a strategy of last resort: food bank use in relation to ... · a strategy of last resort: food bank...
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A strategy of last resort: food bank use in relation to food insecurity in Canada
Andrée-Anne Fafard St-Germain1, RD, PhD candidate
Rachel Loopstra2, PhD
Valerie Tarasuk1, PhD
1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada 2 Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, England
Charitable food provision event - November 5th, 2018
The inadequate or insecure access to food due to a lack of money.
Household food insecurity
Food secure
Marginally food insecure
Moderately food insecure
Severely food insecure
Worry about running of food&/or limit food
selection.
Compromise in quality &/or
quantity of food consumed.
No income-related food
access problems.
Disrupted eating patterns &
reduced food intake.
(Tarasuk et al., Household food insecurity in Canada, 2014, 2016)
18-item Household Food Security Survey Module
Household food insecurity in Canada, 2012Canadian Community Health Survey
(Adapted from Tarasuk et al., Household Food Insecurity in Canada, 2012, 2014)
12.6%
Household food insecurity in Canada, 2012Canadian Community Health Survey
(Adapted from Tarasuk et al., Household Food Insecurity in Canada, 2012, 2014)
12.6%6.0% Moderate food insecurity
2.6% Severe food insecurity
4.1% Marginal food insecurity
Food insecurity negatively impacts health across the life cycle
(Gucciardi et al. Diabetes Care 2009; Gundersen et al. Health Aff 2015; Hackett et al. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; Hamelin et al. Soc Sci Med 2002; Jyoti et al. J Nutr 2005; Kirkpatrcik et al. J Nutr 2008; Kirkpatrick et al. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2010; McIntyre et al. J Affect Disord 2013; Muldoon et al. SocPsychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2013; Normen et al. J Nutr 2005; Roustit et al. Pediatrics 2010; Tarasuk et al. J Nutr 2013; Vozoris & Tarasuk J Nutr 2002; Willows et al. Health Reports 2011; Zaslow et al. Matern Child Health J 2009)
Physical
Social Mental
Food insecurity affects multiple dimensions of health
Asthma
Impaired disease management (e.g., HIV)
Poorer general health
Depression
Mood disorders
Anxiety
Social exclusion
Lower school performancePoorer social development
Familial perturbations
Suicide ideation
Suicide attempt
Birth defects
Nutrient inadequacies
Iron deficiency anemia
(Gucciardi et al. Diabetes Care 2009; Gundersen et al. Health Aff 2015; Hackett et al. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; Hamelin et al. Soc Sci Med 2002; Jyoti et al. J Nutr 2005; Kirkpatrcik et al. J Nutr 2008; Kirkpatrick et al. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2010; McIntyre et al. J Affect Disord 2013; Muldoon et al. SocPsychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2013; Normen et al. J Nutr 2005; Roustit et al. Pediatrics 2010; Tarasuk et al. J Nutr 2013; Vozoris & Tarasuk J Nutr 2002; Willows et al. Health Reports 2011; Zaslow et al. Matern Child Health J 2009)
Food insecurity is strongly related to households’ economic resources
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Prevalence of food insecurity by household income
(Canadian Community Health Survey 2013-14, participating provinces, single census family households)(Gundersen et al., Appl Econ Perspct Pol 2011; McIntyre et al., J Hous and the Built Environ 2015; McIntyre et al., Can Pubic Pol 2016; Sriram & Tarasuk, J Hunger Environ Nutr 2016)
Food insecurity is strongly related to households’ economic resources
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Prevalence of food insecurity by household income
(Canadian Community Health Survey 2013-14, participating provinces, single census family households)(Gundersen et al., Appl Econ Perspct Pol 2011; McIntyre et al., J Hous and the Built Environ 2015; McIntyre et al., Can Pubic Pol 2016; Sriram & Tarasuk, J Hunger Environ Nutr 2016)
Food insecurity is the product of
• Stability & amount of income
• Assets & savings• Access to credit• Costs of living
(housing, medications)
Food-insecure households spend significantly less on food
-$4,000
-$3,000
-$2,000
-$1,000
$0
$1,000
$2,000
$3,000
$4,000
$5,000
$6,000
$7,000
$8,000
$9,000 Average expenditures of food secure households
Differences in expenditures between food-insecure & food-secure households
Marginal Moderate Severe
Investments & Assets (insurance, pensions)
Discretionary expenses (recreation, support payments)
Other necessities (transportation, health)
Housing ClothingFood
(2010 Survey of household Spending (n = 9050))(Fafard St-Germain & Tarasuk, Public Health Nutr 2018)
Food-insecure households spend significantly less on food
-$4,000
-$3,000
-$2,000
-$1,000
$0
$1,000
$2,000
$3,000
$4,000
$5,000
$6,000
$7,000
$8,000
$9,000 Average expenditures of food secure households
Differences in expenditures between food-insecure & food-secure households
Marginal Moderate Severe
Investments & Assets (insurance, pensions)
Discretionary expenses (recreation, support payments)
Other necessities (transportation, health)
Housing ClothingFood
(2010 Survey of household Spending (n = 9050))(Fafard St-Germain & Tarasuk, Public Health Nutr 2018)
Food-insecure households spend significantly less on clothing
-$6,000
-$4,000
-$2,000
$0
$2,000
$4,000
$6,000
$8,000
$10,000
$12,000 Average expenditures of food secure households
Differences in expenditures between food-insecure & food-secure households
Marginal Moderate Severe
Investments & Assets (insurance, pensions)
Discretionary expenses (recreation, support payments)
Other necessities (transportation, health)
Housing ClothingFood
(2010 Survey of household Spending (n = 9050))(Fafard St-Germain & Tarasuk, Public Health Nutr 2018)
Food-insecure households spend significantly less on housing
-$10,000
-$5,000
$0
$5,000
$10,000
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000 Average expenditures of food secure households
Differences in expenditures between food-insecure & food-secure households
Marginal Moderate Severe
Investments & Assets (insurance, pensions)
Discretionary expenses (recreation, support payments)
Other necessities (transportation, health)
Housing ClothingFood
(2010 Survey of household Spending (n = 9050))(Fafard St-Germain & Tarasuk, Public Health Nutr 2018)
Food-insecure households spend significantly less on other necessities
-$15,000
-$10,000
-$5,000
$0
$5,000
$10,000
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000
$30,000
$35,000
$40,000 Average expenditures of food secure households
Differences in expenditures between food-insecure & food-secure households
Marginal Moderate Severe
Investments & Assets (insurance, pensions)
Discretionary expenses (recreation, support payments)
Other necessities (transportation, health)
Housing ClothingFood
(2010 Survey of household Spending (n = 9050))(Fafard St-Germain & Tarasuk, Public Health Nutr 2018)
Food-insecure households spend significantly less on everything
-$35,000
-$30,000
-$25,000
-$20,000
-$15,000
-$10,000
-$5,000
$0
$5,000
$10,000
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000
$30,000
$35,000
$40,000
$45,000
$50,000
$55,000
$60,000
$65,000
$70,000 Average expenditures of food secure households
Differences in expenditures between food-insecure & food-secure households
Marginal Moderate Severe
Investments & Assets (insurance, pensions)
Discretionary expenses (recreation, support payments)
Other necessities (transportation, health)
Housing ClothingFood
(2010 Survey of household Spending (n = 9050))(Fafard St-Germain & Tarasuk, Public Health Nutr 2018)
What is the relationship between food insecurity and various resource augmentation strategies?
• 2008 Canadian Household Panel Survey Pilot.
• Population-based survey conducted
in Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan
and New Brunswick.
• Collected data on material resources,
indicators of material deprivation and
resource augmentation strategies.
(Tarasuk, Fafard St-Germain & Loopstra, Voluntas under review)
What is the relationship between food insecurity and various resource augmentation strategies?
• Indicator of severe food insecurity:
In the past 12 months, have you and your family ever had to eat less because you didn’t have enough money to buy food?
• Resource augmentation strategies in the past 12 months:
• Use a food bank
• Miss a bill payment
• Miss rent or mortgage payment
• Ask for financial help from friends or family
• Ask help from welfare or community organizations
• Pawn or sell something
…because you were short of money
(Tarasuk, Fafard St-Germain & Loopstra, Voluntas under review)
Food-insecure households more likely to report all six resource augmentation strategies
(Tarasuk, Fafard St-Germain & Loopstra, Voluntas under review)
Probability of reporting resource augmentation strategies by food-insecure households
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Ask financial helpfrom friends/family
Miss bill payment Ask help fromorganizations
Miss rent/mortgagepayment
Use food bank Pawn/sellpossession
Pro
bab
ility
(Tarasuk, Fafard St-Germain & Loopstra, Voluntas under review)
Food bank use is one of the least common strategies reported by food-insecure households
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Ask financial helpfrom friends/family
Miss bill payment Ask help fromorganizations
Miss rent/mortgagepayment
Use food bank Pawn/sellpossession
Pro
bab
ility
(Tarasuk, Fafard St-Germain & Loopstra, Voluntas under review)
Food-insecure households using food banks appear to be more desperate
• Substantially lower income (CAD$ 14,700 vs 26,900).
(Tarasuk, Fafard St-Germain & Loopstra, Voluntas under review)
Food-insecure households using food banks appear to be more desperate
• Substantially lower income (CAD$ 14,700 vs 26,900).
• More likely to ask for financial help from friends/family and ask for help from organizations.
(Tarasuk, Fafard St-Germain & Loopstra, Voluntas under review)
Concluding remarks
• Food insecurity is not a food problem.
• Food insecurity is a marker of material deprivation that pervades different areas of people’s lives.
• Addressing food insecurity requires policy actions that focus on the upstream determinants of the problem.
