a rapidly prototyped vegetation dryness index evaluated for [email protected] asprs 2007...
TRANSCRIPT
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
ter
A R
apid
ly P
roto
type
d Ve
geta
tion
Dry
ness
Inde
x Ev
alua
ted
for
Wild
fire
Ris
k A
sses
smen
t at
Sten
nis
Spac
e C
ente
rKe
nton
Ros
s1 , W
illiam
Gra
ham
2 , D
on P
rado
s3&
Jos
eph
Spr
uce1
1S
cien
ce S
yste
ms
& A
pplic
atio
ns, I
nc.
Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
r, M
S 3
9529
2N
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d Sp
ace
Adm
inis
tratio
nA
pplie
d S
cien
ce &
Tec
hnol
ogy
Pro
ject
Offi
ceS
tenn
is S
pace
Cen
ter,
MS
395
29
3C
ompu
ter S
cien
ces
Cor
pora
tion
Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
r, M
S 3
9529
PO
C: K
ento
n.W
.Ros
s@na
sa.g
ov
ASPR
S 20
07 A
nnua
l Con
fere
nce
Tam
pa, F
L, U
SA
May
11,
200
7 R
ELEA
SED
- Pr
inte
d do
cum
ents
may
be
obso
lete
; val
idat
e pr
ior t
o us
e.
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
ter
Bac
kgro
und
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
2A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
ter
Land –
Fee
Are
a (F
ee S
impl
e)–
Buf
fer Z
one
Land –
Fee
Are
a (F
ee S
impl
e)–
Buf
fer Z
one
138,
871
Acr
es–
13,8
00 A
cres
–12
5,07
1 A
cres
138,
871
Acr
es–
13,8
00 A
cres
–12
5,07
1 A
cres
Bui
ldin
gs/F
acili
ties
–St
ruct
ures
–B
uild
ing
spac
e–
Can
als
–R
oads
Bui
ldin
gs/F
acili
ties
–St
ruct
ures
–B
uild
ing
spac
e–
Can
als
–R
oads
–14
2–
1.5
Mill
ion
sq ft
–
8 M
iles
–45
Mile
s
–14
2–
1.5
Mill
ion
sq ft
–
8 M
iles
–45
Mile
s
Popu
latio
n–
Pers
onne
l–
Scie
ntis
ts &
Eng
inee
rs–
Fede
ral &
Sta
te A
genc
ies
–Te
chno
logy
Com
pani
es
Popu
latio
n–
Pers
onne
l–
Scie
ntis
ts &
Eng
inee
rs–
Fede
ral &
Sta
te A
genc
ies
–Te
chno
logy
Com
pani
es
–46
00
–17
00–
Ove
r 30
–O
ver 6
0
–46
00
–17
00–
Ove
r 30
–O
ver 6
0
Sten
nis
Spac
e C
ente
rTh
e Fe
dera
l and
Com
mer
cial
City
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
3A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
terTh
e Fe
dera
l and
Com
mer
cial
City
FED
ERA
L C
ITY
Dep
artm
ent o
f D
efen
se
Dep
artm
ent o
f C
omm
erce
Dep
artm
ent o
f Tr
ansp
orta
tion
Dep
artm
ent o
f In
terio
r
Envi
ronm
enta
lPr
otec
tion
Age
ncy
Gen
eral
Ser
vice
s A
dmin
istr
atio
n
Stat
e of
M
issi
ssip
piSt
ate
of
Mis
siss
ippi
Stat
e of
Lo
uisi
ana
Cen
ter o
f Hig
her
Lear
ning
Cen
ter o
f Hig
her
Lear
ning
Inst
itute
for T
echn
olog
y D
evel
opm
ent
Com
mer
cial
C
ompa
nies
Com
mer
cial
C
ompa
nies
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e A
dmin
istr
atio
n (N
ASA
)
Mai
nten
ance
and
Rep
air
Food
Ser
vice
s
Fire
Pro
tect
ion
Cus
todi
al
Wel
lnes
s C
ente
r
Roa
ds a
nd G
roun
ds
War
ehou
sing
Phys
ical
Sec
urity
Tran
spor
tatio
n
Tele
com
mun
icat
ions
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
4A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
terPr
oble
m 1
: Hur
rican
e K
atrin
a
•H
urric
ane
Kat
rina
mad
e its
third
an
d fin
al la
ndfa
ll on
the
mor
ning
of
Aug
ust 2
9, 2
005,
nea
r the
LA
/MS
bor
der a
bout
10
mile
s fro
m th
e ce
nter
of S
tenn
is S
pace
C
ente
r (S
SC
)•
It w
as d
efin
ed a
s a
Cat
egor
y 3
stor
m w
ith s
usta
ined
win
ds o
f 12
5 m
ph•
Max
imum
sto
rm s
urge
(24
to 2
8 fe
et) c
ame
asho
re a
bout
15
mile
s so
uth-
sout
hwes
t of S
SC
ce
nter
ed o
n S
t. Lo
uis
Bay
©20
05 E
arth
Sca
n La
bora
tory
, Lou
isia
na S
tate
Uni
vers
ityU
RL:
http
://w
ww
.esl
.lsu.
edu/
katri
na/
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
5A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
terIm
med
iate
Sto
rm Im
pact
s on
SSC
•S
SC
was
clo
sed
for n
orm
al
oper
atio
ns fo
r abo
ut o
ne m
onth
be
caus
e of
sto
rm d
amag
e•
152
build
ing
suffe
red
som
e ty
pe
of d
amag
e w
ith 6
2 su
fferin
g m
oder
ate
to s
ever
e da
mag
e•
3,70
0 pe
ople
(inc
ludi
ng
empl
oyee
s, th
eir f
amili
es a
nd th
e pu
blic
) sou
ght s
helte
r at S
SC
Sur
ge s
urro
unde
d S
tenn
is S
pace
Cen
ter o
n 3
side
s•
Mai
n E
ast-W
est s
urfa
ce tr
ansp
orta
tion
corr
idor
s cu
t off
•H
owev
er, c
ente
r inf
rast
ruct
ure
larg
ely
not a
ffect
ed (v
alid
atin
g or
igin
al c
hoic
e of
si
te)
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
6A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
terSt
orm
Impa
cts
on F
ores
ts
Cen
tere
d 45
mile
s no
rthea
st o
f S
SC
, with
est
imat
ed w
ind
inte
nsity
sl
ight
ly lo
wer
, the
U.S
. For
est
Ser
vice
foun
d th
at a
bout
70%
of
trees
sam
pled
had
som
e le
vel o
f da
mag
e, w
ith o
ver 4
0% d
ispl
ayin
g se
vere
dam
age
that
wou
ld li
kely
re
sult
in th
e de
ath
of th
e tre
e (M
eeke
r et a
l., 2
006)
.
•Fo
rest
dam
age
at S
SC
pro
babl
y m
ore
seve
re•
NLC
D 2
001
estim
ated
fore
sts
to c
over
ove
r 75%
of S
SC
•La
rge,
sud
den
shift
from
live
veg
etat
ion
to d
ead
mat
eria
ls
surr
ound
ing
SS
C in
frast
ruct
ure
De
Soto
Nat
iona
l For
est
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
7A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
terSu
ppor
ting
Cen
ter R
espo
nse
& R
ecov
ery
SS
C/A
RTP
O im
plem
ente
d a
syst
ems
engi
neer
ing
appr
oach
to•
Cha
ract
eriz
e th
e pr
oper
ties
of g
eosp
atia
l inf
orm
atio
n re
leva
nt to
SS
C
conc
erns
•A
dd v
alue
to g
eosp
atia
l dat
a so
urce
s so
they
met
SS
C in
form
atio
nre
quire
men
ts•
Cre
ate
info
rmat
ion
prod
ucts
to m
eet s
peci
fic S
SC
reco
very
nee
ds
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
8A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
terSy
stem
s En
gine
erin
g Ef
fort
s
•C
hara
cter
ized
FE
MA
hig
h w
ater
m
ark/
surg
e in
unda
tion
leve
l es
timat
es•
Cha
ract
eriz
ed re
mot
e se
nsin
g pr
oduc
ts ra
ngin
g fro
m 3
0cm
ai
rbor
ne to
56m
sat
ellit
e•
Con
verte
d m
ultis
pect
ral s
ourc
es
(ALI
, AS
TER
, AW
iFS
, IK
ON
OS
, Q
uick
Bird
, Lan
dsat
5) t
o pl
anet
ary
refle
ctan
ce to
allo
w
com
paris
on a
nd c
hang
e de
tect
ion
•O
rthor
ectif
ied
high
-res
olut
ion
sate
llite
imag
ery
for a
bas
e m
ap
for t
he c
ente
r “Fe
e A
rea”
as w
ell
as th
e su
rrou
ndin
g ac
oust
ic
buffe
r zon
e•
Cre
ated
all-
sour
ce in
tegr
ated
pr
oduc
ts to
hig
hlig
ht
surg
e/flo
odin
g ris
k po
stur
e•
Cre
ated
bot
h m
ap a
nd
mul
titem
pora
l veg
etat
ion
chan
ge p
rodu
cts
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
9A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
ter
Tem
pora
l Ana
lysi
s of
SSC
Are
a Ve
geta
tion
Impa
cts
with
NA
SA M
OD
IS D
ata
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
10A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
terPr
oble
m 2
: 200
5-20
06 D
roug
ht
•A
fter H
urric
ane
Kat
rina
clea
red
the
Gul
f Coa
st, t
here
was
littl
e ra
infa
ll un
til N
ovem
ber.
At t
he
sam
e tim
e, in
jure
d tre
es
resp
onde
d w
ith a
“sec
ond
sprin
g”ra
pidl
y sp
rout
ing
new
gr
owth
. The
com
bine
d ef
fect
s m
ay h
ave
exac
erba
ted
fore
st
loss
es.
•W
inte
r rai
ns w
ere
abou
t hal
f no
rmal
lead
ing
to c
ritic
ally
low
av
aila
ble
soil
wat
er in
spr
ing.
•Th
ere
was
alm
ost n
o pr
ecip
itatio
n in
Mar
ch, M
ay, a
nd
June
with
onl
y a
brie
f res
pite
in
Apr
il.
SSC
200
5-20
06 R
ainf
all
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
11A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
ter
Dro
ught
/Fire
Rel
atio
nshi
p in
For
ests
Nea
r SS
C
Spi
kes
in d
etec
tion
of fi
res
in
Han
cock
Cou
nty,
MS
(whi
ch
incl
ude
the
SS
C F
ee A
rea)
cl
osel
y m
atch
ed m
onth
s w
ith
criti
cally
low
rain
fall.
The
buffe
r zon
e ar
ound
SS
C,
with
less
frag
men
ted
upla
nd
fore
sts
had
a gr
eate
r co
ncen
tratio
n of
fire
s th
an
the
rest
of H
anco
ck C
ount
y.
Han
cock
Co.
200
5-20
06 F
ires
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
12A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
ter
App
lyin
g Ve
geta
tion
Cha
nge
to D
roug
ht &
Fi
re R
isk
Ext
ende
d ve
geta
tion
chan
ge d
etec
tion
appr
oach
to c
aptu
re b
oth
vuln
erab
ility
an
d da
mag
e•
Obs
erve
d se
ason
al c
hang
e at
m
ediu
m re
solu
tion
•O
bser
ved
shor
t ter
m c
hang
e at
lo
wer
reso
lutio
n/hi
gher
tem
pora
l fre
quen
cy to
cap
ture
sud
den
dist
urba
nces
Seas
onal
AW
iFS
Jan-
Mar
06
16-D
ay M
OD
IS7
to 2
2 M
ar 0
6•
Hig
h te
mpo
ral f
requ
ency
M
OD
IS d
ata
bette
r at
dist
ingu
ishi
ng fi
re fr
om
phen
olog
y or
stre
ss•
Mod
erat
e (L
ands
at-li
ke)
reso
lutio
ns b
ette
r at
delin
eatin
g bu
rned
are
as R
ELEA
SED
- Pr
inte
d do
cum
ents
may
be
obso
lete
; val
idat
e pr
ior t
o us
e.
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
ter
Rap
id P
roto
typi
ng o
f a V
eget
atio
n D
ryne
ss In
dex
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
14A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
terR
equi
rem
ent D
efin
ed
•A
s dr
ough
t and
fire
risk
aro
und
SS
C b
ecam
e m
ore
acut
e, it
bec
ame
appa
rent
that
mon
itorin
g ve
geta
tion
chan
ge a
lone
was
an
inco
mpl
ete
solu
tion
–V
eget
atio
n ch
ange
was
ess
entia
lly c
aptu
ring
a po
st m
orte
m
view
of t
he d
ange
r–
Veg
etat
ion
chan
ge m
onito
ring
iden
tifie
d re
gion
al d
ange
r, bu
t di
d no
t pro
vide
a s
patia
l foc
us o
n ar
eas
of h
ighe
st ri
sk•
To b
ette
r man
age
reso
urce
s an
d pr
otec
t inf
rast
ruct
ure,
dec
isio
n m
aker
s w
ould
be
idea
lly s
erve
d w
ith a
n in
form
atio
n pr
oduc
t tha
t hig
hlig
hted
sp
atia
l var
iatio
ns in
veg
etat
ion
moi
stur
e as
an
estim
ate
of ri
skpr
ior t
o ig
nitio
n
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
15A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
terPot
entia
l Sol
utio
ns Id
entif
ied
from
Lite
ratu
re
•Id
entif
ied
seve
ral c
lass
es o
f rem
ote
sens
ing
prod
ucts
use
d in
mon
itorin
g ve
geta
tion
moi
stur
e st
ress
, dro
ught
and
wild
fire
dang
er:
–Ta
ssel
ed-c
ap w
etne
ss (e
.g.,
Hea
ley
et a
l., 2
005)
–R
elat
ive
gree
nnes
s (e
.g.,
Bar
tlette
& B
urga
n, 1
994)
–N
DV
I to
ther
mal
ratio
(e.g
., C
huvi
eco
et a
l., 2
003)
–In
dice
s of
NIR
(~0.
8 μm
)and
SW
IR (~
1.6 μm
)•
Man
y of
thes
e w
ere
of th
e “n
orm
aliz
ed d
iffer
ence
”with
the
gene
ral f
orm
(NIR
–S
WIR
)/(N
IR +
SW
IR).
Thi
s w
as v
ario
usly
term
ed N
DM
I (N
orm
aliz
ed D
iffer
ence
M
oist
ure
Inde
x), N
DW
I (N
orm
aliz
ed D
iffer
ence
Wat
er In
dex)
, and
eve
n ot
hers
(e
.g.,
Den
niso
n et
al.,
200
5).
•A
n in
tere
stin
g va
riant
, VD
I (V
eget
atio
n D
ryne
ss In
dex)
, com
bine
dN
DM
I and
N
DV
I to
map
out
a d
ryne
ss in
dica
tor w
ith re
duce
d in
fluen
ce o
f phe
nolo
gy (M
aki e
t al
., 20
04).
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
16A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
terSe
lect
ing
an A
ppro
ach
•Th
e ap
proa
ch w
as la
rgel
y de
term
ined
by
avai
labl
e da
ta–
Var
iety
of m
ultis
pect
ral s
ourc
es m
ade
tass
eled
cap
diff
icul
t–
Long
dow
nloa
d tim
e an
d pr
oces
sing
requ
irem
ents
to e
stab
lish
mul
ti-ye
ar n
orm
s m
ade
rela
tive
gree
nnes
s di
fficu
lt–
Man
y av
aila
ble
data
sou
rces
did
not
hav
e a
ther
mal
cap
abili
ty, w
hich
le
ft th
e m
etho
ds c
ombi
ning
NIR
and
SW
IR•
Pre
limin
ary
anal
ysis
of N
DM
I ove
r SS
C s
how
ed s
trong
land
cov
er
and
phen
olog
y de
pend
enci
es•
Bas
ed o
n th
is p
roce
ss o
f elim
inat
ion,
atte
ntio
n w
as fo
cuse
d on
the
VD
I
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
17A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
terN
otes
on
Estim
atin
g VD
I
•N
DV
I and
ND
MI a
re e
stim
ated
ove
r a re
pres
enta
tive
time
perio
d an
d ar
ea o
f int
eres
t to
defin
e a
two-
dim
ensi
onal
feat
ure
spac
e•
A tr
apez
oid
is u
sed
to b
ound
the
data
dis
tribu
tion
with
in th
e fe
atur
e sp
ace
–Fo
r ND
VI,
the
uppe
r sid
e of
the
trape
zoid
is N
DV
I = 1
and
the
low
er
side
is N
DV
I = 0
.3. N
o po
ints
with
ND
VI b
elow
0.3
are
incl
uded
with
th
e no
tion
that
low
er b
iom
ass
pose
s m
inim
al w
ildfir
e ris
k.–
The
rem
aini
ng 2
sid
es o
f the
trap
ezoi
d ar
e be
st fi
t to
the
wet
ter a
nd
drye
r bou
nds
of th
e N
DM
I-ND
VI d
ata
dist
ribut
ion
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
18A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
terC
alcu
latin
g VD
I
B
D AE
C'
A'
ND
VI
NDMI
C Poor
veg
etat
ion
Poor
wat
er
Ric
h ve
geta
tion
Poor
wat
er
Ric
h ve
geta
tion
Ric
h w
ater
Poor
veg
etat
ion
Ric
h w
ater
VD
I for
E =
1 –
(A'E
/A'C
)
Figu
re a
dapt
ed fr
om M
aki e
t al.,
200
4
The
VD
I is
inte
nded
to re
mov
e th
e no
n-w
ater
effe
cts
on N
DM
I lea
ving
a
stro
nger
veg
etat
ion
moi
stur
e (o
r dr
ynes
s) p
roxy
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
19A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
terIn
itial
Pro
toty
ping
Land
sat 5
, 27
Apr
05
(wet
)A
WiF
S, 1
5 M
ar 0
6 (d
ry)
Cer
tain
cov
er c
ateg
orie
s ar
e m
aske
d. T
hese
cat
egor
ies
tend
not
yi
eld
reas
onab
le e
stim
ates
, and
they
are
als
o le
ss re
leva
nt to
as
sess
ing
fire
risk.
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
20A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
terU
pdat
ing
the
Prot
otyp
e
B
D AE
C'
A'
C Poor
veg
etat
ion
Poor
wat
er
Ric
h ve
geta
tion
Poor
wat
er
Ric
h ve
geta
tion
Ric
h w
ater
Poor
veg
etat
ion
Ric
h w
ater
•A
fter e
stab
lishi
ng th
e po
tent
ial o
f the
app
roac
h w
ith
the
initi
al p
roto
type
, the
pro
ject
team
sou
ght t
o re
fine
the
met
hod
•A
mor
e ro
bust
feat
ure
spac
e w
as e
stab
lishe
d us
ing
MO
DIS
Sur
face
Ref
lect
ance
dat
a fo
r the
yea
r 200
5•
Insp
ectio
n of
this
spa
ce le
ad to
mod
ifica
tion
of th
e w
ette
r and
drie
r bou
nds
to a
per
cent
ile a
ppro
ach
inst
ead
of a
sim
ple
linea
r bou
nd R
ELEA
SED
- Pr
inte
d do
cum
ents
may
be
obso
lete
; val
idat
e pr
ior t
o us
e.
21A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
ter
Cal
cula
ting
Mod
ified
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
In
dex
(MVD
I)
B
D AE
C'
A'
ND
VI
NDMI
C Poor
veg
etat
ion
Poor
wat
er
Ric
h ve
geta
tion
Poor
wat
er
Ric
h ve
geta
tion
Ric
h w
ater
Poor
veg
etat
ion
Ric
h w
ater
•M
VD
I for
E =
1 –
(A'E
/A'C
)•
Sam
e as
VD
I, on
ly th
e bo
undi
ng
appr
oach
is d
iffer
ent
•10
than
d 90
thpe
rcen
tile
boun
ds
wer
e ch
osen
heu
ristic
ally
as
the
grea
test
rang
e th
at d
id n
ot le
ad to
ov
erm
uch
varia
tion
from
one
ND
VI
bin
to th
e ne
xt
ND
MI 1
0th
Per
cent
ile B
ound
ND
MI 9
0th
Per
cent
ile B
ound
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
ter
Res
ults
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
23A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
terM
VDI –
ND
MI –
ND
VI (1
)
15 J
ul 0
510
Sep
05
MVDI NDMI NDVI
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
24A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
terM
VDI –
ND
MI –
ND
VI (2
)
15 N
ov 0
55
Feb
06
MVDI NDMI NDVI
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
25A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
terCro
ss-P
rodu
ct C
ompa
rison
Sum
mar
y
•Th
e M
VD
I pro
duct
s al
l app
ear t
o be
“noi
sy.”
•W
etla
nds
tend
to a
ppea
r drie
r tha
n up
land
s.•
For t
he p
erio
d ev
alua
ted,
as
the
drou
ght d
eepe
ned
all i
ndic
es w
ere
cons
iste
nt w
ith w
orse
ning
con
ditio
ns. T
his
did
not a
llow
a d
irect
co
mpa
rison
of a
situ
atio
n w
here
ove
rall
vege
tatio
n co
nditi
on a
ndve
geta
tion
moi
stur
e w
ere
mov
ing
in d
iffer
ent d
irect
ions
.
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
26A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
terM
VDI R
elat
ions
hip
with
Fire
Wea
ther
•C
ompa
ring
MV
DI a
vera
ged
acro
ss th
e S
SC
aco
ustic
buf
fer z
one
with
prod
ucts
bas
ed o
n lo
cal w
eath
er a
nd fi
re w
eath
er s
tatio
ns, a
com
plex
re
latio
nshi
p is
reve
aled
•Th
e ov
eral
l tre
nd fi
ts w
ell w
ith th
e cu
mul
ativ
e pr
ecip
itatio
n de
ficit,
but
it
reve
rses
its
rela
tions
hip
durin
g sp
ring
gree
n-up
•M
DV
I ten
ds to
sho
w d
rops
in c
onco
rd w
ith th
e K
eetc
h-B
yram
Dro
ught
In
dex
(KB
DI)
–bo
th in
resp
onse
to ra
infa
ll ev
ents
, but
aga
in th
e M
VD
I is
affe
cted
by
sprin
g gr
een-
up w
here
the
KB
DI i
s no
t R
ELEA
SED
- Pr
inte
d do
cum
ents
may
be
obso
lete
; val
idat
e pr
ior t
o us
e.
27A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
terC
oncl
usio
ns
•M
VD
I, w
hich
effe
ctiv
ely
invo
lves
the
diffe
renc
ing
of N
DM
I an
d N
DV
I, ap
pear
s to
dis
play
incr
ease
d no
ise
that
is
cons
iste
nt w
ith a
diff
eren
cing
tech
niqu
e.•
This
effe
ct m
asks
fine
r var
iatio
ns in
veg
etat
ion
moi
stur
e,
prev
entin
g M
VD
I fro
m fu
lfilli
ng th
e re
quire
men
t of g
ivin
g de
cisi
on m
aker
s in
sigh
t int
o sp
atia
l var
iatio
n of
fire
risk
.•
MV
DI s
how
s de
pend
enci
es o
n la
nd c
over
and
phe
nolo
gy
whi
ch a
lso
argu
e ag
ains
t its
use
as
a fir
e ris
k pr
oxy
in a
n ar
ea o
f div
erse
and
frag
men
ted
land
cov
ers.
•Th
e co
nclu
sion
of t
he ra
pid
prot
otyp
ing
effo
rt is
that
MV
DI
shou
ld n
ot b
e im
plem
ente
d fo
r SS
C d
ecis
ion
supp
ort.
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
28A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
terN
ext S
teps
•R
ecom
men
datio
n 1:
Any
rem
ote
sens
ing
prod
uct a
sses
sing
fir
e da
nger
at S
SC
mus
t tak
e la
nd c
over
into
acc
ount
. Lan
d co
ver s
houl
d pr
obab
ly b
e up
date
d an
nual
ly fo
r nor
mal
co
nditi
ons
and
seas
onal
ly in
dyn
amic
con
ditio
ns s
uch
as
thos
e th
at fo
llow
ed H
urric
ane
Kat
rina.
•R
ecom
men
datio
n 2:
Rem
ote
sens
ing
base
d es
timat
es
shou
ld b
e co
uple
d w
ith fi
re w
eath
er s
tatio
n ne
twor
k in
form
atio
n su
ch a
s th
e U
SD
A’s
Wea
ther
Info
rmat
ion
Man
agem
ent S
yste
m (W
IMS
).•
Rec
omm
enda
tion
3: A
ny fu
rther
wor
k w
ith M
VD
I or s
imila
r co
mbi
natio
n in
dex
shou
ld a
pply
noi
se re
duct
ion
appr
oach
es
such
as
tem
pora
l or s
patia
l ave
ragi
ng.
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
29A
Rap
idly
Pro
toty
ped
Veg
etat
ion
Dry
ness
Inde
x E
valu
ated
for W
ildfir
e R
isk
Ass
essm
ent a
t Ste
nnis
Spa
ce C
ente
rN
atio
nal A
eron
autic
s an
d S
pace
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Sten
nis S
pace
Cen
terR
efer
ence
s
Bar
tlette
, R.A
., an
d R
.E. B
urga
n, 1
994.
Veg
etat
ion
cond
ition
and
fire
occu
rrenc
e: a
rem
ote
sens
ing
conn
ectio
n. P
roce
edin
gs o
f the
199
4 In
terio
r Wes
t Fire
Cou
ncil
Mee
ting
and
Pro
gram
, Nov
embe
r 1-4
, 199
4, C
oeur
d'A
lene
, ID
, pp.
273
-279
, ht
tp://
ww
w.fi
rela
b.or
g/ol
d/fb
p/fb
ppub
s/fb
ppdf
/rbar
tlette
/veg
cond
ition
, acc
esse
d A
pril
18,
2007
.C
huvi
eco,
E.,
I. A
guad
o, D
. Coc
ero,
and
D. R
iaño
, 200
3. D
esig
n of
an
empi
rical
inde
x to
es
timat
e fu
el m
oist
ure
cont
ent f
rom
NO
AA
-AV
HR
R im
ages
in fo
rest
dan
ger s
tudi
es.
Inte
rnat
iona
l Jou
rnal
of R
emot
e S
ensi
ng24
(8):1
621-
1637
.D
enni
son,
P.E
., D
.A. R
ober
ts, S
.H. P
eter
son,
and
J. R
eche
l, 20
05. U
se o
f nor
mal
ized
di
ffere
nce
wat
er in
dex
for m
onito
ring
live
fuel
moi
stur
e. In
tern
atio
nal J
ourn
al o
f Rem
ote
Sen
sing
26(5
):103
5-10
42.
Hea
ley,
S.P
., W
.B. C
ohen
, Y. Z
hiqi
ang,
and
O.N
. Kra
nkin
a, 2
005.
Com
paris
on o
f tas
sele
d ca
p-ba
sed
Land
sat d
ata
stru
ctur
es fo
r use
in fo
rest
dis
turb
ance
det
ectio
n. R
emot
e S
ensi
ng o
f Env
ironm
ent9
7: 3
01-3
10.
Mak
i, M
., M
. Ish
iahr
a, a
nd M
. Tam
ura,
200
4. E
stim
atio
n of
leaf
sta
tus
to m
onito
r the
risk
of
fore
st fi
res
usin
g re
mot
ely
sens
ed d
ata.
Rem
ote
Sen
sing
of E
nviro
nmen
t90:
441
-450
.M
eeke
r, J.
R.,
T.J.
Hal
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.D. P
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, and
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dham
, 200
6. F
ores
t hea
lth e
valu
atio
n of
H
urric
ane
Kat
rina
tree
dam
age:
De
Sot
o N
atio
nal F
ores
t, M
issi
ssip
pi. P
oste
r del
iver
ed a
t 20
06 F
ores
t Hea
lth M
onito
ring
Wor
king
Gro
up M
eetin
g, J
anua
ry 3
1-Fe
brua
ry 2
, 200
6,
Cha
rlest
on, S
C, h
ttp://
fhm
.fs.fe
d.us
/pos
ters
/pos
ters
06/k
atrin
a_tre
e_da
mag
e.pd
f , ac
cess
ed
Janu
ary
12, 2
007.
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.
Par
ticip
atio
n in
this
wor
k by
Sci
ence
Sys
tem
s an
d A
pplic
atio
ns, I
nc.,
and
by C
ompu
ter S
cien
ces
Cor
pora
tion
was
sup
porte
d by
NA
SA
at th
e Jo
hn C
. S
tenn
is S
pace
Cen
ter,
Mis
siss
ippi
, und
er T
ask
Ord
er N
NS
04A
B54
T.
REL
EASE
D -
Prin
ted
docu
men
ts m
ay b
e ob
sole
te; v
alid
ate
prio
r to
use.