a quantitative approach to spectrum...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: A quantitative approach to spectrum regulationkate-harrison.appspot.com/docs/2015_dissertation_talk_slides.pdf · A quantitative approach to spectrum regulation Kate Harrison! Dissertation](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042806/5f7509bbee70c3396e180a99/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
A quantitative approach to spectrum regulation
Kate Harrison Dissertation talk
May 8, 2015
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Outline
• Introduction to whitespaces
• Quantifying whitespaces
• Whitespace software
• Whitespace policy
2
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Wireless spectrum today
AM RADIO
TV TV FM
TV TV
TV
Amateur
3 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
300 GHz
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Wireless spectrum today
AM RADIO
TV TV FM
TV TV
TV
Amateur
3 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
300 GHz
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Whitespaces correct a mismatch
2011 US spectrum allocation chart
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Whitespaces correct a mismatch
Free!
Used
Measurement from Berkeley Wireless Research Center
(BWRC) in 2004 (Cabric, et al.)
2011 US spectrum allocation chart
Broadcast TV
70% unused
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Whitespaces correct a mismatch
Free!
Used
Measurement from Berkeley Wireless Research Center
(BWRC) in 2004 (Cabric, et al.)
2011 US spectrum allocation chart
Broadcast TV
70% unused
“Long-term Spectral Occupancy Findings In
Chicago” (Taher, et al. 2011)
“14% of spectrum in 30-3000 MHz is
occupied”
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Whitespaces correct a mismatch
Free!
Used
Measurement from Berkeley Wireless Research Center
(BWRC) in 2004 (Cabric, et al.)
2011 US spectrum allocation chart
Broadcast TV
70% unused
“Long-term Spectral Occupancy Findings In
Chicago” (Taher, et al. 2011)
“14% of spectrum in 30-3000 MHz is
occupied”
4
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Availability of TV channel 10
Used (TV station)
Free (no TV)
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Availability of TV channel 10
Used (TV station)
Free (no TV)
We call this whitespace
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Availability of TV channel 10
Used (TV station)
Free (no TV)
We call this whitespace
Focus on TV whitespaces
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Current regulations
Plus… • Power limits • Height limits
TV station
TransmittingsecondariesSpatial buffer
Protected TV receivers
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2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Brief history of WS
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2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Firs
t Ofc
om c
onsu
ltatio
n
Brief history of WS
7
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2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Firs
t Ofc
om c
onsu
ltatio
n
Lega
l in
US
* *
* Updates to US rules published or proposed
Brief history of WS
7
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2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Firs
t Ofc
om c
onsu
ltatio
n
Lega
l in
US
* *
* Updates to US rules published or proposed
Brief history of WS
7
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2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Firs
t Ofc
om c
onsu
ltatio
n
ECC
draf
ts r
ules
Lega
l in
US
* *
* Updates to US rules published or proposed
Brief history of WS
7
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2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Firs
t Ofc
om c
onsu
ltatio
n
ECC
draf
ts r
ules
Lega
l in
US
* *
* Updates to US rules published or proposed
Brief history of WS
Firs
t US
devic
es c
ertifi
ed
7
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2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Firs
t Ofc
om c
onsu
ltatio
n
ECC
draf
ts r
ules
Lega
l in
US
* *
* Updates to US rules published or proposed
Brief history of WS
Firs
t US
devic
es c
ertifi
ed
US
PCAS
T re
port
7
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2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Firs
t Ofc
om c
onsu
ltatio
n
ECC
draf
ts r
ules
Lega
l in
US
* *
* Updates to US rules published or proposed
Brief history of WS
Firs
t US
devic
es c
ertifi
ed
US
PCAS
T re
port
Lega
l in
Sing
apor
e
7
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2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Firs
t Ofc
om c
onsu
ltatio
n
ECC
draf
ts r
ules
Lega
l in
US
* *
* Updates to US rules published or proposed
Brief history of WS
Firs
t US
devic
es c
ertifi
ed
US
PCAS
T re
port
Lega
l in
Sing
apor
e
Whitespace trials in Africa, UK (Microsoft, Google)
7
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2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Firs
t Ofc
om c
onsu
ltatio
n
ECC
draf
ts r
ules
Lega
l in
UK
Lega
l in
Cana
da
Lega
l in
US
* *
* Updates to US rules published or proposed
Brief history of WS
Firs
t US
devic
es c
ertifi
ed
US
PCAS
T re
port
Lega
l in
Sing
apor
e
Whitespace trials in Africa, UK (Microsoft, Google)
7
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WS access methodsSensing Geolocation + databases
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WS access methodsSensing Geolocation + databases
• Favored in 2008 regulations
• Conservative threshold
• Shown infeasible in 2009 paper [Mishra, et al.]
• No longer required for all devices in 2010
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WS access methodsSensing Geolocation + databases
• Favored in 2008 regulations
• Conservative threshold
• Shown infeasible in 2009 paper [Mishra, et al.]
• No longer required for all devices in 2010
• Currently preferred method
• Used for rest of talk
Location
Available channels
Whitespace database
WS device
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WS access methodsSensing Geolocation + databases
“How much whitespace has the FCC opened up?”
(Mishra, et al. 2009)
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WS access methodsSensing Geolocation + databases
“How much whitespace has the FCC opened up?”
(Mishra, et al. 2009)
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Outline
• Introduction to whitespaces
• Quantifying whitespaces
• Whitespace software
• Whitespace policy
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How much white space is there?
• FCC TV transmitter data • ITU propagation model
“How much white space capacity is there?” (Harrison, Mishra, and Sahai 2009)10
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Single-link data rates
• 1 km link • Noise from TV stations only
“How much white space capacity is there?” (Harrison, Mishra, and Sahai 2009)11
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Single-link data rates
• 1 km link • Noise from TV stations only
1 Blu-ray disc (40 Mbps)
125 Blu-ray discs
25 Blu-ray discs
“How much white space capacity is there?” (Harrison, Mishra, and Sahai 2009)11
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Secondary interference modelAssume nearby cells same size
Freq. reuse-1 (CDMA, OFDMA)
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Secondary interference modelAssume nearby cells same size Users scattered
randomly
Downlink only (computational
limitations)
Freq. reuse-1 (CDMA, OFDMA)
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Secondary interference modelAssume nearby cells same size Users scattered
randomly
Downlink only (computational
limitations)
Cell size depends on population Simple economic model: 2000 people per tower
e.g. 10% of people paying $20/month → $50k/year
Freq. reuse-1 (CDMA, OFDMA)
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Rates with interference
• Cellular model • 2000 people/tower
• Per-tower rates • Rural areas suffer “How much white space capacity is there?”
(Harrison, Mishra, and Sahai 2009)13
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Rates with interference
DSL• Cellular model
• 2000 people/tower • Per-tower rates
• Rural areas suffer “How much white space capacity is there?” (Harrison, Mishra, and Sahai 2009)
Blu-ray disc (40 Mbps)
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A paradigm shift(before)
“Measuring the TV “White Space” Available for Unlicensed Wireless Broadband”
(New America Foundation, 2006)
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A paradigm shift
“Aggregate interference with FCC and ECC white space usage rules: case study in
Finland” (Jäntti, et al. 2011)
(after)
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“UHF white space in Europe — A quantitative study into the potential of the 470–790
MHz band”(Beek, et al. 2011)
A paradigm shift
“Aggregate interference with FCC and ECC white space usage rules: case study in
Finland” (Jäntti, et al. 2011)
(after)
15
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“UHF white space in Europe — A quantitative study into the potential of the 470–790
MHz band”(Beek, et al. 2011)
A paradigm shift
“Aggregate interference with FCC and ECC white space usage rules: case study in
Finland” (Jäntti, et al. 2011)
Ofcom 2013 consultation
(after)
15
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“UHF white space in Europe — A quantitative study into the potential of the 470–790
MHz band”(Beek, et al. 2011)
A paradigm shift
“Aggregate interference with FCC and ECC white space usage rules: case study in
Finland” (Jäntti, et al. 2011)
Ofcom 2013 consultation
(after)
“Opportunities for white space usage in Australia”
Freyens and Loney, 201115
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Outline
• Introduction to whitespaces
• Quantifying whitespaces
• Whitespace software
• Whitespace policy
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Motivating example
Public Policy AM/FM whitespace
+ →
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Motivating example
Public Policy AM/FM whitespace
+ →
• Easy to use
• Free
• Reliable
• Flexible/extensible
17
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Existing tools
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Existing tools
“Software Tool for Assessing Secondary System
Opportunities in Spectrum Whitespaces”
(WoWMoM 2013)
19
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Existing tools
• Many tunable parameters but still targeting TVWS
“Software Tool for Assessing Secondary System
Opportunities in Spectrum Whitespaces”
(WoWMoM 2013)
19
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Existing tools
• Many tunable parameters but still targeting TVWS
• Based on Matlab
“Software Tool for Assessing Secondary System
Opportunities in Spectrum Whitespaces”
(WoWMoM 2013)
19
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Existing tools
• Many tunable parameters but still targeting TVWS
• Based on Matlab
• Not available
“Software Tool for Assessing Secondary System
Opportunities in Spectrum Whitespaces”
(WoWMoM 2013)
19
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Existing tools
• Written in Matlab
• Grew organically
20
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WEST (Whitespace Evaluation SofTware)
Written in...
Posted on...
west.kateharrison.net
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Key features
• Support for other bands
• Free, easier to integrate (e.g. AWS)
• Modular, extensible
• Open-source with GPLv2
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Use case: explore new regions
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Use case: explore new rulesets
Industry Canada 2015
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Use case: explore new rulesets
Industry Canada 2015
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Use case: explore new rulesets
Canada
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Use case: explore new rulesets
Canada United States
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Use case: number of contiguous channels
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Other uses
• Comments to regulators
• Reproducible research
• New economic models
• Cloud-based for greater impact, engagement
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DesignDevice: fixed
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DesignDevice: fixed Region: United States
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DesignDevice: fixed Region: United States
DataMap2D
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DesignRegion: United States
DataMap2D
Device: fixed
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Design
Ruleset: FCC
Region: United States
DataMap2D
Device: fixed
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Design
Ruleset: FCC
DataMap2D
Channel number: 21
Region: United States
DataMap2D
Device: fixed
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Design
Whitespace channel count
Whitespace delta map
CCDFs by area, population
Pareto plots 2D histograms
Ruleset: FCC
DataMap2D
Channel number: 21
Region: United States
DataMap2D
Device: fixed
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Generating a whitespace map
from west.data_management import * from west.data_map import * from west.boundary import BoundaryContinentalUnitedStates, \ BoundaryContinentalUnitedStatesWithStateBoundaries from west.region_united_states import RegionUnitedStates from west.ruleset_fcc2012 import RulesetFcc2012 from west.device import Device !test_device = Device(is_portable=False, haat_meters=30) !datamap_spec = SpecificationDataMap(DataMap2DContinentalUnitedStates, 200, 300) !region_map_spec = SpecificationRegionMap(BoundaryContinentalUnitedStates, datamap_spec) !is_whitespace_map_spec = SpecificationWhitespaceMap(region_map_spec, RegionUnitedStates, RulesetFcc2012, test_device) !is_whitespace_map = is_whitespace_map_spec.fetch_data() !total_whitespace_channels = is_whitespace_map.sum_all_layers() !is_in_region_map = region_map_spec.fetch_data() !plot = total_whitespace_channels.make_map(is_in_region_map=is_in_region_map) !plot.add_boundary_outlines(boundary=BoundaryContinentalUnitedStatesWithStateBoundaries()) plot.set_boundary_color('k') plot.set_boundary_linewidth('1') !plot.save("Number of TVWS channels in the United States.png")33
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Outline
• Introduction to whitespaces
• Quantifying whitespaces
• Whitespace software
• Whitespace policy
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Whitespace policy
• Spectrum reallocation [ICC 2015]
• Architecture (briefly) [ICC 2015]
• Variable power limits [DySpAN 2011, DySpAN 2012]
• Alternative methods for localization [DySpAN 2014]
“What’s better, whitespaces or refarming?”
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Whitespace policy
• Spectrum reallocation [ICC 2015]
• Architecture (briefly) [ICC 2015]
• Variable power limits [DySpAN 2011, DySpAN 2012]
• Alternative methods for localization [DySpAN 2014]
“How can we make devices/deployments
cheaper, easier, and faster?”
“What’s better, whitespaces or refarming?”
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Whitespace policy
• Spectrum reallocation [ICC 2015]
• Architecture (briefly) [ICC 2015]
• Variable power limits [DySpAN 2011, DySpAN 2012]
• Alternative methods for localization [DySpAN 2014]
“How can we increase data rates while protecting the primaries?”
“How can we make devices/deployments
cheaper, easier, and faster?”
“What’s better, whitespaces or refarming?”
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Whitespace policy
• Spectrum reallocation [ICC 2015]
• Architecture (briefly) [ICC 2015]
• Variable power limits [DySpAN 2011, DySpAN 2012]
• Alternative methods for localization [DySpAN 2014]
“How can we increase data rates while protecting the primaries?”
“How can we make devices/deployments
cheaper, easier, and faster?”
“How can we make WS access more flexible, robust without losing secondary QoS?”
“What’s better, whitespaces or refarming?”
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Whitespace policy
• Spectrum reallocation [ICC 2015]
• Architecture (briefly) [ICC 2015]
• Variable power limits [DySpAN 2011, DySpAN 2012]
• Alternative methods for localization [DySpAN 2014]
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Spectrum sharing scenarios
Single-use band1
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Spectrum sharing scenarios
Single-use band1
Whitespace (WS)2
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Spectrum sharing scenarios
Single-use band1
Whitespace (WS)2
Partial clearing + WS3
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Spectrum sharing scenarios
Single-use band1
Whitespace (WS)2
Efficient clearing + WS4
Partial clearing + WS3
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Impact on incumbents
Efficient clearing allows more incumbents to stay with same clearing target38
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14 channels repurposed
lost with naive clearing
lost with efficient clearing
Impact on incumbents
Efficient clearing allows more incumbents to stay with same clearing target38
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Team + tools
Anant Sahai Vidya MuthukumarAngel Daruna Vijay Kamble
PycoSAT (PicoSAT) WEST
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Whitespace policy
• Spectrum reallocation [ICC 2015]
• Architecture (briefly) [ICC 2015]
• Variable power limits [DySpAN 2011, DySpAN 2012]
• Alternative methods for localization [DySpAN 2014]
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WS architectureCurrent model
M Master
WSDB Whitespace database
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WS architectureCurrent model
M Master
WSDB Whitespace database
Device ID, location
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WS architectureCurrent model
M Master
WSDB Whitespace database
Device ID, location
Operating parameters
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C Client
Dev
ice
ID
Ope
ratin
g pa
ram
eter
s
WS architecture
M Master
WSDB Whitespace database
Current model
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M Master
C Client
L Localization
G Gateway
P Packager
Dev
ice
ID
Ope
ratin
g pa
ram
eter
s
WSDB Whitespace database
WS architectureCurrent model
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C Client
L Localization
G Gateway
P Packager
Dev
ice
ID
Ope
ratin
g pa
ram
eter
s
Localization information
Req. for loc. info.
Access request
Access response
WSDB Whitespace database
WS architectureProposed model
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Main benefits
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Main benefits
• Leverages existing infrastructure (e.g. iPhones)
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Main benefits
• Leverages existing infrastructure (e.g. iPhones)
• Shares infrastructure across whitespaces, reduces burden to O(1) in some cases (scalability)
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Main benefits
• Leverages existing infrastructure (e.g. iPhones)
• Shares infrastructure across whitespaces, reduces burden to O(1) in some cases (scalability)
• Increases flexibility for manufacturers, deployers (modularity)
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Main benefits
• Leverages existing infrastructure (e.g. iPhones)
• Shares infrastructure across whitespaces, reduces burden to O(1) in some cases (scalability)
• Increases flexibility for manufacturers, deployers (modularity)
• Upgrade/interchange components without recertification (upgradability)
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Main benefits
• Leverages existing infrastructure (e.g. iPhones)
• Shares infrastructure across whitespaces, reduces burden to O(1) in some cases (scalability)
• Increases flexibility for manufacturers, deployers (modularity)
• Upgrade/interchange components without recertification (upgradability)
• Can certify using unit tests (testability)
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Themes
• Data-driven policy
• Reproducible research
• Spatial variation → interesting, important challenges
• Make whitespaces as attractive as possible
• Efficient use of spectrum, enable innovation
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