a radiation primer radiation … radioactive material what are they? exposure … contamination are...
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A Radiation Primer
radiation … radioactive materialWhat are they?
exposure … contaminationAre they the same?
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RadioactivitySpontaneous emission of radiation from
the nucleus of an unstable isotope
Disintegration Decay
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Demonstrate Decontamination
Any Volunteers?
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Energy
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Penetration Abilities
Especially damaging to internal tissues if
inhaled or swallowed
Damaging to internal tissues if inhaled or swallowed and can cause external skin
burns
Damaging to tissues externally and
internally
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Common Radioactive Nuclides
• Nuclear medicine: Iodine-131 • Radiotherapy: cobalt-60• Satellite power: plutonium-238• Nuclear power: uranium-235• Our body: potassium-40• Our water: radium-226
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Radiation Units
Amount of radioactivity Curie (Ci), Becquerel (Bq)
Ambient radiation levels Roentgen per hour (R/h, rem per hour (rem/h)
Radiation Dose Rad, rem, Gray (Gy), Sievert (Sv)
Unit prefixes from Tera (1012) to pico (10-
12)
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Radioactive Contamination
• What if you ingested– 12 Bq (disintegrations per second)?
– 5500 Bq?
• The point is not to trivialize radioactivity, but to put it in perspective.
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Average Annual Radiation Exposures:6.2 mSv = 620 mrem
Source: NCRP Report No. 160, Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States (2009)
Natural background
50%
Consumer products, occupational
2%
Medical48%?
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Typical Doses (mSv)
Airport Screening 0.0001NY to London by air 0.05Chest X-Ray
0.1 Natural bkgd. (annual) 3CT Scan -Abdomen 10 Occupational annual limit 50 50% survival (whole body) 4,000Radiotherapy (tumor, partial) 80,000
1 mSv = 100 mrem
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Radiation Protection
• Time• Distance• Shielding
• Evacuation• Sheltering• Medical
countermeasures
Guiding principle for controlling exposures:
ALARAAs Low As Reasonably Achievable
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Difference between: – Radioactive
material – Radiation
Difference between being:– Contaminated – Irradiated
(exposed)
Review Fundamentals
External &
Internal
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Summary: Key Points
• Radiation types: alpha, beta, gamma
• Radiation and radioactivity are part
of our natural environment
• Radioactive contamination is not
immediately life threatening.
• Decontamination is relatively simple.
• Radiation can be readily detected.
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Summary: Key Points
• Dose Units:• Rem – in the U.S.
• Sievert (Sv) - rest of the world
• Radiation can:• kill in short term
• cause cancer in long term, or
• have NO EFFECT
• It is all about dose!
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Important Contact!
• Know the contact information for your state radiation control program. This office is vital in both planning for and responding to a nuclear or radiological incident.
www.crcpd.org/Map/map.html
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Radiological Terrorism: A Toolkit for Emergency Services Clinicians
Resources for Clinicians
JIT Training Pocket Guides Radiation Triage Chart Fact Sheets Webcasts Self-study Programs Psychological First Aid in Radiation Disasters
http://www.emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/
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Radiological Terrorism: A Toolkit for Public Health Professionals
Resources for Public Health vCRC Population Monitoring Guide EPA Risk Communication Guide Contaminated Decedents Guide Radiation Survey DVD Webcasts Fact Sheets Self-study Programs Psychological First Aid in
Radiation Disasters
http://www.emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/
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For more information please contact Radiation Studies Branch, CDC4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341Telephone, 1-770-488-3800E-mail: [email protected] Web: emergency.cdc.gov/radiation
The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Questions?
Armin Ansari
770-488-3654