a new technology for hydrogen safety: glass structures as a storage system

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Ronald Meyer 4 th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09- 14 A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System Ronald Meyer BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing Division II.1 “Gases, Gas Plants” 12205 Berlin, Germany C.En Ltd., 3 Sonnhaldenstrasse Postfach CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland

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A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System. Ronald Meyer BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing Division II.1 “Gases, Gas Plants” 12205 Berlin, Germany. C.En Ltd., 3 Sonnhaldenstrasse Postfach CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland. Contents. Idea - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a

Storage System

Ronald MeyerBAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and TestingDivision II.1 “Gases, Gas Plants”12205 Berlin, Germany

C.En Ltd., 3 SonnhaldenstrassePostfach CH-8032Zurich, Switzerland

Page 2: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

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Contents

1. Idea

2. Safety aspects

3. Storage principles

4. Conclusion/Perspectives

Page 3: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

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• picture of a round capillary array

• Model of a capillary array, scale 250:1

Idea

1 mm

Page 4: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

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MaterialTensile

Strength MPa

Density g/cm3

Aluminum 49 2.9

Titanium Alloy 900 4.51

Sapphire (Al2O3) 1900 3.9-4.1

Steel 310-2482 7.8Carbon fiber 3530 - 4560 1.8

S-Glass (fiber) 4710 2.48

Quartz (fiber) 6000 2.2

Why Use Multi-Capillary Arrays?

Page 5: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

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Multi-Capillary Arrays have a number Multi-Capillary Arrays have a number of outstanding characteristicsof outstanding characteristics:

•ReusableReusable

•Chemically durableChemically durable

•Crash safetyCrash safety •Mechanically Mechanically strongstrong

•Light weightLight weight

•Environmentally Environmentally friendlyfriendly

Why Use Multi-Capillary Arrays?

•Low hydrogen diffusionLow hydrogen diffusion

Page 6: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

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Contents

1. Idea

2. Safety aspects

3. Storage principles

4. Conclusion/Perspectives

Page 7: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

Pressure Tests

• Capillaries made of different glass materials have been tested

• Sodium carbonate ● Quartz

• Alumina silicate ● Borosilicate

• Different gases for pressure tests

• Maximum Burst Pressure:

132.4 MPa / 19203 psi for single capillaries

117.3 Mpa / 17013 psi for arrays7

Page 8: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

Pressure Tests

• Parameters varied:• Inner diameters from 120 µm up to 3 mm

• Wall thicknesses from 10 µm up to 290 µm

• Different lengths from 100 mm up to 300 mm

• Different diameter-wall thickness-ratios

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Page 9: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

Diameter-Wall thickness-Ratios

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Page 10: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

• Burst pressure of single capillaries are important basic information

• Information about the reliability of complex bundled systems

•Failure probability statistics of capillaries

Statistical Evaluation

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Page 11: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

• It is a statistical distribution which is used for determination of durability in quality management

• Especially used at material fatigue of brittle materials

• Different number of samples of the same design and construction have to be tested at defined conditions till a collapse eventuates

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Weibull-Distribution

Page 12: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

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Quartz

Borosilicate

Statistical Evaluation

Page 13: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

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Quartz

Borosilicate

Statistical Evaluation

Page 14: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

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Permeation

•Measuring H2-concentration with mass spectroscopy

•T < 600 °C release of surface absorbed H2

•T > 650°C release of enclosed permeated H2 out of closed capillary

•permeation around 10-14 mol cm-1 s-1 atm-1 at 200°C

Released hydrogen during vacuum hot extractionOpen capillaryClosed capillary

Page 15: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

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Material stresses in single capillaries and capillary arrays with and without defects at 500 bar internal pressure, calculated with the COMSOL code using the von Mises plastic distortion hypothesis

Stress modeling

Reference: Marek Gebauer

Page 16: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

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Contents

1. Idea

2. Safety aspects

3. Storage principles

4. Conclusion/Perspectives

Page 17: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

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• Array filled with alloy, capillaries properly closed

Stopper alloy

End of capillary array after completed filling and releasing procedure

Ø500µmAlloy for closure

Page 18: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

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Prototype No. 3

Sealing system• Connects storage unit

to application

Heating coil• Coil made of

insulated electric wire

Electric contacts• Connects heating coil

to external power supply

Glass capillary arrays• Main storage device

PTFE shell • Protection against

mechanical damage (shown here as

transparent)

Ø 16 mm

130 mm

storage partsampling point

pre-volume

Page 19: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

Storage Principles

Stopper Alloy• Long time storage• Low-melting alloy as closing system for every

single capillary• Cheap solution without high constructional afford • Heat energy for closing and for opening• Electronic control unit for heating needed• Special setup for filling necessary, no in-situ

possible

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Page 20: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

Prototype with micro valve for closure

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Page 21: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

Storage Principles

Valve• Short time storage• Alterning demand or quick providing• Short release-period with different flows and

pressure ratios• In-situ filling is possible• No or low energy-supply necessary

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Page 22: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

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Contents

1. Idea

2. Safety aspects

3. Storage principles

4. Conclusion/Perspectives

Page 23: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

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Conclusions/Perspectives

• Capillaries are able to withstand high pressures

• Glass capillaries systems demonstrate the possibility of lightweight storage systems in every shape and volume

• In tests for single capillary gravimetric capacity of 33 wt% and vol. capacity of 45 g/l

• Usage over a wide range of applications, up- and down scaling for adaption possible

• Long time as well as short time storage systems are realizable

Page 24: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

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Conclusions/Perspectives

• System is split into several modules, in case of leakage or impact only the damaged module will release the amount of stored hydrogen

• Possibility of hazardous situations much lower than of a single-tank-solution

• Safety evaluation only for a complete system possible

Page 25: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Thank you very much for your attention. If there are any

questions left don`t hesitate to ask me.

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Page 26: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

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Backup

Page 27: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

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Storage Procedure• Operating pressure: 150 MPa (21750 psi)• Arrays placed in high pressure vessel in vertical

position• Stopper alloy is positioned on top of arrays• After reaching the storage pressure the whole

system is heated up• The alloy is melting and is pressed in the arrays

with a pressure application• After cool down and release of pressure the

storage procedure is finished

High pressure vessel

3 – array prototype

Stopper alloy

pressure curve for storage procedure, test 040

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

time [s]

pres

sure

[bar

]

Page 28: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

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H2 release, test 031

0

0,02

0,04

0,06

0,08

0,1

0,12

0,14

0,16

0,18

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000time [s]

pres

sure

[bar

]

~25% gravimetric

storage capacity

Release procedure in heatable autoclave

Page 29: A New Technology for Hydrogen Safety: Glass Structures as a Storage System

Ronald Meyer 4th ICHS – International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2011 2011-09-14

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Updated Hydrogen Storage Targets

* U.S. Department of Energy- Hydrogen Program, March 2010