a student’s basic guide to bibliographies and …...• the apa style is an author-date...

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A student’s basic guide to bibliographies and referencing:

APA Style

Version: July 2016

Last revised: July 2016 of 30

http://www.tafensw.edu.au/courses/tafe-nsw-degrees

Table of Contents Topic Page

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Bibliography and Reference List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Acceptable abbreviations in the Reference List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Examples

Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7

Dictionaries, Encyclopedias. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Secondary sources, Corporate Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 9

eBooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

eBooks & Theses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Ephemera, Articles retrieved from databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Newspaper, Journal & Magazine Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Figures: Original / Website / Database / Print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-15

Government Publications, Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

ABS, Legal Sources - Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Acts of Parliament, Bills & Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Conference papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Digital sources and Social Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Personal Communication & Lecture notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Messages posted online, Online Video /YouTube,/Film/DVD/Motion Picture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

TV & Radio Programs, Podcasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Webpages, documents and websites/Articles Retrieved from Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Facebook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Twitter, Blog Posts/ Wiki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Music Recording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Sample APA Reference -Tips & List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-30


Introduction

Why reference

Most of the work you produce requires referencing to demonstrate that you have researched and considered the ideas of others in researching your topic or presenting your argument. Referencing is also necessary because it prevents you from ‘plagiarising’, which can lead to an automatic fail result. Plagiarism is using someone else’s thoughts, words or ideas and writing them as if they were your own. It is technically stealing and is a breach of ethics. Referencing tells the reader where the original idea/ information can be found. What should be referenced?

Anything that you have read or heard that has influenced your writing: • A concept or idea • A paraphrased quote • A direct quote • Personal communication • Class notes • Script or screenplay • A contestable argument

General knowledge does not need to be referenced, for example:

Canberra is the capital of Australia. But if you read that

‘The Yass – Canberra plains were chosen because of the snow in Dalgety …’ this would have to be referenced. A contestable argument that would need to be referenced may be:

It is a fact that Lady Denman, rather than the Surveyor Scrivener actually proclaimed the name Canberra.

In-text referencing This is a short notation within the essay, report or written answer, indicating where the source of the information or idea can be found.

• Always include the author’s surname, the year of publication and the page number(s) if available. • If there is no author use the title of the work. • If the author is not known but the organisation which produced the work is known, list the organisation as author.


What is the difference between a Bibliography and a List of References?

A bibliography is comprehensive, as it lists all the reading you did, including background reading. A list of references, on the other hand, contains only the works you have cited in the text of your assignment. Using referenced quotes

• Use quotes wisely and don’t use too many – no more than 10% of the essay or report. • Direct quotes (word for word) should be kept to a minimum.

Avoid making your essay/report just a chain of quotes, as this does not show any evidence that you have understood or evaluated what you have read.

Direct quotes (citations) • Short quotes

If the quotation is less than about 40 words, it should be contained within the text inside double quotation marks. Note: In the example below, the spelling “behaviors” is only retained inside the quotation itself. Outside a direct quotation, words should reflect accepted spelling for the intended audience.

For example:

She stated, “The ‘placebo effect’… disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Miele, 1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify which behaviours were

studied.

• Longer quotes (Block quotes) Longer quotations should be set out as separate passages without quotation marks. The passage should be indented and typed in a smaller font or narrower line Place quotations longer than 40 words in a freestanding block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 5-7 spaces from the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. Put the final parenthesis after the closing punctuation mark.

For example: Miele’s 1993 study found the following:

The placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were

administered. Earlier studies conducted ….. were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)

Please note that paraphrased information – ideas, concepts, thoughts and arguments from someone else that you have put in your own words - must also be referenced to acknowledge the source. This guide is created and maintained by TAFE NSW Libraries and is based on the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA), but is not a comprehensive guide. For all rules and requirements of APA citations, please consult the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Copies are available from all TAFE NSW libraries.

A range of bibliography and reference guides are accessible from your TAFE NSW library website.

Before using this referencing style check for the style preferred by the Course Coordinator.


http://tafecat.tafensw.edu.au/uhtbin/cgisirsi/x/0/0/57/1/506/X/BLASTOFF?user_id=tafeweb

Please note: Not all links in this guide will take you directly to the webpage cited. Some may require a login to access the citation. Links may also become out of date Acceptable abbreviations in the reference list include:

ch. chapter edn edition ed. (eds) editor (editors) Ltd Limited n.d. no date n.p. no place no. number p. (pp.) page (pages) ser. series suppl. supplement rev. revised vol. (vols) volume (volumes)

Some other points to note:

• The APA style is an author-date referencing system. • Book titles, journal titles, and journal volumes are italicised (but not journal issues numbers). • In titles and subtitles of articles, chapters and books, capitalise the letter of the first word and proper nouns, except in in text citation. • Provide city and state for US publications, e.g., Princeton, NJ. Provide city and country for all other publications. e.g. Sydney, Australia. Do not give the name of the

city or state if it is part of the name of a university as the publisher. • APA requires a hanging indent (5-7 spaces) and double-spacing for its citations (for the purposes of this guide, single spacing is used).

• Capitalise all words in journal, magazine & newspaper titles. • Footnotes and references always finish with a full-stop, except when the reference ends with a URL or DOI. • Viewed, “accessed” “retrieved from” “available from" are sometimes used interchangeably within this document.

• Entries are in alphabetical order by author’s surname or by title if no author, and double spaced. • For web documents, sites & other electronic media, use retrieval (availability) statements where source material is likely to change over time.. • Give the home page or menu page URL for works whose full text is accessible by subscription only, for reference works such as online dictionaries or encyclopaedias. • Use "p." and "pp." to indicate page numbers when citing newspaper articles and book chapters. Omit when citing journal and magazine articles. • A digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique identifier with a more stable link than a URL to a publication such as a journal article. When a DOI is available, no further

retrieval information is needed to locate content. No concluding full stop is necessary following a DOI.


Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples

Book -

One to two authors Robinson (2008, p. 25) has argued that... OR This was seen in a study (Smythe & Jones, 2001)... • Cite the names every time the reference occurs • Ampersand (&) can be used within parentheses, while “and” is used in sentences • If there are two authors, include the last name of each and the publication year in the order they appear

Robinson, M. (2008). Child development 0-8: A journey through the early years. Maidenhead, England: Open University Press.

• References that are more than one line should be indented as shown above •Details about edition, volume number, report number or chapter page range are placed directly after the title in parentheses, with the period after the parentheses, e.g. (2nd ed.). or (vol. xvi) • No edition number is given if the source is the first edition of a publication Author Surname, Initials., & Author Surname, Initials. (Year). Book title:

Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Three to five authors ...Curwen, Palmer and Ruddell (2000) demonstrated… • For the first text citation of a work by 3-5 authors cite all authors, subsequent citations include only the first author surname followed by et al. eg (Curwen et al., 2000). If the work is cited more than once within the same paragraph, omit the year after the first citation

Curwen, B., Palmer, S., & Ruddell, P. (2000). Brief cognitive behaviour therapy. (Brief Therapies Series). London, England: Sage.

• List all author names Author Surname, Initials., Author Surname, Initials., & Author Surname,

Initials. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.

6 -7 authors It was argued that…(Johnson et al., 2005) • Include the first author followed by et al. and year for the first and all other citations

Churchill, R., Ferguson, P., Godinho, S., Johnson, N. F., Keddie, A., Lets, W., & Mackay, J. (2013). Teaching: Making a difference. Sydney, Australia: John Wiley & Sons.

• Include all author names in the Reference List • Use author rules as above

8 or more authors Paraphrase: (Berman et al., 2012) Direct Quote: (Berman et al., 2012, p. 59) • Include first author followed by et al. and year

Berman, A., Snyder, S. J., Levett-Jones, T., Dwyer, T., Hales, M., Harvey, N., Stanley, D. (2012). Kozier and Erb's fundamentals of nursing (2nd Aust. ed.). Frenchs Forest, Australia: Pearson Australia.



Two or more books -one year same author

(Santrock, 2009a, 2009b)

• Distinguish works by ‘a’ ‘b’, etc. after publication date

Santrock, J.W. (2009a). Child development (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Santrock, J.W. (2009b). Life-span development (12th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. • List books in alphabetical order by title.

No author (Psychological effects, 1999)

Psychological effects of cocaine and crack addiction: A survey of the psychological side of so-called "designer drugs". (1999). Philadelphia, PA: Chelsea House.

Book title: Subtitle. (Year). Place of Publication: Publisher.

No date (Douglas, n.d., p. 203)... Douglas, G (n.d.). Studying at University: a student guide, Waupub, Walcha, NSW. Author Surname, Initials, (n.d.).Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Edited books (Beckman & Ma, 2008)

Beckman, K. R., & Ma, J. (Eds.). (2008). Still moving: Between cinema and photography.

Durham, NC: Duke University Press. • Use author rules as listed above. Where there is editor instead of author, follow

author rules, but include the abbreviation 'Ed.' or 'Eds.' in parentheses. Editor Surname(s), Initial(s). (Eds.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication:

Publisher.

Reprinted book (from another source)

(Newton, 1998/1999) • If the work is reprinted, give both publication dates in chronological order, separated by a slash (/)

Newton, W. (1999). Return to Mars. In C. Mari (Ed.), Space Exploration (pp. 32-41). New York, NY: H.W. Wilson. (Reprinted from National Geographic, pp. 2-26, August 1998).



Book: Chapter, essay or article in an edited book or anthology (Compiled works)

(Freud, 1900/1953) (Ogden, 2001) Bourke, (1989) argued that • Acknowledge author of the chapter or article. Do this also for sections of books, eg prefaces, forewords and introductions • In text, cite the specific item that you use. The details of the book it was published in are listed in the bibliography Chapter Author(s) Surname (Year, page number) if applicable

Freud, S. (1953). The method of interpreting dreams: An analysis of a dream. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 4). Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books (Original work published 1900).

Ogden, J. (2001). Health psychology. In J. Naidoo & J. Willis (Eds.), Health Studies: An introduction (pp. 69-100). New York, NY: Palgrave.

Bourke, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human

memory. In H. L. Roediger III, & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory & consciousness (pp. 309 - 330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

• The entry in the reference list should appear under the name of the author of the chapter, not the editor(s) of the book • Include the name(s) of the editor(s) after the title of the chapter – note that initials in this position appear before the family name • Provide the page numbers of the entire chapter • Use rules similar to those of Dictionaries and Encyclopedias • When the editor’s name is not in the author position, do not invert the name; use initials and surname Author Surname [of Chapter or Article], Initial(s). (Year). Article or chapter title. In

Editor Initial(s). Surname (Ed.), Book title: Subtitle (pp. page range of article or chapter). Place of Publication: Publisher.

Translated book (Ylinen, 2008)

Ylinen, J. (2008). Stretching therapy: for sport and manual therapies of everyday life. (J. Nurmenniemi, Trans.). Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone.

Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Book title: Subtitle. (Translator Initial(s).

Surname, Trans.). Place of Publication: Publisher.



Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

Print Dictionary, no author

Field theory is defined as "a systematic approach describing behaviour in terms of patterns of dynamic interrelationships between individuals and the psychological, social and physical situation in which they exist" ("Field theory", 2007, p. 375).

Field theory. (2007).. In G. R. VandenBos (Ed.), APA dictionary of psychology (p. 375). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Article Title. (Year). In Editor Initial(s). Surname (Ed.), Title of dictionary (edition if not the first, vol. no., pp.). Place of Publication: Publisher.

Online encyclopedia with author identified:

Low and Jin (2012) comment that urging someone to do their best does not appear to be as effective as involving the person in setting specific and relatively difficult goals …

• Where the author is identified for entries in print or online encyclopedias, provide the author and year as for other authored sources

Low, R., & Jin P. (2012). Achievement motivation and learning. In N. M. Seel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the sciences of learning (pp. 47–51). doi:10.1007/078-1-4419-1428-6

• If retrieved from a database, do a Web search for the home page of the publisher of the encyclopedia and use the URL in the reference or DOI

Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Article Title. In Editor Initial(s). Surname (Ed.), Title of encyclopedia (edition if not the first, vol. no., pp.). DOI or Retrieved from URL

When one author refers to another (secondary citation)

Miller’s study (as cited in Agrios, 2005) ...

• Name the original author, then the author of the secondary publication which cites the original (primary) source

• Use “cited in” when info about the original source is paraphrased and mentioned in the secondary source, but use “quoted” when the secondary source includes a quote from the original source/study

Agrios, G.N. (2005). Plant pathology (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press.

• In the list of references, cite only the source where you found the citation (e.g. Agrios, 2005), not the original source (e.g. Miller).

Author Surname, Initial(s). [of the source you read]. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. (edition if not the first.). Place of Publication: Publisher.

Corporate author (Organisation as author)

A recent study (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2009) highlighted …

• For corporate authors with long names, spell out the full name include an abbreviation in the first in-text reference

The AIHW (2009) found that…

• Use the abbreviation in subsequent references

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2009). Indigenous housing needs 2009: A multi-measure needs model, (AIHW cat. No. HOU 214). Canberra, Australia.

Corporate Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle. (Report No. xxx {if available}). Place of Publication: Publisher.


http://www.lib.uts.edu.au/help/referencing/harvard-uts-referencing-guide/other-sources%23dictionaries


eBooks: accessed via an eBook reader

(Levitt & Dubner, 2010) Schiraldi (2001) claimed that….

Levitt, S. D., & Dubner, S. J. (2010). Superfreakonomics: Global cooling, patriotic prostitutes, and why suicide bombers should buy life insurance [Kindle version]. Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com

Schiralidi, G. R. (2001). The post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: A guide to

healing, recovery, and growth [Adobe digital version]. doi:10.1036/0071393722

•For books that have a DOI (Digital Object Identifier), include the DOI in the reference list entry. Otherwise give URL, or homepage URL of the Publisher • Do not add a full stop after a DOI or URL •Date of retrieval is not required Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). eBook title: Subtitle [E-reader version, if

applicable]. Retrieved from DOI or URL

eBook accessed via online library or database (e.g. Google Books, ebrary, EBSCOhost):

(Harris, 2008)

Harris, P. (2008). Designing and reporting experiments in psychology. Retrieved from http://www.ebscohost.com

• When referencing a print article obtained from an online database that provides eBook content, use appropriate print citation information, allowing users to retrieve the print version if they cannot access the database from which the book was retrieved. If the book would be difficult to locate, then include database information • If the book was read or acquired through an online library (e.g., Google Books, ebrary, NetLibrary) and not on an e-reader device, omit [e-reader version] Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). eBook title: Subtitle Retrieved from homepage URL



eBook: Chapter, essay or article in an edited book or anthology

Beidler (2009) argued that • Acknowledge author of the chapter or article. Do this also for sections of books, eg prefaces, forewords and introductions In text, cite the specific item that you use. The details of the book it was published in are listed in the reference list

Beidler, P. (2009). Fear Itself. In K. Bernheimer (Ed.), Fairy tale review: The white issue (pp. 19-30). Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com/

• When the editor’s name is not in the author position, do not invert the name; use initials and surname

• The entry in the reference list should appear under the name of the author of the chapter, not the editor(s) of the book • Include the name(s) of the editor(s) after the title of the chapter – note that initials in this position appear before the family name • Provide the page numbers of the entire chapter • If the e-book chapter does not have page numbers, omit Author Surname [of Chapter or Article], Initial(s). (Year). Article or

Chapter title. In Editor Initial(s). Surname (Ed.), eBook title: Subtitle (pp. page range of article or chapter). Retrieved from URL

General Format - Published Thesis General Format - unpublished Thesis

Baker, 2008, p. 10) Imber, 2003

Baker, C. A. (2008). The seduction of loss (PhD thesis). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 1234567)

Hardcopy: Institutional repository Baker, C. A. (2008). The seduction of loss (Unpublished PhD thesis). Retrieved from

http://epubs.scu.edu.au/theses Hardcopy: Imber, A. (2003). Applicant reactions to graduate recruitment and selection.

(Unpublished PhD thesis). Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.

Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Thesis title (Unpublished PhD/DBA/Masters thesis). Name of Institution, Location.



Ephemera*( pamphlets, brochures, factsheets, and flyers) : print Ephemera*( pamphlets, brochures, factsheets, and flyers) : online

Southern Cross University 2008 stated that… Author Surname OR Corporate Author, Year (Australian Museum, 2003).

Southern Cross University. (2008). Copyright and you: A guide for staff. [Brochure]. Lismore, Australia: Author.

• Treat as you would a book. Indicate the type of publication in square brackets after the title, unless the publication type is included in the title. When the publisher is the same as the author, write 'Author' as the name of the publisher Author Surname, Initial(s) OR Corporate author. (Year). Title of item, [Type of

Publication]. Place of Publication, Publisher.

Australian Museum. (2003). Concretions, thunder eggs and Geodes [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from http://www.austmus.gov.au/factsheets/geodes.htm

Author Surname, Initial(s) OR Corporate author. (Year). Title of item, [Type of Publication]. Retrieved from URL

Articles retrieved from databases

(Zhao and Gasmuck, 2008, Conclusion section, para. 1) Atherton (2013) stated that… • Cite as you would an online journal article

Zhao, S., Grasmuck, S., & Martin, J. (2008). Identity construction on Facebook: Digital

empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior. 24(5), 1816-1836. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.012

• If using an article sourced from a database, provide the title of the database and the Internet address of the referring location • Articles retrieved from databases are usually in PDF form with page numbers • Library-subscribed resources usually have URLs that will not work independently, so URLs are not generally included when citing database resources especially if they are easy to find • Can use the words “accessed” “retrieved” “available from" or “viewed” as required



Journals - tips • If the journal issue has both a number and an identifier such as a month or quarter, choose one and use it consistently. • Journal titles are given maximum capitalisation. Only the first letter of the title is capitalised in journal articles • Use Use ampersand - & - before the last name in the Reference List • The names of all authors should be provided in the reference list - do not use et al

Journal – general (Author Surname, Year) OR (Author Surname, Year, page number)

Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(issue), page range. DOI OR Retrieved from URL of journal home page [if available]

Author known – 1 Author

Mellers (2000) thought that…. Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 50(2), 49-52.

Author known – 6 or more Authors

(Dietz et al., 2007, p. 1517)

(Author Surname et al., Year) OR (Author Surname et al., Year, page number)

• If more than five authors, list the first author’s name followed by et al

Dietz, P. M., Williams, S. B., Callaghan, W. M., Bachman, D. J., Whitlock, E. P., & Hornbrook, M. C. (2007). Clinically identified maternal depression before, during, and after pregnancies ending in live births. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(10), 1515-1520. Retrieved from http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/

Author unknown ‘Meeting the needs of counsellors. (2001, May 5). The Courier Mail, p. 22.

• The title becomes the author

Newspaper, or magazine articles -

(Wilson & Wilson, 2007)

Wilson, D. S., & Wilson, E. O. (2007, November 3). Survival of the selfless. NewScientist, 196(2628), 42–46.

Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Article title: Subtitle. Newspaper or

Magazine Title, page range. Retrieved from URL of magazine or newspaper home page [if viewed online]



Figures - tips • APA does NOT provide specific rules or examples for citing images; • Figures include Artworks, Charts Diagrams, Drawings, Graphs, Images, Paintings Photographs, Prints, Tables, etc. • When you use a figure in your paper that has been adapted or copied directly from another source you need to reference the original source.. This

reference appears as a caption directly underneath the figure that you copied or adapted for your paper • if you include your own unpublished photograph as a figure, you do NOT need to give a copyright or permission statement as it is your photo • Names of works are italicised • Artist/creator/designer and date in brackets after the name • If there is no named artist/ author, use image title followed by the date • "Year" refers to the year that the image or artwork was created. If you don’t know the date, use n.d. (no date). If dateis approximate, use c. (circa) • If the figure is self-authored, such as a photograph use the copyright author’s name • Double-space the caption that appears under a figure • If an image, figure or table is reproduced from another source for a published work, permission must be sought from the copyright holder and this

information must be included in the caption; it is not enough just to cite the source. For example: Copyright 2014 by the ABC Company. Reprinted with permission.

• Sources for tables must be listed in your reference list. Sources for images or figures are not required in your reference list

Figures: viewed in person

Golden Summer, Eaglemont (Streeton, 1889) is an Australian idyll painted during a summer of drought…

Streeton, A. (1889). Golden Summer, Eaglemont [Painting]. Canberra, Australia: National Gallery of Australia.

Artist/Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Title, [Format]., Location: Museum/Gallery.

Figures : in print, referred to in text

...the painting ‘Mona Lisa’ (Gombrich, 1995, p. 203) ... • If you make a passing reference to a famous painting it does not need a reference

Gombrich, E. H. (1995). The story of art (16th ed.). London, England: Phaidon.

• When you refer to a figure in your work, but you don’t include the actual figure, use the usual format for the source. For example, if the figure was sighted in a book, use the book format in your reference list; if your figure was sighted in a journal article, use the APA formatting for journal articles

Figures : online, referred to in text

Rose, 1994)… (Tunbridge, 2003)

Rose, D. (1994). On the road to Oberon [Stencil Screenprint]. Retrieved from http://cs.nga.gov.au/Detail-LRG.cfm?IRN=130305

Tunbridge, D. I. (2003). Volunteers of the ACT Bushfire Service lighting a back-burn on the Mount Franklin Road, Brindabella Ranges, on the night of 11/12 January 2003 [Digital photograph]. Retrieved from http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an24954626

Artist/Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Title [Format]. Retrieved from URL



Figures : -in print, reproduced in text

Figure 1. The painting by Rousseau (1896) shows .. • Figures included in text must be numbered e.g. Figs. 1,2,3 • Each figure should be displayed with an explanatory title (above the figure) • Where a caption to the image is appropriate use the title of the image OR the creator of the image (artist or photographer) and date Caption below figure Figure 1. Short-term memory test involving pictures. Reprinted

from Short-term Memory Loss (p. 73), by K. M. Pike, 2008, New York, NY: Mackerlin Press. Copyright 2008 by the Association for Memory Research. Reprinted with permission.

Figure X. Descriptive title for figure. Reprinted [or adapted]

from *Title (page number), by Author Initial(s). Surname, Year, Place of Publication: Publisher. Copyright [Year] by the Name of Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or adapted] with permission

Rousseau, H. (1896). The ship in the storm [Painting]. Henri Rousseau: Jungles in Paris. By Claire Fresches et al. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art. 232

Artist/Author Surname, Initial(s) (Year). Title. [Format]. Place of Publication:

Publisher. Pike, K. M. (2008). Short-term memory loss. New York, NY: Mackerlin Press. Artist/Author Surname, Initial(s) (Year). Title.. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Figures : -online, reproduced in text

Caption under Figure Figure 1. An example of the cobra yoga position. Reprinted from

List of Yoga Postures, In Wikipedia, n.d., Retrieved October 28, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_yoga_postures. Copyright 2007 by Joseph Renger. Reprinted with permission.

Figure X. Descriptive title for figure. Reprinted [or adapted] from Title of Website, by Author Initial(s). Surname, Year, Retrieved from URL. Copyright [Year] by the Name of Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or adapted] with permission.

Artist/Author surname, Initial(s). (Year). Title of work [Type of work]. Retrieved from

URL



Government publications – tips

• Treat a government document as a book, report, or brochure. • Often the author of government publications is a department or agency. Cite the full name (use correct capitalisation of departments or agencies

as they appear in the source) in the first instance and give the abbreviation in brackets. Then use the abbreviation in subsequent references. • If a person is named on the title page, use her or him as author. • If a document has no obvious author, cite the sponsoring agency as the author. • If the authoring organisation is also the publisher, use the author's abbreviated form in the publisher's details. • If a report number is available, place after the title in parenthesis. • The author and publisher should be recorded as they appeared when the document was published, whether in print or online - not amended to

their current title. • This style does not require the inclusion of the government jurisdiction (or level) – e.g. Australian Government, State – in the reference; use the

Department or agency name only. If the name of the State is part of the department name – e.g. Queensland Health – then it should be included.

Government publications: Departmental author: print Departmental author: online

The Australian Government Department of Human Services (2011) has outlined their direction and priorities for workforce diversity and inclusion.

Victorian Government Department of Health and Community Services. Primary Care Division. (1994). Victorian families. Melbourne: Author.

Author Surname, Initial(s) OR Government Name, Name of Government Agency (Year). Title. (Report No. xxx [if available]), Place of Publication: Publisher.

Australian Government Department of Human Services. (2011). Workplace diversity

and inclusion strategy 2011–15. Retrieved from http://www.humanservices.gov.au/spw/corporate/publications-and-resources/resources/workplace-diversity-inclusion-strategy.pdf

Author Surname, Initial(s) OR Government Name, Name of Government Agency. (Year). Title. (Report no., if available). Retrieved from URL

Standards: print Standards: online

Standards Australia (2008, p. iv) recommends "the adoption of a quality management system should be a strategic decision by the organization." The holding temperature of milk must not exceed 4 degrees C after the cooling process, according to the current Australian Standard for Farm milk cooling and storing systems (Standards Australia, 1996, p. 6).

Standards Australia. (2004). Risk management (AS/NZS 4360-2004). Sydney, Australia: Standards Australia; Wellington [N.Z.]: Standards New Zealand

Standard Name. (Year). Title of standard (Standard number). Place of Publication:

Publisher.

Standards Australia. (1996). Farm milk cooling and storage systems (AS 1187-1996). Retrieved from http://www.saiglobal.com/online/autologin.asp

Standard Name. (Year). Title of standard (Standard number). Retrieved from URL or

database



Australian Bureau of Statistics (publication – with identifying number includes report numbers, catalogue numbers, etc.)

• First intext citation: (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2008) • Each subsequent citation: (ABS, 2008)

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Childhood education and care (No. 4402.0). Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (Year). Title of publication: Subtitle (cat.no.).

Retrieved from URL OR Australian Bureau of Statistics. (Year). Title of publication: Subtitle (cat. no.). Place of

Publication: Publisher.

Legal sources- tips • Jurisdiction: - make it obvious in the text, e.g. Victoria's Equal opportunity Act 1995 prohibits' or place the abbreviated information in brackets after the date, (use Cwlth for Commonwealth Acts),e.g. the Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth) ...

• Units of division: - For sections, you may need pinpoint reference abbreviations.. These should not appear at the beginning of a sentence. - for Acts and regulations, pinpoint references for page, paragraph, section, clause, etc. can be used. For example, s = section; pt = part,

ss. = sections. They should not appear at the beginning of a sentence. :

Examples: In ss. 4-7of the copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth) ... OR The copyright Act 1968, s.4, ...

- for Bills pinpoint references are often to clauses or subclauses. For example, cl = clause; sub-cl - for Cases pinpoint reference to a page (number), paragraph (number in square brackets), section ('s' followed by number), etc.

• Round brackets are used when the report series is organised by volume numbers, square brackets are used when the reports are organised by year rather than volume. Ensure that the brackets used in your citation match the type of brackets used in your source.

• In references to legislation, the year is in italics as it is considered to be part of the title of the Act.

• Secondary sources: if you do not read the actual case or Act, but only read about them in another source, only include the source in your reference list.

• Cases and legislation retrieved electronically require the electronic source to be added to the reference. If the content of the document is likely to be updated include the retrieved date. If the URL address of the case or Act is too long or cumbersome it is sufficient to give the URL of the database from where they can be retrieved. Use the words 'available from' to clarify that you won't go directly to the document but it can be downloaded from there.

Jurisdictions are abbreviated and in brackets e.g (Cth ) for Commonwealth, (Vic) for Victoria, (UK) for United Kingdom.



Legislation: Acts of Parliament

... by virtue of s 25.2 of the Aged Care Act 1997 (Cth) ... Title of the Act Year Title of the Act Year (abbreviation of the jurisdiction) • When citing an Act of parliament give name and year of the act as they appear in the title. No author required

Aged Care Act 1997 (Cth). Retrieved from http://www.austlii.edu.au/ Title of the Act and Date of publication (abbreviation of the jurisdiction), Unit of

division, if relevant. Retrieved from URL

Legislation: Bills (Environmental Legislation Amendment Bill 2013 (Cth)) • Bills should appear in the same format as legislation but titles and year should not be italicised

Environmental Legislation Amendment Bill 2013 (Cth). Retrieved from http://www.aph.gov.au

Title of the Bill and Date of publication (abbreviation of the jurisdiction), Unit of

division, if relevant. Retrieved from URL

Legal Cases ... in a land rights case (Mabo v. Queensland,1988).…

Mabo v. Queensland 1988 166 CLR 186 Case Name (year) volume number reporter abbreviation starting page. Retrieved

from URL of electronic source



Conference papers:

Published conference paper/ Proceedings: - print

(Game, 2001) Game, A. (2001). Creative ways of being. In J. R. Morss, N. Stephenson & J. F. H. V. Rappard (Eds.), Theoretical issues in psychology: Proceedings of the International Society for Theoretical Psychology 1999 Conference (pp. 3-12). Sydney, Australia: Springer.

• The techniques for referencing conference papers are very similar to those used when referencing a journal article. Put the conference name in italics Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Conference paper title. In Editor Initial(s).

Surname (Ed(s.)), Title of published proceedings which may include place held and date (page range). Place of Publication: Publisher.

Published conference paper/ Proceedings: - online

Parsons, Pryzwansky, Weinstein & Wiens (1995) conclude that Parsons, O. A., Pryzwansky, W. B., Weinstein, D. J., & Wiens, A. N. (1995). Taxonomy for psychology. In J. N. Reich, H. Sands, & A. N. Wiens (Eds.), Education and training beyond the doctoral degree: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association National Conference on Postdoctoral Education and Training in Psychology (pp. 45–50). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year, Month). Conference paper title. Paper presented at

the Conference Title, City. Retrieved from URL

Unpublished conference paper:

(Santhanam, Martin, Goody & Hicks, 2001) Santhanam, E., Martin, K., Goody, A., & Hicks, O. (2001). Bottom-up steps towards closing the loop in feedback on teaching: A CUTSD project. Paper presented at Teaching and Learning Forum - Expanding horizons in teaching and learning, Perth, Australia, 7-9 February 2001.

• For unpublished papers, include the phrase ‘paper presented at...’ before the name of the conference. You do not need to put the conference name in italics Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, 'Title of paper', paper presented at the Conference

Title, City, date held.


Using digital sources & Social Media

All sources should be evaluated for reliability, accuracy and appropriateness. Online sources often require more careful scrutiny. In the domain of online self-publishing, which includes wikis, blogs, social media and some websites, readers must be especially mindful of information that may be false, private, misleading, inflammatory or promoting hidden agendas.

You can cite blogs, wikis and social media – but that does not mean that these sources are necessarily reliable, accurate or appropriate. Social media is evolving and may not be covered specifically in the style manual. You MUST check with your teacher if it is valid to be sourcing ideas and opinions from social media sites, blogs or wikis Are you permitted to use such sources in your assessment task?

Always ask yourself:

• Who is the author or authoring organisation – are they a reputable source and/or might they have an agenda? • Is the publication peer reviewed? • If your source has no author or date, consider whether this is a reliable source of information. Is a private post that is mere opinion or speculation, and without its own

references, an appropriate source of information for your assignment? • Is the information up to date? • What is the purpose of your assessment task?

Social networking accounts can either be open to the public or restricted to nominated readers or participants. Posts that are public should be cited in text and in the reference list. Posts from a private Facebook page, blog, email or wiki are treated as personal communication; they are cited in text, but not in the reference list. • Note: due to the nature of social media being a live update format and not about archiving, some of these pages may become inaccessible in the future


http://www.deakin.edu.au/students/study-support/referencing/harvard%23other


Personal communications

In an email dated May 6 2011, Ms C Jones wrote “the crime was committed during daylight hours.” OR It was confirmed recently that the crime was committed during daylight hours (C Jones, personal communication, May 6, 2011). •Information obtained by conversation, letter, interview, private social media posts or email, without supporting data is cited in the text only, NOT in the reference list • Obtain the permission of the person being referred to • Initials of the person precede the surname • Consider indicating the role of the person being cited and their organisation Initial(s) Surname, personal communication, Month, Day, Year

Lecture notes (Lewis, 2011) • Treated like books if they are published, but like personal communication if your own notes or unpublished. Lecture notes are considered published if they have been copied and distributed in print or on the web with the instructor's permission

Lewis, M. (2011). EDC1300 Perspectives in education: Course notes. Toowoomba, Australia: University of Southern Queensland.

OR Bond, T. (2009). Lecture 7: Arrays and matrices ED1401: Foundations of education,

week 6 notes. [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://learnjcu.jcu.edu.au • Do not include State if listed in University name • Use the lecturer’s name as source of lecture note, add Course Name and Code • Lecture notes obtained from any Learning Management System such as WebCT or VU Collaborate are referenced as above, adding the URL of the website Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Lecture title [Format]. Retrieved from URL



Message posted to a newsgroup, electronic mailing list or online forum

(Blaire, 2007)

Blaire, T. (2007, January 20). Transition in leadership [Electronic mailing list message]. Retrieved from the Politics and Government electronic mailing list: http://www.polgov.org/mail-archive/rp/msg7.html

• Include title of the message, and URL of the newsgroup or discussion board. Titles for items in online communities (e.g. blogs, newsgroups, forums) are not italicized • If the author's name is not available, provide the screen name. Place identifiers like post or message numbers, if available, in brackets Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year, Month Day {of post}). Title of message [Type of

message]. Retrieved from Name of platform URL of specific message

Online video • YouTube

(Norton, 2006) • If the author's name is not available use the screen name. Do not italicise the titles of unpublished works (Author Surname OR Screen name, Year)

Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file].

Retrieved from http://youtu.be/IkMOd9PVuKg Author Surname, Initial(s). OR Author screen name. (Year, Month Day {of video

post}). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from URL of specific video

Film/DVD/Motion Picture

Davidson & Davidson, 1999)

Davidson, F. (Producer), & Davidson, J. (Director). (1999). B. F. Skinner: A fresh appraisal [Motion picture]. San Luis Obispo, CA: Davidson Films.

Kubrick, S.P. (Producer & Director), & Clarke, A.C. (Writer). (1980). 2001: A Space

Odyssey [Motion picture]. Beverly Hills, CA: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

• Place format in square brackets at end of the title [Motion picture, DVD or VHS] Producer, Initial(s). (Producer), & Director, Initial(s). (Director), & Writer, Initial(s).

(Writer). (Year). Title of motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Studio.



TV or Radio program – single episode TV or Radio program – online TV program or Radio program Entire series:

(Macintyre, 2002) MacIntyre, L. (Reporter). (2002, January 23). Scandal of the Century [Television series episode]. In H. Cashore (Producer), The fifth estate. Toronto, Canada: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

• Specify the full broadcast date for a single episode • If not accessed online, provide city of production and TV studio instead of the URL Writer/Reporter, Initial(s) (Role in production). (Year, Month Day of release).

Title of episode [Format]. In Initial(s). Producer (Role in production), Title of series. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Writer/Reporter, Initial(s) (Role in production). (Year, Month Day of release). Title of episode [Format]. In Initial(s). Producer (Role in production), Title of series. Retrieved from URL

Bernstein, M., & Gilligan, V. (Producers). (2008–2013). Breaking bad [Television

series]. Retrieved from http://www.tv.com/

Producer/Creator, Initial(s). (Producer/Creator). (Years aired). Title of series [Television series]. Retrieved from URL

Online podcasts Powerpoint presentations are….(Png & Dharmarajah, 2008)

Png, V. & Dharmarajah, J. (Presenters). (2008, October / November). Effective PowerPoint presentations. [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://mpa.monash.edu.au/compass-archives/OctNov08/podcast.html

• Give the name and, in parentheses, the function of the originator or primary contributors (the director, presenter, producer, or all) • Works without an author are listed by the first significant word in their title Author Surname, Initial(s) Year OR Producer/Publisher/Username. (Year, Month Day

{of podcast}). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from URL



Webpages, documents from websites & websites - Tips

In-text citation • Where possible, it is best to cite a webpage rather than an entire website – this provides a more accurate indication of your source. • Where possible, it is best to cite a webpage rather than an entire website – this provides a more accurate indication of your source. • When you have printed a document or webpage, do not cite the printed page numbers. This will not assist your reader to find the source. • Provide page numbers for paginated document. For unpaginated documents, you may cite the chapter/section heading or the paragraph number. • The date should indicate the year of publication or, if the source undergoes regular revision, the most recent update. • Include retrieval dates where the source material is likely to change over time.

Reference list Tip: to find the date of a webpage look for 'last updated' date, which is usually in the footer.

• If possible, cite a webpage rather than an entire website – this provides a more accurate indication of your source. • If using an article sourced from a database, provide the title of the database and the Internet address of the referring location. • Articles retrieved from databases are usually in PDF form with page numbers. • Library-subscribed resources usually have URLs that will not work independently, so URLs are not generally included when citing database resources

especially if they are easy to find. However try to make sure you can identify the source of the information • Can use the terms “accessed” “retrieved” “available from" or “viewed” as required although “retrieved” is preferable here. • To avoid very long URLs, it is acceptable to cite a homepage URL

Webpage / Document from a webpage: Author known

Coles (2011) has been a Diamond partner of Landcare since 2008…

Coles. (2011). Sustainability. Retrieved 24 July 2012 from http://www.coles.com.au/AboutColes/Sustainability.aspx

• The Author could be an organisation, rather than an individual

Author Surname, Initial(s) (Year). Title. Retrieved Month Day Year, URL

Webpage / Document from a webpage: Author unknown

Behaviour modification, (2007) Behaviour Modification. (2007). Retrieved Jun 2 2008 from http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/behaviour_mod.htm

• If author is unknown use the title of the text and date

Title. (Year). Retrieved Month Day Year, from URL

Articles retrieved from databases

(Zhao and Gasmuck, 2008, Conclusion section, para. 1)

Atherton (2013) stated that…

• Cite as you would an online journal article

Zhao, S., Grasmuck, S., & Martin, J. (2008). Identity construction on Facebook: Digital empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior. 24(5), 1816-1836. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.012

Atherton, J.S. (2013). Learning and teaching: Behaviour modification. Retrieved from http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/behaviour_mod.htm

Author(s) Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume (issue), page range. Retrieved from DOI or URL or database



About Facebook & Twitter posts.

• If you paraphrase or quote retrievable information from social media, provide an in-text citation (with author and date) and a reference list entry

• Facebook and Twitter posts are generally not considered to be scholarly If you cite them, provide enough information to access the source. Generally this will include the author or user name, date of post (if available), title of post, the type of post in square brackets (e.g. [Facebook update] or [Twitter post]), the retrieval date** and the URL.

• **Do not provide a retrieval date if the post has a specific date associated with it already (e.g., status updates, tweets, photos, and videos. • Provide the name of the page or the content or caption of the post (up to the first 40 words) as the title.

Facebook & Twitter posts – General

Gregory Andrews uses Twitter (http://www.twitter.com/TSCommissioner) and Facebook (http://www.facebook.com/TSCommissioner) to keep citizens up to speed on initiatives regarding Australian Threatened Species

• To cite Facebook and Twitter in general just mention the URL in text in parenthesis. No reference list entry

Facebook posts – Personal Communications – accounts which are not publicly accessible

We were all asked to spare a thought for migratory birds today (G. Andrews, Threatened Species Commissioner, personal communication [Facebook], April 10, 2016)

• If you paraphrase or quote from social media but your readership is unable to access the content (e.g., because of privacy settings or it is a private message), treat as a personal communication. You may choose to identify the source [Facebook] or [Twitter], as a reference list entry is not required for personal communication

Facebook posts – Facebook Status Update - publicly accessible accounts

The Threatened Species Commissioner Gregory Andrews (2016) said that shorebirds were increasingly coming under threat…

Threatened Species Commissioner. (2016, April 10.). Spare a thought for migratory birds today [Facebook post].. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/TSCommissioner/

Username or Group Name. (Yr, Mth Day.). Title of post [Facebook post/update].

Retrieved from http://www.facebook.com/specificpageURL


http://allfacebook.com/facebook-status-updat_b68871

http://www.facebook.com/TSCommissioner

http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/paraphrasing/

http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/direct-quotations/


Twitter posts BirdlifeAustralia (2016).voiced concern for the endangered cockatoo…

BirdlifeAustralia. (2016, May 2). The Green Growth Plan spells bad news for #carnabysblackcockatoo in Perth. Just 10 days left to have your say birdsyoulove.org/act-now 1/3 [Twitter post]. Retrieved from https://mobile.twitter.com/BirdlifeOz/status/727377714777198592?p=v

Username or Group Name. (Yr, Mth Day.). Title of post [Page type]. Retrieved from

https://twitter.com/specificpageURL

Blog or Wiki Blog Wiki – no date

(Dean, 2008) Wiki (“Happiness”, n.d.) • In general it is usually not recommended to cite entries from Wikipedia

Dean, J. (2008, May 7). When the self emerges: Is that me in the mirror? [Blog post].

Retrieved from http://www.spring.org.uk/the1sttransport

Author Surname, Initial(s). OR Author screen name {as it appears on the blog}. (Year, Month Day). Title of specific post [Blog]. Retrieved from URL of specific post

Wiki Happiness. (n.d.). In Psychwiki. Retrieved December 7, 2009 from

http://www.psychwiki.com/wiki/Happiness

• When listing a frequently updated source, note that the retrieval date is needed because, as true for any wiki entry, the source material may change over time Title. (Last update or copyright date; if not known, put n.d.). Retrieved date,

from Name of wiki: URL of specific document • Note: Anyone can contribute to a blog or a wiki - (write, review and edit) - there is no evidence that information is reliable


https://mobile.twitter.com/hashtag/carnabysblackcockatoo?src=hash

https://t.co/qyy9BCsdHz


Music recording Music album Wienhorst, 1999) Music recording on an album In "Seven Words of Christ on the Cross" (Wienhorst, 1999, track 10), the song ... • In-text citation includes side and band or track numbers

Wienhorst, R. (1999). Sacred music [CD]. Boston, MA: Arsis Audio. Wienhorst, R. (1959). The seven words of Christ on the cross (Recorded by American

Repertory Singers). On Sacred music [CD]. Boston, MA: Arsis Audio. (1999). Bruelman, P. (1999). Au cafe des delices. On Juste Avant [CD]. Paris, France: MM

Musique. • List artist, year, album title, medium of recording, place & record label • If date of recording differs from written date, provide original date in parentheses after author, and provide date for recording in parentheses at the end of the citation after period • If date of recording differs from written date, provide original date in after author, and provide date for recording in parentheses at the end of the citation after period Writer Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Title of song [Recorded by. Initial(s). Artist Surname,

if different from writer]. On Title of Album [Material Type]. Place of Publication: Recording co. (Date of recording if different from copyright date).


Sample APA Reference List - TIps

The References list identifies the items cited in a document in enough detail so they can be located by another person. The elements required for a References list are outlined below:

• The References list appears at the end of the article/report/document on a separate page.

• It is headed by the centred title References and appears in alphabetical order.

• The References list is organised in alphabetical order.

• All references should be double-spaced, and should have a hanging indent (of 5-7 spaces) for the second and subsequent lines for each entry.

• References cited in text must appear in the References list and vice versa. The only exceptions to this rule are personal communications and classical works; they are cited in text only and are not included in the References list.

• In the case of secondary sources, if you have not consulted the primary source, only include the secondary source in your References list.

• Use only the initial(s) of the author’s given name, not the full name.

• If the References list includes 2 or more entries by the same author(s), list them in chronological (date) order with the earliest first.

• If the author’s name is unavailable, use the first few words of the title of the article, book or Web source, including the appropriate capitalization and italics formatting. e.g. (Scientists Say, 2000).

• Where the place of publication is required, for US locations, provide city and state (abbreviated) - e.g. Boston, MA. For all other locations, provide city and country. e.g. Sydney, Australia. Note: for London, you may use either London, England, or London, United Kingdom.

• Arrange Reference entries in one alphabetical sequence by the surname of the first author or by title or first word if there is no author. Ignore the words A, An, and The when alphabetising by title.

• In titles and subtitles of articles, chapters, and books, capitalise only the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns, except in parenthetical (in text) citations.

• Italicise book titles, journal titles, and volume numbers. Do NOT italicise issue numbers.

• If a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is listed on either a print or an electronic source it is included in the reference. It is often found on the first page of an article.

• When the References entry includes a URL that must be divided between two lines, break it before a slash or dash or at another logical division point.

• Remember to set your Word preferences to remove hyperlinks from URLs to prevent them appearing with an underline.

• References by the same author published in the same year are arranged alphabetically by title (excluding 'A' or 'The'), with the suffixes a, b, c, and so on, assigned accordingly.


Sample APA Reference List

Advanced Education Council. (1982). Future perspectives for advanced education: A discussion paper. Canberra, Australia: Author.

Brookfield, S. (1985). Self-directed learning: A critical review of research. In S. Brookfield (Ed.), Self-directed learning: From theory to practice (pp.

5-16). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Brookfield, S. (1990). Understanding and facilitating adult learning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs. (1998). The characteristics and performances of higher education institutions. Canberra, Australia: AusInfo.

Department of Education, Science and Training. (2008). Higher education report for the 2000 to 2002 triennium. Retrieved

from http://www.dest.gov.au/archive/highered/he_report/2000_2002/html/1_1.htm

Employee Relations Act 1992, 83 Parliament of Victoria (1995).

Gawler, I. (Speaker). (1992). Deepening your meditation: Two profound exercises to practice. In The meditation tapes (Tape 12, Side B) [Cassette

recording]. Yarra Junction, Australia: Ian & Grace Gawler.

Gawler, I. Google Maps. (2015, February 5). The British Library, London, UK. Google. Retrieved from:

https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/The+British+Library/@51.529972,- 0.127676,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x48761b3b70171395:

:0x18905479de0fdb25

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