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A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 1
A PID model ensuring 25 years of service life
PVMRW 2015, Feb 24th, 2015, Golden, Colorado Max B. Koentopp, Christian Taubitz, Matthias Schütze, Marcel Kröber
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 2
I Introduction II PID-s modeling: How do we ensure a 25 year service life with respect to PID-s ? need to have reproducible tests
need to understand progression of PID-s in the field PID-s model need to derive parameters for tests
need to establish process control in production
III Conclusion and Outlook
CONTENTS
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 3
INTRODUCTION PID-s CHARACTERISTICS
0 200 400 600
0
3000
6000
Spannung [mV]Voltage V [mV]
solar-cell characteristics
ohmic characteristics
degradation
electroluminescence image
Curr
ent I
[mA]
PID-s Potential induced degradation by shunting of solar cell
Schütze et al., 37th IEEE PVSC, 2011
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 4
How do we ensure a 25 year service life with respect to PID-s ? need to have reproducible tests
need to understand progression of PID-s in the field PID-s model need to derive parameters for tests
need to establish process control in production
PID-s MODELING FOR 25 YEARS SERVICE LIFE
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 5
LABORATORY PID TEST METHODS
reproducible, but continuous PID stress
Al foil test
HV A
Al foil
climate chamber test (DH)
temperature: 60 °C voltage: -1 kV contacting: indirect via humidity
temperature: 25 °C voltage: -1 kV contacting: Al-foil
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 6
How do we ensure a 25 year service life with respect to PID-s ? need to have reproducible tests
need to understand progression of PID-s in the field PID-s model need to derive parameters for tests
need to establish process control in production
PID-s MODELING FOR 25 YEARS SERVICE LIFE
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 7
common PID-tests represent only one part of PID-s kinetics in the field
Mod
ule-
perf
orm
ance
PROGRESSION OF PID-s LABORATORY ENVIRONMENT VS FIELD CONDITIONS
Laboratory PID-stress
PID
-str
ess
time
Field PID-stress
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 8
MODELLING PID-s
Environmental data
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 9
MODELLING PID-s
Measured
irradiation ambient temperature relative humidity rain data
module temperature humidity at module surface
Computed
Environmental data
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 10
MODELLING PID-s
Environmental data
Rsh-kinetics from lab
measurements
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 11
Measurement of shunt resistance (Rsh)
MODELLING PID-s
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 12
MODELLING PID-s
shunting (S)-, transition (T)- and regeneration (R)-phase
Taubitz et al., 27th EU PVSEC, 2012
Rsh-kinetics
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 13
MODELLING PID-s
Environmental data
Rsh-kinetics from lab
measurements
Classification
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 14
MODELLING PID-s
bias voltage on? (IRmod > 0 ?)
RHmod > 85 % ? OR
rain ?
S-phase T-phase
yes
yes
no
no
conditions for T-phase
fulfilled?
R-phase
yes
no
Classification
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 15
MODELLING PID-s
Environmental data
Rsh simulation
Rsh-kinetics from lab
measurements
Classification
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 16
MODELLING PID-s Rsh simulation
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 17
MODELLING PID-s
ln(b
R) [h
]
6
5
4
3
2
3.103.053.002.952.902.852.80x10-3
1000/TPIS [1/K]
Rsh simulation
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 18
Measurement of shunt resistance (Rsh)
COMPARISON TO OUTDOOR MEASUREMENTS
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 19
COMPARISON TO OUTDOOR MEASUREMENTS
STC power decrease
; resistant samples ; prone samples (type A) ; prone samples (type A) prone sample (type B)
calculation h
calculation min
— — — — --- --- --- ---
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 20
COMPARISON TO OUTDOOR MEASUREMENTS
STC power decrease
; resistant samples ; prone samples (type A) ; prone samples (type A) prone sample (type B)
calculation h
calculation min
— — — — --- --- --- ---
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 21
COMPARISON TO OUTDOOR MEASUREMENTS
STC power decrease
; resistant samples ; prone samples (type A) ; prone samples (type A) prone sample (type B)
calculation h
calculation min
— — — — --- --- --- ---
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 22
COMPARISON TO OUTDOOR MEASUREMENTS
STC power decrease
; resistant samples ; prone samples (type A) ; prone samples (type A) prone sample (type B)
calculation h
calculation min
— — — — --- --- --- ---
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 23
COMPARISON TO OUTDOOR MEASUREMENTS
STC power decrease
; resistant samples ; prone samples (type A) ; prone samples (type A) prone sample (type B)
calculation h
calculation min
— — — — --- --- --- ---
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 24
COMPARISON TO OUTDOOR MEASUREMENTS
STC power decrease
; resistant samples ; prone samples (type A) ; prone samples (type A) prone sample (type B)
calculation h
calculation min
— — — — --- --- --- ---
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 25
COMPARISON TO OUTDOOR MEASUREMENTS
good qualitative agreement
; resistant samples ; prone samples (type A) ; prone samples (type A) prone sample (type B)
calculation h
calculation min
— — — — --- --- --- ---
STC power decrease
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 26
COMPARISON TO OUTDOOR MEASUREMENTS
Results for full size modules: “Valletta” test site (Thalheim, Germany) test setup
positive grounded
prone modules
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 27
COMPARISON TO OUTDOOR MEASUREMENTS
1
10
100
1000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Rsh
[kΩ
cm2 ]
time [h]
— calculation h — calculation h, meas. temp. — calculation min — calculation min, meas. temp.
time [week]
— PID prone module string — reference module string
Ys [k
Wh/
kWp]
re
l. de
v. [%
]
STC power decrease
CALCULATION
FIELD MEASUREMENT (Valletta)
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 28
How do we ensure a 25 year service life with respect to PID-s ? Need to have reproducible tests
Need to understand progression of PID-s in the field PID-s model Need to derive parameters for tests
Need to establish process control
PID-s MODELING FOR 25 YEARS SERVICE LIFE
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 29
LONG TERM PREDICTION POSSIBLE
parameters necessary for 25 years service life can be derived
resistant cell-type
prone cell-type
Thalheim, Germany weather data of 2012 used
1.00
10.00
100.00
1000.00
0 100 200 300
Rsh
[kΩ
cm2 ]
time [days]
STC power decrease
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 30
How do we ensure a 25 year service life with respect to PID-s ? need to have reproducible tests
need to understand progression of PID-s in the field PID-s model need to derive parameters for tests
need to establish process control in production
PID-s MODELING FOR 25 YEARS SERVICE LIFE
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 31
PROCESS CONTROL: PRODUCTION MONITORING
module level monitoring (Al-foil test, 168h) weekly sampling: random cells from production are tested on module level monthly sampling: random modules from every conversion site cell level testing (PID cell tester, 24h) weekly sampling: PID-test on cell level (feedback < 48h) fast reaction possible
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 32
PROCESS CONTROL: MONITORING DATA CELL PRODUCTION
new test on cell-level
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 33
How do we ensure a 25 year service life with respect to PID-s ? Need to have reproducible tests
Need to understand progression of PID-s in the field PID-s model Need to derive parameters for tests
Need to establish process control
PID-s MODELING FOR 25 YEARS SERVICE LIFE
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 34
I Introduction II PID-s modeling: How do we ensure a 25 year service life with respect to PID-s ? need to have reproducible tests
need to understand progression of PID-s in the field PID-s model need to derive parameters for tests
need to establish process control in production
III Conclusion and Outlook
CONTENTS
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 35
CONCLUSION reproducible PID tests are available (Al-foil, climate chamber) laboratory PID-tests represent only part of PID-s kinetics in field studying regeneration properties is essential PID-s model based on laboratory tests and meteorological data can describe long term progression allows for prediction of time of PID-s onset in specific location good qualitative agreement with outdoor measurements continuous production monitoring is essential
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 36
OUTLOOK new PID test sites in different climates planned
improvement of model calculations: detailed investigation of interplay between meteorological conditions and PID-s
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 37
OUTLOOK
-500
500
1500
2500
3500
4500
5500
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
21.04.2014, 5 am – 9 pm
new PID test sites in Malaysia and USA planed
improvement of model calculations: detailed investigation of interplay between meteorological conditions and PID-s revision of model equations
temp. measured — temp. calculation (old) — ambient temp. temp. calculation (new) — radiation
radi
atio
n [W
/m2 ]
time [min]
tem
pera
ture
[°C]
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 38
Thank you
Golden, 24.02.2015 Max B. Koentopp, Christian Taubitz, Matthias Schütze, Marcel Kröber
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 39
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was partly supported within the Spitzencluster Solarvalley project xμ-Clip (FKZ 03SF0452) by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Technology.
Thanks to co-authors: Christian Taubitz Matthias Schütze Marcel Kröber
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 40
PROCESS CONTROL: MONITORING DATA MODULE PRODUCTION
calendar week / Year 2012
Pow
er L
oss
[%]
calendar week / Year 2013
calendar week / Year 2014
calendar week / Year 2012
Pow
er L
oss
[%]
-7-5-3-11
33 44 47 48 61 83 75 77 102 108 106
Mono
-7-5-3-11
119 122 128 136 134 137 147 146 150 152 155 156
calendar week / Year 2013
Pow
er L
oss
[%]
Mono
-7-5-3-11
167
164
172
171
175
182
180
188
207
198
201
202
203
217
212
221
224
225
227
230Po
wer
Los
s [%
]
calendar week / Year 2014
Mono
-7-5-3-11
36 34 54 67 57 59 68 71 64 80 65 72 82 74 76 88 78 93 90 98 95 85 87 97 104 99 107
110
113
115
♦ Multi
-7-5-3-11
112
117
118
120
121
126
123
124
125
129
127
130
133
131
132
135
140
141
138
143
142
144
145
148
149
153
151
154
159
160
158
156
157
161Po
wer
Los
s [%
]
♦ Multi
-7-5-3-11
165
163
168
170
177
192
176
195
183
193
187
190
197
199
205
204
208
215
213
219
222
228Po
wer
Los
s [%
]
♦ Multi
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 41
ENCAPSULANT INFLUENCE ON PID-s R
sh [Ω
cm2 ]
time after PID-s start [h]
- sheet A - sheet B - sheet C
- sheet A - sheet B - sheet C
Rsh
[Ωcm
2 ]
time after PID-s stop [h]
Decrease in shunting can also lead to a decrease in regeneration
Investigation of degradation and regeneration behavior
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 42
INFLUENCE ON PROGRESSION
Simulation of Rsh-kinetics during shunting and regeneration at 49°C
Sheet A: fast shunting + fast regeneration Sheet B: decreased shunting + decreased regeneration
A PID model - ensuring 25 years service life | PVMRW 2015 | M.B. Koentopp et al. | R&D | Golden, CO 24.02.2015 43
Model-calculations of Rsh-kinetics using weather data measured for Thalheim 2012 .
INFLUENCE ON LONG TERM PROGRESSION
sheet A: fast shunting + fast regeneration sheet B: decreased shunting + decreased regeneration
A module performing better in PID testing might actually fail earlier in the field