a study of how sustainable building materials benefit belum rainforest resort

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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA)

Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture) Module: ASIAN ARCHITECTURE [ARC 2234] Project 1: CASE STUDY PAPER

Title: A STUDY OF HOW SUSTAINABLE

BUILDING MATERIALS BENEFIT

BELUM RAINFOREST RESORT.

Name: LEE YIANG SIANG

Student ID: 0302966

Lecturer: MISS SHAHRIANNE

Submission Date: 12 JUN 2014

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CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ 4

2.0 TO IDENTIFY A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIAL -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐5-‐6

3.0 SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS FOUND IN BELUM

RAINFOREST RESORT-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐7-‐10

4.0 TIMBER AS A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING PRODUCT -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐11-‐12

4.1 EMBODIED ENERGY OF MATERIALS -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐12-‐14

5.0 ADVANTAGES OF USING BAMBOO AS BUIDING MATERIAL-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐15

5.1 WORKABILITY OF BAMBOO-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐16-‐18

6.0 ADVANTAGES OF USING RAMMED EARTH-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐19-‐20

7.0 BENEFITS OF REUSING SALVAGED BRICKS-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐21

8.0 REASONS OF WHY SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS

ARE NOT SO POPULAR -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐22

9.0 WHY SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS ARE IMPORTANT

NOWADAYS -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐23

10.0 CONCLUSION -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐24

11.0 REFERENCES -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐25-‐26 12.0 APPENDIX-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐

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ABSTRACT Belum Rainforest Resort is the only resort in Malaysia to be ISO certified as the

most sustainable resort in Malaysia. Sustainable building materials such as

bamboos, rammed earth, timber and recycled demolition debris are the main

building materials of the resort . The objective of this research paper is to study

the advantages of sustainable building materials that are used in constructing

Belum Rainforest Resort. To complete this research, article, journals, thesis

paper, and literature review about the bamboo, rammed earth, timber and

demolition debris as sustainable building materials have been used as reference.

In addition, online research, such as images, information and videos were

conducted to have further understanding and to assist this research paper.

Belum Rainforest Resort, located at Belum -‐ Temenggor Rainforest in north

Perak, Malaysia, was an adaptive redevelopment of a designed resthouse. This

resort was a sustainable project which has the standard against the rating of UK

BREEAM. Sustainable building materials, such as using recycled demolition

debris for decorative wall claddings, bamboo as ventilated safari roofs, rammed

earth as walls and tree saplings as facade screens, had turn out this resort a

simple yet very sustainable building in only a six month time of construction. The

property intends to educate the public about the cruciality of preserving and

protecting the nature, under control with the desire of EMKAY Group, the

company that owns the resort. It has been proven by Belum Rainforest Resort

that sustainable building materials which build up green buildings have brought

up plenty of benefits in terms of environmental, economic and social, which

including from protecting the ecosystem, save up construction cost, improve

occupants attendance and productivity, increases property value to improve

occupants comfort and health. As a conclusion, the architect's wise decision on

choosing such sustainable building material to construct the resort had a crystal

clear valid reason because of these advantages. This research is to discover the

benefits of the sustainable building material used in this beautiful resort as a

guide or reference to the architects or designers when making the decision of

choosing building material for their design building.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

Human, the most powerful creature living on earth, have been utilizing earth’s

nature resources since 160,000 years ago and the consume of the resources or

energy is rising drastically each year and, is endlessly as the population keep

growing. Human's mind often overpowered by greed which have brought impact

to the mother earth and harm most of the innocent creatures that share living on

this planet. Factories, transportation, technologies and most of the human

activities produce wastages or emissions which lead to pollution of air, water

and land, at last the harm will just come back to ourselves, as "bite off one's own

head; curses come home to roost". As a homo sapiens, as known as wise human,

we are responsible to bring back the balance of the nature by minimising the

footprints on earth and also reducing the harmful pollution. In every industry,

there are many things that we can do to protect the mother earth. For example in

architecture industry, most of the designers nowadays are getting in to design

green buildings. This is not a trend to design green building but architects or

designers, they wise choosing sustainable building materials as the part of the

building design as an objective to minimizing the pollution and the "great

impact" on earth. Not only friendly to nature, sustainable building materials

benefit in the way of creating better, harmless living, and not to forget the

aesthetic value. Belum Rainforest Resort in Malaysia is one of the green building

that use sustainable building materials which make this resort won the first

prize of the PAM Award For Colour On Buildings 5, 2008. On the other hand,

Belum Rainforest Resort has always being attractive to foreign visitors. Besides

all these advantages, it is noticeable that different sustainable building materials

benefits differently to this resort since from the very start of the phase of buying

building material until the end of the building's life. As from the phrase just

stated, the high sustainablilities of building material also provide advantages to

the architects. However, before put in that building material into design, how you

ensure or assume that building material is sustainable?

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2.0 TO IDENTIFY A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIAL

Criteria of sustainable building material:

-‐ locally produced and sourced material

-‐ transport costs and environmental impact

-‐ occupant needs and health considerations

-‐ financial viability

-‐ recyclability of building material

-‐ waste and pollution generated and energy required in the manufacturing

process

-‐ toxic emissions generated by the product

-‐ maintenance costs

Sustainable building material can be defined as a building material with overall

superior performance in terms of specified criteria. There are a total of seven

criteria and the first criteria is that such material could be locally produced or

itself is a sourced material. This is because local produced material could saves

up the transport costs which then contributes in lower the environmental impact

as less emissions from transportation is produced. Second, a sustainable building

material does not produce toxic or harmful substances that will harm the health

of the occupants. As so, occupants are more comfortable in the building and due

to that, the productivity of the workers are most probably increased. Third, the

financial viability of sustainable building material is higher ,where the material

are more affordable or less expensive. Forth, sustainable building material are

mostly recyclable. This is because building material with higher recyclability

tends to contribute on taking control of the wastage amount from increasing.

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Sometimes, the materials could be taken from the demolished building which

complete the act of recycle. Fifth, such material require less energy and will

generate less waste and pollution in manufacturing process. Sixth, as a product

after finishing manufacturing process, sustainable building material will not

generate toxic emissions until the end of its life. Last but not least, sustainable

building material's maintenance costs are usually much lower compare to the

other kind of building materials. When there is no need of maintenance, energy

and money are save up.

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3.0 SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS FOUND IN BELUM RAINFOREST

RESORT

Belum Rainforest Resort is known as the most sustainable resort in Malaysia is

certified by ISO. EMKAY Group, the company that owns the resort make sure that

whatever they do, they minimise the impact on nature as much as possible. Their

intention is to educate the public about the cruciality of protecting nature and as

an inspiration or a role model to many of the designers and architects in

protecting nature. According to EMKAY Group Chief Executive Officer, Tuan Haji

Ahmad Khalif bin Tan Sri Datuk Haji Mustapha Kamal, he said that the company

is willing to run the talk to teach the public about how to conserve the

environment and achieve sustainability.

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tree saplings facade screens are used in Belum Deluxe Accomodation

bamboo safari ventilated roof at Sidai Restaurant

bamboo facade screen at reception

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To educate people, it is obvious that the property had wisely choose the

sustainable building materials to build the resort. This resort are mainly build by

timber facade walls and tree saplings facade screens, bamboo facade screens and

bamboo ventilated roofs, rammed earth walls and decorative cladding walls. This

rammed earth wall at Deluxe Suite

decorative cladding wall at Belum Restaurant

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research paper will investigate on the advantages of the sustainable building

materials in Belum Rainforest Resort and the materials that will be covered in

this paper are timber, bamboo, rammed earth and salvaged bricks.

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4.0 TIMBER AS A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING PRODUCT

As a building material, timber is a natural, renewable and recyclable resource.

This natural resource is best known as sustainable because as a product, it does

not produce toxic emissions and is 100% harmless to human. Moreover, during

the manufacturing process, the production of timber uses less fossil fuel energy

compare to other three common building materials. From the table 4.1, it shows

that timber requires 1.5MJ/kg of fossil fuel energy during the manufacturing

process while aluminium consumes 35 MJ/kg of fossil fuel energy, which makes

real big contrast.

table 4.1: fossil fuel energy consumption of rough sawn timber, steel, concrete and aluminium.

Furthermore, timber stores up to 15 times the amount of CO₂ released during its

manufacture, whereas steel and aluminium store negligible amounts. Table 4.2

shows the comparisons of the CO₂ released and stored by various building

materials during their construction. From the table, it is again proves that timber

is a sustainable building material.

table 4.2: carbon released and stored of rough sawn timber, steel, concrete and aluminium.

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In the on site construction, timber performs favourably in terms of energy use

and ease of construction in comparison to oher major building products. This is

because timber building product are generally light and easy to handle with

strength to weight ratios, they generally require less energy to transport and

position than heavier materials like concrete. Studies by the Forest and Wood

Products Research and Development Corporation (2003) found that brick

cladding for houses uses significantly more on site energy than wood cladding.

4.1 EMBODIED ENERGY OF MATERIALS

The results of an analysis by the National Timber Council (2001) shows that the

embodied energy of a lightweight timber dwelling is the lower than its

alternatives. Besides, the total life-‐cycle energy and greenhouse gas emission is

lowest for a lightweight timber construction compared with more massive

construction especially if the construction is not fully insulated. When benefits

and costs of various housing solutions are considered, lightweight timber

construction generally rates as the best performer.

In the construction stage, transportation of building material from suppliers to

the site are the major impacts of producing embodied energy rather than on site

construction. In Belum Rainforest Resort, the timber plank are supplied from

local manufacturer. As such, the transportation costs are save up and greenhouse

gas emission is lesser.

A few examples that evince timber is way more sustainable and eco-‐friendly

when comes to comparison with steel, aluminium and brick:

-‐ a steel beam requires more than 10 times the production energy of the

equivalent timber beam;

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-‐ brick cladding for houses uses significantly more energy than wood cladding;

-‐ aluminium window frames use over 50 times the energy equivalent wooden

frames;

-‐ on a weight-‐for-‐weight basis, the manufacture of sawn timber involves

approximately 10-‐30% of the energy needed to manufacture aluminium; and

-‐ much of the energy used for drying kilns is waste material from the harvesting

process. In comparison, most of the energy used in the extraction and

processing of substitute materials is non-‐renewable fossil fuels.

In the process of manufacturing raw materials into building products, waste are

produced in the form of by-‐products. A data about the by-‐products produced

through the conversion of different raw materials into building products are

compared in between steel wall and wood wall by Lawson in 1996. The data

shows that the estimated environmental cost incurred in the production of a

timber wall comparable to a steel wall is less than 30% of the environmental cost

of the steel wall.

table 4.3: comparison of pollutant produced by wood wall and steel wall.

The manufacture of timber products is associated with lower emission of CO₂,

CO, SO₂ and volatile organic compounds than the manufacture of steel. As from

the data, the manufacture of iron and steel results in emissions of CO, SO₂, and

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NO₂(totalling 40 kg/t of steel) to the atmosphere. Besides, fully fluorinated

compounds (FFCs) are a by-‐product of alumunium smelting. These compounds

are much more harmful greenhouse gases than CO₂ because they can last very

long in our atmosphere. Even the manufacture of cement can involve the

emission of up to 240g of sulphur dioxide and of up to 6kg of nitrogen oxides per

tonne of cement. These facts have made timber to be a better choice among

many building materials.

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5.0 ADVANTAGES OF USING BAMBOO AS BUILDING MATERIAL

Bamboo is widely used in Asia country and is well known of its usefulness from

the range of food, medicine, furniture, musical instruments, textiles to building

material. In fact, bamboo is stronger than steel and oak. However, it is flexible

and is mostly used in designing curvy building. It has the characteristics of

resisting water and lightweight which make it a eco-‐friendly and cost effective

building material. As it is water resistant, extra coating for preventing water

erosion is neglegible, thus saves up the cost of coating. It also helps to save

construction time because of its lightweight and the using of cranes could be

unnecessary. Moreover, bamboo has an ability of rapid growing with reported

growth rate of 99cm in only 24 hours. It is easy to plant and grow in almost all

kind of climate compare to the other kinds of tree, some might needs more than

a hundred years to reach its maturity.

In the process of manufacturing bamboo, handling and cut is easy and the most

importantly, bamboo is a material that does not pollute. It does not have crusts

unlike timber and even the part of bamboo that is not usable can be recycled into

earth fertilizer or to make bamboo charcoal.

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5.1 WORKABILITY OF BAMBOO

Flexibility of bamboo enables it to be worked into different shapes according to

different methods:

It is recommended to use sharp tool when worked with bamboo because its

surface is highly silicified. To split bamboo, just cut along the cane axis or use a

knife frame to split it into four or eight segments. Besides knife frames, saw,

machete-‐type knife or scorch drill can be use to split the bamboo cane.

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to produce a bamboo plank, split the canes into halves and to ensure to smash all

the nodes and split over the pole's wall into flat. Bamboo canes can be peeled

after the age of 18 months and the peeled strips are mostly used as ties or to be

woven to make strings ans ropes.

To get square shape, bamboo is grows in a square box. This is to make easy

connections on bamboo.

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Bamboo is bent according to the wanted degree and is to let dry with the

position kept. Then, it is to be heated for above 150 celcius and the shape will be

fixed after it is cooled.

With its beautiful natural colour or textures, bamboo does not require any

paintings to coat the outer surface. They are plain nice as the way they are and

have a high aesthetic value which could brings harmony to the surroundings in

relation between the environment and the building.

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6.0 ADVANTAGES OF USING RAMMED EARTH

Villas in Belum Rainforest Resort are found using rammed earth as the facade

walls. The rammed earth walls are not built only for their nice texture and colour

but there have many advantages that have been benefit this resort. One of its

advantages is rammed earth walls does not require maintenance, thus it saves

time and costs. It has great strength to be load bearing wall and is durable that

can last for many decades. It is also good in sound insulation that there is no

need to install extra insulation to reduce noise. Besides, rammed earth walls are

fire proof and is recommended for high fire risk areas. It also resist pests like

termites which then the maintenance costs can be neglect and no pesticides have

to be used. When pesticide are not used, environment are more healthier.

In terms of colour and textures, many variation of patterns are possible

according to the amount of materials that are mixed in the process of making.

Build walls with rammed earth are very environmentally friendly compare to the

solid masonry walls. In the production of rammed earth, only compaction of

earth is involved where firing process is not required which there will be no

other pollution such as toxic emission and greenhouse gases in such process.

Unlike brick manufacture, it requires firing process where there is a kiln that

produced harmful gases. Furthermore, the materials for rammed earth is taken

on the site such as clay, sand and the earth since the name of this building

material is called rammed earth. However, the materials are dependant on

different sites.

Since rammed earth walls does not need any pesticides to get rid of pests, does

not need any paintings to cover the surface and its material is taken on site

which no transportation is needed, a lot of costs are save up! Rammed earth is

indeed a sustainable and cost saving materials which should be more considered

by the architects and designers nowadays.

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Figure 6.1: methods of making rammed earth wall

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7.0 BENEFITS OF REUSING SALVAGED BRICKS

In Belum Rainforest Resort, salvaged bricks are taken from the deconstruction of

phase 1 building. In the phase 2 where they rebuild the resort, salvaged bricks

are used to build up decorative cladding wall. These decorative cladding walls

had benefits the resort and also the environment. This is because the cladding

walls that are made from the salvaged bricks are recycled materials. when the

building materials are reused from the deconstruction, pollutions are prevented.

As such, burning waste materials and landfill are less use and solid waste are

also reduced. Thus, air quality is improved .

In a way of how it benefits the resort is that when they use recycled building

materials, they saved up a lot in terms of cost. As new bricks are needless to buy

when there are recycled bricks on site. Even transportation fees are deducted

because the materials are already on the site, and when no transportation is

needed, greenhouse gases from vehicles are prevented. Besides, the production

of new bricks require kiln where there are firing process which produce harmful

gases and waste that could affect the environment. However, salvaged brick does

not require any firing process as it is reused.

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8.0 REASONS OF WHY SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS ARE NOT SO

POPULAR

When it comes to design a commercial building, designers tend to make their life

easy and so choosing common materials such as brick work or other masonry as

their design buiding's materials. This is because if they choosing the materials

which they have already long contact with the manufacturer they used to buy

their products, why need to find another manufacturer of sustainable building

materials that could waste their time. In fact, some of these sustainable building

materials could be hard to find in local. Even when it is found, the transportation

fees could be one of the problems as some of these sustainable building materials

manufacturer is not much and could be very far away from the construction site.

The another reason is that the company intends to take more commission from

the building materials to earn fast money and. Besides, most of the designers are

lack of awareness and the knowledge of the benefits of sustainable building

materials.

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9.0 WHY SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS ARE IMPORTANT

NOWADAYS

The growth of the community development nowadays are at a high rate of speed

which causes large impact to the environment that we are living now.

Sustainable building materials are important in preserving nature and

environment, which include reducing the pollution, energy consumption and

wastes. Usage of sustainable building materials bring benefits in terms of

environmental, economic and social. For environmental benefits, it helps to

enhance and protect biodiversity and ecosystems, reduce waste streams,

improve air and water quality and conserve natural resources. For economic, it

helps to reduce operating costs, improve productivity, enhance asset value and

profits and optimize life-‐cycle economic performance. For benefits in social,

includes enhancing occupant health and comfort, improve indoor air quality,

minimize strain on local utility infrastructure and also improving overall quality

of life. With all of these benefits, sustainable bulding materials are obviously very

important and should be widely use in architecture.

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10.0 CONCLUSION

In a nutshell, as an architect or a designer, we have the responsible to preserve

the nature and environment through designing a buiding. Global warming have

been more serious than before, air quality is getting worse, even water we drink

might not be as safe as now in the future. In my opinion, high responsibility is on

the building designers and this is because most of the pollution takes place in the

process of construction. Thus, as an architect, thinking and choosing the most

suitable building material for design building is crucial. They will need to take

more serious on the pollution and be aware of the global warming while

designing building. Belum rainforest Resort have shown that there are many

benefits to use sustainable building materials. From this research paper, we can

see there are many advantages of using timber, bamboos, rammed earth and

recycled building materials. Designers and architects should take more of these

materials as their choice in order to have a better world for living.

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11.0 REFERENCES

Advantages and Disadvantages of Green Building. (n.d.). . Retrieved

June 12, 2014, from http://www.castaliahomes.com/blog/advantages-

disadvantages-green-building/

. (n.d.). . Retrieved June 12, 2014, from http://www.gayatravel.com.my/articles/hotels-resorts/belum-temengor-forest-reserve-belum-rainforest-resort

. (n.d.). . Retrieved June 12, 2014, from

http://makeitwood.org/documents/doc-692-timber-as-a-sustainable-

material.pdf

Advantages of Building with Bamboo. (n.d.). RSS. Retrieved June 12,

2014, from http://www.guaduabamboo.com/blog/advantages-of-building-

with-bamboo

Bamboo as a building material . (n.d.). Bamboo as a building material.

Retrieved June 12, 2014, from http://bambus.rwth-

aachen.de/eng/reports/buildingmaterial/buildingmaterial.html

. (n.d.). . Retrieved June 12, 2014, from

http://www.motherearthnews.com/green-homes/recycled-building-

materials-zmaz98fmzkin.aspx#axzz34ON37xhd

. (n.d.). . Retrieved June 12, 2014, from http://olneerammedearth.com.au/about-rammed-earth/

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The Benefits of Using Recycled Building Materials. (n.d.). Mother Earth

News. Retrieved June 12, 2014, from

http://www.motherearthnews.com/green-homes/recycled-building-

materials-zmaz98fmzkin.aspx#axzz34ON37xhd

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12.0 APPENDIX

a study of how sustainable building materials benefit belum rainforest resort

Education