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CitationGuide:APA
ThisguideisbasedonthePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,6thed.and
providesonlyselectedcitationexamplesforcommontypesofsources.Formoredetailedinformation
pleaseconsultaprintcopyofthestylemanual.
Wanthelpkeepingtrackofyourreferences/citationsandformattingyourreferencelists?Considerusing
RefWorksfreeforallstudents,faculty,alumniandstaff.
GeneralNotesonAPAStyle
APArequiresthattheentirepaperbedoublespaced,includingallthelinesinthereferencelist. Numberallpagesconsecutively,beginningwiththetitlepage,inArabicnumerals(E.g.,4,notIV)
intheupperrighthandcorner(Rule8.03,p.230).
Youneedtociteanddocumentanysourcesthatyouhaveconsulted,evenifyoupresentedtheideasfromthesesourcesinyourownwords.Youneedtocite:
o toidentifyotherpeople'sideasandinformationusedwithinyouressayo toinformthereaderofyourpaperwheretheyshouldlookiftheywanttofindthesame
sources
Acitationmustappearintwoplacesinyouressay:o inthebodyofyourtext(intextcitations)o inthereferencelist(attheendofyourpaper)
Tointroduceotherpeople'sideasintext,usethefollowingexamples: Richardsonargues,refersto,explains,hypothesizes,compares,concludes; AsLittlewoodandSherwindemonstrated,provedetc. Spelling:MerriamWebster'sCollegiateDictionaryisthestandardspellingreferenceforAPA
journalsandbooks(Rule4.12,p.96)
ReferenceinText
Capitalizeallmajorwordsintitlesofbooksandarticleswithinthebodyofthepaper(Rule4.15,p.101).E.g.
o In his book, Greek Political Thought (2006), Balot arguesthat [...]
o The criticism of the article "The Politics of ParaliteraryCriticism" [...]
o NOTE:Inreferencelists,however,capitalizeonlythefirstwordofthetitleandofthesubtitle(afteracolonoremdash)andpropernouns.
Whenquotingfromprintsourcesoronlinearticles,givetheauthor,year,andpagenumberinparentheses(Rules6.03,pp.170171).Forexample:
o Mooney (2000) found that ..."direct_quotation" (p. 276).
PublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,(6thed.,2010)
CopiesareavailableatSFUlibrary Callnumber:BF76.7P832010 YoumightwanttobuyyourowncopyattheSFUbookstore
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o "Direct_quotation"... (Walker, 2000, p. 135). Ifthequotationisover40words,youmuststartthequotationonanewline,indentthequotation
aboutaninch,andomitthequotationmarks(Rule6.03,p.171).Prince Edward Island is a curved slice of land from three to
thirty-five miles wide and about one hundred and twenty miles
long, lying along the southern rim of the Gulf of St.
Lawrence and separated from the mainland of New Brunswick and
Nova Scotia by the narrow waters of Northumberland Strait
(Ives, 1999, p. 1).
Whenparaphrasingfromasource,orwhenreferringtoanideacontainedinanotherwork,youareencouragedtoprovideapagenumber(Rule6.04p. 171).
Manyelectronicsourcesdonotprovidepagenumbers.Inthiscase,useparagraphnumbersprecededbytheabbreviation'para.'(Rule6.05pp.171172).Forexample:
(Johnson, 2003, para. 5)
Ifasourcecontainsneitherpagenorparagraphnumbers,citetheheading(shortentheheadingifitislong)(Rule6.05pp.171172).
Ifthereisnodateofpublication,usetheabbreviation(n.d.). Listtwoormoreworksbydifferentauthorswhoarecitedwithinthesameparenthesesin
alphabeticalorderbythefirstauthor'ssurname,e.g.(Anderson,1980;Fowers&Powell,1993;Simonetti,1998)(Rule6.16p.177).
ReferenceList
Thelistofsourcesattheendofthepaper(bibliography)iscalledthereferencelistinAPA.Thereferencelistmustincludeallreferencescitedinthetextofyourpaper.
Orderofreferencesinthereferencelistisalphabetical,bythelastnameofthefirstauthor(Rule6.25,p.181)or,ifauthorisnotavailable bytitle.
Alphabetizeletterbyletter."Nothingprecedessomething".'Brown,J.R.'comesbefore'Browning,A.F.'
Fortheauthor'sfirstnameuseonlyinitials:'Smith,J.',not'Smith,Jennifer'. Secondandsubsequentlinesofeachentryareindented57spaces. Doublespacebetweenalllinesofyourwork,includingreferences. Whencitingbooks(notperiodicals),capitalizeonlythefirstwordofthetitleandofthesubtitle
(i.e.thefirstwordafteracolonoradash)andpropernouns(Rule6.29,p.185).
Ifmorethanonecityofpublicationislistedinthebookyouareciting,usethefirstonelisted. Ifthereisnodateofpublication,usetheabbreviation(n.d.). Seerules6.22to6.32oftheAPAPublicationManualformoreinformationonthepreparationof
thereferencelist.
Howtocite...
Book
No
Author
or
Editor
(6.15,
pp.
176
177)
ReferenceinText (GeologicalfieldtripsinsouthernBritishColumbia,2003)
Accordingtothedefinition[....](GeologicalfieldtripsinsouthernBritishColumbia,
2003,p.5)(whenquoting)
ReferenceList GeologicalfieldtripsinsouthernBritishColumbia.(2003).Vancouver,BC:
GeologicalAssociationofCanada,CordilleranSection
Comments Whenaworkhasnoauthor,citeintextthefirstfewwordsofthereference
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listentry(usuallythetitle)andtheyear.
Withinthebodyofthepaperitalicizethetitleofabook,brochure,orreportandcapitalizeallmajorwordsintitles.
o Inhisbook,GreekPoliticalThought,Balot(2006)arguedthat[...] Intext,youmayuseafewwordsofthetitleifthetitleistoolong.
BookPrintorElectronic,OneAuthor (6.11,pp.174175)
ReferenceinText (Walker,2000)
(Walker,2000,p.62)(whenquoting)
ReferenceList Walker,L.E.(2000).Thebatteredwomansyndrome(2nded.).NewYork:
Springer.
Blossom,J.(2009).Contentnation:Survivingandthrivingassocialmedia
technologychangesourlivesandourfuture.Retrievedfrom
http://www.wiley.com
Monro,V.(1835).AsummerrambleinSyria:withaTartartripfromAleppoto
Stamboul(Vol.1).Retrievedfromhttp://books.google.com/books
Schiraldi,G.R.(2001).Theposttraumaticstressdisordersourcebook:Aguideto
healing,recovery,andgrowth[AdobeDigitalEditionsversion].
doi:10.1036/0071393722
Comments Ifyouretrievedanebookfromadatabase(e.g.Books24x7,GoogleBooks),addtheDOI(DigitalObjectIdentifier),ifavailable, attheendusingthe
format:doi:xxxxxxx(6.32,p.191).
IfthereisnoDOIassigned,givetheURLofthepublisher'shomepageinplace
of
the
DOI.
You
may
need
to
do
a
quick
web
search
to
locate
the
home
pageifyoufoundthebookinalibrarydatabase(e.g.ebrary,Books24x7).
o ThereisnoperiodattheendoftheURL.
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BookGroupsasAuthors(6.13,p.176)
ReferenceinText (NationalCouncilofWelfare,2001)
(NationalCouncilofWelfare,2001,p.17)(whenquoting)
ReferenceList NationalCouncilofWelfare(Canada).(2001).Childpovertyprofile,1998.Ottawa,
ON:NationalCouncilofWelfare.
Comments AGroupasAuthormaybeacorporation,anassociation,agovernmentagency,etc.
Intheexampleabove,authorandpublisherareidentical:'NationalCouncilofWelfare'.Insuchcasesyoumayusetheword'Author'asthenameofthe
publisher.
Providethepublisherifitisdifferentfromtheauthor.
Book MultipleAuthors(6.12,pp.175176)
Referenceintext (Bucher&Manning,2006)
(Bucher&Manning,2006,p.138)(whenquoting)
ReferenceList Bucher,K.,&Manning,M.L.(2006).Youngadultliterature:Exploration,
evaluation,andappreciation.UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PearsonEducation.
Comments Whenaworkhastwoauthors,citebothnameseverytimethereferenceoccursintext
Whenaworkhasthree,fourorfiveauthors,nameallauthorsthefirsttimethereferenceoccurs;inthefirstsubsequentcitationuseonlythefirst
author,followedbyetal.andayear.Ifyoumentionthesameworkagainwithinoneparagraph,omittheyear.E.g.:
o thefirsttime:Smith,Jones,PearsonandSherwin(1990)found...o thesecondtime,asafirstcitationperparagraph:Smithetal.(1990)
found...
o mentionedagainwithinthesameparagraph:Smithetal.found... Forsixormoreauthors,citeonlythelastnameofthefirstauthorfollowed
by'etal.
Whenaworkhastwoormoreauthors,usethewordandinrunningtextandanampersand&inparentheticalmaterial,intables,captions,andinthe
referencelist.E.g.:
o asBucherandManning(2006)demonstrated...o ashasbeenshown(Bucher&Manning,2006)...
Inthereferencelistinvertallauthors'names;givelastnamesandinitialsforonlyuptoandincludingsevenauthors.Whenauthorsnumbereightor
more,includethefirstsixauthorsnames,thenthreeellipses(),andadd
thelastauthorsname(6.27,p.184).
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EditedBook(6.11,174;6.27,p.184)
ReferenceinText (Robinson,1992)
ReferenceList Robinson,D.N.(Ed.).(1992).Socialdiscourseandmoraljudgement.SanDiego,
CA:AcademicPress.
Comments Oneeditor usetheabbreviation(Ed.).Morethanoneeditor usetheabbreviation(Eds.).
ChapterDifferentAuthorsinanEditedBook(6.27p.184)
ReferenceinText (Sharp&Eriksen,2004)
(Sharp&Eriksen,2004,p.126)(whenquoting)
ReferenceList Sharp,S.F.,&Eriksen,M.E.(2003).Imprisonedmothersandtheirchildren.InB.H.
Zaitzow&J.Thomas(Eds.), Womeninprison:Genderandsocialcontrol
(pp.119136).London:LynneRiennerPublishers.Comments Oneeditor usetheabbreviation(Ed.).Morethanoneeditor usethe
abbreviation(Eds.).
Intheexampleabove,'Sharp&Eriksen'aretheauthorsofthechapter'Imprisonedmothersandtheirchildren',publishedinthebook'Womenin
prison:Genderandsocialcontrol'.
Forabookwithnoeditor,justincludetheword'In'beforethebooktitle.
JournalArticle PrintVersion(6.276.30,pp.184187)
ReferenceinText (Louth,Hare&Linden,1998)
Louthetal.(1998,p.198)foundthat["........."].(whenquoting)
Louthetal.(1998)foundthat[".........."] (p.198).(whenquoting)
ReferenceList Louth,S.M.,Hare,R.D.,&Linden,W.(1998).Psychopathyand
alexithymiainfemaleoffenders.CanadianJournalofBehavioural
Science,30(2),9198.Comments If,andonlyif,eachissueofajournalbeginsonpage1,givetheissue
numberinparentheses(notitalicized)immediatelyafterthevolumenumber
(whichisitalicized).Thereisnospacebetweenthevolumeandissue
number.
Whenaworkhastwoauthors,citebothnameseverytimethereferenceoccursintext(6.11,p.174).
Whenaworkhasthree,fourorfiveauthors,nameallauthorsthefirsttimethereferenceoccurs;inthefirstsubsequentcitationuseonlythefirst
author,followedby'etal.'andayear.Ifyoumentionthesameworkagain
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withinoneparagraph,omittheyear.E.g.:
o thefirsttime:Louth,HareandLinden(1998)found...o thesecondtime,asafirstcitationperparagraph:Louthetal.(1998)
found...
o mentionedagainwithinthesameparagraph:Louthetal.found... Forsixormoreauthors,citeonlythelastnameofthefirstauthorfollowed
by'etal.'andayear.(6.12,p.175)
Whenaworkhastwoormoreauthors,usethewordandinrunningtextandanampersand&inparentheticalmaterial,intables,captions,andinthe
referencelist.E.g.:
o asBucherandManning(2006)demonstrated...o ashasbeenshown(Bucher&Manning,2006)...
Inthereferencelistinvertallauthors'names;givelastnamesandinitialsforonlyuptoandincludingsevenauthors.Whenauthorsnumbereightor
more,includethefirstsixauthorsnames,thenthreeellipses(),andadd
thelastauthorsname(6.27,p.184).
JournalArticleElectronic(6.32,pp.189192)
Retrievedfromadatabase,suchasPsycINFO,AcademicSearchPremier,JSTOR,etc.orontheinternet
ReferenceinText (Turner,2007)
(Turner,2007,p.292)(whenquoting)
(Lynch,2004,para.3)(whenquotinganarticlewithoutpagenumbers)
(Gruenwald,2009,"PhyticAcidContributesto")(quotinganarticlewithoutpageor
paragraphnumbers,usingashortenedheading)
ReferenceList Turner,J.(2007).Justiceandemotions.SocialJusticeResearch,20(3),288
311.doi:10.1007/s112110070043y
Walters,W.(2008).Borderingthesea:Shippingindustriesandthepolicingof
stowaways.BorderlandsEJournal,7(3),125.Retrievedfrom
http://www.borderlands.net.au/index.html
Ledger,W.,Wiebinga,C.,Anderson,P.,Irwin,D.,Holman,A.,&Lloyd,A.(2009).
CostsandoutcomesassociatedwithIVFusingrecombinantFSH.Reproductive
BioMedicineOnline,19(3),337342.Retrievedfrom
http://www.rbmonline.com/
Comments Forelectronicversionsbasedonaprintsource(suchasPDF),includepagenumbers(6.32,p.189).
Theretrievaldateisnotrequiredunlessthesourcematerialislikelytochangeovertime.
Generallyitisnotnecessarytoincludeinformationaboutwhichdatabaseitwasretrievedfrom(6.32,p.192).
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WhenaDOI(DigitalObjectIdentifier)isavailable,includetheDOIrightafterthevolume/issuenumberusingtheformat:doi:xxxxxxx(6.32,p.191)
IfthereisnoDOIassigned,givetheURLofthejournalpublishershomepageinplaceoftheDOI.Youmayneedtodoaquickwebsearchtolocate
thepublisherifyoufoundthearticleinalibrarydatabase(e.g.Academic
SearchPremier,ScienceDirect).
ThereisnoperiodattheendoftheURL.
DailyNewspaperArticlePrintorElectronic(6.276.32,pp.184192)
ReferenceinText ("Allfourpillars",2004)
(Freeze,2009)
ReferenceList Allfourpillarsneededtocombatdrugscourge.(2004,May15).The
VancouverSun,p.C6.
Freeze,C.(2009,October7).Toronto18leaderpleadsguilty.TheGlobe
andMail.Retrievedfromhttp://www.theglobeandmail.comComments Intext,ifthearticledoesnothaveanauthor,useatitle(shorten,if
necessary).Putthetitleinquotes.
Ifanarticleappearsondiscontinuouspages(e.g.startsonp.D1andcontinuesonp.D5),giveallpagenumbers,separatedbyacomma.
Tocitea"lettertotheeditor",includethetext[Lettertotheeditor]insquarebrackets,rightafterthetitleoftheletterandbeforethetitleofthe
newspaper.Thereisnoperiodafterthetitleoftheletter.
Ifyouretrievedthearticlefromadatabase(e.g.CanadianNewsstand,CBCA),addtheDOI(DigitalObjectIdentifier)attheendusingtheformat:
doi:xxxxxxx(6.32,p.191)
IfthereisnoDOIassigned,givetheURLofthenewspapershomepageinplaceoftheDOI.Youmayneedtodoaquickwebsearchtolocatethehome
pageifyoufoundthearticleinalibrarydatabase(e.g.CanadianNewsstand,
PressDisplay).
o ThereisnoperiodattheendoftheURL.
MagazineArticlePrintorElectronic(6.276.30,pp.184186)
ReferenceinText (Morell,2006)
(Morell,2006,p.131)(whenquoting)
ReferenceList Morell,V.(2006,March).WolvesofEthiopia.NationalGeographic,209,124135.
Mauro,S.(2009,November).Aredtailreturns.AviationHistory20(2).Retrieved
fromhttp://www.aviationhistory.org/am_aviation_history_magazine.html
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Comments Givethedateshownonthepublication:monthformonthlies/monthanddayforweeklies.
Ifyouretrievedthearticlefromadatabase(e.g.CanadianReferenceCentre,MasterFilePremier),addtheDOI(DigitalObjectIdentifier)atthe
endusingtheformat:doi:xxxxxxx(6.32,p.191)
IfthereisnoDOIassigned,givetheURLofthemagazineshomepageinplaceoftheDOI.Youmayneedtodoaquickwebsearchtolocatethehome
pageifyoufoundthearticleinalibrarydatabase(e.g.MasterFilePremier,
CBCA).
o ThereisnoperiodattheendoftheURL.
Website ADocumentCreatedbyanIndividualoranOrganization(6.316.32&7.11,pp.187192,214
215)
ReferenceinText (InternationalFederationofLibraryAssociations,2003)
(InternationalFederationofLibraryAssociations,2003,para.4)(whenquoting)
Referencelist InternationalFederationofLibraryAssociationandInstitutions.(2003,
February03).Library&informationscience:Citationguidesfor
electronicdocuments.Retrievedfrom
http://ifla.org/I/training/citation/citing.htm
Comments WhencitingawebsiteintheReferenceList,provideasmuchaspossibleofthefollowinginformation:
Author'sname(ifavailable) Dateofpublicationorupdateinparentheses(ifavailable).If
thereisnodate,use'(n.d.)'instead.
Titleordescriptionofdocument Titleofcompletework(ifrelevant),initalicsorunderlined URL
Whenmakingintextcitations,useparagraphnumbers(abbreviatedtopara.)ifpagenumbersarenotavailable.Iftherearenoparagraph
numbers,usetheheading.Theheadingmaybeshortenedifnecessary.
Donotincluderetrievaldatesunlessthesourcematerialislikelytochangeovertime(e.g.blogs,wikis)
ThereisnoperiodaftertheURL. DonotinsertahyphenwhenbreakingalongURL.
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Website ASingleDocumentorPartofaLargeWebsite(6.32,7.11,pp.189192,214215)
ReferenceinText (Spearing,2004)
(Spearing,2004,EatingDisordersareTreatable,)(whenquoting)
ReferenceList Spearing,M.(2004May).Eatingdisorders:Factsabouteatingdisorders
andthesearchforsolutions.Retrievedfrom
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/eatingdisorders.cfm
Jess.(2009,April18).SomethingsIhavelearnedaboutteens[Weblog
post].Retrievedfrom http://coollibrarianblog.blogspot.com/2009/04/
somethingsihavelearnedaboutteens.htmlComments Forblogs,includethenameoftheblogtowhichtheentrywasposted,ifthis
informationisnotpartoftheURL.Iftheauthorsfullnameisunavailable,
usethescreenname.
Whenmakingintextcitations,useparagraphnumbers(abbreviatedtopara.)ifpagenumbersarenotavailable.Iftherearenoparagraph
numbers,usetheheading.Theheadingmaybeshortenedifnecessary.
DonotinsertahyphenwhenbreakingalongURL.
Website ChapterorSectioninadocument(6.32,6.19,6.05,pp.192,179,171172)
ReferenceinText (BentonFoundation,1998)
(BentonFoundation,1998,Chapter2)(whenquoting)
ReferenceList BentonFoundation.(1998,July7).Barrierstoclosingthegap.InLosing
groundbitbybit:Lowincomecommunitiesintheinformationage
(chap.2).Retrievedfromhttp://www.benton.org/publibrary/losing
ground/two.html
Comments 'Barrierstoclosingthegap'isthetitleofChapter2oftheWebdocument'Losinggroundbitbybit'.
Whenmakingintextcitations,useparagraphnumbers(abbreviatedtopara.)ifpagenumbersarenotavailable.Iftherearenoparagraph
numbers,usetheheading.Theheadingmaybeshortenedifnecessary.
ProvideaURLthatlinksdirectlytothechapterorsection. DonotinsertahyphenwhenbreakingalongURL.
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Website Noauthor,nodate(6.27,6.28,6.15,pp.184,185,176177)
ReferenceinText ("GVU's10thWWWUserSurvey",n.d.)
(GVUs10thWWWUserSurvey,n.d.,SelfSelection)(whenquoting)
ReferenceListGVUs10thWWWusersurvey.(n.d.).Retrievedfrom
http://www.gvu.gatech.edu/user_surveys/survey
1998
10/
Whenmakingintextcitations,useparagraphnumbers(abbreviatedtopara.)ifpagenumbersarenotavailable.Iftherearenoparagraph
numbers,usetheheading.Theheadingmaybeshortenedifnecessary.
EntireEncyclopediaorDictionaryPrintorElectronic(7.02,pp.202203)
ReferenceinText (Sadie,1980)
(Sadie,1980,p.100)(whenquoting)
ReferenceList Sadie,S.(Ed.).(2000).ThenewGrovedictionaryofmusicandmusicians
(2nded.,Vols.129).NewYork:Grove'sDictionaries.
Zalta,E.N.(Ed.).(2007)TheStanfordencyclopediaofphilosophy.
Retrievedfromhttp://plato.stanford.edu/Comments Ifyouretrievedtheentryfromadatabase(e.g.GaleVirtualReference
Library),addtheDOI(DigitalObjectIdentifier)attheendusingtheformat:
doi:xxxxxxx(6.32,p.191)
IfthereisnoDOIassigned,givetheURLofthepublisher'shomepageinplaceoftheDOI.Youmayneedtodoaquickwebsearchtolocatethehome
pageifyoufoundtheiteminalibrarydatabase(e.g.OxfordReference
Online,GaleVirtualReferenceLibrary).
o ThereisnoperiodattheendoftheURL.
EntryinanEncyclopediaorDictionary PrintorElectronic(7.02,pp.202203)
ReferenceinText (Firdion,2004)
(Firdion,2004,p.169)(whenquoting)
ReferenceList Etzkowitz,H.&Dzisah,J.(2009).Universityindustryrelationships.InJ.B.
Callicott&R.Froderman(Eds.),Encyclopediaofenvironmental
ethicsandphilosophy(Vol.2,pp.344346).Retrievedfrom
http://www.gale.cengage.com/.
Firdion,J.M.(2004).Fostercare.InEncyclopediaofhomelessness(Vol.1,
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pp.167170).ThousandOaks,CA:SagePublications.
Jaunty.(1989).OxfordEnglishdictionary(2nded.).Retrievedfrom
http://oed.com/
Comments Ifthereisnoauthororeditoroftheentry,asinthelastexample,placethetitleintheauthorposition.
Inanonlineversionreferstoaprintversion,includetheeditionnumberafterthetitle.
InformallyPublishedorSelfArchivedWork,SuchasFromERICDatabase(7.09,pp.211212)
ReferenceinText (Skala,2003)
(Skala,2003,p.49)(whenquoting)
ReferenceList Skala,C.(2003).OptimizingbasicFrenchskillsutilizingmultipleteaching
techniques.RetrievedfromERICdatabase.(ED498566)
AudiovisualMedia Films,MusicRecordings,MapsRetrievedOnline,Podcasts,etc.(7.07,p.209210)
ReferenceinText (Gladu&Brodeur,2001)
ReferenceList Gladu,A.(Producer),&Brodeur.M.(Director).(1999).Danceofthe
warrior[Motionpicture].Canada:NationalFilmBoard.
Manhattan77.(2007,February25).GhostTownsandDeathValley[Video
file].Retrievedfromhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGCnyH6n2sw&
feature=video_response
Comments Thereisnoperiodafterthetitle. Iftheauthor'sfullnameisunavailable,useascreenname. DonotinsertahyphenwhenbreakingalongURL.
SecondarySource(6.17,p.178)
ReferenceinText SeidenbergandMcClelland'sstudyshowed(ascitedinColtheart,Curtis,Atkins,&
Haller,1993)that[...]
ReferenceList Coltheart,M.,Curtis,B.,Atkins,P.,&Haller,M.(1993).Modelsofreading
aloud:Dualrouteandparalleldistributedprocessingapproaches.
PsychologicalReview,100,589608.Comments Whatyouhaveinhand(Coltheart)is'thesecondarysource',andtheoriginal
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workthathasbeencitedinyoursource(Seidenberg)is'theprimarysource'.
Inthereferencelistgivethesecondarysource(theoneyouhaveinhand;theoneyouconsulted).
Intext,nametheprimarysource(Seidenberg),andgivethecitationtothesecondarysource:('ascitedin...')
ConferenceProceedingsPrintorElectronic(7.04,pp.206207)
ReferenceinText (Iyengar&DeVoe,2003)
ReferenceList Iyengar,S.S.,&DeVoe,S.E.(2003).Rethinkingthevalueof choice:Considering
culturalmediatorsofintrinsicmotivation.InR.Dienstbier(Ed.),Nebraska
SymposiumonMotivation:Vol.49.Crossculturaldifferencesin
perspectivesontheself(pp.129174).Lincoln:UniversityofNebraska
Press.
Shennan,S.(2008). Canoesandculturalevolution.Proceedingsofthe
NationalAcademyofSciences105,34163420.doi:
10.1073/pnas.0800666105Comments Publishedconferenceproceedingsmaybecitedeitherlikechaptersin
editedbooks(firstexample)orlikejournalarticles(secondexample).This
will
depend
on
whether
the
publication
is
treated
as
a
series
(e.g.
has
an
ISBNandaneditor)orasaperiodical(i.e.itispublishedannually).
ForunpublishedconferencepapersandcontributionsseeRule7.04,p.206oftheAPAManual.
Capitalizethenameofthesymposium,conferenceormeeting.
TablesandFigures Charts,Graphs,Maps,Photographs,etc.(Chapter5,pp.125167)
ReferenceBelow
TableorFigure
Note.Adaptedfrom"TheRoleoftheSharedFamilyContextinDifferential
Parenting,"byJ.M.Jenkins,J.Rasbash,andT.G.O'Connor,2003,Developmental
Psychology,39,p.104.Copyright2003bytheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.
Comments IncludethewordNote:beforeyourcitation. Thecitationfollowsadifferentformatfromtheotherexampleslistedhere,
andisplacedbelowthetableorfigure.
Usethiscitationformfortablesorfiguresfromanothersourcewhichyoureprint.
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PersonalCommunications,InterviewsandClassnotes(6.20,p.179)
ReferenceinText InhisinterviewM.S.Bloomberg(personalcommunication,April22,2007)talks
about...
ReferenceList NotUsuallyApplicable
Comments Personalcommunicationsmaybeletters,emails,interviews,telephoneconversations,etc.
Someformsofpersonalcommunicationarerecoverable,andtheseshouldbereferencedasarchivalmaterial(SeeRule7.10,pp.212214forexamples
ofarchivalmaterial).
Unpublished,unrecoverablepersonalcommunicationsarenotincludedinthereferencelistbecausetheydonotproviderecoverabledata.Citeintext
only.
Citeinformationfromyourownclassnotesasapersonalcommunicationandrefertoitonlyinthebodyofyourpaper(e.g.:InalectureonSeptember
23,2007toaPSYC103class,ProfessorBrownsaid...).
Publishedinterviewsareincludedinthereferencelist.Ifthepublishedinterviewhasatitle,includeitaftertheyear.Givefurtherdescriptionin
[brackets]ifnecessary.Providetheoriginalsourcewheretheinterviewwas
published(e.g.aprintjournalarticlewithoneauthor,awebsite,etc.)and
choosetheformataccordingly.
Ifthepublishedinterviewlacksatitle,giveadescriptionoftheinterviewin[squarebrackets].
SeeRule7.11,pp.214215oftheAPAManualforcitingmessagespostedtonewsgroups,onlineforumsandelectronicmailinglists.
Custom
Courseware
CommentsCustomCoursewarepackagesarecompilationsofjournalarticles,book
chaptersandothermaterialsselectedbyyourinstructor.TheAPAmanual
doesnotgivespecificadviceaboutcitingthesematerials,soyouwillhave
touseyourjudgmentandcomeupwithyourownsolution.
IfyouneedtociteasourcefromaCustomCoursewarepackage,hereare
twosuggestions.However,ourstrongrecommendationistofirstcheck
withyourinstructor.
1.Findthefullcitationwherethearticle,chapter,etc.wasoriginally
published,andciteaccordingly.Thefullcitationsmaybeincludedonthe
firstpageofthecoursepack.Ifnot,searcharelevantdatabaseorthe
librarycatalogue,oraskalibrarian.
2.TreattheCoursewarepackageasananthology,andtheinstructorwho
didthecompilationasabookeditor/compiler.Therefore,treatthearticle,
chapter,etc.asifitwaspartofananthology,oreditedbook.Most
probablyyouwillnothavethepagenumbers,sincetheCustom
Coursewareisnotatruepublicationandisnotpaginatedthroughout.You
willalsohavetoincludethenameofthecompiler,thetitleofthe
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8/6/2019 A Pa 6 Print
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Courseware,thenameofthecourse(e.g.CMNS210),thesemester(e.g.
Spring2010)andthepublisher(SimonFraserUniversity).Bearinmindthat
someonetryingtofindthearticle/chapterfromacoursepackyoucited
mightnothaveaccesstothesamecoursepack.
AdditionalWebSources
BasicsofAPAStyleTutorialfromtheAPA.
WhatsNewinthe6thEditiontutorialfromtheAPA.
APAFormattingandStyleGuide(6thEdition)fromPurdueUniversity.IncludesimagesofAPA
styleformattingfortitlespages,runninghead,samplepapers,tablesandotherinformation.
HowtocitebusinesssourcesinAPA(5thed.).FromMcGillUniversity.
SamplePaperfromtheAPA,withexamplesofmanyAPArules.
SFUPsychologyDepartment:APAStyleforpapersSampleAPAresearchpaper.
Thisguideislocatedat:http://www.lib.sfu.ca/help/writing/apa6
Maintainedby:IvanaNiseteo[[email protected]]
Contentlastmodified:20110131tt[YYYYMMDD]