Apartial andimpartial view onpartitivesAnneTamm

tamm.anne@gmail.comResearchInstituteofLinguistics,Hungarian Academy ofSciences

TheUniversityofHungarian Reformed Church,BudapestWorkshoponPartitives

Zürich,25- 26November2016

Semantics andmorphology:a”partitive”mismatch

� Several Uralic languages have cases that are referred to as”partitive”.

� Thesemantics ofthese cases diverges from the generally assumednotion of ”partitive”.

� Itisuseful to distinguish between� ”partitive semantics”(andcases that express it)� and”partitive cases”(andthe semantics they express).

Partitiveinthecaseparadigm

Morphological partitives:Finnic, Sami

----------------------Semantic partitives:Almostall Uralic cases have oneor morecases for ”separation”

Partitive andsource cases:Estonian

Nominative book raamatGenitive ofabook raamatuPartitive (of)abook raamatu-tIllative intothebook raamatu-sseInessive inabook raamatu-sElative from(inside)abook raamatu-stAllative ontoabook raamatu-leAdessive onabook raamatu-lAblative fromthebook raamatu-ltTranslative in(to),asabook raamatu-ksTerminative untilabook raamatu-niEssive asabook raamatu-naAbessive withoutabook raamatu-taComitative withabook raamatu-ga

Source cases:ablative,elative,delative,egressive,andexessive

� Ablative (Erzya,Estonian,Finnish,Hungarian,Mansi,Vepsian,Votic,etc) denotes movement away from something (e.g.,away from thehouse)

� Elative (Erzya,Estonian,Finnish,Hungarian,Lule Sámi,Pite Sámi,Votic,etc)denotes"outofsomething"(e.g.,outofthehouse).

� Delative (Hungarian)denotes movement from the surface (e.g.,from (the topof)the house)

� Egressive (Veps,Udmurt)markingthe beginning ofamovement ortime (e.g.,beginning from the house)

� Exessive (Karelian,Ingrian,Livonian,Votic,Estonian,etc )transitionaway from astate (from a house)

� Genitive-ablative (Komi)source ofinformation,resource

Whatisthepartitive?Separation,motion…

…andidenticalmatter(identity)

Separation,motion,identity

• Intermsofspatialrelationships,thePartitiveConceptinstantiatesaseparativerelationship ofanindividualormattertoanotherindividualormatter.

• Intermsofidentity,thepartitive instantiatesthesamekindidentity (notdifferenceorsimilarity).

KindsofNandamountsofN

“separablepart ofNthatbelongstothesamekind withN”versus“amount ofN”

Some/partofmychildrenvssomewater

Part/kind-of-NandTAMextensions

Amount-of-N

Theemergenceoffunctionalpartitives,theTAMcategoriesa. “partofN”àb. à “partofV”(N-obj hasthe morphological partitive marking)c. à (N-object isanon-finite,deverbal nominalization andpartitive marked)d. à “indirect evidence”(V-nonfin (mainpredicate)hasthemorphological partitive formative)e. à “partof/incomplete evidence”(V-nonfin (mainor embeddedpredicate)hasthe morphological partitive formative)f. à “partof/incomplete evidence for thecompletion/completability ofthe event”(partitive object case)

Theemergenceoffunctionalpartitives,theTAMcategoriesa. “partofN”àb. à “partofV”(N-obj hasthe morphological partitive marking)c. à (N-object isanon-finite,deverbal nominalization andpartitive marked)d. à “indirect evidence”(V-nonfin (mainpredicate)hasthemorphological partitive formative)e. à “partof/incomplete evidence”(V-nonfin (mainor embeddedpredicate)hasthe morphological partitive formative)f. à “partof/incomplete evidence for thecompletion/completability ofthe event”(partitive object case)

Aspectual object case alternation

Mari küpsetas kooki.Mari baked cake.PAR‘Marywas bakingacake.’(atelic,imperfective,unboundedVP)

Mari küpsetas koogi.Mari baked cake.ACC‘Marybaked acake.’(telic,perfective,bounded VP)

Someverbsareatelic(thusobjectispartitive)

Theemergenceoffunctionalpartitives,theTAMcategoriesa. “partofN”àb. à “partofV”(N-obj hasthe morphological partitive marking)c. à (N-object isanon-finite,deverbal nominalization andpartitive marked)d. à “indirect evidence”(V-nonfin (mainpredicate)hasthemorphological partitive formative)e. à “partof/incomplete evidence”(V-nonfin (mainor embeddedpredicate)hasthe morphological partitive formative)f. à “partof/incomplete evidence for thecompletion/completability ofthe event”(partitive object case)

V+v(presentparticiple suffix)+t(partitive)

Theemergenceoffunctionalpartitives,theTAMcategoriesa. “partofN”àb. à “partofV”(N-obj hasthe morphological partitive marking)c. à (N-object isanon-finite,deverbal nominalization andpartitive marked)d. à “indirect evidence”(V-nonfin (mainpredicate)hasthemorphological partitive formative)e. à “partof/incomplete evidence”(V-nonfin (mainor embeddedpredicate)hasthe morphological partitive formative)f. à “partof/incomplete evidence for thecompletion/completability ofthe event”(partitive object case)

Theemergenceoffunctionalpartitives,theTAMcategoriesa. “partofN”àb. à “partofV”(N-obj hasthe morphological partitive marking)c. à (N-object isanon-finite,deverbal nominalization andpartitive marked)d. à “indirect evidence”(V-nonfin (mainpredicate)hasthemorphological partitive formative)e. à “partof/incomplete evidence”(V-nonfin (mainor embeddedpredicate)hasthe morphological partitive formative)f. à “partof/incomplete evidence for thecompletion/completability ofthe event”(partitive object case)

IndirectEvidential

Theemergenceoffunctionalpartitives,theTAMcategoriesa. “partofN”àb. à “partofV”(N-obj hasthe morphological partitive marking)c. à (N-object isanon-finite,deverbal nominalization andpartitive marked)d. à “indirect evidence”(V-nonfin (mainpredicate)hasthemorphological partitive formative)e. à “partof/incomplete evidence”(V-nonfin (mainor embeddedpredicate)hasthe morphological partitive formative)f. à “partof/incomplete evidence for the completion oftheevent”(partitive object case)

Boundedevent,partitive (psychpredicates)

Theemergenceofdefault(structural)partitives,complementmarkinga. “partofN”b. à “amount ofN”(hasthe morphological partitive marking)c. à “amount ofV”(Nhasthe morphological partitive marking)d. à “N-obj”(Nhasthe morphological partitive marking)e. à Adpostion “N-obj”(Nhasthe morphological partitivemarking)

Theemergenceofdefault(structural)partitives, complementmarkinga. “partofN”b. à “amount ofN”(hasthe morphological partitive marking)c. à “amount ofV”(Nhasthe morphological partitive marking)d. à “N-obj”(Nhasthe morphological partitive marking)e. à Adpostion “N-obj”(Nhasthe morphological partitivemarking)

Adigressionbefore number phrases with partitiveUralic semantic partitive andinformationstructure

� Inthe Uralic languages,the semantic partitive isgenerally expressed by the elative case.If there isnodedicated elative case,then the semanticpartitive isexpressed by the ablative.

� Themorphological partitive ismorecharacteristicofpseudopartitive constructions.Pseudopartitiveconstructions andnumber phrases are expressedpredominantly via juxtaposition.

� Objects are accusative marked or unmarkeddepending on their information structural status

Unmarked/accusative alternationNewversusoldinformation

Udmurt:unmarked/accusative oppositiona. n'an' s'i-i

bread[ACC] eat-INF‘to eat (apiece of)bread.’

b. n'an'-ezs'i-ibread- ACC eat-INF‘to eat (apiece of)this bread up.’

Nominativeargumentheadsfortelic…remnantofinformationstructuralDOM

The state dried up two rivers (one would expect Accusative in Estonian)

Riik kuivatas ära

Theemergenceofdefault(structural)partitives, complementmarkinga. “partofN”(themorphologicalpartitive markinghasdisappeared)àb. à “amount ofN”(hasthe morphological partitive marking)c. à “amount ofV”(Nhasthe morphological partitive marking)d. à “N-obj”(Nhasthe morphological partitive marking)e. à Adpostion “N-obj”(Nhasthe morphological partitivemarking)

Theemergenceofdefault(structural)partitives, complementmarkinga. “partofN”(themorphologicalpartitive markinghasdisappeared)àb. à “amount ofN”(hasthe morphological partitive marking)c. à “amount ofV”(Nhasthe morphological partitive marking)d. à “N-obj”(Nhasthe morphological partitive marking)e. à Adpostion “N-obj”(Nhasthe morphological partitivemarking)

Theemergenceofdefault(structural)partitives, complementmarkinga. “partofN”(themorphologicalpartitive markinghasdisappeared)àb. à “amount ofN”(hasthe morphological partitive marking)c. à “amount ofV”(Nhasthe morphological partitive marking)d. à “N-obj”(Nhasthe morphological partitive marking)e. à Adpostion “N-obj”(Nhasthe morphological partitivemarking)

Summary

• There are many Source (separative)cases inalanguage with adevelopedmorphological partitive.

• There isamismatch between part-ofandamount-ofsemantics vs the partitive case form.

• Theinteraction between TAM,definiteness,andthepartitive can beobserved inmany areas.•Aspectual DOM•Definiteness effects,telicity,andpartitivearguments

•Case on non-finites andverb stems•Partitive hasalso become anabstract case.

Partitive:stagesofdevelopmentinEstonian

1)anNP-stage(Krifka 1992),thatis,thestagewherethemeaningofthepartitive pertainstopartsofawhole2)anaspectualstage(Larjavaara 1991,Laanest 1975,Krifka 1992),3)epistemicmodalandevidentialphase(Campbell1991,Aikhenvald2004).

• TheNP-partitive relatestothereferentialpropertiesofnouns• Theaspectualpartitive marksobjectsinsentencesdescribingincompleteevents,and

• Thepartitive evidentialappearsinsentencesthatencodeincompleteevidencecomparedtotheexpectationofcompleteevidence

• SeemyarticleinLuraghi andHuumo’s bookforthereferences andfurtherdetails(onlythepartofnumeralheadsandnominativemarkingisanaddition).