will t hive diff.mdv if thev

Feive inldal lnribll6 lhm lh.y will if th.y pfl.ivc cxth,l ftiblB

Srudid by Ldnm F (199?) iot d by Ro{l|d, Sh.?hsq dd Dorg a $geet lhal

stitl vc6B ch6ce dviMMts, difdtidly .lfel behavior Studv of Tffi R

Mitchell (1975), found thar inl4Mily 6noll.d ddot6 @ s..@ilv norc satisrt'd

wirh lheir jobs, I nft lil@ly ro be in nd.gdisl p6iri@, ed @ ruc elisfied wilh a

peliciparory me.8fld srylc ils dplot@d who FMive didal @nlbl (Lulhd F

199?).

Odqsludi$, And.Mn (1984) ud layn (l9?3), ha!. b.cn aosd thd intmallv

ontrolled mags m beder Peifomes, @ hoe considcale of subodioaies, lmd io

bm out, rnd follow a ooE str.lcgic slyl. of d*uli!. action

2.13 Sourc.r ofJob S.ttdrcdor:

Idanifying llc ao|rc ol lhir ovqrll job !.tbt-0@ it otu of thc no6t hqvily

@r.lEd |6 in o.gdiz.tiosl bcl8vid. OG th. pGl25 t€d.lonc. thcc haE b*.

wll d6 l()00 sndi6 lh|t hs. tr.d !o dimvd qn.l 3tcific spets of job jndi@ @

tl€ Nt iDDolt.nr !l)|rc of gcnd.l job 3disf*1i6. Th. vdmimB lEtrn d di.

cllB ofjob !ri!f*li@ I$ b€r drivh by itc rjd Pdpcliv6 (Ler. | 976).

2,

Ird.trLt ErgtGrl.g: A! €dy a lh. l92ot nnNrri.l .ngi.6 v4

iNdtigding lh. iDp*t of wring ddi0@ ed Ply 4 job s{bf&ti@.

v{i.bl6 lil. pid nL iMniv.* r€r p!u!.., ard ovitmdt turoF.ah

s lidl.!d mi$ all liSuld inio aly iidltrid 69dring tq4n @ job

liltuf*t@. FEdaict T.yld'! !.iattic M{Fnd a p|ldcr.d on lh.

NEodm lhlr m dc.ign, so* @ditid &d drF*.lioi Pla ould

.ll bc hnd.d togcna ro 6rs bgh plodElm !d hign 4p'ove nonl

guD.! El.rL. omndt DttrinB 193& ,!d | 9'l& mF dd n:m lldti@

w rivo lo $c ol. or *o gop .r'd 3uD6vi3id in d!'|<Ditritg jo'b

stirf-ti6. h |n. H.wrlF@ itlrdi6 of dploye 3disf&tio |r W*rd

Eleltic, M.rs (l9ll) foud !lr!n8 4id6@ tiat wtd $ftf-rio wilb

tlEir wl !nup. .nd sFvis iElu.bd rh.k job Ffdlrc. A 3ai6 of

srudi6 of laddhiD @ndElcd *ith thc m.d foccd duitg sodd Wd-U

(Hrlpin sd Wio.r, 1963) funhd Edtilm.d lh. inp*t of 3lpdisry

p'stic6 ed infonml sqt srew otr Sendtl job !.lbferi6.

3. work hr.lf (or tmrtt)r An inponet monograph published by Hdrb.r8 in

1959 3i!nal.d a nd r6d, which ws 10 Fl@u alt ntion on d!. *uk it*lf a

. dctmiNt of job !.rtf&tion. Tbis nw dphatu sulllst <l that allowin8

individu.k @ugh GpoGibiliry ed diercid fo th@ lo bc cndbg.d

Nld only poeidc Ed orbfrrio wi$ rh. job. Mah of thc wt o! job

Edsign in rh. 196& &d | 9t& lddB.d il!.lf io speify wnich .tEibut6 of

dE job n!.lf aw mr cdrical in d.rhidns job $lbr&rion.

SiN $e H@!.a, Mr|lff. od sydarM MoNS'!9h, lhc Mdivaliln lowo* mplllided in 1959, in.@he .llcntid ha b6 plid lo l|lc 6l. thc wd( ikelf plttR in

d.t minins job erir4rim.

Atilry Udlz.rlor Mriict (1959) pid€i!8 $o d mliv.r|m sugg.sls thar p@pl.

dqive da@ fM @piog 3@dfully *il|i dFi. dvibnMt Tltc olAididul

tgeh on thc e ol 3lills ud obililid slb3||.d!16 wlric'3 vor*. Utins $lo.d stills

.nd lbihi6 polid6 wd(6 with . s* of..lf !rid., . !.@ ol omp.tu &d a

s@ or *lf @li&ftq tor iNoe.s" vt6m (t962) roud . vcry slrons ElatioB|np

bn*6 rlEopDortuily lorself.xpr*id it th.job a job 3rlbf*tion for 5m eoitd

in Cerdio oil clinod-

Scrrtty: A job lial povid6 suily (.,9, iumdd, sidnt Faior .i..) ha !

sigiti{r .lfer otr |n. job erisfedd of dploF. Hdbde ci. .1. (195, found

suity k lo b. mlcd liEl in imtorls. dd ! 3ilong lten fof liirjig a job, but

infrquatly s a 3olG ot di$.tkhcrion, 'nh findii8 b at wis. with H@bo! ct tl,

( 1959) who indicalal that sudty s moiion d f'tq!4ily a . !@8. oadi$.lisfdlid,

Sup.nliio.: Two dindids ol leddhip style sM io be rusi highly comlalcd wilh

@dore srtisf*tion. Th. rni di.@io i3 .nplot*alei€dod or c6idediion.

Sl9cnisim $!t 6ta!lid6 a supportiv. F|x@I Elatiotuhip witb $hordinrr6 ed r.16

! p€lMd i s€d in thft @tribur6 to tlEir 4plot@'s sarisGction (Halpin 1957 dd

Th€ othd dine.sioo of sup€disory styl. that sms b dribule to mploy..

latisf&lioh is ihfludc. or ponicip4liob. ln dehio. daking ro instance, Soups $at

panicipot d in deision aboul chmSing th€tr work flow displayed r nuch ligher hvel of

H€rrss €L rl, (1957) found thli 3lpaision v6 mdtioned 6 a $ut. of

sltisf&tim mE lrqumdy thd job @ntq& @npary ard D asmdl, solins

cddilim or opporhinity for advd*mdl.

Vrnety: Anothd tr@d oa $iolific neagmmt Ms tlsk Aeialialio., bEating doM

the job i.b ns mosr bdic op@tioN dd mting 4h p.Mn BFnsible for (ed dp.n

in) $e fewest nunber ol bosic opdtiols polsihle. Indeed it no* .ppe6 $at

rpeializotioD ed ep€litivqe$ lead onsistddy !o job disatisrstion.

my skju vdiety affdrs jc,b sotisf&tion hs a lol lo do wnh dc moui of

stimd o lhe wo.td l*iv6. Mod.nrc uoDi of stinulsdon dv6 wod..6 th.

E and salisfeti@. Hiclly reerifiv. opeElios h.yc no @!.lly. pmvid. v.ry linL

stimllatao& drd ldd ro psy.hological tuise, r@ highly stinulding jort ce clue

psttholosic.l ov€rload , physical slr.s, and aly job bumout . ft sefls thd r

ftodfrte sized clBtd or .elakd raks is op$nal in gensalinc job srlisletion, Wo*6

felins ord@nllishmdi @ ale crlhm.d if th.y work on a vnold'pie of wo* or ir

th.ir pe$nar o.tibulid ro rh. whole b cl@ sd invisibL. CompsMtio Wag6 do

play a siifi@l mle in .Llmining jot sartufalion. In the sldy of alGt 2000

nMsffi, t wls od Pon€r (1963) lound rhst rh. lmount of wag6 @eived ws very

positively Elaled !o solisfetid, €vs wnh lmaSsial l€vel held cd$at

Sftith a.d Ke.darl (1 9), lepon a sinilffly strcog reladonship betw€d the mqn

amual eminss of *o*e6 in t*trry-one pld.rs r.d th€n neds job eiislirlion.Thc

difiiculty in eslablishing its Eldlion io job stisf&lion n thdt it is conlomded silh olhcr

feloE sEh 6 ag€, acupational level, ed eduqdo.,

Pay.nd elai6 @ mSniz.d io bc r signilicd! bul complq, ndtidin4i@l

fdor in job salifelio.- Money nor @ly h.lps pople .tlain dleir b^ic n .ds bur is

irotrunsn l in pbviding utFr l4cl ne.G etiefstion. Enplo'6 o0o Fceit€ p.y a

a Efl6ti6 of how nmgem.nl co.tribut6 b $. orsdizarioo (Lnlhm 199?).

Lary R ald Barb@, (1990) rpon.d thct Norlb CNlina vealional agriculllE

T@hs vd€ moE disatkied with lhe linecidl suppon th€y rdved lhon $en

worting condirioB md ptuIl*si@al @ceptece.

Ild.p€nddcc: The job thal povidq r gmt r de8r.e of fre€doD dd conlrol ituto.ony)

if, work nelnod &d mrt plse olso .nhdc6 sttisfEtion wi|h ihe vork ivmon, 1964i

Hushey lod Murphy 1982).

adnoeod!: Th@ ir suh6rddal .vidd. rhr tmodonar ofportbiie do .fd job

satisfetio- The .Gt well ktum srudy o. potutids rc done by Sinna { 1959). SiDtt

found a nesative Elationship beiwn m6u6 of potutionar ftub,rion (obbi.ed) by

sDbrr&rih8 popl€'s Blimals of how soon thcy would li*e a promotion fon lben

Brimales ol wh€. they expeclod lo t*i!. md nedures of attitudcs lowtrds comptuy.

In a srudy of cdadid oil Rcffnery. P6rcho (1961) fouDd lhal people who felt

ftat they dseaed o have ben rmmoi.d w@ abmt moe fequendy tl6 those sho

w not di$adsned wirh th€ir ponodonal opponuitis.

Diserisf@rion inc6d who potution is not avail.ble.t rc8Dld b6is. wls

D@gem61 do6 .or ce io pMoG il| epable ed cmcicnt wor*.rs, $@ is i.c@!€d

Reo$itiotr: R@aDilion aor @'s l!* pdfo|rlm. @mplishnal n$ b€n foud to

be ! sisnifi@r @.inbutor lo mploF job elist*tio, Leke { t 9I) loud @strition

ro be mc of tl inglc no6t ftqudnly smlid.d 4qn ffit8 sarif&tiott

Cowort 6: The srt gNp do6 3cN. b@ of $ltf4lion to individual oploy6.

It d6 $ priMily by Fovidi.g 8ro!p ndb.B witl opportsine lor inlmlion wiih

@n odcr. LurhMs F (1998) foud th.r 'l$hr.d vo*m dislited lha. job6 ed sial

isolation s a principl. llen". Zalail d. al ( 1958) foud lhal oDly iorty thre petol

of the i$la|ed i. e* Soup! wG highly salisfi€d wilh lheir job s cmp.Ed lo

s*dly-live p€Edt g€ of lbe 61 of lh. mplorc. Scvdrl other studis nave fouded

fiat whe. ihc@ w.s liltl. opponuity for @rtm b nave convebations sth @h o$d,

lhey ws€ moE disslisfied.

workils Conditiole: Thft *ns to b. a coBi3tdtly positiv. oftlalion b€twffi

working @ndnions md job s.risfrction, l€otud such 6 loFmiw, nmidity,

vslilalioh. [ghihg ahd .ohq bow of work, cl€dlin6s oflh€ qotk place, and adqute

lools sd equipftdi. all luetjob sadrfkrio.,

fiovevd, while worting condilions ae sources ofjob satisfadioh, tney rc

rclatively ninor sour6 (Hugh J, ADold, 1983), Bolh Hezberg ( 1966) md Wrrt€ 0955)

fomd tn t onplaints abolr pht{ical erting conditiotu e sometin$ sybboh or

Mif6tarions of depe ftutntids G.g. t6oml prcbls or dislrut ol nnasfld)

ond sr dislor€e wh6 th6e probl.ms e @lv.d. Cd.rallt hlss wo*in8

€odnioB @ eiod sr!.nely good or bd. rh.y G rilcn rd 8Er.d by ffit

flployG. o|iy whd €mplotc rhc@lvd .hmg€ jot6 or *,hcn rcddns @nditim

change d'@ric.ny ove rin. (c.& . nor. inlo rew f4iliti6) do rcrking ddirioa

2.14 M€rsuretr|€na of Job Srtl.ficdonl

w.ys to n@ue job saisf*ion hdv. h*n otldpled since Hoppek s

monosaph M pwnted in l9i5 (lv.nc.vicn 198?), Since rhen. thousdrdr or sludi*

bav. b€m conduted lo try !o d.tmibe th€ souMs of m*e6' satisf&rioo &d

disstbf.ctioh wilh $enjob (Lske E, A, I96t, Sp*tor 1985), L€ke (1969) notes lhat

d.srile the number ol studis ompl.r.d, rdvees in undmt{dins lhe phqomfld of

job satisf@tior hsve nol t8pl pe wiih $. B.dch. ln eviwirs th€ lit€BluE it b€on6

appmt dul ndy di|I@ ncthodr ofcouedns drta dddaltzing i1@ued. BaaN

of dE nmcos nerhods us.d to i.v6iig.G job elisf4lion, difimt E$lls e obLined

(L&k., Snilh, Kfldall, Hulin & Miller, 1964). Thc dala couslio. tehniqu€s most ortd

used in siudi€s ofjo! sotisfrclion include qldlionnai6, intetiwi mt otds studis,

sdrdc. conplelion tsts dd cntic.l ituidctrt i.quiris,

The ndt omo.ly ued knniqu. to meM job satisl4tion is dle

qGrimNit (FMe! and Distefmo, 1969).

Spclor ( l9?) sL16 thar uins cxilting q!6tio.|lm 's

o 6v wv lo ass.,ob

dbfelioh, Sina th€y have beo !5cd in pEvious studi*, rcliabilnv, validilv ed noms

go.Elly hove ben stabisned (Spstor, 1997), Olher advdtages ofusiDs questiomriB

include i*rded likehood of insutd confide.ualily, 4se of ddmihht ring

cqomically, and l@kN in €Pon* if B.d donynouly Baae i is l$s lit lv lo

dai.t€ fon rh. inslructions and {dminhrati@ merbods, Pedhff d S.hncnin

ot6de thr qlBriomiB e ls su*cpibl. lo bi6

AeodinS b Slanbn et al (2002) job eiisfalion ha bs ndured in $vml

{d}5, n.8rng lon singleit€n m€$u6 (Scq)allo and C,mb€ll 1981) 1o !en@l

mulriple.it m mesuB (Cjbson .td P.ul 1989) lo nultif&ele4 nuhi-ilcm m.4urcs

(W.iss Dawk 0d Loaquisl 1967).

lob se'rist4lion qucdomiB cln b. divid€d inro two lt?6. One tt?. hduG

ovdtl job erisf&tion and ifttude ddics tuh a U. Hoppck ,ob Sariea&lion S.alc o.

$e Cauop Poll qu6lior! siilc thc olhd tyF n6@ rh€ wiou feds of th. job dd

inchd.s m6uc suh 6 lhe job DeriPriv. lndq (JDI) ed $e Mi..Nta Sa$sfelio.

Qu4lionnair (MSQ). cmpb.U (1970) norcs ibat although bolh lt?6 ofjob sitklactioD

nesuc @ useful depddine upon lhe inlbm.lion suel . global ndus bd sun of

fet n6u6 @ rcl cquivaldl n€.!iG, Cmpb.ll qdinqt dle Glatidship b.rwd

fie sm of l&et on tne MsQ and a singlcir.m global salisf&lion s!1. ed foud onty a

0.12 corelation betwen th€ lwo nqsurer, The litcdtue dis6s6 sone dir.dvdrage of

usins pBisiing job etisfedd scal6, wsous dd kwl$ (197, st6L rhal inponml

c@ttucl tDd volidily qu61iotu d Eis.d with job slbf&tion naw b€.ue n is nol

cld if th t m etilfmrio is bcilg m6ur.d in rhe loe M.

Inl€Ri.ws gqerally e sed i. conbimdd wiin odd n.rhods ro sads

inlbmation abou worts's job s.tisledon (Fo!met, Distefdo, & Prte, 1969). Sprcior

(1997) srat6 th.t more qr6iv€ irfomation.& be obtained in d intfli* since

cpondols e rE b elabode stoul lhe isu6 undq di$Nion. Als, a ls f(mal

atnosphft .!w8866?oMNtpiltlu.dbydEinrdisd(spelor, 1997).

ln onl olhr stlrdid" BF.ddE e aked !o rad tn. chmlcrislica of lhe job

rhey coBidd to be the nosl inDono.t dc|miml lo overall job slisletion. Foum.i el

al. (1969) pointout tnar Liken (l l) considcred tne useofrbh melhod quesriomble since

it inpod&t cs ooly be ndured by iis corehtioD lo rot l job stisf&lion.

Sdtqcc @npl.tid t.hniqu6 N Fojctire in nar@ &d prvide m

opporonily for lhc cpddcnt to dal inf@ri6n lhar oindis m.y not hav. ben

dislosed (Foumel, Disleleo, & Pryd, 1969), ln this nethod individuals @ st d ro

complelc a ,ehtence by using a phw rcllrive b tn€irjobs.

2.15 D.mo8r.phlc Infonnrtion:

Job etBlocnm 6 b€ af&cr.d by !sc, *x, ruilal shnis, dgisMtion, job tdft,rr.l@ic qu.lificalion, pofeional qudifiolio4 Fainins cNE€, l*hing dFiqe €rc.

lmm (1990) srudi.d tn. job slisleion ol $hml 1eetu6, This B@h sbotr€d

$ar lctoB oflee, s, leel or€ducarion $d monlhly i4om. do mt led lo strlhtically

sie ficdt diifdce in ov.€U job satisfacion of scnmlleehd,

Ag.: A ditfemce in job slisfetion o $e bais of a8e is a widcly e@h.d ilsue ll is

Mtial lo Elize $al p.ltn of salist*li@, s. nDcdon oflse k lik ly to dilfr fmn

occup.tion to Mupalion md pNibly b€t*d $e sdices (Cm€bdge i1976) Le tnd

Wilbu (1981) iNestigalcd |he rlaloiship of rge !o job eiisfelim. Th€y t€potred that

ldel of sadsfEtion is highd dong y@ng rcrk6, bea@ Uey m fEh, d.rsdic,

h.ving high expsLliom, volres for thc lurue, rhis is Ea€tw. lo lheir begiming yea of

job, blr s $e job ,sB irctse od lheir hish expelalions do not sd lo be fulfilled,

they fcldisrrisfslid. Lev.l of cdulid, nr.l vtlG, culluFl bdlground dd lilb

exp.ri.nc6 re dil|ednt dr dilf€st age ldch,

Sdld d 11. (2003) in rn ir srudy found a signiicei Flalionship betw.eh ldue

ard fe.rs of etisf*rio, but the ellet ofld@ on $tislolim is sisnili@lly nodilied

by .9., !n .dmalioml eningr, cults indic € tnlt oldet Lfhs w@ noc slitfied wilh

rtetjob Gloppock, l9l5;se4iovmi, lt6?i Ddis s, Denalo,2001). Howcvd rh@ tr€

stlrni6, ehich r€poned no Elolidship b.twm oae dd le@hc6'job satisf*tion 0rrpt

s.!t cfldd is uolhe ihtortot vdiable lhat nay effsi job salisfrction. Hulin fld

Snid (1964), studied Dd !d mnq! wno re equd in.d4aIio& pay dd ldue, $ey

wF conpared a.d q dilT@6 in glisf*ion, *@ Evel.d.

Newby 1199) indic.t.d $ar fm.l6 {@ norc sarisi€d tha nal6- L€., M@ue.,

od Mill€r (1981), found *x dif.lwd in job satsfe on, Mno we rond mm

etislied wilh comp@ation lnm md.

srlrdi6 in shol slting3 rls shwed m mnsisr pldd of alariotuhip, Mdt

sludis fttoned fnale l@hc6 !o be noE sarisfied rhan nrr€ €acheu (hnic, I9?t):

(Bimjnghm, 1934) r'lile llre strdi€ show.d th8t m.le l@h€u wft moF *risfred

$d fdare wi$ pof*ioml lutmny (GaUoMt l98t), wnn pay (Medv€d, 1982), still

otre srDdi$ Eponed ,o Flarionship berw€n sd Md t &hd job stisfslion (Hoppdt

r93t_

M..lrnl Sr.tur: studics @iNei by Hdberg er !1. (957) ihdicared ohhdictory

Gults, ene $udi6 indiclr.d lh,r @a mdn.d m*d w salisfied Nnn $eir jobs

lhon sinele worke6, wbile oth.r studi* rhowed singl. e*6 t6 b. noF satisfied thm

neicd 016, wnib sliu oth6 indicakd m Flalionship beiw6 mployeN nrrilal

ndus and th.irjob 3arisfadion,

Che.C.L (1985) Fponei thll hdied tqchs p@ slightly dore salislied lhm

ringle r4he6, Hop0ck ( I9ll), dber<l rhd $e .t@tio vdialtlc colld be @naound.d

wilh ace wiable a l*s .duc6led old wo*6 wft moe sdsned $s noE.d$ation

yomgs Mrts, One qplmtion of ihis rlati@lrip is thal nN eduqlion p'!dm

hishs dpet.tioN abour rhc job mmg @plotrs (Gdnbdg 1979),

sinila tindinss wcrc Fponet by MN., (197?)r o$er d.la i.dicaied $at coltese

ducaled Du.86 ree 16 satisded {nh pay rhd M{olles. educ{id nriusm.

These Eults ar. sme what al v&iecc wirh tbe sludiB Biewed by Hdb.ry er dt.

(1957), who loud sone 3n|di6 lo show Ult noc .d@ted .rnploy6 w@ noE

slritn.d wi$ th.irjobs, Cltu .nd Wwr (1982) shorcd ! positiv. ElslionshiP bdn6

cdw.tid and m* 3orisf-lio,

StU oihd stldi6 foud no daddhip b.t*@.dwarion and wo* latkf&tjo

Cdtlon .d Arey. ( l9?5I Kin& Murry, &d ArtilM ( | 982).

Aninash (1982), lowd . neealivc Elati@nip betwd qj!$tion dd l@hs job

sarirf*rid. A nhbd of srudie &F.t d m dltion.hip bd*6 docdioo !|d tah6job $rbfdion (Sudif€, l98l i Cooden, | 984i ard Taylor. 1986),

Ddis S. Da$ro (2mD rbwd riar ddo8rpnic Eiabl6 @ oild inrfrkrcd

ed not e6y to holate to d.t mine thet ovsotl inp&t on job !ari!f&lis. In hcr !tudy,

rs dcmoeEptic wirblc v@ toud !o h. sii6{t 9|@ of vsi.c i! d@n job

sati!f&li@, .d$ltional degF st tu sd cotueloG intdr to stay i. th.n cln61

CHAPTER

3.1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Brrli of ahe study

This study w6 desish.d lo deremine rh. elari@ship, berw*n orydianional

dinot€ aJd job sltisf&ion dd dilf@me oqs d€mosEpli€ vdiabld s.d job

salisraclio., This sludy rc co-Ebhooal in naluE and usd sNey fomt lo galhd

infomatjon Swey an be us€<l ro qdm lhe Ehriorehip Mw6 tm or moE vdiablF

Blis and Cgll ( l98l). ln fiis cbapter lhe r€sodch prdedm for this study is pr*nted.

3.2 POPULATION

Dlc io tn€ DNolodon !h 2ml, lhe popularioo lor this siudy w cohpns.d of

Covmneor S€ondory schml reeheB in dislricr Sesodha only. Th@ w.c 192

Sao0ddy S.hels dd 785 Seondary s.h@l Tehs

3.3 SAMPLING

In this sludy . sdpl€ of alt sndary $h@l l6h6 m slet d ir lhe

Cov€lmdt S-ondary schmls of dislrict Sarsodha. All th€ urbd. ual, nale tud tdare

s*ondary $h@l t€chd (SsT) ww steled. List ot smpl. of s(ondory sch@ts and

l@n€6 w rrkd rDn Distsicl Ed*ario Omcr (Smnd.ry) Srgodhr Nbo indic.ld

$ot $€y @ cucotly sefri.g io Covmmdr saondary Sahoots. Th.E *@ 785 SST

Seoidary S.h@l Tdchd in rhis disrrici dd alt v4 Ftdred aor lhis slldy.

r.bh 3.1| Dlrtrib{d@ ol Sdool S.nDl.

OBHS l19 I19 twl@HS 7l

t92 t92

CBHS: Covom Boyr High S.h@lCCHS: Covmn@t Cirh High Sch@l

T.hl.3.2: lXrtrlbutlon oaTa.n E OriilDl S.opl.

GBHS GGES

t58 2t6 514

l6l 48 2ll228 l6tt

291

5tl 2A 785

T.hle 33: I}|trribudon ol Orklnrl & Full R6pond.d Srnpl.

574 419 16%.21I 162

169 236 71%.ll5

?85 601

T.bl. 3.4. Dtrtriburlon ol GBHS l6ch.n SrnDlc

T.bleJs: Dl rlbudor ofCGHS Tdch.r S.mDl

3.4 l truDcrt dotr

rnsrunots us.d to coller daia lor lhis snrdy ww ddnogEphic infomalion torn!

nodi,ied v6ion of O. Mimsola SaGforior Qu6li@aic (MSe), (weiss, & Lotquisr

t58 212 27U)58 76./,228 t12 t12/228 15%224 i2 tDn2n

SST Rual 293 222 222/29t5il 394 J9t52l 16/.

2t6 t1l r7v2l6 19448 36 t6/48l4tl.2l 9.] 9l^2j 15%2U 207 mlnM

(19??)) dd Org&izaional Climale D.rcnption Qu.sliomaiE OCDQ-RE (Hoy md

DenoSrrphic lDformaalon Forn

The Fi&ipdl us cmri&liv. cilicis-

Th€ principol conplin€nrs t€rcheB.

Thc pdtuipd list4 lo ed m.pr. lehd sussdtim.

DmoeEpniclinlmation Fom ddcloped by 6€6nd 6 usql,

Orgrrl,rtioDl Cllmrte Deicdpdon Qucatlomrlre -RE (OCDQ-RE)

Orgmizationll Clinal€ ws n6uEd by thc orssianionol €limle d€scnpdoh

qGri(MicRE, dq.loD.d by troy and Clovd (1986). This in,hn6r co aind 42

ilds. n4suri.s six dine.sioN of seondary school orgoizatioMl climat€: supportive

FiNiFl bd'avior. didtivc pdmipal bcl[vior, coll€8ial l@hd bchavior, intimle

tcehd behavior, Bdcliv. priftipal benavior, sd dismgoSed le&her b€havior,

R6pondcnb $s*ntd irs in rhis iDslruMt uornine b folr.poi.r $.tc wil[ Espcse

choi6 EnSing loh rely @cuu to very fieqnqtly o(u. The Espons6 m givcn in a

*oc of |,2,3,4 for @ly 6c!r, $n rin. NU, ollqr @uri od v6y t'lqmtty ecrBp*tively, A nign lcor ths indicotd falourablc rcspoBe dd low src urfavolEble

S.Dpl. h.fu for 6rh .trb.c.t. of td. OCDGRE

l. Suppordv. Pnrcip.l B.h.vior,

2. Diddve Ptn.lp.l B.n.rbr,

. The pdlciprl nmiloB dert{linS l@h6 do.

. The pritripal ml6 Mth o ioo Ii!|.

. Tt. Fircipd cnerr 160 plu.

3. ColLShl T..ch.r D.h.vlo.

. T*h6 h.lp &d sFpod eh otner.

. Tc&hd Bp4t lhe pofe$ioral c@Ft ne of th.b @!lagr|d,

. Tahd e@nplish $cn w* wifi vnr\ visd, tud pl6w.

4. lrdD.c lacb.r B.Lvlol

. T@hs siali* wilh mn orho.

. T*h6' dosr trio& @ 0lh6 f&dty mnt6 .t $n *h@1.

. T@hs hdv€ ptrlig for @h oths.

s. Rcah.tiv.ltldp.rB.h.tio.

. T@[6 e budd.d with hosy worl(

. Routi.e duti6 int rfcM$ jobofl@hin8.

. T@h6 t&e loo @y mitc. rqui@Ele

6. Dl!69.g€d T..ch.r A.hrvtor.

. F&uhy aerinss N ust*,

. Th@ is a nimrity g@p of r.$h6 rhal.lways oppog rh. tujsiry.

. T@nd Bdble whq they latt at fsutry marilgs,

Asording lo Hoy and Clovq 1986, *h of th.!e dimdsiotr wd n6urcd by lbe

subr6t of rh. ocDqRE. Tte Elilbiliry $oG for rh* dindidr rcrc Elatvely hirl;

supportive (0.94), dn&tive {0.88), olleshl (0.87), iotinare (0.81), erridile (0.31), and

dim8ag€d (0.78).Th. numbs ol ir@r Gl.Ld 10 ch ol lhs dimdsioN imluded in lhe

q!6tio@ie (ocDQ.RE) w6 supponive (9), di4ctile (e), @llesiol (8), ihtin.t i7),

ctrictive (5), dd disgagcd (4), in d. orSet lionol climt dsiption qGtionn.iE

- RE-

Trbl€ 1.6: 12 ltcm. ol rh. oCDqR!

Mimsot! S..lsf.ction Qucltionnalre (MSQ)

Minsh salisfa.rion Qu6li()miG (MSQ) (weisr 196?) F ore oaln. ncl @ddisp4ior. 197) od widely Fs@hd instrumdt ovailable (Scarpello dd Chph.ll,

I93l)- x B dsivd lmn fie Mimor! Studid in edi@t Ehabitit lion ir t96i od

wa Fvisd in 197?. The MSQ coBists of 20 $atcs dd too it.m. Th.20 scab nhs

L Ability utlll,rlio!: Th€ ch@. !o hate ce ot obilitid.

Si

Suppotive pnncipal b.ilvior t,,2,1,4,5,6,?,t0,t9

Didive princip.l b.h.vio 8,9,t t,12,|],t4,t5,21,t2

Collegi.l r.&hcr behavior 28,29,10,1 r,iJ,lr,t?,42

22,21,24,25,26.21 ,J4

R6tidive pnncipal bdi.vior t 6, t ?, t &10,19

Disflgaged leacn€r b€havior 16,18,40,.,1

2. Achid.ncnt Tn€ felings of occonplishral one d.riv6 ron the job.

3. A.dvily: B.ing rble 1o rby b$y @ rh. job.

4. Advlnc.n.nt The chsces for odvocenfl on the job,

5. aurnority: The cnme ro l€n orts w$ar to do.

6. Sy.i.n Dollcle & pr.ctis: The My sys&o policies @ pu inlo pDcticc.

?. Compdudod: Felinss abour ply i. conFat b the mount of rcrt

3. Cework.n: How or. g€ts along wilh cdwork€6.

9. CEtivlty: The chdce to Fy one's oM mahods.

10. Indepe cn..: Tne opporruity to Nort rlon€.

I l. Mohl v.lu€: The opportbiry b do di.8s thal do nor m out . ro onc!

ll. RFoeddor; B.ing eooiz.d fM doing. 8oodjob.

14. R.lpondblllty: Tbe frcedoo to !e ode'3 judgmdt,

ls. Sm;!y: Th. wy . job pDvid6 ftr st .dy dploymor.

16. Soci.l Servlce: Being able !o do lbinss for othds.

17. Sclrl Sr.rur: Havi.8 rhe cr€cl of $e co|muiry-

13. Supenirlob - Ilum.n Rel.tlom: The rcldio hip beiwen enploy.cs ed

Iq. Sup.nlioD- IFbnlcal The Ehnicol qudi) ofrupeF6Fn.

20. Vrnety: Th. opponuDity ro do ditfedt rhinss.

21. workina Codldo.' Pbsic.l @rdiri6s in which oDe worrs.

Th. MsQ i€lds a rotal of 20 sal6 wid m ovdu etisadion $ale E&h s.l. hB a

torol of 5 quBrions with 4 polsible EspoNes tlut mg€ fton !.ry dissalislied b very

erisf!.d. vdc e Nistre<l ro 4h of lh.6!ore p6.ibiliti6 wirh rcry distisfidl

bavi68 d asigneJ ldrc ol I .nd vdy sadlned having $ Gsigned ralE of4. Sumins

rnc 6!oN wiSl'r for d. 5 ilm rnar Eplgt *h $ile ddic S.al6 s6. Tltc

MsQ k elf-adninisred dd rqui€ appoximdrely I 5 to 20 ninutB conpl.ting weiss,

196?). And€en qoned tur int€hal ccislmy Eliotnlily of lh. 20 *d6 on lnc

nodincd veBion ran8ed fDm 0.73 lo 0.9?. Mumy's (1995) study ds Elleled rhe

wodins of $h6l psFhologist to sh@l oUNloE- Tnc Croib&h alph! in his sludy

@gcd fbn 0.30 to 0,94 and coeificial alph! for lhe oleEll sr. ws 0.9r.

3.5 Pilot Study

Ior lhc puac ol vllidity e<l rcliabihy, qu.stioiiaie wft subjded to a pilot m on a

smll @de or20 Glondmts. nE spl6 w@ d..M 6donly toa covmdrHiSb Sch@l Khushab, Covmment Boys M.C. High Sh@l ad Covtud C s Higb

s.h@l Khushab.TtE cpoido|l of pilol srudy *d similr ed onlp.hble wifi rhc

popul.tion, The duta m $alyz.d lhreugh SPSS-X.

3.5.1 vrlidrdon of OCDeRE & MSQ.RE

InstNnens in thcir orisioal shop. w@ alBdy sla(hrdized havins hish validily but in

diil€Mt mt ri oi qviDMdl $ rhe r6@hq hiwlf luslcEd ih* ou6liomai6

rron English to Udu. Th. comin€e of eduotional exp€d! of lhe Uunivdity of

Segodha Dr s.ja<l Hwin Sh@i Chaimn Degartrnot of Udr, Rda Abdul ealm

latutr D.p.rtndt of Udu, and Muhmmad Atlhq Husain, Chaimo De?admor of

Enslisb vdificd valid.lion of Urnu vdion.

An 'ntrodslory

l€tter .r'docrd by Primb.ruednsls/Hadnistrs in rlE

S*ondary Schsls of dislricl Slrsodna wlr sdr to all ?85 panicipmts tour d.ys betoe

3.5.2 Relhbinty

(t. OCm-RE. Consnhcy of the inslM€nt w6 delemined thmugh conpur.tion of

slddardizdt Alpn! o.lticist, Slddardized Alpha w6 calculared lor rhe lolal

sle d vell 6 for @h $rle. Supponive (,34) d@dve (.74) Btricrive (.a8)

concsial (.??) inlimab (.69) dGds.sed (.66) tud ov@ll srmdsdiz€d Alph. wls

(-8e).

(ii) MSeRE, Overall slondtdized alpna (96), ws calculsred be.Be quesionnoiE

rc us.d a a sd ofjob stisfadon sl6.3.6 Coll€ciiom lnd Tlbul.tlon

Th. dala for rhis sludy wft olldt€d by m.il frcn stte r@h6 in alt (192)

s€ondrry Sch@h, using OCDQ-RE ro neNlE climale, MSq ro d6!r job

salislirrion or rtuh6 md d.nosEpnic inlomarion aboul s{odary $h@l teeh6.

P@o1@ bed in ln. swey followed . fiv. $ep t@6s- This includ6 lhe naili.g of

tFlens, inidrr 3urcy, poslcdd mind.m, fottow-up mind6, ed s@ond tollow-up

lhe idliEl tuilins. Thc puao$ of dis letter w6 io ds.ibe tnc signiffcece sd purpos.

of the 3tudn to flcousc p.nicipdls, and to d@ @rlidcnri.|ny of Gpons.

T!. i.irirl m.il wa st, irclu.lin! the lere. crprrini.S $€ w.y plrpnc md

queslimlirc. Sw.y aom md qu6lioniaie wft coded

A postc..d tninds *6 rftt lo all p€nicipels on€ we.t aftq the initial sury.y

nailing. Th. Edind.r dd ed pdicipors for their opdtim in conpl€ti.g the

qBliomdF and rSain req@t\.d no-Blondori who did Dor Etum lhe qudtiomiE lo

Thc week afier lhe innid @iling sohd n.iline of naknal was snt lo lhose

Four €k ans d. inili.l surycy h.iling dorhs ldLr strsine 0B iopollee

ofthe sue.y md encouilging padicipation vs sdt to non-espotulenrs.

3,7 StrtilticrlTreltment

The sbtisric.l pekose fd s@ial si€n 6 (SPSS-X) snwe ws us.d lo Mlys€ tn€

&la in lhis lndr Thc lollowing st drstiEl srlysis ws codst d:

L A t ble of lreqMdca Mth pdalasg bsed 06 dcmogFghic infomlrion !o

job elkfe on qustionnaie (MSQ) ws c.lcutaled,

2. M€d wd. calcularcd for @h oa fie 20 nodified Mio*ia satisLciion

Qu€tiom.iE (MsQ) $al6 .rd 4n orsir oernizdidd ClidL Dd.np{m

Qu6tiomaiF {ocDQ-RE) dinosi@s.

3. T-h.iqe of inrd+dElariM s u*d ro m.as rlF r€l.iidnl p @n8 20

*al$ otjob enst4iion,

4. TehriqE of irrdffilalion w u.d to E€.l@ Eltlichip mdg 6

di'6in3 of orsei2lriod clihot€.

5- P@r cmlalio. s Bld t6 n6@ lh. Ernion$ip b.t\@l

orSmi?dio.l clinaL $al6 .nd sm of job slisf*tid s.16,

6. '1' 16t wa appli.d b dcrdinc the sisnifiBt di|Ime in iob sadsfetion

bdm 0E sFuF ofI@nd drc to ddDogEpdic vei.bl6.

7. ANOVA ed LSD po.r HOC ws tun io dcr€min. mul ple conpdims

coDINcPRoCEDURE (OCIIqRE)

The 3ubjel cpondet to .Fh it@ in $€ oCDq.RE uinS ! IouFpoirr

lit6l qF s..1., R.+oIs 10 ir@ }@ ai6 d!. roudinss.o6:

| = Rlclymm

2 = Sod.tim@s

3 = ORdOccuR

4 - Vqy E€q6lly G6Thu the hignd scoc r@6nb pcirirc d fasudbtc EsDoi..

3t

CODING PRO{EDIJR.E MSQ

The sbj@k Btonded !o rhe ldchd job etkfstion quBliomie urinS a four-

Firr Ukdr ryF *.1.. Rdpors io 6vounble it68 ** gjvd following eB.

L v€ry Dhlalhden (VDS)

2. Disadslicd @s)

3. sotklicd (s)

4. Vay Srti.fi.d (vS)

Thus a low lcoF rpBdrs a lo* Ifl€l ofjob satiletion and ! bigh soc

rlpIMB . ni8b |d.l orjob {ti.f-tion.

Deno8raphic Inforn.tlon Fom (DII)

Th. folrwins wiobls l@ nsuted.

Sd: Thc ac lw gmup€, onc @le and s@id fdale I value w6 given to mol€ e'd

2 v.lE s gird lo fdrlcTolhln8 Slblet R6pdrdcnl3 w@ cat lorizsl inio rwo gbups | = Scienc. nd 2 =

Ta.hlnt ErD€rloc.: It sa tEsl€d s stegoric.l vrirblc! dd spondalg wd.

clNili.d irlo fiv.3!b sDup. 8iva. nmcic.l v.lE of 1,2J,4,5 fs G5 tqrs' 6-10

yff, I 1.15, y4, | 6-20 t€s, 2l or dhov. 6p*liv.ly.

Tt!. of S.n@l: ll s |r€|Cd a. c.t.taicd wi$lc Re3poiddls w divid€d ilro

two gioupi I =urbe.nd2 = Md.

CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRf,TATION OF DATA

Thc putpose of lhis study wa ro d.hine de rclarionship berwen

orgeizlioMl climte and job slisf&tion of Ssonda.y S.h@l Tqcn€B md io

d.tmi@ diflqsce ia my b.tw6 dsosslhic inlmadon. This ch.pter derls wilh

$e oalysis sd inl.rpEration of data coll*lion tlvouch all fi€ lhe iNrrunmls of&.

study ad d.s.rib6 thc re+oce ra16 in dc d:L olletion pn€du6, ddosaphic

dan of supeyed sanple inter cftelalion mong orgdiarional climate dinensiohs,

dons job slisf*don letoE, P.mn @Grnion of oediarioMl climle dd job

salisfelion, ed signilicmce dille@ce of demogapbic infomatio obolr job. DrLr w*scllzed lhbugh @mputd by sins SPSS-X pmglmn r An,ltsis of rh. dalr is

pMted h two s4lions, de*npile .taiistics dd infmdd sratistics.

A btal or 735 suryey qu6tit@ic w€e includ€d. ln ib irilid mititrg ot a lolol

of 635 iDdividurk rcspoded to the sud+ This Epmmt.d e ove.rlt 6po.e r.le ol

8l% od imluded 14 non-usabl. d incdnplele rdms. Tn. p.rqragc oaEth during

doch st p or rhe dala colt*tion tmc* i s prse.ted j n lhe fo lowing r.blel

T.bl.4. | : Sun.t Gpolr dr6

5t

145

Seond follow-up miune t2

al/.

D.oognpblc infod.ttotrPanicipdr' BpoNs ro itms on tn€ ddosrlphic inlolmlion fom w.rc uen

to dMib. the diil@e @rg dmogFlhic infomlion abour jo6 eri!f&ri@, In kue

4.2 lhe d\.nosraphic inlormtion, irqunci.s, dd p €nt gB @ p@n1,

Th@ w@ oale dd tmd. EFoddrs. Numbd of nate dpondmll w$ 394

(65.6%. Numbn of fmale rlpoidmt! ws 2m (14.4%). Majorily oa the Bpondotj

162 Bponddls }* t shi.g ei€nce .ubj&ts whicn k 27.0% our of 60l and

?3.0slo wc tachinS .rls subjers. Majdity ol rbe Bpodors wd t@ning .nr

8.8%Epordol5 had balachirsfisn 0-5,€ . M.joniyoatheEspond@ls

htd ben tlehing fM I l-15 yem (27. 6). 12.670 Blondals nad bs te*hin8 fmn

Thc 9@ rs @teg6ic3, ube od rudl lapoddl!, 286 (47.6%) b.l6g.d ro

srb€! $h@ls and 52,4% w@ ndl Epondals.

T.U. al DLtilbodo ofM.L .d Fd.l. Ta.h6

391

207

65.6

601

Th. abov. t ble indical6 lbour hde od fdale Eipondotl' Nmbd of m.te

cpond.n! 'a 349(65.6%). Nu6bd of fd.l. €pddars wa 20?04.a%). M.jonry

ofde Blonddts wa oal€.

TrN. 4J DLtdbutld of Td.ilrg SobleE

Tanir8 Subjat Fqufuy162

419

21

1t

601

TIF .bov. rabl. indic.r6 !bou1 t*hins sbj*ls o. $iacc and rft r@n6, t 62

rlipord.ni! u@ t*hin8 side subj*|l wniqh ir 2?% dt of 60l .nd7]% w*ldhing at3 nibjer', Midity oftbc E to.datg ws r*bing olrs sbjelt

TrU. a.4 Di.albotld of tyD. ol *loolt..ch.dTtFofs.h@l Fr.qro8y Y.

246

315 52.4601

The obove lable indi@16 rbout urb.r drd Nd st@l lacns,286 Gpotrddts

b.lms.d ro urbd sh6h which ir 47,6% olt of tot.l licn* ord 315 clond@ts

{52.4olo) w@ M.l $hol t &hd.

T.bL as ltllflbrdd ol ta.Urt d!.rlaeTa.[in8 qFi€@ Frq!*y

G5v

610yll-tJYlem'{

63

166

t43

r6l

8.8

t2.6

21.6

23.8

272

601

Th. lboE tlble iiiicdB th.r 8,8p/ |!+ondar' had b@ t*hing fo. nve y@Mljdity of Elpo.dols nd h-n t*hin8 iiqr ll to 15,t$ t2 6% Hpddats hdb@ Lachins lim 6 lo l0 yq6,

37

Trblc 4.6: Vqnr ot ora.nia onddln.r.rub,c.l.r('{-601,

I SupDoniv. Priocipal B€havior 2,12 DiEdve Principal Benaqot 2.6I - Collcgial Tkhtr Bh.vitr 2.8 o4 - Inlinale teachcr Behavor 2.3 so5 Rdtidirc Princ'p.l Bdlavior so6 - Diseac.d Tchd B.hlvior 2.2 so

0.5-1j=Rftly Oc.c| -6-2.5-Smetine O.cu6

2.6-1,s-Onen OccE3.6-4,5=Vsy Fr.qu6dy O(uETh€ nds ad orsoizrioDl clamre sub*d6 d pmvid.d in rlble 4.6. The

Bulll we€ 2.7 lo. supponiv€ Fincipal behavior, 2.6 for dieive principrl b.ha!io., 2,8

for collegial t &hd bebavior, 2.4 for inrimle r@h€r benavior, 2.3 fo. etricriv€

prircid h.n vitr dd 2,2 fq dihgagc rehe bdulioi The 6utrs suggd lhar

teatd dsnbe i6en schmls a being high on 3lpponivc pnncipal behrvior. dj@tive

pri.cipal behavior ed couegial l4hd bchavior, Princip6l b.n.vior is noE spponive

drl diedv. tho Blrictive Tch6 w* lupponiv. of @h odd md ojoy.d

wo.king with €eh o$a $o disqsrs€d behavior.

T.blc 4.7r Me ofjob rd3r..ilom licios N - 6{l)

s2 I t s

l 2.9 s

2_2 D

5 2_1 s

2,6 s1 2,2 D

2.9

2.1

l0 2.8

t2 t,0t3 2.7 s

2.9 sIJ 3,0 s

2_6 sl7 Supsvhion-Humtu Ellrion 2.9 sr8 2.9 sl9 2,8 s20 2.3 D

0.5-t.5-vD1,6-2.5-D2.6 -3.5 - S

3.6-4.5-VS

t9

rd..'l of jot .fficti! tdo.t r! For,ldd ir laL 4.7.It !! dt r* 29

tr .Dility $ndr- 3.1 h .Cd!va4 a9 tu .cteiry, 22 h .dtd6.d, 17 S.

.iiditt, 2-6 ft. rrn 6 poli.i., 22 &. dd9...d.q 29 6. co-il!*4 2.? &.qldvity, 18 fo! ind.p!nd.qo6, 2.9 br ndd vdu.., 3.0 ftf Eco8dlio!, 2,7 lor

E Ddulily, 29 6. $c|!itr, !O &. cid ltn ., 2.6 ftr .odd rd. 2, ft.t4.tte{!|r rdddt 29 tu rp.ii&Gt .&dc.l 2-6 t riay, dd 2J &rq/!rrio8 @{df- l{..! of de.!od.d1 o@pa!d.o, d {('.!rs cood6od,

|!o!v 16r .f!ficiid, oth.. nd .lov .dificdo.

T.blc ,1.8: | trr.raon lrrlon lEotrg or8.rlzdon.l clih.r€ rubnl.r N r 60 | )

2 3 5

2

l 0.52..

5 o25..

0.05 0.0? 0,06 0,12'.r Slino .r 0,05 lrd.

Ints{orchtion bdrwq orgdiational dim& sub$al* i3 p@ted in hble

4,8, Th* w . ld inrdofthrj@ |hn vd ldse, sp€ifcatly 3upponiv€ principal

h€lEvid cmlal.d with dieliv. primipcl beLvior {r = 0,57 P< 0.5) ord with @llegial

L.chr b.havior, (r = 0.45 P< 0,05). Coll€gial r€&hs b.hlvior h6 a coftlation wnn

iDl'nar€ l@h6 bcneior {r = 0,53 p< 0_05) Fry @ftt.tions N tow or not cofrlor€d

indicarilg thar dilT*ir dindsiG rip diflc6l sp<ls of orgdiadon l cli&r.,

th@rorc dll tn€ subscar$ e no1 @mpt.t ly indcpoxl€nr of @h orhd.

3

E

$ fc

I E

E

5II

*

E€ t

5e

fi

I c fI

gId.

B

cI

3 g

c

5E

':t ! .lE

tat s : q

Fq t t

:

it: g: t t

-:t !!t i .? at a

6t s

q! it flt?t it i

:l ! !

:t st :

tl1J,

ITiT:

b Lll ti'i

t

!l

a

! I l. It t

Iotr-coftldlion baweo job sihfeim f&1oa h pFsdted in r.ble 4,9.ftkinld{o.tdlrios tuse ir fion 0.10 io 0,?4, Sooc inl6oftladtu l,s tsy b4c innagnnudc, Abiliiy utilizlim wa hiCrrly @ftlai.d in &hidmdt 0.50. @liviry o.Jl

.rd wilh cFlivity 0.49, Audmity wa highly cdFlrted M$ s$r6n polici6 0.58, ddwittr vei.ly 0.45. sysr.m Dolicie v@ highly @Nlar€d wiih oetivity 0.52,

supdisioD - nuM rehid 0.53 d with eFpisin - rcbriqt O55, hd€lgldd.*6 @ftIllld wirl' vdict, 0-56. Swdi3id - hul@ Flalid ws highty @Elai.dwirh suFdbim r@hliol 0-74 *ticn indicar. thd rcr alt iob lslistuti@ felo6 &iidcpeddl of *h olbd. Itrc w@ fq co@l.rid8, wnich w@ low. Mo.al vdu6{@ low c@I.!d with m*ing cordirioB 0.41, ald wilh coapdsrion 0.1t,

in.ticirngthraMdyjobr.l&ffiion6.ron@d.oendcr ofdhorhd.

b.tw6n org.nlzrdoul clin.r. mlo rd job

t utoJsk ifrene aotTable show! rhe coreladoc b€lws rwdly job srilf&rion feto6 ed six

dindiom oforSmianiond clioale (N=60 r ) of |he p63ibL l2O corct.rion c@mdd.

Mcdy furoa v@ slliislicslty sisritrcdn (?<0,05 d ls), Sugronive pdncipal

behavio. {s siSnificdlly co@laIed wirh aU feloE swh 6 supdijon-t€chnical 0,51,

suFdision-nud Flarion 0.50, 3ysrn polici6 0.42 aId with lbilny udlianion 0_3t,

DiEiiv. principd belaviG wa 3igni6c{rt, @mhrcd wirh suFdisiq - rehdc.t {r =

0.1?, P<0.5), supdisio-hu|@ elarion (r{.1j, p<0.05), srs1an policid (R = ol8,P<0.05), ldiely iFo,]l, p<0,,05) dd with c@iivily seFic€s (FO.l4, p<0.05),

rnd.t cdo! ffttoE lNd0l

o.29.. 0.09 4.020,22* 0.08 4.01

0.33r. 0.12.. 0.08 0_02 4.080,07 0o1

0,ll'i 0.20..0,00

0.09 0.08 0.05 0.098r 0.040_29.. 0,02 -0.t01

0.o1 0.ml0 4.03

0.08 4.0 |t2 0.01l3 0.25r. 0,25" 0.09 0.01 4.06

02t'. 0.t t. 0.01t5 0.05 -0.01l6 0.22'. 0,01l7 0.0a 4.07l8 0.09 -0.00l9 0'3t *20 0.t8.. 0.07 .!.t0r

slp.nision,r6hrical (F0.31. P<0.05), &tivny (r = 0.12, P<0.05), achievdmt (F0.30,

P<0.05). dbility ulilialion (F0.29, P<0,0t), nohl valu6 (--0,26, P<0,05). Collcgial

tacls b€havidr rc coNlar.d eirh all fato6 ofjob slisfa.lion. Inrinar€ l*h6b.haliof *d signifiMtly oGlrted wilh sr6l€m policis (r{.18, P<0.05), ccertss

(F0.16, P<0.05), lriety G = 0.1?, P<0.05) dd wifi adleem€nt (r = 0.t6, P<0.05).

Rcat ictis Fincipal b€havio. B corel.rcd vith only t*o aerc, advdcdal (Fo 14

P<0.05) ed syst m rDlici6 (F0.14, P<0.05} DisdSagcd t@her behsvior ws row

comloLd but n gotively wifi co-rcrtss G = -0.10 P<9,5). @osnnion (F4,lO,

P<0.05), supwision - |&hnical (F -0.t0. P<0.05), m*ine @ndiriom (F -lO, p<0.05)

od M$ sial sbtu (F 0.09, P<0.0t. Cor$.nsaljon w6 only qe job satist&rion

tlDlor which we uhr€laied wilh lbu orgahizarional ctin.te dinensions, di@tiv€, lO9,

collegial 0.08, inrioaie 0,05, Md disgagen 0.M, Ths culls rugest rhal in *hmls

dsiH bt r@n6 s beins hig\ supporrivc priFipat belsvior, dnefte pnmipol

bdavior m lov on 6dctiv. p.incipal bchavior, hish o coll.gi.l leehq beh,vior odlow o. diFnga8cd laher behavior. M6rtyjob saftfaclio. frlos w€F conelar.d with

dgoizalidal cliM. subs.l6. Th* 6utrs do no! providc suppdt for hypo$6rs,

indicating tnar or8mialionat ctimate and job satisa&rion e reB@.

Ed lrr. L D lrr[.r.r tff-rlp tdi.- rrli*-, D&!,t r ||db.Nr.'rd.fr.{r,liu.trt C.rrrL!- t r-t rd!.!'ta.rl-.!ar.r-r'd rdd.dr.

rl&- S-D. X r Cardrb Sl8o-C[.d)

Pd!,E n 5912 1232 @l

T*rdditrbdo 2?8.E9 36.5E @lqa8l .m

T.aLb:LlI r$L|tatr&.(.a!l)iUihty.iadf.di.ol Lvdoddr.itu,.e.dl hrlddr |td!!|h t r. i. D riari!.d ddoriD hdE Fidrdr.bebvio. &d !.c!.!! *rb tdftrLo i. d.c!.1 &d ir b.e.tud.d rhd rho! ! |r'cdrdrbldptdEFi'ri|t,t i.,lo.drdd'jord.&dc

Hd rtft tu tro jgdlltut ..l..lo$hlp b.tr@ slppordv. prilclp.tbeb.vior .nd ts.heB, lob stbf.cito!,

T.bl. {.12t Corr.hdo! b.t*cn Nppordv. lrlbclp.l b.n.vbr .nd re.h.B' jobs.tltf.crio!

M€on S,O N P. CoEl.ron Srs(2-Eiled)

SupEe!. 24.20 6,al 6010.502 ,000

Tc- ,obf.risletion 2?8.89 16,58 601

TabL No.4,l2 shos 6!r cqd.rid wlu. {.502) b hidy sisnific."r at ,O I levcl

oi sisnifi@e. So $e nul ntlorhsis rt.tirS thar lh@ is no siificMt .ehtio,snipbc*q sutt .riv. primit l b.hvid lrd rah6 job saltuf*ri@ i3 rqjer.d. ft i!coicluded rhat thce is a signincel Ftationship b€tlM sDppotrive tnncipal behavior

and tchd' job 3disfetion-

Xo3 Th.re ir m ri$lllcrnt rel.donrltp betlen dir.cdvc prlrclp.lb.h.do. rld rd.t.B'lob edrt ction.

r6bk 4.r3r Corr.htio! b.iser diddve p.tnclDd b.h.vior rnd tc.ch.B, Job-tif..d6.

Ms S.D. N P. CorGlarob Sig (2-Eil.d)

DiiBeh 832 5,51 601ol99 .000

T4. job s.risf4tid 278,89 36,58 601

T$le No,4, | 3 shows that @ndarim vdrc (.19) b hiehty ri8Difiot ar .Ol td€lol riin@ce. e dc null hJtblheil 3rldng ihar rhd js @ dii@l r€totioNlipb.rw diFtivc primipal beh.vid ed t eh6' job stisfadion is djcr€d ..d i1 a3

@lud.d $al ric is signinor Et.tioNhip h.ne! dnEds Fincip.t bd,.vk* ald

ll0a Ttm is m dgdiont nl lo.Llp b€ivq 6H.ttv. piildp.lbct.rior .n.l t€rchs' job $dlfr.tiotr.

Ttbl. 4.ra: Comlidon b.twe .6ddlv. p.ilctp.t b.t.ltor on.t rd.h.n' lobstlfrcdon.

M€on S,D, N P. Coftldon Sig (2-i.iled)

Rca,Bch ll.7l 7,t7 6010.098 .0t6

Ta. job nisfclion 278,89 36.58 60l

T.hl. No,4,l4 sho* $d c@tdi@ rrlE (.098) i! to* which i3 ah@r

&gligiblc e td. null hrlolheb 3ndrg t |.1 ln@ is m siiffsr Ftaridship betwdqirictive pdncip.l b€hlvio. atd r.&h6. job elisfelion is efled od n is jncludqt

lh.t lh@ k no signiflctul Elarionship bersso €tridiv€ ,rjeipit b.nlvid dd

Ho5 Th*n @ dgdflq rcl.dmrtlp bdwcr te.n.n'hct. ol.trdr6.hd' job rd.frriot.

Trbl€ 4.15: con l.do! b.tld tacl.n' b.tr{or .!d te.nd' job r.tt.f.crloo.

Med S.D. N P. Coml{ion srg(2.laled)

T@na, Beh 41 ,46 9,46 6010.216 .000

re jo6Itisf&d@ 278.89 t6.58 601

T.ble No.4.l5 sho* t[.r conebrid vat@ (.2?6) it hign|y 3isnific&t !r .05 level

of eigdfi@ce. $ lhe lull h4olh6is 3irting *ot thd h m significet relatimhip

b.lwq b.nayior .rd r@nd' job satisf&tion is qet.d and n i3 comlud.d dll $.8 is

3ignificdl Elali@d'ip h.tv@ lac[d' bdFvior &|d tah6, job saltflcdd.

sS rl.|l-l8.[.r...d.ddbh.EoLatdc..rrrarb..d r..i..'la .d6.d6

T.L/U6r Card.d- t ri-.aia t.d- t-ttr ot a.dd'd

In d s.D N P. Crrddio $s (aded)

oolLti.l l*.D.\ 2221 5I)l 6010.394 .000T*jo6ldffd 2t!19 36JB 6Ot

TSL Nda,l6 tus rta catdrb vdE (J9a) i! tirhlr i8irnc.d d .Ol

Lvd of drdd.|!.c oeol|l bD@.r.t'rds tt*ttci. D.rsF*gtf dddbb.te,rlo @lLsi.l r..4hd b.naid and t!!c!6|'job .dlecdd i!,s4r.d ed ir i!

.Fr"Ld t |b! is {|!if.at rdj.orip barE @[.tht l!r& t 6.!,ni !d

IloT ftc k !o rislltL. r.l.tio!.hlp b.t*M irdEr€ rqchc b.trriord t6cb.rr, ,ob utlrtedor

T.bl. 4lt: Codl.dor b.lsd ltrdo.t tdch.r b.t vlor $d .a.n.6, lob

Mcu S,D. N P. Coftldion Srg(2-t&ted)

lnrihor€T.e- B.h, 16.75 4.31 60r0.t38 .000

Ta, Job !.risfarion 2?8.39 16.58 60l

Trbl. No.4.l7 slom rh.r cml{io v.tE (.t88) n signifiqt d .0t tftt ofsignincac, e rh. Dull hyporhBis si.ring 6!r &@ b no diicet rEldionshiD

be1wd intimale teehq b.havior ud tachm' job $thfcrion il Gjeted sd n is

@lud.d th!1 th@ is sigrilidt d.doMdip bc'6 j,tinat l@tE b€hrvid anl

rL Th.re h.o 3lg!tll.. r.l.lloDnlp h€ty.d.ltNot g.dt rch.rb.!.!iol ..d rdct.F ,ob rd.f*tia.

l.bL4J8t CoE.Ldo. b.twc! dtr.trg{d tqcnd bd.ltor. tactqtlob!tl.f..dd.

Md S,D. N P. CrNlarm Sig (2-rsit.d)

Dhqs.gd T*. B.h 8,50 3.36 60l-0.052 :m

T@..tob 3.risf.ti6 278.89 36.58 601

Tlbl. No,4,l8 slb* tn!| @fttarion vd@ (-.052) h mt signifidl ar .05 tq.t of!iSnifc&r., $ lnc rul| nypolheis {lrirs thlt rd@ i! m jgtrif61 retalioNbip

b.lw@ dimga8.d tach.r behavid ed h!.hd' job s.rhfmrion is d.pled md ir ig

cml'rdcd thlr $@ b @ 3isdf6t rdlrichip bd*@ di!.!U!sed lchs bchlviorod l@hd' iob ldisf@tion.

ll, Ih* i3 no tls tlonr . l'.mc b.rsetr o.t. .nd t n.t€ tdch6'job r.drL.do4

Tibl.4.l9| I)lr.Mce bltvcn nde .rt forl. idch.n' iob ori|f.crton.

N Med r df sig,

394 276,18

201 231,482.255 429,@2 .025

Tlble No,4,t9 iD<li.r6 d{r.t a.tE (2.255) tu sigtrif@r al O_OJ t@l ofsiFificdc., $ thc null ht!o$.si! sroti.S rhar thce is m signiticer difem@ berw*ndl. dd tdd. tab6' job {risfatid * cjcFd &d ir i! @nclud.d ihn lh@ js

ditfe@e bet*q nale ed fdoL lcehd' job saljsf&iion, Ferul. leachss nsv.highd 6tu sc@ (283,1a) thd tn. m.re cachd (2?638) on job eri{&lio

&o lte I .o ||s.t!..n dne.. h..rr- ub! !.l.rrd..r..1 b.r-' ,- -dr6d6

T.tL 4r0: Dlftq.. 16r.- d.r !d d{ ..rool i..A.r, !.b rdr&.de

\'!cofsd@l N M.! i df !r9

286 2nl9

3lt N.l70393 581'r?a 4t.6E

TSL No.ar0 .hd!v! ttat v.tr i. Dt llF|Gd d 0.05 Lrd of ngtrifmq. lt. o![ b4o&an .ndng ta ttd i. b dSlif.d dlfiqwc h.r!€ Et r dd

'l!d el l.-La' jd !rid.d.. i -oqid nd h Ir iB|!d.d th thr a D

ilfq@ b6E uto d nrd !.dd' jo6.dtn dd. ftdc ir D @!.ti&r.oeofffit tw..outo d nrd b.ct6' joblridcion,

ttu| rb@t nork nqd dlf|rs.e b.tq.o cloe .!d ortr t .chedlob {d.f..dd.

Trbl. 421: Dlf€r€nc. b.tw.o eloc .!d rnr t r.heD'job pd.f.ctloD.

Tehins Subjet N Md r df sig,

162 211.07

439 2a0.61r.915 278.106 _054

Tabl. No.4.?l shows thlt .t v.l@ (1,935) is sisnificdt ar O,O5 ldel ol3iift&.c, o rt null hypolb6i! slrin8 th,t lhc i! s !igni6@r .lifi@ bdw6$i.nce and ans t€rch.F job sarklDiion is Fjei.d and ir is cmctuded rll.t $ft js

sigtrifi@t di|'@ b<4l6 *iea !d &.'9 t4tds' job .atisf*(id. Atu reh6hav. hieh* hd @re (280.6?) tls oiqcc rchd (274.07) d job qrisfadion

rlor lh.rt. no3lgnmo dlilcr€nce r€slrdlng job ..tlrLcdon .nonsh.vln8 dlfl.r6t rochhg dp.rloe.

T.ble 422: Dllt Em. r.g.rrnng Fb t.d ..dotr .oors td.h.n h.vllg dtfercra.hltr! dp.rldc

Tdhing Erperimc. N Mdn dr F sic

G5 yff 5J 214,25Glo''(m 16 265.89ll-15y6 166 281.60 4 3.611 006lG20Y6 r4t 2?8_802t> 16J 2af_14

Table No,4.22 qplains lhar 'F valuc (3.61?) is sig.iflcdt, so lhe nllll nrlolhsigstating thal drN is no sigrificmr dill€Mc. €gatdi.g job sitisftction mons teacbeN

hovins difi€Mt L4hing qpqie@ in cj-le4 dd n is @ncluded 6al th@ is

signifmt difi@c. Fsuding job elilf&rio dons t@h6 hovinS dif.Mt t 4hin8

As lhe Gults rc sienificet n s deided to u I-SD P6t HOC 161 of multiple

compeison. Howaq only significMr dtus diII€I*e d€ presded h@ which

conrribut€ the norl in naldne rh. 6uh signif'.dr.

T.U..L2$ S.nDry of rd4L ourdtE r|!.drrsr.b ..d.e.dd o(iqA-r f.ftt atk-a bAl4 q.fe.

Ma Dill.fue Si&

Gloyvr ll-lg,Cloyvr lG20y

t5,71

tL97

11g

,w,nt2.o(tr

'Ar &u i! IAn Nd4:3 tb. otqdl rd. &.6. lto. tt@ t d rd t .- .d!irdicd. fi i...t f| [ri!f i.di.!.qqi@ LE 6 io tO rqr brc t - aL!5job .dirfi.dd (a{ 255.89) 6u Et6 rL ddi! orANOvA si8liEqr

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, DISCUSSION ANDR.ECOMMENDATIONS

5.I SUMMARY

TIE plrFoe of db itudy ws !o d.r.nift the rclrtionslip bctwdogDi4li@al climarc and r@l*B' job $lisletid Thc atldy de .tein.<l the

dilleqt d@Snphic vairbl6 in r*h6' job $rbfrrio!,In thc tust st!8. aU ln. CotqDqr S*ddfy S.l'dls ol disEict Sa4odl'a

w* 3.lcLd a a spl., Thd w€c 192 sh@k, I 19 bot!' scondary $h@ls a!!d 7]

Sids s.dbry *h@ls $,iich .ll p.rricipar.d in |iiis srudt Tbe !@nd naCe ot

sDurs ndicdt.d s.ldrid of t*hd 6plc, All rlE govdndr 3@rd.ry sh@l

r4h6 (rde 4 fd.le) s@ elct d fq this studt. In dl, ?85 g@ffol sond&y

*h@l t*hcB fom . mplc of 192 govtuol ldndty shoob *ft $l41cd.

Ts iNmnors wG ur.d ro ollct lh. dd!, orrdizltorl CliD!. Decnpfior

Qo6rio@iFpis.d od d.vclopcd by Hoy Dd Clov6, Mim6ola Sarisfarion

Qu6tituiF nodificd ..d &El@Gd by W.iss, ed d@8r.9hic infmalon fm.Fid rs qcioMic vF dnili3ldEd 4ft6 thc tlrl.don dd Pilol l6dng

M.jdity of dtc cponddi! who @ndacd lh6. i*tilML, vs n.lc. NDbs of

n l. Brondols wG l9a(65.6%) 4d nhbd of fdalc BFd.Lntl wB 20?(14,4%)

162 GFndol3 w r.!hin8 $ift. lubjdt which b27%oulof601ed?3%wftr@ning &i subjdt!. 286 G3DonddB b.lon8.d lo th. u,nu d&li *hich e 47.6%

out ol ro&l t ehm, ! (52.4%) cpoflddl3 w4 otsl $h@l L4hm. Mljdity of

lne stol ldhm hld b€n r@hi.g fM I I to | 5 yca .12,60l. rlspondok nld b.cn

tc&hing Aon 6 to l0 y.s,Th.e wN 12 Dull hypolboB, 8 null h$oil66 w@ fomul.l.d fo! s*tin8

Elaridship, if dy, h.l*6 six dgeiational dimositu sd job lltisf&tion. Four

nuu hyp.tn*s w@ fomulded wking difidce, if ey, duc io vdioN demenphic

veiable in job slifedd.

stllislicrl p&kage for saial scidcd (SPSS D sonwde wN used !o nalyze

th. dato in this 3tudy, Sblistical rshoiqucs, corelarion, 'r' t6t, ANOVA, md LSD Post

Ha w.E N.d to exmin€ the doi!.

5.2 FINDINGS

Tn tollwinE nndings wee dram a06 deriFive ad inlffirial dDllsis.

L Out or. toral of 60l, nMbd ol mal€ rElondqts ws 194 (65%) dd.!nb€r of f€ml. 6ponddl! B 201 l34av,) s majodty of lh.Bpondens wft n.re,

2, 162 Fsponde.ts o oi60t w. t€ehing sisc. subj4k which is27%ond

419 aspondflts were l@hing ans 3ubldt , which is 7l7q out ol lotrl

6pondql5, $ mjonly oftl'c Flpordols w@ d subj4ls lcachcts.

3. 286 Bpordsts' b.logd 1o urld *h@l *hicn n 47.6% out of lobl ed315 cpondols a@ rudl st@l t*h6 \dicb d 52.4%.

4. Regeding rhe lagl|.' ol FRie (dFicme), the disfibution oa Gpondmts

3howed thar 63 rach* {8.8yt nrd b€n r@hirg fbn 0 lo 5 yff, ?6

leeh€6 ( 12.6%) had b€n rqhing frcn 6 to l0 ys, 166 t ahm (27.6%)

had bs l€mhins frm ll lo lJ )qB, 143 l@heB (23.8%) bad ben

le&hing rrcn lG20 r€en, ond 16l l@h6 (27.2%) hdd b€en t ochin8

fon 2lor noE '@n,

so najonly of tcochd nad ben lerchinS fbn I llo

5. Md ffi ofjob s.lisf*tio lDtou indicar€d lnlt l@nd we l6s$tisfi.d vith advo@n6t, @pd{im and snil3 ondiiioB.

6, Th@ B a significol posniw coftblim b€{wd pincipal b.lrvior ddl@h6 job slisf&lio..

7, Supporliv€ prircip.l b.h.vior lnd t*hs'job satif&tion @ lound b b.significdily @ftlated with .eh olher.

8, Tn€ hlll [y?od€sis no 3 shtir! no siglificdt Eladonship b.lw*. dietiveprincipal b€havior md l.@h.6'job sad3f&tioA @ ej*ied B$blishing !

\2.

D.

15,

sisnificanl Elalionship b€rween di@rive principal behalio. dd lqches

The nul nypodeis no 4 stilin8 m siSnin@l Elotionship bawetrdiiciive priNipal belavid &rd t *hs' job srisfstion, *E ec?l.d am sisnifiror rElationship v6 loud bctw Gtrictive plircipal bchavior

and lahs job sdisfa.lion.

Th€ nqll hrTorh6is no 5 staring m sknifi@t Elations[ip b.rl6teach6' bebvior .nd t.cnd' job etisf*tion wa ej4red, thus

esublishing a signilicant rlationship,

The nuu blToth6is no 6 st lins no eisrificdt elationship belwee. collegial

tqchd hehavior md r@hdt job ethlelion wa Ejmlen, *lablhhinS a

signilimt Elaliohship b.lwd collegial t@hd henavior sd tqchs job

The Nll ht?orn6l rc? st ng no significsl Elalio6nip betg€. 'f,timalerdhr bdDvid dd l@h.6 job etisf&rio. wa Gjeted, lhlt

Blablkhine a sig.i6c&1 rlo @hip.

Tbe null hyporhBis no 8 stlrins m signin@l rclrtio.ship b.rw€d

disen9ged teaher b€havior Md r@h€6 job elllf41io. wd rcjer.d,

N€galive od€lalion wa lound bet*m disngased l*her behavior sd

The nuu hr?othesis no 9 slaring no sisrificul diffme betwen marc edfmale teachs' job slilf4tid w4 rcjeled, md il rc conclud.d thal

thre wd difim@ b.rwa m.le rnd ldol€ l@h€6' job sltisfcciion.

Fsnale t@h6 h.d higho na sE the mle t@hs oD job

stisfa.tio qu6tio@iE,

Tne null hypod6is no l0 stlting rc sienificer dif.Ime b.lw6 ulbddd od t*h4 job slhLclio. wd mc.pt d, a no sienificel diff@nc.wa lound betwm urbe ed runl tah6' jotr salisfclion. Therc ws no

difmce of n@s belw.e. lrban ed ruar G,chms' job eiisfaction.

16,

t1.

The nul nFolh*is no I I $aing no sisnificdl dilledce b€tw€en scieme

.od lds t4hs' job ethlerion h ej6red, dd n w.s concludcd that

tncE ws sieniffcer diffeFn@ benlen scidce dd .ns r@hm' job

salisf&lim. Artl t@h6 havc nishd m€o sre the sidcc tacieu.T1E ,!U hypod6is m 12 st{ing no signincd df.@e c$rdi.g job

sBlftd n6ns tehs harmS drflmt r4hD8 qFidrc w6Ejerdl. ov6 all 6ults for lh€ PGt HOC 6d na m indiot d lhar

l@hd bving l4hing qtai e of 6 ro l0 ,€s h.v. 16r job

5.3 CONCLUSION

The lollowiDs ancluions wd dnM fon tn€ lindinss oflhe study.

I . The frEt sdeEl cdclusion dr.r @uld be dFm lion lhc findings of rhis

sfidy is lhat lhR wa sigrificdl rclario$hip b.tws OrSdiari@at

Clinate ad Job sa&fetio.2, Borh prircipal h€hovior &d r@hd b.havio. s@ si8.in@tly rht.d to

l@hffir job slisfetion a pcc.ivcd by Govmdt SFondrry Sch@l

t.&hm. The rclalionship belwm principal behavior dd lahh' job

sslisfelim, howse. aptealed |o be ftlatively $&ngd thd thc rclotiorslrip

of lmher h€havior and job sdhfetior3. Supponive prinipal b.hlvior ed lgch6'job salisfaclion ws fomd ro b€

dgnifimdy onela|.d with tuh olhr.4- Reladmhip bdl,6 di€tive Fircipal b.havior and rah6 job

erisfetion M foud signilicdt.

5, R6[iclive Fincipal benavior nd lah6' job ethletiob had no

sisnilicel r€lalids[p.

6, Couecial l@hs behaliot .nd intidale trcher behavior had significdt

Elatiooship wilh i@hea! job s.tirfrction.

Dbengas€d rand bcttsvior ed t*hs job sdis{.ction wa lound to b.

Fen.le te&h6 w@ noE stislied than rh€ir nale @unterpans.

Th* m no sisnificer diffc@c€ belwea urbe od ruml l.ehss job

Ans tcachd w mm erbti.d thm siere !dhd.T@n6 n ving 6 ro l0 y6 dFi.tr *@ lB eri!ficd thrn toch6h.vin8 mrc lahing exFi4qCdeallt t*hs v@ 163 salblled witn advmdal, compcnstion dd

s.4 DISCUSSTON

Th. b6ic obj-rive of lhe lGdr srudy ws lo qploE lhe el.rionsnip berwe.

dlaniani@l climate ed job &lhfflion- The tudines of lhjs sllldy suppori dDl

or8eizrio.l climre !d teh6' job $tisferion is Elatcd. The findings l€nd

suppon io $e n.dings by Fn.dlddd lnd Msryuli6 (1969), Llloll.{e ud Sim(19?5), rcpon.d signifimr Fsilivc coftl.tion b€twd orgeizlionrl clinate

din€ision, dd job sarisrmrion.

supponive principal behlvior in rhis study rc foud lo be sirnilicstly bul

p$nivcly elat d ro l@nd' job satisfedon. This findiry @liru 0ndings of O6sieed Cm (1973) wno found supponiv. ud considoate p.i.cipal lelddhip psiliv.lyElar.d ro r@h6 job satisf&rid.

Inlimale dd @llegial r*hd b.nlvior in tnis stlrdy wa found to be

si8rificdlly pGnively rclalcd lo rceh.G job 3atisfstion. Donohue (t983), ftponcd

lhol 'nlim.L

G&hd belavior !o b€ positivcly Elated ro edNaioa job saftf&rion.

Dieneased dinmsion of o.ganiationll clina& in tbh sludy w6 found to b€

n.gatilcly coftlsled wnh l@he6' job saisfacioi, Doiohue (1981) found the

disgag.d dimension ro be .egdv.ly Elal.d iojob satitution lor f*ulii€ of nuEins

8.

1.

t2.

Th. lindinS lbn lhis sn|dy indiqr6 fcmals lo b€ moE srrkficd win tn€njobs

de ml. l4hs. Thee Gulls psvid. suppon for tlE 6lid nudi6 of Raisi(1933) r.d Dort S Dflaro (2001) drl j.m.le leeh6 we mE stiet€d $d rh.ir

mde codldpans. Scn6l bation slbe.d ro sisnii@t dfesc€ bcr&q urbd ddn6l $h@ltcrchd lo job stisfaclion, Thh findins suppons th. findinss ol Husbey

rnd Murlh.y ( 1982), Tn€y foud rural t@h.u 1o b€ sadsn.d hur not significmdy.

Findin$ fmm this sMy show thal si*e t@hea weG lc$ satisfied with th€ir

job. Thcn ls sllisastion is md$rdld$le beae of |heii g@ir dded for dcirswic6, hdcc incBsd enployrbilily in rh. mn4 thcy hav. tEu.r chec6 of

Findings frcn this study show rhat rech6 hlving 6 to l0 yem rerhih8

€xpenmcc arc les satisfied. Hyate (1998) repon.d $ot lensth ot seruice (expdftc.)

ol sllcSc l.rche6 ws sisnifidtly Flal.d rojob sarisfa.lion in op.n md aor@onous

clitute .Hc funncr Eporral lhd age crrcsory of 5l ro 55

'!s ws don safti€d wnn

55 RECOMMENDATIONS

l. li becodB moie inpond ior piincipals b be avde ol rhd imporlnce of rheir

supdisory stylB in rclarion to lcehs' job elisfelion ard should .io$ the

supponiv. principd b€havior 3uch 6 criticim lhould b. hddl.d @Blructiv.ly,

pnie lholld b. siv6 SduiFl, ad prituipal sholld lisl$ od GePIlah6'sugg6lioB

2. An .tndph€rc oa trust, conliddc. ed cmp€Flion should be fo$ord, whftlschds cd interacl wilh €rch oihcr th& dis@gage beh.vior,

3. Tbc @rcq't of orsmizati@l clinate should be populdi4d tbrcugn neft and

compond'ns aws Egading anituds ad belsvior be d*elopei dolgtholdinS oa sire edrcldonal contffiei synp6ia, ed inlon at eel

1og.rh6 oade principals dd t@h6.

L

5.

2.

The findins thal l€male L&h6 d. moE sotisned with th€irjob is hcoum8ing,

but at the soe tim€, lhe dala ildiqlibg thai male r@ns @ ls sitisn.d is

dislrpoinlirs drd EquiB a celul coNidenlim. Eflorls snoub leE on 1o

impovingjo6 .tlrelion ao. &ld|.d m.le popul.rion anl rclaining ih@ al€dyin lne poraim. The dlra cldly indide $at rdh6 d6ive ls sarisf&tion

nom dwdfll cmp@tio. .nd *qking condirioB, $ golcmdlsnoub loke nor. inledt in ldvMcdo! conp4dion ed working condnions

Scisce l@hea disetisfaction wnn then job should be d sqious @ncm ro

educaloS. At . tin€, whn sral.i cmpbsis is being tl&ed on scioce and

mlhdalie edrcalioh !t higl *hool lael, the iiportance of scisce |eachcs'

slisf@lim b@on* quiie aiddl.

f,XCOMMf,NDATIONS FORFURTHER RESEARCH

Sinild tild ol6@h6 should bc conduct€d ino|nd disticl3/psvilc6.

Sinilr qF of lca@hes should b. conduled ar clddtary $h@b,

colles€s, uivmili€s md pbldsio.el iBtitulioN l*els.

OCDQ R€ is lioned in iLs scop. dd ovqase ll is lioired lo sdial ddinldpeM.al rl.tions bawe. t@hqs and teeh$, leAch4 ddptincipals, In od€r !o caplurc th. .sdce of wndary sbooh'

oryoizatioDal clinarq ir n..d! 10 b€ expsded ircluding stld.nt ddsEuctE dindions, $ rB4h6 ey be @dEred by imludinS $e

The list of d@gnphic infhsrion should be qtsded to includc suh

vdioN wiablB s.ee. &lddic qulification, nEnal $du, dd rraining

come duing sdi@, and jc,b lduE (confi&lor pmd€ appoirt*).

*lcxDEL orr r4rtA.IIcyltsHIS @E I1wEE^ro.c. AittD J.s.

Key:

s.B:

R.B:

Org.nl2.rio!.I CliD.r.

T.B: Terch.r B.hrvior

D,B: Dlr.ng.god Behlvior

C.B: Collcgl.l Beh.vior

I.B: Inrlmd. B.t.vlor

(Y- Y

trt'"1i.""%,"*'

\ x,'r r-\1 .)|.- i .

€sf' .f

The oodel wa dw€loped !o pictoriluy erplain llle elationship h.twed

Orgdiani@l Clinale and Job Saiisftclior. The six ciEl$, sumunding job

stisf&tion dd job etisfction sl6 E r6ar tte six dins3ids of Orsaizrioal

Cli@r.. Tx. dihsioE have ber futhd sreup.d into tm clutc6 Evolviry @und

Primip.l rd T4nd's hchnvio, E&h circl. h6 ben 6met d to on. of rh.

dimmios in lne nodel Tne @ws cmMtiog h,ve indic.Ld rh! 3ignificMrly

corlalcd $al6 lon the €l4dt .ircle. ln cae of Supponive PriNiprt Bcndvior, rhe

inn.frost circl. shos rhar it i3 significdlly corelaGn b all th€ rwenty 3clles hence

dipicling . very clN elatioEhip wilh job stirf&tioi, The Di@tve PrinciDal

B.lwiq (2d cirl. tm rhe mcr) t tikcai* signifi@tly @rclared io all sal6

dc@l cornFnetion. The R6lrictiv. Primipll Bclwior (3d ciEle aFn c6lr) h6

bd folrd sigificdtly Elaldl b t$o s.l6 ofjob salisfetion- In ce oa th. sond

clstcr, which Ela16 10 1€ehs b.haviour, n ha bsn foud thal Collegial T@ner

B€halior Md Intimate T@h€r Bchrvior @ signilicelly md positively corcht.d {idjob stisf&lim. Tn only dinorion which h6 bd found to be negalilcly coftlated

lojob $nstudon is Dtudgaged T@icr Benavior show tltrough oulc m circl.,

TlE @e6ll sraiisrical 6ulG @d $!r $e Orsotatioal Clihd. hq ! very

sohg innl@e or Job elisfetion. Of th. tn dimosim rals inro oNid.Eljm, it

h6 b6n sratklicrlly dlablilhcd thll SupDoniv. Behavior in cse of Princip.l B.havior.

CotleSiol B.havior ih se ol Tcachs Behavior, m sisnilicantly elal€d to almNt all

lh. scal6, ed have diBt sd posilivc rcl.tio. with ,ob sarishron.

BIBLIOCRAPHY

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Kumn, F.E (t985) idlitl exRisd i. Dqsonn€l /hume

'uaeddll- (2!d cdidon), L.ndon: BcU& Howel sooev

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L.ny R j ed aafta,J.M Reldional ship h.iwen teeh otjobsa*ist crid dpBedby Nonn c@[m vaationat AgricuttuE T€ch6. rou;al ofAsricnltue Educarion.l990, 52,56.

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136

N.liond Utridity ol Modm laguge

I d .mducrirg ! detdal 'B6h

sfudy 6 "Rclari@hip bamtrgDizalion l clinarc A Job sllisf&rid of reh6 al S@nday $h@l ld.l". ot!.dutiddsFrco' ir nN quiie diot rl to b.* dei.i@-ratins 6 c4h fi.ditrss. My pllai qdavd

t to ot tcin a ioe pide of th. opinioN ofi@ha iowe.ls th.ir wort rnd er* conditins.

I n€d you kind @op@tid fd tlts rc!@ch. You vis will be of imm@

hclp 10 ne in coDduling ny rtgfth. ThG dmosnphic infomdon povided by tou wjlt b.

k pl co.fiddri.l, You N d!*f@ mr qp€red io EiL lour D.@ o. di$loF your id. ir, t

m @losing two s.t E& qGdomiG otr job ellf&rion r.d qgdizrim.l ctiD.l. for

elicitinS you odid opinio.

Not : TU. q!dd.r..ld b dry tur SMdrrt S.hoot Ts.b.F.

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With rct-cr.trcc ro your l.trcrr cotrnnirbe or lrltc nenrbers was orgrnized k)anaryz!'the itthcnticity of Urdu Tm^starion of1anrr {ai) Ms(.) rrd{ ru Mr Azrhr M.rr.'ood.

wo qlcstionn.ifes (t) ocDQ{e

The respecrive mentbers anatyz.d urdu TraNlatioo and nFde a fewnlodificarionvcorcclions in the thnslation oI two nboverrenlioncdqucsLrh'rai&s. Now rlis rilrtrrhrion is ru Enric t_c

rhc. conn,,i,rcc co,sisred o^,r" il;;:"ilJ.thtiotr to rrr s.n,prc.

Subjecti AUTIIENTICITY OF URD TRANSLATTON.

l)r. S,r.ijnd th,ss in ShchziChinrrJr, D(p.nn|ctrr of Ur.tu_I rnirLAirl or'S !odhi.

Lccluttr, Depannrenr otUrdu.Uni\elsir) ofsargodha.

ll, Muhrnnnrd Artnr Ais{ri.( l,rnrr . l)tIrJ,1'u(rr of tiutish.tiIir'crsil) ol Srr_!odhn.