a spectrum of shapes: distinct genetic, developmental, and environmental effects comprise leaf...
TRANSCRIPT
Dan Chitwood
Donald DanforthPlant Science Center
January 28, 2015
A spectrum of shapes:Distinct genetic,
developmental, and environmental effects
comprise leaf morphology
Photos from auction:
>9,000 instruments
>400 violin makers
>400 years of history
Chitwood (2014) Imitation, genetic lineages, and time
influenced the morphological evolution of the violin. PLOS ONE
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 02
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 02 0
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 02 0 1
How to measure shape:Chain code
0
12
3
4
56
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 02 0 1 0
How to measure shape:Chain code
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 02 0 1 0
Shape ={ }
Chain code is lossless:
perfect reconstruction
from compressed data
How to measure shape:Chain code + Fourier = Elliptical Fourier Descriptors
Fourier Transform:
thefullwiki.org
How to measure shape:Chain code + Fourier = Elliptical Fourier Descriptors
Kuhl and Giardina Computer Graphics & Image Processing (1982)
How to measure shape:Chain code + Fourier = Elliptical Fourier Descriptors
Kuhl and Giardina Computer Graphics & Image Processing (1982)Kuhl and Giardina Computer Graphics & Image Processing (1982)
How to measure shape:Chain code + Fourier = Elliptical Fourier Descriptors
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 02 0 1 0
Shape ={ }
How to measure shape:Chain code + Fourier = Elliptical Fourier Descriptors
a1, a2, a3 … anb1, b2, b3 … bnc1, c2, c3 … cnd1, d2, d3 … dn
Shape ={ }Harmonic coefficients:
How to measure shape:Elliptical Fourier Descriptors approximate contours
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
z4941_1
# harmonics
2
4
8
16
32
64
How to measure shape:Elliptical Fourier Descriptors approximate contours
Deviations along the outline
Points sampled along the outline
De
via
tion
(in
% o
f th
e c
en
troid
siz
e)
30 60 90 120
0.0
50.1
00.1
50.2
00
.25
# harmonics
2
4
8
16
32
64
House Guarneri:Giuseppe (del Gesú)
Giuseppe (filius Andrea)
Pietro (of Venice)
Pietro (of Mantua)
Andrea
*
**
*
*
A modern ampelography:A genetic basis for leaf shape andvenation patterning in grape
Chitwood et al. (2014) Plant Physiology
Pierre Galet (1952), Précis d’Ampélographie Pratique
Ampelography (“vine” + “writing”):Identification of grapevines by phenotypic features
Landmark-based Procrustes analysis:Superimposed homologous coordinates
Kerschbaumer and Sturmbauer (2011)International Journal of Evol. Biol.
Landmark-based Procrustes analysis:Superimposed homologous coordinates
Kerschbaumer and Sturmbauer (2011)International Journal of Evol. Biol.
Translate
Landmark-based Procrustes analysis:Superimposed homologous coordinates
Kerschbaumer and Sturmbauer (2011)International Journal of Evol. Biol.
Translate
Scale
Landmark-based Procrustes analysis:Superimposed homologous coordinates
Kerschbaumer and Sturmbauer (2011)International Journal of Evol. Biol.
Translate
Scale
Rotate
Within the shape of every leafis a spectrum of distinct shape attributes
Sure, leaf shape varies betweengenetically different species . . .
. . . but within a developmental context of ontogeny and the heteroblasticseries.
Leaves can vary genetically,regardless of context between species
V. riparia V. labrusca
V. cinerea V. rupestris
Stephen Hales, Vegetable staticks, 1727
Leaves can vary ontogenetically,as a developmental progression of plastochron stages
Stephen Hales, Vegetable staticks, 1727
Leaves can vary ontogenetically,as a developmental progression of plastochron stages
Stephen Hales, Vegetable staticks, 1727
Leaves can vary ontogenetically,as a developmental progression of plastochron stages
Leaves can vary ontogenetically,as a developmental progression of plastochron stages
V. riparia V. labrusca
V. cinerea V. rupestris
Average shapeof leaves from
each plastochron
123456789
10
Leaves can vary heteroblastically,changes in the shape of leaves from successive nodes
Cynthia Jones, Amer. J. Botany (1995)
Careful!Ontogeny (plastochron) is distinct fromHeteroblasty (leaf number) andeach runs contrary to the other
Cynthia Jones, Amer. J. Botany (1995)
Careful!Ontogeny (plastochron) is distinct fromHeteroblasty (leaf number) andeach runs contrary to the other
Cynthia Jones, Amer. J. Botany (1995)
OntogenyP1*P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10P11P12P13P14P15P16
*not actual P1
Careful!Ontogeny (plastochron) is distinct fromHeteroblasty (leaf number) andeach runs contrary to the other
Cynthia Jones, Amer. J. Botany (1995)
OntogenyP1*P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10P11P12P13P14P15P16
Heteroblasty
L16L15L14L13L12L11L10L9L8L7L6L5L4L3L2L1
*not actual P1
Heteroblasty and ontogeny are partially confoundedin terminally harvested shoots
P1*L12
P2L11
P3L10
P4L9
P5L8
P6L7
P7L6
P8L5
*not actual P1
V. riparia V. labrusca
V. cinerea V. rupestris
Average shapeof leaves from
each node
123456789
10
Leaves can vary heteroblastically,changes in the shape of leaves from successive nodes
Genotype, ontogeny, & heteroblasty are distinct shapes:Genotype
-2
0
2
4
-4 -2 0 2
PC1
PC
2
genus_species
Ampelopsis_acouitifolia
Ampelopsis_brevipedunculata
Vitis_labrusca
Vitis_piasezkii
Vitis_riparia
Vitis_rupestris
Vitis_thunbergii
-4
-2
0
2
-5.0 -2.5 0.0 2.5
PC3
PC
4
genus_species
Ampelopsis_acouitifolia
Ampelopsis_brevipedunculata
Vitis_labrusca
Vitis_piasezkii
Vitis_riparia
Vitis_rupestris
Vitis_thunbergii
-4
-2
0
2
-5.0 -2.5 0.0 2.5
PC3
PC
4
genus_species
Ampelopsis_acouitifolia
Ampelopsis_brevipedunculata
Vitis_labrusca
Vitis_piasezkii
Vitis_riparia
Vitis_rupestris
Vitis_thunbergii
A. acouitifoliaA. brevipedunculataV. labruscaV. piasezkiiV. ripariaV. rupestrisV. thunbergii
Species
PC1 (32%)
PC
2 (
18
%)
PC3 (12%)
PC
4 (
11
%)
Genotype, ontogeny, & heteroblasty are distinct shapes:Ontogeny
P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10
Plastochron
PC1 (32%)
PC
2 (
18
%)
PC3 (12%)
PC
4 (
11
%)
-2
0
2
4
-4 -2 0 2
PC1
PC
2
factor(position)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-4
-2
0
2
4
-6 -4 -2 0 2
PC3
PC
4
factor(position)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-2
0
2
4
-4 -2 0 2
PC1
PC
2
factor(position)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Genotype, ontogeny, & heteroblasty are distinct shapes:Heteroblasty
L1L2L3L4L5L6L7L8L9L10
Leaf
PC1 (32%)
PC
2 (
18
%)
PC3 (12%)
PC
4 (
11
%)
-2
0
2
4
-4 -2 0 2
PC1
PC
2
factor(position)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-2
0
2
4
-4 -2 0 2
PC1
PC
2
factor(leaf)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-4
-2
0
2
-5.0 -2.5 0.0 2.5
PC3
PC
4
factor(leaf)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Different shape attributes are differentially conserved:Conserved leaf ontogeny across Vitis spp.
Plastochron
PC
1
PC
4 (
11
%)
-1
0
1
2
2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0
position
PC
1
genus_species
Vitis_acerifolia
Vitis_aestivalis
Vitis_amurensis
Vitis_cinerea
Vitis_coignetiae
Vitis_labrusca
Vitis_riparia
Vitis_rupestris
Vitis_vulpina
P5 P10
-1
0
1
2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0
position
PC
2
genus_species
Vitis_acerifolia
Vitis_aestivalis
Vitis_amurensis
Vitis_cinerea
Vitis_coignetiae
Vitis_labrusca
Vitis_riparia
Vitis_rupestris
Vitis_vulpinaP
C2
PlastochronP5 P10
V.acerifoliaV.aestivalisV.amurensisV.cinereaV.coignetiaeV.labruscaV.ripariaV.rupestrisV.vulpina
Species
-1
0
1
2
2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0
position
PC
1
genus_species
Vitis_acerifolia
Vitis_aestivalis
Vitis_amurensis
Vitis_cinerea
Vitis_coignetiae
Vitis_labrusca
Vitis_riparia
Vitis_rupestris
Vitis_vulpina
Conserved earlyleaf development
Discriminating different species,regardless of plastochron or leaf number
Vitis_palmata
Vitis_vulpina
Vitis_cinerea
Vitis_labrusca
Vitis_aestivalis
Vitis_x_champinii
Vitis_rupestris
Vitis_riparia
Vitis_acerifolia
Vitis_piasezkii
Vitis_coignetiae
Vitis_amurensis
Vitis_thunbergii
Vitis_x_doaniana
Vitis_x_novae-angliae
Ampelopsis_acouitifolia
Ampelopsis_brevipedunculata
Ampelopsis_cordata
Vitis
_palm
ata
Vitis
_vulp
ina
Vitis
_cin
ere
a
Vitis
_la
bru
sca
Vitis
_aestivalis
Vitis
_x_
cham
pin
ii
Vitis
_ru
pe
str
is
Vitis
_riparia
Vitis
_acerifo
lia
Vitis
_p
iasezkii
Vitis
_coig
netiae
Vitis
_am
ure
nsis
Vitis
_th
unbe
rgii
Vitis
_x_
doania
na
Vitis
_x_nova
e-a
nglia
e
Am
pelo
psis
_acouitifolia
Am
pelo
psis
_b
revip
edu
ncula
ta
Am
pelo
psis
_co
rda
ta
Var2
Va
r1
Discriminating different species,regardless of plastochron or leaf number
Vitis_palmata
Vitis_vulpina
Vitis_cinerea
Vitis_labrusca
Vitis_aestivalis
Vitis_x_champinii
Vitis_rupestris
Vitis_riparia
Vitis_acerifolia
Vitis_piasezkii
Vitis_coignetiae
Vitis_amurensis
Vitis_thunbergii
Vitis_x_doaniana
Vitis_x_novae-angliae
Ampelopsis_acouitifolia
Ampelopsis_brevipedunculata
Ampelopsis_cordata
Vitis
_palm
ata
Vitis
_vulp
ina
Vitis
_cin
ere
a
Vitis
_la
bru
sca
Vitis
_aestivalis
Vitis
_x_
cham
pin
ii
Vitis
_ru
pe
str
is
Vitis
_riparia
Vitis
_acerifo
lia
Vitis
_p
iasezkii
Vitis
_coig
netiae
Vitis
_am
ure
nsis
Vitis
_th
unbe
rgii
Vitis
_x_
doania
na
Vitis
_x_nova
e-a
nglia
e
Am
pelo
psis
_acouitifolia
Am
pelo
psis
_b
revip
edu
ncula
ta
Am
pelo
psis
_co
rda
ta
Var2
Va
r1
Discriminating ontogeny and heteroblasty,regardless of species
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10
Var2
Var1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10
Var2
Var1
OntogenyPlastochrons
HeteroblastyLeaf position
Detecting heterochronic evolution:Fast and slow ontogeny and heteroblasty
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
factor(position)
ap
pa
ren
t
genus_species
Vitis_cinerea
Vitis_labrusca
Vitis_rupestris
Vitis_riparia
Actual plastochron Actual leaf number
Ap
par
ent
pla
sto
chro
n
Ap
par
ent
leaf
nu
mb
er
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
factor(leaf)
appa
ren
t
genus_species
Vitis_cinerea
Vitis_labrusca
Vitis_rupestris
Vitis_riparia
V.cinereaV.labruscaV.rupestrisV.riparia
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
factor(leaf)
appa
ren
t
genus_species
Vitis_cinerea
Vitis_labrusca
Vitis_rupestris
Vitis_riparia
OntogenyPlastochrons
HeteroblastyLeaf position
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
factor(position)
rela
tive
_p
ositio
n genus_species
Vitis_cinerea
Vitis_labrusca
Vitis_rupestris
Vitis_riparia
-4
-2
0
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
factor(leaf)
rela
tive
_le
af genus_species
Vitis_cinerea
Vitis_labrusca
Vitis_rupestris
Vitis_riparia
Detecting heterochronic evolution:Fast and slow ontogeny and heteroblasty
Actual plastochron Actual leaf number
Rel
ativ
e p
last
och
ron
Rel
ativ
e le
af n
um
ber
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
factor(leaf)
appa
ren
t
genus_species
Vitis_cinerea
Vitis_labrusca
Vitis_rupestris
Vitis_riparia
V.cinereaV.labruscaV.rupestrisV.riparia
OntogenyPlastochrons
HeteroblastyLeaf position
Detecting heterochronic evolution:Cluster-tendril patterning, a heteroblastic standard candle
Boss and Thomas, Nature 2002
PinotMeunierL1 plants(mutant)
PinotMeunier/
NoirL2 plants
(WT)
Detecting heterochronic evolution:Plants with precocious leaf shape have more tendrils
-4
-2
0
2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
log(n_ratio + 1)
rel_
avg
-4
-2
0
2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
log(t_ratio + 1)
rel_
avg
Ave
rage
rel
ativ
e le
af n
um
ber
Ave
rage
rel
ativ
e le
af n
um
be
r
Proportion absent positionsfirst 10 nodes
Proportion tendril positionsfirst 10 nodes
rho = -0.03p = 0.60
rho = 0.24p = 8 x 10-5
Perspectives
Phenotype is a highly multivariate problem
Morphology has a complex, developmental context
Perspectives
Phenotype is a highly multivariate problem
Morphology has a complex, developmental context
Leaf shape is comprised of distinct shape attributes: ontogeny, heteroblasty, evolution
Perspectives
Phenotype is a highly multivariate problem
Morphology has a complex, developmental context
Leaf shape is comprised of distinct shape attributes: ontogeny, heteroblasty, evolution
Leaf shape changes across evolution can affect all leaves equally, or be heterochronic, modulating ontogeny or heteroblasty
Perspectives
Phenotype is a highly multivariate problem
Morphology has a complex, developmental context
Leaf shape is comprised of distinct shape attributes: ontogeny, heteroblasty, evolution
Leaf shape changes across evolution can affect all leaves equally, or be heterochronic, modulating ontogeny or heteroblasty
Heteroblastic changes in leaf shape track changes in organ patterning in Vitis spp.
St. Louis UniversityLaura KleinAllison Miller
USDA Geneva, NYJason LondoBeth TakacsBruce Reisch
Wild Vitis spp.