a splendid gift from the earth: the origins & impact of ... · the avermectin producing strain...
TRANSCRIPT
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A splendid gift from the Earth: the origins & impact
of Avermectin
Satoshi Ōmura (M.J.A)
Max Tishler Professor of Chemistry Wesleyan University (USA)
&Distinguished Emeritus Professor
Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University (Japan)
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awarded for a discovery;• of major importance in Life Science or
medicine
&
• that has changed the scientific paradigm and which confers the "greatest benefit on mankind"
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
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The first step of our research
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Screening for new bioactive compounds
Liquid culture
Culture broth
Bioassay
Metabolite analysis Jar fermenter
• Purification• Structural
analysis
• Identification• Preservation
Strain
Compound
Colony
Antibacterialactivity
Enzyme activity
HPLC
StrainPure culture
R & D
Source
Retention time (min)
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70%
(after Takahashi, Y. & Inahashi, Y. (2011))
Genus
Isolates (strains)
Streptosporangiumoxazolinicum sp. nov
Polymorphospora rubra K07-0510Photo-oxidative hemolysis inhibitor
Anti-trypanosomals
Phytohabitans suffuscusgen. nov., sp. nov.
Trehangelin A
StreptomycesNocardia
KitasatosporaMicrotetraspora
LentzeaPseudonocardia
NonomuraeaLechevalieria
KribbellaDactylosporangium
MicromonosporaVerrucosispora
PolymorphosporaSphaerisporangium
Streptosporangium
Planotetraspora
Phytohabitans
Actinomycetes (plant root & soil samples)
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• Microorganisms:New genera 13
New species & sub-species 52
• New compounds 476
• Useful compounds 26
• Targets for total syntheses >100
Discovery
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Microbial metabolites discovered
Avermectin
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Max Tishler (1906-1989)
Wesleyan University USA (1972)
Satoshi Ōmura
Ivermectin: the beginning
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Kitasato - MSDRL Collaboration (1973)
M. Tishler(Head of Dept. Wesleyan University)
(Ex-President MSDRL)
K. Mizunoe(President
The Kitasato Institute)L. H. Sarett
(President, MSDRL)
S. Ōmura(Head, KitasatoResearch team)
R. Oiwa(Microbiologist)
The Kitasato Institute
H. B. Woodruff(Coordinator, MSDRL)
E. O. Stapley(Chief Microbiologist)
W.C. Campbell(Parasitologist)
Merck Research Lab.
Y. Yagisawa(JARA Executive
Director)
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Compounds discovered in collaboration
Endectocide
Avermectin B1a
Anthelminitic
A-73AAntimicrobial
Aurantinin AAntimicrobial
ElasninElastase inhibitor
SetamycinVacuolar ATPase inhibitor
FactumycinAntimicrobial
AhpatininRenin inhibitor
CervinomycinAntimicrobial
LustromycinAntimicrobial
LuminamicinAntimicrobial
Vineomycin A1Antimicrobial
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Streptomyces avermectinius (S. avermitilis)
The avermectin producing strain
( white bar: 1m)
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Caused by filarial worms, transmitted by Simulium black flies Females release millions of immature worms; migrate to skin
& eyes - skin disease, unbearable itching & blindness.
• People at risk 120 million• People infected
18 million• Blinded / disabled 770,000• Disease burden (DALY) 1.1 million• Countries affected 36• No safe drugs available
(data~1987)
Human health goals : Onchocerciasis(River blindness)
(Source: UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR))
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The KitasatoInstitute (1989)
S. Ōmura P. R. Vagelos
Ivermectin: world’s most effective drug donation
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Ivermectin : the solution
• Taken once annually
• Very safe - taken without medical supervision
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Merck & Co. Inc. & Mectizan Donation Program
The Kitasato Institute
World Health Organization (WHO)
TDR (Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical Diseases)
Onchocerciasis Control Programme - West Africa (OCP)
African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC)
World Bank
Endemic country governments
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
Affected communities & volunteer drug distributors
Ivermectin Distribution
Key partners for Mass Drug Administration (MDA)
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Asubende, Ghana (2004)
Onchocerciasis impact
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Caused by parasitic worms of the species, Wuchereria bancrofti (90%) & Brugia malayi (10%), transmitted by various species of mosquitoes
Lymphatic filariasis
(data ~2000)
(Source: Global Alliance to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GAELF), 2010)
Infection causes filarial fever, elephantiasis, male genital damage &severe social stigma
• People at risk > 1.3 billion
• People infected 120 million
• Countries affected 83
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Ivermectin treatments approved (2014): Onchocerciasis 110 million Lymphatic filariasis 218 million
Sub-total = 328 millionCombined treatments 73 million
TOTAL = 255 million
Ivermectin treatments administered (2013)Onchocerciasis 107 million Lymphatic filariasis 120 million
TOTAL = 227 million
(Source: MDP, WHO(WER), APOC)
Total treatments approved: • Onchocerciasis (1987-2014) = 1.4 billion• Lymphatic filariasis (2000-2014) = 1.2 billion
Thanks to Streptomyces avermectinius
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Global elimination goals2020 Lymphatic filariasis 2025 Onchocerciasis
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Strongyloidiasis• caused by Strongyloides stercoralis• >300 million people infected worldwide
Ivermectin : commercial human use
(Source: WHO)
Scabies • infestation of Sarcoptes scabiei affects
>130 million people at any one time
Head Lice (Pediculosis capitis) • household-wide treatment effective in
preventing infestation spread
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Health:• 55.7% improved vision• 54% dewormed • 50.3% better skin • 44.4% reduced itching • 31.4% less head lice • Less ill health, less high blood pressure, less epilepsy• Better fertility & improved libido
Social:• 75.6% reported improved ability to work• 28.3% improved self respect/esteem• 26.4% better peer acceptance• 15.6% improved school attendance• 9.1% better home relationships
Ivermectin Mass Drug AdministrationSecondary benefits: Africa (4-country study)
(Source: Okeibunor, J.C. et. al. (2011))
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Avermectins – action on parasites & insect vectors (mosquitoes, Tsetse flies, triatomine bugs, sandflies, etc.)
Ivermectin reported to be effective against:• Malaria• Tuberculosis• Leishmaniasis• Trypanosomiasis• Flaviviruses (Dengue & Yellow fever)• Trichinosis• Chlamydia• Leukaemia• Schistosomiasis
Avermectins & Neglected diseases
(Source: Ōmura, S. & Crump, A. (2014))
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Benefits to Japan
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Publications:
Ōmura, S. et al., (2001)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA., 98, 12215
Ikeda, H. et al., (2003)Nature Biotechnol., 21, 526
Avermectin : exploiting the source
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Distribution of gene clusters for secondary metabolite biosyntheses in Streptomyces avermectinius (avermitilis)
spp
spp
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AveE
[O]
Avermectin B1a
AveBI
AveBII - BVIII
TDP-L-oleandrose
S. avermectinius : avermectin biosynthesis
AveF
NADPH + H+
NADP13
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Personal research philosophy
“to exploit the potential of microorganisms and microbial metabolites to advance scientific
progress in all fields, including Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Medicine, as well as to accelerate and maximize improvements in human health and
welfare worldwide”
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Microbes do not produce useless
metabolites:
we just have little knowledge of their
usefulness for mankind
Nature’s bounty
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Useful microbial metabolites for chemical biology & medicine
(Inhibitor of fatty acid and polyketide syntheses)
(Protein kinase inhibitor)
Cerulenin
Staurosporine
Lactacystin(Protreasome inhibitor)
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‘Ichi-go Ichi-e’ (一期一会) = “One encounter, one chance”
(expression emphasizing the profound respect and uniqueness embodied in each ceremony)
Tea ceremony (Chanoyu)
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Acknowledgement
&
profound gratitude
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Thank you