a study of digital ink in lecture presentation richard j. anderson *, ruth anderson *†, crystal...
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A Study of Digital Ink in Lecture Presentation
Richard J. Anderson*, Ruth Anderson*†, Crystal Hoyer*, and Steven A. Wolfman*‡
* U. Washington, † U. Virginia, ‡ U. British Columbia
Steve Wolfman presenting
http://www.cs.washington.edu/research/edtech/
Steve Wolfman A Study of Digital Ink in Lecture Presentation 2
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Outline
• Background & Motivation
• Study
• Attentional Marks & Hand Gestures
• Ephemerality & Persistence
• Conclusions & Future Directions
Steve Wolfman A Study of Digital Ink in Lecture Presentation 3
tDistance & Large Class Studies
Presenter
Ink Study
ClassroomFeedbackSystem
Retro/ProspectiveFeedback PatternsStudent Interaction Systems
[ITiCSE ’04]
[SIGCSE ’02, ITiCSE ’02 & ’03]
[SIGCSE ’04]
[CSCL ’03]
[CHI ’03]
Research History
Steve Wolfman A Study of Digital Ink in Lecture Presentation 6
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Outline
Background & Motivation
• Study
• Attentional Marks & Hand Gestures
• Ephemerality & Persistence
• Conclusions & Future Directions
Steve Wolfman A Study of Digital Ink in Lecture Presentation 7
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Ink Study
Interpretive analysis [Erickson] of 3 courses:– Distance courses (, A / V and ink archives)– “Slideware-style”– Experienced instructors
Lectures Time Topic
Prof A. 4 6 hrs Compilers
Prof B. 8 20 hrs AI
Prof C. 10 23 hrs Databases
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Prevalence of Attentional Marks
Segmented strokes from six hours of lecture into coherent episodes and coded into four categories:
% of strokes % of episodes
B C B+C B C B+C
Attentional 49 53 51 77 74 76
Diagram 9 7 8 8 8 8
Writing 41 38 40 14 16 15
Other 1 2 1 2 2 2
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Outline
Background & MotivationStudy
• Attentional Marks & Hand Gestures
• Ephemerality & Persistence
• Conclusions & Future Directions
Steve Wolfman A Study of Digital Ink in Lecture Presentation 10
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Understanding Attentional Marks
Properties:– brief, simple markings– occur with speech– augment meaning of speech– ad hoc form
Is there a linguistic context in which to understand these marks?
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Spontaneous Hand Gestures
Spontaneous Hand gestures [McNeill]:– are synchronous w/speech– are co-expressive w/speech– lack standard of form
Attentional marks share these properties.
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Outline
Background & MotivationStudy Attentional Marks & Hand Gestures
• Ephemerality & Persistence
• Conclusions & Future Directions
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Persistent Representation vs. Ephemeral Meaning
Steve Wolfman A Study of Digital Ink in Lecture Presentation 16
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Persistent Representation vs. Ephemeral Meaning
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Design Recommendations
• Separate strokes w/non-homogenous color
• Show co-occurrence/ordering w/age cues
• Show process w/incremental rendering
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Conclusions
• Identified important ink use pattern: Attentional Marks
• Established gestural framework for understanding/analyzing Attentional Marks
• Demonstrated tension between ephemeral meaning and persistent representation
• Generated design recommendations to resolve tension
• Characterized instructors’ parsimonious use of UI features
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Future Directions
• Alternate ink renderings
• Augmented transcripts– Keyframing– Deixis resolution for blind students
• Improved recognition– Auto-captioning– Link time/speech to slide locations
• Further analysis
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URLs for More Info
UW CS&E Education & Ed. Tech. Group: http://www.cs.washington.edu/research/edtech/
Classroom Presenter: http://www.cs.washington.edu/education/dl/presenter/
Steve Wolfman A Study of Digital Ink in Lecture Presentation 24
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Surprising Use of Attentional Marks (1 of 3)
Steve Wolfman A Study of Digital Ink in Lecture Presentation 25
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Surprising Use of Attentional Marks (2 of 3)
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Surprising Use of Attentional Marks (3 of 3)