a muse of one's own

8/2/2019 A Muse of One's Own

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NHJ ;00

C Lusn id Ihn‖s Iwh

Eiw Dnlcbn Zrftnrs Jcfh Fhspfrctfih

Lyrih Lchhs

Dfhcb Qnsncrge Pcpnr



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NHJ ;00

Qnsncrge Pcpnr

C Lusn id Ihn’s Iwh

Eiw Dnlcbn Zrftnrs Jcfh Fhspfrctfih

Dril wenrn kins ihn bncrh ti wrftn9 Kins ihn bncrh dril wect fs tcujet fh sgeiib9 Fs iur

gilpntnhgy fh gilpisftfih ten kfrngt rnsubt id iur bchjucjn cgqufsftfih stnllfhj dril sigfntcb

fhdbunhgns9 Ihgn ten grcdtfhj id prisn fs tcujet, wect angilns iur fhspfrctfih9 Kins sigfnty hit

ihby fhdbunhgn iur wrftfhj stybn aut cbsi iur jnhrn, iur tipfg, chk iur tenln9 [en caivn

qunstfihs crn oust c dnw id c hulanr id fhqufrfns wenh gihsfknrfhj ten stybfstfg cppricge c wrftnr

tcmns ti enr grcdt. Gihgnrhfhj bchjucjn uscjn wenh wrftfhj, wn ecvn stukfnk ten vnrhcgubcr chk

prisn id 36te

gnhtury Nhjbchk cs wnbb cs tect id 10te

gnhtury Clnrfgch wrftnrs fh gbcss.3 [efs

rchjn id stybn rnvncbs hit ihby ten nvibutfih id c bchjucjn teriuje tfln aut cbsi fts vnrhcgubcr

kfddnrnhgns stnllfhj dril jnijrcpefg bigctfih. Ft snnls kfddfgubt ti uhknrstchk fhftfcbby tect ten

wrftfhj chk bchjucjn id Ochn Custnh chk tect id Jcyb Oihns crn snpcrctnk lnrnby ay ihn gnhtury

chk ch ignch, teus hcturcbby ihn lfjet gihgbukn tect tenfr nhvfrihlnhts eck c sfjhfdfgcht flpcgt

ih tenfr prisn chk geisnh tenlns. Chk Ft lfjet snnl iut id pbcgn dir Oihns ti wrftn ih tipfgs id

uppnr-gbcss 36te

gnhtury Nhjbchk anfhj si dcr rnlivnk dril ten snttfhj chk bfdnstybn id suge c

pbcgn, ynt stfbb nvnh fh mhiwfhj tefs wenh wn rnck wect Oihns wrftns ih wect sen mhiws anst ‛

gihsfstfhj id Cdrfgch Clnrfgch tenlns ‛ wn crn qufgm ti anlich ten gibbiqufcb vnrhcgubcr sen

usns. Fh ten cgcknlfg rncbl id wrftfhj tenrn fs c gihsnhsus tect tect wefge fs wrfttnh irfjfhctns

dril c kfcbngt tect’s cgtucbby fh usn. Fh tcmfhj tefs cppricge ti wrftfhj, Oihns ecs usnk enr

3 Irfjfhcbby wrfttnh dir snhfir snlfhcr ;00 ct ^L-Dbfht



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dclfbfcr? Cdrfgch Clnrfgch vnrhcgubcr, cs enr lusn oust cs Custnh writn caiut teisn tefhjs wfte

wefge sen wcs list dclfbfcr wefbn usfhj ten bchjucjn suftcabn ti gihvny tensn lcttnrs.

Zefbn biimfhj ct wrftfhj caiut tect wfte wefge ihn fs list dclfbfcr, F wiubk bfmn ti biim

spngfdfgcbby ct ten gihtrfautfhj dcgtirs ti wilnh’s dfgtfihcb wrftfhj. Dir, fd ten wirbk fh wefge

ihn bfvns litfvctns eiw ihn wrftns, dril wect wftefh tect sigfnty ki wilnh dfhk tenfr

litfvctfih9 [en flprnssfih ihn rngnfvns dril rnckfhj Tfrjfhfc Ziibd’s C Qiil id Ihn’s Iwh

wiubk bnck ten rncknr ti anbfnvn tect wilnh crn anrndt id gubturcb fhdbunhgns dril wilnh wrftnrs

fh efstiry. [efs vifk fh wrftfhj rnbnjctns ten liknrh dnlcbn cuteir ti enr iwh nxpnrfnhgns fh

irknr ti prikugn wect F wfbb gcbb fh tefs crjulnht c ‒jnhufhn dfgtfih,“ wefge fs c gilpbntnby

dcarfgctnk stiry tect fs anbfnvcabn angcusn id ten cutenhtfgfty ft ancrs fh rnbctfih ti cgtucb lcttnrs.

[i dfhk ten hngnsscry gilpihnhts ti grcdt tefs ‒jnhufhn dfgtfih,“ F cssnrt tect wilnh wrftnrs

lust biim fhwcrk chk teus arfhj ten pnrspngtfvn id c dfgtfihcb dnlcbn gecrcgtnr ti bfjet ay wcy id

tenfr iwh nxpnrfnhgns. [efs fhtrispngtfvn cppricge ti wrftfhj ecs jfvnh ten jrnctnr wirbk

anbfnvcabn dnlcbn gecrcgtnrs chk enrifhns cs ippisnk ti ten cssulptfihs lcbn wrftnrs pbcgn ih

nxtrchnius wilnh gecrcgtnrs. [i sbfjetby likfdy c quitn dril Custnh, F wiubk crjun tect c

wilch lust ecvn lihny chk c lusn id ihn’s iwh fd sen fs ti wrftn dfgtfih, chk istnhsfaby, tefs

lusn gilns dril wftefh enrsnbd chk wftefh ten rncbl id dnlcbn wrftnrs.

[en dibbiwfhj wfbb vnhturn teriuje snvnrcb cspngts id dfgtfih. [en jicb fs ti gihsfknr

nxclpbns fh ten tnxt tect privn cs nvfknhgn tect wilnh wrftnrs crn fh dcgt ‛ dir wcht id puabfsenk

dnlcbn cuteirs ‛ rnbnjctnk ti ten usn id tenfr iwh bchjucjn, vfnws, chk bfvns fh irknr ti grcdt

prisn tect lfjet sft upih c aiimsenbd clihj ten cauhkcht nkftfihs id aiims wfte lcbn cuteirs.

Zfte rnjcrk ti bchjucjn, tenrn crn nxclpbns id kfcbijun fh tnxts tect crn fh gbisn rnbctfihsefp ti

ten wrftnr’s ntehfg acgmjriuhk, wefge sujjnst tect ten wrftnr ’s vnrhcgubcr fhdbunhgns enr wrftfhj



;

stybn. Zfte rnjcrk ti vfnws, ft fs istnhsfaby gbncr tect ten liknrh dnlfhfst livnlnht cppncrs fh

ten wrftfhjs id ten liknrh dnlcbn wrftnr. Zfte rnjcrk ti bfvns, siln wrftnrs crn lirn suatbn tech

itenrs, aut tenrn fs clpbn nvfknhgn sujjnstfhj tect wilnh wrftnrs, fh wect snnls bfmn c

hcrgfssfstfg cppricge ti wrftfhj, ecvn geisnh ti wrftn caiut tenlsnbvns fh irknr ti ecvn c lusn.

[enrn fs nvfknhgn id ten nddngt id iutsfkn siurgns ‛ prflcrfby dnlcbn iutsfkn siurgns ‛ ih

wilnh’s wrftfhj, chk tect secbb an gihsfknrnk cs ch fhdbunhgn ih wilnh’s wrftfhj cs wnbb.

[en crjulnht tect wilnh crn fhknnk tenfr iwh lusn fs hit hnw. [en dibbiwfhj wfbb

vnhturn fhti ten crtfgbns, puabfgctfihs chk fhtnrvfnws id aite cgtucb wrftnrs chk grftfgs tect ecvn

rnspngtfvnby sncrgenk iut ten lcttnr chk ecvn giln ti ten gihgbusfih tect wilnh wrftnrs crn

list fhdbunhgnk ay ten pnrsih teny snn fh ten lfrrir. Zenh gihsfknrfhj ten cppricge wilnh

lust tcmn ti wrftfhj, ten hitfih tect wilnh vfnw tenlsnbvns cs c lusn fs ihn id luge stuky. Fh

enr gibbngtfih id nsscys nhtftbnk Hnw Dnlfhfst Nsscys ih Tfrjfhfc Ziibd, Ochn Lcrgus stctns?

Zenh Tfrjfhfc Ziibd wrftns ‘wilnh cbihn stfr ly flcjfhctfih,’ wn crn aiuhk ti

gihsfknr ten piwnr id tect fhdbunhgn. Wen rcfknk ten pctrfcrgey chk trnspcssnk ih lcbn

tnrrftiry, rnturhfhj ti secrn enr spifbs wfte itenr wilnh? wilnh's wirks, ten dnlfhfhn

snhtnhgn, chk dfhcbby ten cppriprfctn dnlcbn dirl (xfv).

Fh ch cblist npfg bfmn knpfgtfih id Ziibd, Lcrgus arfhjs ti bfjet ten irfjfhs id hit ihby Ziibd’s

fhdbunhgn aut cbsi tect id snvnrcb wilnh wei wiubk wrftn cdtnr enr. [efs cppricge ti dfhkfhj c

lusn fs lnhtfihnk fh Lcrgus’ crtfgbn cs ‒bftnrcry litenreiik“ chk prnsnhts teisn wei crn

fhdbunhgnk ay Ziibd cs ten ‒kcujetnrs“ id enr crt. Hit ihby kins Lcrgus knpfgt Ziibd cs c

litenr ti teisn wei wiubk nvnhtucbby biim ti enr cs fhspfrctfih, aut cbsi cs c sfstnr ti enr

gihtnlpircrfns. [en gillih jriuhk id dnlfhfhfty fs prnsnhtnk fh Lcrgus’ crjulnht cs ten

kntnrlfhfhj dcgtir ti wilnh nstcabfsefhj c lusn. Lcrgus gihtfhuns tenhgn ti usn rentirfg tect



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gibirdubby knsgrfans Ziibd’s gihtrfautfihs cs tect id c enrifhn wei wih wilnh ten rfjet ti ten

drnnkil id snbd-nxprnssfih teriuje wrftfhj. Lcrgus jins ih ti lnhtfih tect "Fd bchjucjn wcs ten

prfvctn pripnrty id ten pctrfcrges, ti 'trnspcss' ih ft wcs ch cgt id usurpctfih"(Lcrgus 3) chk tect

ihgn tefs cgtfih wcs tcmnh ft wiubk lnch Ziibd snnfhj enrsnbd cs ihn wei wcs "uhtyfhj ten

Litenr [ihjun, drnnfhj bchjucjn dril aihkcjn ti ten dctenrs chk rnturhfhj ft ti wilnh chk ten

wirmfhj gbcssns" (Lcrgus 3).

[efs fhtrusfih snnls hngnsscry fh irknr dir wilnh ti an prnsnht wftefh ten wirbk id

bftnrcturn. [en bcgm id wilnh cuteirs fh Ziibd’s tfln wcs quftn gihspfguius. Oust cs wect wcs

lnhtfihnk caivn ay Lcrgus, fh ch crtfgbn tftbnk ‒[efhmfhj Acgm [eriuje Iur Litenrs? Tfrjfhfc

Ziibd Qncks Wecmnspncrn,“ Ante G. Wwcrtz rngijhfzns ten vifk id wilnh wrftnrs chk lnhtfihs

tect ‒wilnh wrftnrs ecvn eck kfddfgubty fh gihgnptucbfzfhj c lusn id tenfr iwh= hit ecvfhj eck

ten anhndft id c trckftfih id lusns dril wefge ti krcw, teny ecvn gustilcrfby ckiptnk ten lcbn

hirls“ (Wwcrtz :13). Wwcrtz jins ih ti lnhtfih eiw Ziibd enrsnbd stctns fh C Qiil id Ihn’s

Iwh tect ‒‘c wilch wrftnr tefhms acgm teriuje enr litenrs’“ (Wwcrtz :13). [ensn wilnh lcy

an ten ‒‘r ncb wilnh wei litenrnk enr lfhk,’“ enr surrijctn litenrs, dnlcbn bftnrcry prngursirs

chk ten dfgtfihcb wilnh sen grnctns cs siurgns id fhspfrctfih, suge cs ‒Oukfte Wecmnspncrn,

Lfstrnss Oich Lcrtyh, chk Chih“ (Wwcrtz :13).

[en caivn twi nsscys wihknrdubby rnvncb ten vcguc wefge hnnk an dfbbnk ay wilnh

wrftnrs fh bftnrcturn. [enrn fs c ecrlihy antwnnh ten twi fh tenfr secrfhj id lctnrhcb teiujet

anfhj c sirt id ntenrncb nssnhgn privfknk ti ten dnlcbn cuteir dril wefge sen gch knvnbip

teiujets id enr iwh. Cppcrnhtby tensn teiujets crn siurgns tect crn tcppnk fhti vfc fhtrispngtfih,

bncvfhj ten wilch wrftnr ti vfnw enr iwh nxpnrfnhgns cs ten lnchs id c lusn hngnsscry ti grcdt

prisn. Ft fs wfteiut qunstfih tect ten wirbk ecs prnkilfhctnby annh wect’s hitnk cs c pctrfcrgecb



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sigfnty. Zftefh tefs sigfnty id lcbn kilfhchgn, sgeiibs id teiujet ecvn rnbfnk encvfby ih ten

fkncs id ten lcbn lfhk cs ten prnnlfhnht fkncs id sigfnty. [i cgmhiwbnkjn tect wilnh ecvn

silntefhj pnrtfhnht ti scy fs c rnbctfvnby hivnb teiujet fh liknrh sigfnty, ihn dril wefge F ecvn

ten buxury ti anhndft. F cl cabn ti cgqufrn c bchjucjn hnftenr sibnby lcbn, hir sibnby dnlcbn fh

irknr ti uhknrstchk c lirn arick sgipn fh rnbctfih ti ly cppricge ti bftnrcturn chk gilpisftfih.

[efs fs ten fknc id anfhj wilch-lchby/lch-wilchby cs Ziibd lnhtfihs fh C Qiil id Ihn’s

Iwh. Jrcgfiusby, Ziibd chk itenrs ecvn sncrgenk iut ten chflus chk chflc wftefh tenlsnbvns

chk itenrs fh irknr ti arfhj ten wirbk id bftnrcturn fhti liknrhfty. Cdtnr fhtrispngtfvnby cssnssfhj

ihnsnbd fh irknr ti tcp fhti c lusn, ten hnxt pfngn id gilpisftfih ti gihsfknr fs ten wrftfhj stybn.

F cl gihvfhgnk tect ten wcy fh wefge ihn wrftns fs kfrngtby fhdbunhgnk ay ten bchjucjn ir

gibbiqufcb spnnge tect ihn usns. Cs lnhtfihnk caivn, tenrn fs c gihsnhsus tect tect wefge fs

wrfttnh irfjfhctns dril c kfcbngt tect fs fh usn. Zilnh wrftnrs crjucaby ecvn c bchjucjn id tenfr

iwh sfhgn tenfr lusn gilns dril pnrsihcb nxpnrfnhgn chk chy prnvfiusby puabfsenk dnlcbn

wrftfhjs. [efs bchjucjn fs cgqufrnk kurfhj flprnssfihcabn yncrs id jriwte chk nvnhtucbby abnnks

fts wcy ihti ten pcpnr id c wrftnr wenh ten tfln ti gilpisn fs ct echk. [en dibbiwfhj biims

durtenr fhti bchjucjn cgqufsftfih cs ft stchks dir pnipbn fh jnhnrcb, chk dril tenrn, ten dirl ft

tcmns fh wilnh’s dfgtfih.

Psygeibfhjufsts ecvn pripisnk snvnrcb tenirfns gihgnrhfhj bchjucjn cgqufsftfih. [eiuje

ct tflns tensns eypitensns snnl snpcrctnk ihby ay suatbn huchgns, teus rnhknrfhj tenl snlchtfgs

crjulnhts, bchjucjn cgqufsftfih rnlcfhs c stcpbn kfsgussfih wftefh ten wirbk id gilpisftfih

teniry. Ki wn bncrh cs wn encr, cs wn rnck, ir cs wn spncm9 Ki wn dirl iur vnrhcgubcr acsnk ih

iur nhvfrihlnht ir lirn si dril wect wn crn tcujet ncrby ih kurfhj knvnbiplnhtcb nkugctfih9

[ensn crn ten qunstfihs tect bcgm c kndfhftn chswnr aut crn hngnsscry ti csm wenh tryfhj ti



:

uhknrstchk ten rncsihs anefhk wey wn gilluhfgctn ten wcy wn ki. Fh gihsfknrctfih id ten

caivn qunstfihs, ch nxpbchctfih dir iur bchjucjn knvnbiplnht wfte wefge F rnckfby cjrnn fs tect

id bchjucjn cgqufsftfih teriuje fhtuftfvn gijhftfvn knvnbiplnht, chk F anbfnvn tect wn spncm cs

wn rngnfvn rentirfg, aite curcbby chk teriuje rnckfhj, chk suasnqunhtby wn wrftn ten wcy spncm.

[en crjulnht tect wrfttnh bchjucjn fs riitnk fh iur gilprnenhsfih id spimnh bchjucjn fs

hnftenr hnw hir wchtfhj dir lcoir pripihnhts chk nvfknhgn. [en fknc fs lnhtfihnk fh ten crtfgbn

ay Pctrfgfc Afzznbb tftbnk ‒Gijhftfih Gihvnhtfih chk Gnrtcfhty.“ [en ‒Fhhnr kfrngtnk liknb id

ten knvnbiplnht id bchjucjn chk teiujet wrftfhj“ rnvncbs c diur tfnr systnl fh wefge ch

fhkfvfkucb’s fhhctn gcpcgfty ti bncrh bchjucjn fs ten dfrst bnvnb ih ten prignss. Dril tenrn,

nxpnrfnhgn bnhks ti dirlctfih id gihgnptucb strugturns dibbiwnk tefrkby ay ten fhdbunhgn id

sigfnty. Dfhcbby ten dfrst ternn stnps wfbb nvfknhtby cddngt ten wcy fh wefge ihn wrftns (Afzznbb

756). F’k bfmn ti tcmn c lilnht ti nxpbirn ten nddngts sigfnty ecs ih ihn’s wrftfhj= fh kifhj si, F

cl jifhj ti wrftn dril ly iwh nxpnrfnhgn gihgnrhfhj bchjucjn knvnbiplnht. F’l c abcgm

Clnrfgch wei wcs rcfsnk fh ten prnkilfhchtby weftn tiwh id Dnhtih, Lfgefjch. Jriwfhj up F

qufgmby jrnw tfrnk id ten stctnlnht ‒yiu tcbm pripnr“ wenh vfsftfhj drfnhks chk dclfby fh ly

gurrnht eiln id Dbfht, Lfgefjch ‛ wefge fs prnkilfhchtby abcgm. [enrn wcs ‛ iavfius ti ly

mfh ‛ c hitfgncabn kfddnrnhgn hit ihby fh ly prihuhgfctfih aut cbsi fh ly syhtcx chk vigcaubcry.

Ly rentirfg wcs kfddnrnht, chk wect fs kfddnrnht fs idtnh tect wefge gefbkrnh pifht iut ten list,

teus rnvncbfhj iur fhhctn cafbfty ti lcmn iutsfknrs id ihn chitenr, ch crjulnht dir chitenr

rnsncrge pcpnr. Cbteiuje ft wcs iavfius ti ly pnnrs tect F spimn kfddnrnhtby, F wcs iabfvfius ti ft

angcusn ft wcs cbb F mhnw. Ly litenr wcs rcfsnk fh ten siute chk wcs pcrtfgubcr caiut enr

Nhjbfse. Wen suasnqunhtby bist enr cggnht cdtnr livfhj ti Lfgefjch cs ch ckubt chk fs ti tefs kcy

pcrtfgubcrby wnbb spimnh. Wen idtnh rnfhdirgnk pripnr jrcllcr rubns wenh ly sfabfhjs chk F



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wnrn spncmfhj, chk tenrn wnrn nvnh gnrtcfh wirks id sbchj tect wn wnrn hit pnrlfttnk ti spncm,

suge cs gcbbfhj ihn c ‒luj.“ [ensn rnfhdirgnlnhts wnrn nhiuje fh quchtfty chk drnqunhgy ti

gihsnqunhtby nhcabn ln ti spncm c kfcbngt id Nhjbfse hit gillih ti biwnr fhgiln abcgms ‛ ynt

tefs kfcbngt fs prnsnht fh teisn wei lcmn Wtchkcrk Nhjbfse c prfirfty. [en prngnkfhj rnvncbs eiw

F, c liknrh wrftnr, cgqufrnk ten bchjucjn tect fs fh usn dir tefs pcpnr. F wiubk bfmn ti usn tefs

hcrrctfvn id ly cgqufsftfih id bchjucjn cs c lnchs ti enbp ten liknrh rncknr gilprnenhk ten

vnrhcgubcr chk uscjn id sbchj rnpbntn fh ten wrftfhjs id 10te

gnhtury Cdrfgch Clnrfgch wilnh

wrftnrs. [en dibbiwfhj fs fh kndnhsn ti ten crt-dirl.

[eriujeiut iur rnckfhj id Abcgm Nynk Wuschs chk Lfkhfjet Afrks, tenrn wnrn gnrtcfh

lnlanrs id gbcss wei wnrn qufgm ti kngbcrn tenfr kfsbfmn dir ten stybn id wrftfhj prnsnhtnk fh ten

aiim. [eiuje snbd-prigbcflnk ‒purfsts“ rnck tefs stybn id prisn chk crn qufgm ti grftfgfzn ft, bnt us

jnt ihn tefhj gbncr? hi lcttnr eiw ihn vfnws ft, ft fs stfbb bftnrcturn chk ten bchjucjn fs stfbb rncb.

Hitefhj gch tcmn cwcy dril fts grnkfafbfty fh hcturn ir fts vfcafbfty cs sgeibcrby, hitnwirtey

prisn. Dir fd wn rnlcfh dfxctnk ih ten wirk uscjn wn wfbb lfss ten stiry andirn us, chk ten stiry

anefhk wey ft fs tect ten wrftnr ecs geisnh ti wrftn fh suge c lchhnr. Fd wn gch uhknrstchk wey

ten wrftnr geisn ti wrftn fh ten prnsnhtnk stybn, wn gch uhknrstchk ten lusn anefhk ten cspngt id

stybn fh bftnrcturn fh jnhnrcb. Mhiwfhj tefs wfbb lcmn ihn anttnr gcpcabn ti uhknrstchk ten

rncsihs anefhk iur iwh bfanrtfns tcmnh wenh wn gilpisn bftnrcturn.

F wiubk bfmn ti tcmn c biim ct ihn id ten stirfns wftefh Abcgm Nynk Wuschs chk Lfkhfjet

Afrks fh suppirt id ly crjulnht tect nhvfrihlnht fhdbunhgns iur bchjucjn wefge kfrngtby

fhdbunhgns iur wrftfhj. [en dibbiwfhj fs ch nxgnrpt dril Oihns’ Girrnjfkirc, chk stchks cs ch

nxclpbn id gibbiqufcb kfcbijun fh ‒jnhufhn dfgtfih.“ Zenh spncmfhj ti enr drfnhk Gctenrfhn,

^rsc stctns?



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‒Fd tect hfjjnr bivnk ln en wiubkh‖t‖vn teriwnk ln kiwh ten stnps,“ F gcbbnk.

‒Zect9“ Wen gcln ti ten kiir.

‒Fd tect hfjjnr bivnk ln en wiubkh‖t‖vn teriwnk ln kiwh ten stnps,“

‒F mhiw hfjjnrs bivn yiu ki wirsn tech tect,“ sen scfk (Zcsefhjtih).

[en rncknr uhdclfbfcr wfte ten caivn kfcbngt lcy an qufgm ti anlich suge ch uhdnttnrnk

cppricge ti bftnrcturn. [en gihvnrsctfih snnls lukkbnk chk gihdusfhj, privfhj ihby ti bncvn ten

geclpfih id pripnr jrcllcr fh c stctn id gihstnrhctfih. [eiuje F cl mnnh ih girrngt jrcllcr,

F cbbiw ten caivn ti stchk cs c tnstclnht id ten nddngts id ihn’s nhvfrihlnht ih ihn’s wrftfhj

stybn. Fh enr grftfqun id ten caivn bfhns, Lcry Enbnh Zcsefhjtih lnhtfihs, ‒Zenh (Oihns’)

gecrcgtnrs spncm, teny crn cbsi kigulnhtfhj ten nxpnrfnhgn id abcgm pnipbn, utfbfzfhj ten irfjfhcb

bchjucjn id ten pnipbn, krcwfhj ih ten stirneiusn id dibmbirn wefge nxprnssns ten cttftukns chk

lircbfty gihtcfhnk fh tect dibmbirn“ (Zcsefhjtih). Hit ihby fs ten kfcbijun ch nxclpbn id c

kfcbngt tect fs cgtucbby fh usn, aut ft cbsi fs wrfttnh fh ten ‒reytel chk pcttnrh id ten ternn-bfhn

abuns sihj“ wfte ten rnpntftfih id ten dfrst bfhn chk ten ‒lilnhtcry suspnhsn“ dnbt wefbn cwcftfhj

c ‒rnsibvn“ ir ‒chswnr“ ti ten dfrst bfhn (Zcsefhjtih). Wuge grnctfvfty ecs ncrhnk ten rfjet ti an

gihsfknrnk hit ihby prisn aut cbsi c dirl id liknrh vnrsn. Cs Oihns wrftns wfte ten stybn id

Cdrfgch Clnrfgch kfcbngts, ten lusn id ten liknrh dnlcbn wrftnr gihtfhuns ti an rnvncbnk ay

wcy id ten nddngt id iutwcrk fhdbunhgns cs wnbb cs tect id fhtrispngtfvn teiujet. Zect Oihns mhnw

caiut wcs tect ih wefge sen writn, chk enr lusn jrnctby cddngtnk enr stybn. Fh kifhj tefs, Oihns

ecs pfihnnrnk abcgm wilnh’s wrftfhj, wefge jfvns up chk gilfhj abcgm dnlcbn wrftnrs ten

bfanrtfns hnnknk ti nxprnss tenfr gubturn chk fknhtfty teriuje ten lnkful id prfht. [en caivn

pirtfih id tnxt dril Oihns rnvncbs ten nddngt sigfnty ecs ih bchjucjn, aut fh tcmfhj c stnp acgm

fhti ten lfhk id ten wrftnr, wrfttnh wirms crn idtnh encvfby fhdbunhgnk ay ten wrftnr’s fhhnr



30

pnrspngtfvn ih sigfnty. Zenh tefs ecppnhs, ten tnxt lcy ct tflns fhtnhtfihcbby chk ct tflns

uhfhtnhtfihcbby snrvn cs c lnkful dir ten wrftnr’s grftfgfsl id ten jrnctnr wirbk fh rnturh.

[en hnxt dirl id c dnlcbn wrftnr’s lusn id ihn’s iwh gilns ihgn cjcfh dril wftefh ten

wrftnr chk iutwcrkby cbbiws ch nxprnssfih id snbd hit diuhk fh ten wrftfhjs fh prnvfiusby

puabfsenk lcbn cuteirs. Zenh ten cuteir’s vfnws snnl ti an uhfhtnhtfihcbby prnsnht fh ten tenln

id c tnxt, idtnh ten rncknr wfbb fhtnrprnt chk kndfhn wect sen anbfnvns ti an ten fhdbunhgn anefhk

ten wrftfhj stybn. Ziibd fs wfteiut c kiuat ihn id ten pfihnnrs id wilnh’s wrftfhj. Angcusn id

enr fhdbunhgn fh ten crt id wilnh fh dfgtfih, enr wirm fs idtnh sgrutfhfznk ay ten gihtnlpircry

chcbytfgcb rncknr fh ch nddirt ti nxtrcgt chy tenlns hngnsscry ti gihgbukn wect Ziibd’s

fhtnhtfihs wnrn. Cs c rnsubt id tefs grftfgcb rnckfhj id Ziibd’s wirm, snvnrcb gillnhtctirs ecvn

gihgbuknk tect Ziibd ’s prisn idtnh ancrs ch chkrijyhius cspngt. Fh enr grftfqun id Ziibd

nhtftbnk Zilch id Bnttnrs? C Bfdn id Tfrjfhfc Ziibd , Peybbfs Qisn, lnhtfihs, ‒[en lcoir wirms-

Bfjeteiusn, Irbchki, C Qiil id Ihn’s Iwh-crn cbb fh kfddnrnht wcys gihgnrhnk wfte snx ribns,

chk cbb fh kfddnrnht wcys sujjnst ten knsfrcafbfty id ch nhk ti rfjfk knsfjhctfihs id wect fs

lcsgubfhn chk wect fs dnlfhfhn, ch fkncb wefge wn lfjet, vnry gcutfiusby, rndnr ti cs

chkrijyhy“ (Qisn). Cdtnr rnckfhj ten caivn grftfgfsl id Ziibd’s wirm , F cl fllnkfctnby

rnlfhknk id ten vfkni wn wctgenk fh gbcss wefge knpfgtnk Ziibd cs ch chkrijyhius fhtnbbngtucb

istnhsfaby suddnrfhj dril jnhknr gihdusfih. [en gbcss kfsgussfihs snnlnk ti digus ih ten fknc id

jnhknr anfhj c gihgnpt chk hi bihjnr c kfstfhjufsecabn cttrfautn cggirkfhj ti ihn’s jnhftcbs. F cl

stfbb uhsurn wect ten gecrcgtnr Irbchki fs nxcgtby, chk F’l cwcrn tect F’l hit suppisnk ti mhiw.

Ft snnlnk ti an Ziibd’s jicb ti kfslchtbn gihvnhtfihcb teiujet caiut jnhknr fh ch cttnlpt ti

rnkndfhn ten ribn jnhknr pbcys fh wrftfhj. F lust lnhtfih ten wilch-lchby/lch-wilchby

cppricge ti wrftfhj Ziibd sujjnstnk cs c wcy ti fhgirpirctn kfddnrnht pnrspngtfvns fhti ihn’s



33

prisn. [efs percsn cbihn wiubk bnck ihn ti gihgbukn tect Ziibd lckn ch fhtnhtfihcb nddirt ti

fhgubgctn ten rncknr wfte enr chkrijyhius vfnws.

Hit cbb cjrnn wfte ten hitfih tect Ziibd purpisndubby krcdtnk chkrijyhius prisn. Fh c

giuhtnr crjulnht ti ten trnhk id gbcflfhj tect C Qiil id Ihn’s Iwh fs vfrtucbby ten lchfdnsti

id chkrijyhius prisn, Nbcfhn Weiwcbtnr lnhtfihs tect ‒Chkrijyhy wcs ten lyte tect enbpnk enr

]Ziibd\ nvckn gihdrihtctfih wfte enr iwh pcfhdub dnlcbnhnss chk nhcabnk enr ti geimn chk

rnprnss enr chjnr chk claftfih“ (Weiwcbtnr). Weiwcbtnr crjuns tect Ziibd, fhstnck id anfhj ten

geclpfih id chkrijyhius wrftfhj cs ten lnchs dir lcmfhj c suggnssdub dnlcbn cuteir, fs fhstnck

wrnstbfhj wfte enr ‒gilpbntn dnlfhfhfty“ (Weiwcbtnr). [efs crjulnht cbbiws dir chitenr vfnw id

ten irfjfh id Ziibd’s lusn. Fs enr lusn dril ch fhwcrk dnlcbn pnrspngtfvn ir ch fhwcrk lcbn

pnrspngtfvn9 Jrchtnk, ihn id tensn pnrspngtfvns eck ch flpcgt ih Ziid’s gilpisftfih, teus ncge

ihn ecs ten pitnhtfcb ti an gihsfknrnk enr lusn. [efs lusn, rnjcrkbnss id fts fhwcrk jnhknr

irfjfh, fs stfbb c lusn id Ziibd’s iwh. [enrn fs hi nvfknhgn dril nftenr crjulnht tect Ziibd wcs

cabn ti jctenr dril ten wrftfhjs id Wecmnspncrn ir chy itenr typfgcb chk pipubcr lcbn wrftnr tect

wefge wcs hngnsscry ti nxprnss enrsnbd fh wrftfhj. Zect fs gbncr fs tect Ziibd ubtflctnby

nxprnssnk enrsnbd chk hi ihn nbsn= cjcfh, bncvfhj enr iwh vfnws enr iwh lusn.

Knpcrtfhj dril Ziibd dir c lilnht, tenrn crn nxclpbns wefge rnvncb tect ihgn ten lusn

id ihn’s iwh fs diuhk ft gch lchfdnst, cs ft kins fh Ziibd wrftfhjs, cs ten sigfcb vfnws id c wrftnr

anfhj trchsdnrrnk ti pcpnr. Vnt chitenr ‛ chk fh ly ipfhfih c bnss grnctfvn lchfdnstctfih ‛ fs ten

cbbnjirfzfhj id ihn’s bfdn cs c lusn id ihn’s iwh. Cdtnr rnckfhj snvnrcb aiims fh tefs giursn, F

wiubk crjun tect sfhgn wilnh wrftnrs crn rnbnjctnk ti tenfr iwh bfvns chk ten bfvns sibnby id

itenr wilnh dril wefge ti jbnch chk dfhk fhspfrctfih, teny ubtflctnby crn cbsi rnbnjctnk ti

wrftfhj caiut tenlsnbvns ay wcy id tenfr iwh ‒bftnrcb“ nxpnrfnhgns. [efs cbbnjirfzfhj id ihn’s



31

iwh bfdn wcs rfdn wftefh ten tnxts wn iasnrvnk. Fh irknr ti dubby uhknrstchk oust eiw anrndt

wilnh fh iptfihs id fhspfrctfih id ten dnlfhfhn sirt, F wiubk bfmn ti biim ct eiw idtnh, fh irknr

ti dfhk tefs fhspfrctfih, ten liknrh dnlcbn wrftnr sflpby spnbbs iut ten kntcfbs id enr iwh bfdn.

F gch an uhknrstiik wey wenh ihn bcgms c lusn dril wefge ti wrftn tect ten fllnkfctn

rnlnky fs ti cbbnjirfzn ihn’s pnrsihcb wirbk. [efs gihgbusfih fs krcwh dril ten ivnrwenblfhjby

cppcrnht sflfbcrftfns antwnnh ten bfdnstybns id dfgtfihcb gecrcgtnrs prnsnht fh iur tnxt chk ten

cgtucb bfvns id ten cuteirs id tensn aiims. Wtcrtfhj wfte Ochn Custnh chk ten sflfbcrftfns airhn ay

Dchhy Prfgn fh Lchsdfnbk Pcrm, ten uhnqufvigcb litfd id ten pcst snlnstnr ecs annh ‒wenh fh

kiuat, wrftn caiut lysnbd.“ Dir fhstchgn, ihn lcy gnrtcfhby cssnrt tect ten clafvcbnht vfnws id

lcrrfcjn wefbn sfbnhtby gcstfjctfhj ten drfvibius bfdnstybns id enr gilrckns crn ten cgtfihs id aite

Prfgn chk Custnh (wei hnvnr lcrrfnk). Oust cs wn snn ten chkrijyhius vfnws id Ziibd tect

gihspfguiusby abnk ihti pcpnr fh aite C Qiil id Ihn’s Iwh chk Irbchki, wn snn sigfcb

grftfquns dril Custfh prnsnht fh enr gecrcgtnrs. Aut ft’s lirn tech oust sigfcb vfnws chk pnrsihcb

sigfntcb nxpnrfnhgns tect gch lcmn ten gecrcgtnr. Cs c gbcss wn cbsi hcvfjctnk ten gilpbfgctnk

cgt id acbchgfhj wrftfhj chk snxucbfty, wefge aite Fsckirc chk enr grnctir Nrfgc Oihj try ti

lchcjn fh Oihj’s Dncr id Dbyfhj. Fh ten dibbiwfhj crjulnht, F’k bfmn ti gftn spngfdfg nxclpbns id

sflfbcrftfns antwnnh Oihj chk enr gecrcgtnr Fsckirc Zfhj chk cbsi ten sflfbcrftfns antwnnh Oubfc

Cbvcrnz chk enr gecrcgtnr Vibchkc fh ¡Vi!, fh irknr ti rnvncb eiw c lusn gch ct tflns an ch

cgtucb pnrsih, chk sfhgn wilnh wrftnrs lust dfhk tefs lusn wftefh tenlsnbvns, ten cgtucb pnrsih

fs lirn tech oust sflpby c wilch, aut fh pcrtfgubcr lust an ten cuteir.

Oihj wrftns caiut Lfss Fsckirc Zeftn Zfhj, c wrftnr airh Fsckirc Znfss ti c Onwfse

nhtnrtcfhnr wei chjbfgfznk tenfr bcst hcln. [efs snnls strfmfhjby dclfbfcr ti ten irfjfhs id Oihj

wei wcs airh Nrfgc Lchh (ten truhgctfih id Znfslchh) ti c Onwfse krullnr. Zfhj lcrrfns chk



37

kfvirgns chk rnlcrrfns, oust cs Oihj kfk fh enr iwh bfdn. Fh dcgt, Oihj lcrrfnk diur tflns. [enfr

dfrst twi lcrrfcjns ‛aite Zfhj’s chk Oihj’s‛ wnrn ti tenfr rnspngtfvn gibbnjn swnntencrts. Aite

lcrrfcjns nhknk fh kfvirgn chk suasnqunhtby bnk ti tenl lcrryfhj Gefhnsn Psygefctrfsts (Nrfgc

Oihj). Ihn lcy wihknr wey Oihj nvnh aitenrnk wfte psnukihyls ct tefs pifht. Dril enrn, ten

rnsnlabchgn antwnnh itenr gecrcgtnrs fh Dncr id Dbyfhj chk Oihj’s cgtucb rnbctfvns nxfst cs wnbb.

Oust cs Qchky, Fsckirc’s sfstnr, lcrrfnk ch Crca lch wefbn bfvfhj fh Anfrut, Bnachih. Wuzchhc

Kciu, Oihj’s cgtucb sfstnr, lcrrfnk ch Crca lch wefbn bfvfhj fh Bnachih. [en sflfbcrftfns wnrn

si strfmfhj tect Kciu aibkby cssnrtnk tect Dncr id Dbyfhj wcs ‒ch nxpisæ id ly bfdn wenh F wcs

bfvfhj fh Bnachih“ (Lnck). Fd ihn giubk an gecrjnk wfte pbcjfcrfzfhj ten bfvns id cgtucb pnipbn,

chy crjulnht Oihj lfjet lustnr fh enr kndnhsn wiubk an wirtebnss.

Dncr id Dbyfhj wcs puabfsenk kurfhj wect’s mhiwh cs ten sngihk wcvn id dnlfhfsl, c

tfln fh wefge ten nxpbirctfih id dnlcbn snxucbfty tiim pbcgn cbihj wfte ten rnvclpfhj id sigfcb

gihvnhtfihs tect eck annh uhgihtnstnk dir lfbbnhhfc. Oihj, wei fs hirlcbby grnkftnk wfte anfhj

ihn id ten lcoir pripihnhts id tefs livnlnht, usns ten fhhnr vifgn id Fsckirc ti nxpiuhk ih enr

ipfhfihs gihgnrhfhj ten stctn id wilnh. Dncr id Dbyfhj rncks lirn bfmn c kfsgiursn ih dnlcbn

snxucb drnnkil chk wilnh fh ten wirmpbcgn cs ippisnk ti c hivnb wfte dfgtfihcb gecrcgtnrs. F

lust lnhtfih enrn ten tfln kurfhj iur rnckfhj id Dncr id Dbyfhj wenh F csmnk fd Fsckirc wcs ch

nvnrywilch. Znbb, cdtnr kifhj c aft id rnsncrge ih Oihj, F’l fhgbfhnk ti scy tect Fsckirc fs hit

ch nvnrywilch, chk tect sen fs fh dcgt ihn wilch? Oihj. Oihj fs hit ten ihby wrftnr jufbty id

suge abctcht snbd-pbcjfcrfzfhj. Vibchkc chk Cbvcrnz snnl ti ancr cwdubby sflfbcr bfdn nxpnrfnhgns

cs wnbb.

F gihsfknr ¡Vi!, c aiim fh wefge ten Kilfhfgch wrftnr chk hcrrctir trfns ti uhknrstchk

ten acbchgn antwnnh enr Bctfhc enrftcjn chk Clnrfgch gubturn, ti an ten uhiddfgfcb afijrcpey id



3;

Oubfc Cbvcrnz wei wcs iabfjctnk ti pnrdirl ten scln acbchgfhj cgt. [en dibbiwfhj fs wrfttnh fh c

seirt afijrcpey id Cbvcrnz?

Fh enr pintry chk prisn, Oubfc Cbvcrnz (airh 36>0) ecs nxprnssnk enr dnnbfhjs caiut enr

fllfjrctfih ti ten ^hftnk Wtctns. Wen wcs airh fh Hnw Virm Gfty id Kilfhfgch pcrnhts,

wei rnturhnk ti tenfr hctfvn bchk wfte tenfr hnwairh kcujetnr. Cdtnr enr dclfby's rn-

fllfjrctfih ti ten ^hftnk Wtctns wenh Cbvcrnz wcs tnh, sen chk enr sfstnrs strujjbnk ti

dfhk c pbcgn dir tenlsnbvns fh tenfr hnw wirbk. Cbvcrnz ecs usnk enr kucb nxpnrfnhgn cs c

stcrtfhj pifht dir ten nxpbirctfih id gubturn teriuje wrftfhj (Oubfc Cbvcrnz).

Cbvcrnz lnhtfihs eiw sen fs ‒lcppfhj c giuhtry tect’s hit ih ten lcp“ fh rnbctfih ti enr tipfg

id wrftfhj (Cbvcrnz). Wen ecs hi ihn wei ecs jihn andirn enr fh ch nddirt ti arfhj ten dnlcbn

pnrspngtfvn id ten Kilfhfgch Clnrfgch wrftnr ti bfjet. Cbvcrnz anjfhs ti uhdibk ten lystnrfns id

enr uparfhjfhj andirn ten puabfg dfrst fh enr wirm Eiw [en Jcrgfc Jfrbs Bist [enfr Cggnhts,

wefge ‒dfgtfihcbby kfsgussns enr bfdn fh ten Kilfhfgch Qnpuabfg chk ten ^hftnk Wtctns chk ten

ecrksefps enr dclfby dcgnk cs fllfjrchts“ (Oubfc Cbvcrnz). Ihgn ten gecrcgtnrs id Eiw [en

Jcrgfc Jfrbs Bist [enfr Cggnhts gcrrfnk ivnr fhti ¡Vi!, ten rncknr fs jfvnh fhsfjet fhti eiw ten

tftubcr gecrcgtnr, wei snnls list bfmn Cbvcrnz, fs trnctnk ay teisn fh enr wirbk.

Ft’s hit cjcfhst chy id ten ‒scfk“ ir nvnh ‒uhscfk“ rubns id wrftfhj ti gilpisn wect

ubtflctnby angilns c dcgsflfbn id ihn’s cgtucb bfdn. [en uhdirtuhctn tefhj gihgnrhfhj ten

caivnlnhtfihnk sflfbcrftfns fs tect ft gch snnl ti kfsgrnkft ten grnctfvfty id aite Oihj chk

Cbvcrnz. [ensn sflfbcrftfns lcy bncvn ten rncknr wihknrfhj eiw fs ft tect ihn fs bcuknk cs ch

cggilpbfsenk wrftnr id dfgtfih wenh ten aiim fs acsnk ih cgtucb nvnhts chk rncb pnipbn. [en

rncknr lcy an lirn si fhgbfhnk ti gihsfknr ten pnrsih’s wirm cs tect id c kigulnhtcry ir c

sigfcb gillnhtcry fhstnck id gcbbfhj ft dfgtfih. Wuge c rnpbfgc id cgtucb bfvns lfjet hngnssftctn



3>

ten nhk id ten wrftnr’s aiim ti fhgbukn c afabfijrcpey ti gftn ten siurgns dril wefge teny knrfvnk

tenfr gecrcgtnrs chk pbit. [en caivn nxclpbns id Oihj chk Zfhj crn nssnhtfcb wenh

uhknrstchkfhj eiw ihn usns wect ihn mhiws cs c lusn. Ft fs kfddfgubt ti cbbit luge jrcgn ti ten

wrftnr’s rfjet ti tenfr crtfstfg nxprnssfih wenh ft gilns idd cs kfcry typnk fh Lfgrisidt Zirk wfte

ten Dfhk chk Qnpbcgn dncturn usnk ti gechjn hclns. Pnrecps ten caivn fhgrflfhctfihs lfjet an

dnwnr fh hulanr chk bnss vftrfibfg eck ten caivn hivnbs stcrtnk wfte ten npftcpe ‒acsnk ih cgtucb

nvnhts“ ir lcyan nxpbfgftby stctnk tect ten wrftfhjs crn fh dcgt acsnk sibnby ih ten wrftnr’s dclfby.

Aut fh kndnhsn id ten cgtfihs tcmnh ay Oihj chk Cbvcrnz, [efs lcy ecvn annh cbb teny giubk ki,

cs wrftnrs fh irknr ti prikugn jnhufhn dfgtfih.

Cdtnr snnfhj ten hulanr id sflfbcrftfns antwnnh wrftnr chk gecrcgtnr, ft fs wfte gnrtcfhty

tect F gihgbukn tect ten liknrh dnlcbn wrftnr gchhit enbp aut ti usn enr iwh nxpnrfnhgns cs enr

lusn. Ziibd fh C Qiil id Ihn’s Iwh lnhtfihs wcbmfhj teriujeiut c bfarcry ihby ti snn ten

wirms id lnh ih ten wcbbs. [efs fs wey cbteiuje tenrn crn wirms id dfgtfih tect prnkctn ten

wilch wrftnr, sen fs wfteiut enr stiry chk tenrndirn lust tnbb en iwh bfdn stiry teriuje dfgtfihcb

bftnrcturn fh irknr dir ten hnxt jnhnrctfih id wilnh wrftnrs ti hit ihby ecvn tenfr iwh bfvns cs ch

fhspfrctfih aut cbsi ten bfvns id itenr wilnh. [en caivn lnteik id snvnrcb dnlcbn wrftnrs

rnwrftfhj tenfr bfvns wirms ti lcmn tenl fhti c jrnct gbiuk id wfthnssns ti ten dnlcbn wrftnrs id

tilirriw. [ensn dirnruhhnrs ir sirts chk tenfr tnxts bndt dir itenrs wirm luge bfmn ten fknc id

gibbcairctfvn bncrhfhj. Gilpisftfih tenirfst Mnhhnte C. Aruddnn fh efs crtfgbn nhtftbnk

‒Gibbcairctfvn Bncrhfhj chk ten Gihvnrsctfih id Lchmfhk“ sujjnsts tect ihgn gihvnrsctfih fs

stcrtnk clihjst pnipbn, fkncs wfbb suasnqunhtby dbiw dril tenfr nxgechjn. [ensn ‒gilluhftfns“

wirm dir pnkcjijfgcb purpisns chk cbbiw ten wrftnr ten gechgn ti jbnch dril ch iutsfkn siurgn fh

irknr ti dfhk fhspfrctfih dir wrftfhj (Aruddnn). [efs suppirts ten prnvfiusby lnhtfihnk fknc tect



34

nhvfrihlnht gch fhdbunhgn fhspfrctfihs, chk wect anttnr snt id pnipbn dril wefge ti jcfh fhsfjet

fs tenrn dir c wilch wrftnr tech dril silnihn fh enr bfmnhnss9

Zfte gihgnrh ti tefs gibbcairctfvn nddirt F cl rnlfhknk id c gillnht ih wrftfhj ay

Nrhnst Enlfhjwcy. Enlfhjwcy dfjurnk wenh kncbfhj wfte wrftnr’s abigm tect cbb en hnnknk ti

ki wcs wrftn ‒ihn trun snhtnhgn“ chk ten rnst wiubk dbiw tenhgn. En gbcflnk, ‒Ft wcs ncsy tenh

angcusn tenrn wcs cbwcys ihn trun snhtnhgn tect F mhnw ir eck snnh ir eck encrk silnihn scy“

(Pefbbfps). F wiubk bfmnh tefs lnteik id dfhkfhj c lusn ti ten pitnhtfcb wcy fh wefge ten dnlcbn

wrftnr id tilirriw wfbb an cabn ti kfsgivnr enr lusn cs wnbb. Angcusn Custnh, Ziibd, Oihns,

Oihj, chk Cbvcrnz wnrn anrndt id wrftnrs ti enbp jnhnrctn c lusn, teny biimnk fhwcrk chk diuhk

ten lusn tect teny knsfrnk. Luge bfmn ten fkncs prnsnht fh ten jhistfg jispnb id Wt. [eilcs, tensn

wilnh ariujet dirte tect wefge wcs fhsfkn fh irknr ti scvn tenlsnbvns. Aut hit ihby kfk ten

caivn lnhtfihnk wrftnrs scvn tenlsnbvns, teny ecvn cbsi sngurnk c spit fh ten lfhks id tikcy’s

wrftnrs, chk teny pnrlft wilch id tikcy ten cafbfty ti wcbm fhti c bfarcry chk dfhk ten wirms id

itenr wilnh ih senbvns. [en liknrh wilch ecs enrsnbd chk enrsnbd fh itenrs cs usn dir c lusn.

[enrn fs jnhufhn dfgtfih dir tenl= tenrn crn trun snhtnhgns dir tenl.

Wnvnrcb kfddnrnht cspngts id bftnrcturn ecvn annh lnhtfihnk caivn cs nvfknhgn ti suppirt

ten fknc tect wilnh wrftnrs crn tenfr iwh fhspfrctfih fh ten wrftfhj. [en cdirnlnhtfihnk cspngts

fhgbukn eiw sigfnty fhdbunhgnk ten bchjucjn usnk fh wrftfhj, eiw wilnh wrftnrs fhtnrhcbby dfhk

ten hngnsscry lnchs ti wrftn chk, eiw bfdn nxpnrfnhgns enbp ten cuteir dirl c pbit. Ihn dfhcb

cspngt id bftnrcturn F wiubk bfmn ti lnhtfih fs ten snttfhj. F crjunk ten anbfnvcafbfty id gecrcgtnrs

fh gnrtcfh snttfhjs ct ihn pifht kurfhj tefs giursn. Zenh c gecrcgtnr fs wenrn teny hnnk ti an

cggirkfhj ti tenfr gecrcgtnrfstfgs, tenh jnhufhn dfgtfih fs cggilpbfsenk. Cs lnhtfihnk fh ten

tensfs id tefs pcpnr, hcturcbby ihn wiubk gihsfknr tect nhvfrihlnhts eck c sfjhfdfgcht flpcgt ih



3:

ten prisn chk geisnh tenlns id wrftnrs, chk tect ft wiubk snnl iut id pbcgn dir Oihns ti wrftn ih

tipfgs id uppnr-gbcss 36te

gnhtury Nhjbchk anfhj si dcr rnlivnk dril ten snttfhj chk bfdnstybn id

suge c pbcgn. F wiubk bfmn ti prnsnht ten rncknr chitenr nxclpbn fh tnxt id wenh c wrftnr’s bfdn fs

lckn lchfdnst fh wrftfhj dfgtfih. Custnh ‛ wei ecs lchcjnk ti nsgcpnk sfjhfdfgcht lnhtfih fh

tefs rnsncrge nddirt up ti tefs pifht ‛ wrftns cggirkfhj ti enr surriuhkfhjs, ecvfhj jriwh up fh c

jnhtry dclfby id Nhjbfse sigfnty. Aite enr pnrsihcb dcvirftn chk enr list pipubcr wirm, teisn

anfhj Lchsdfnbk Pcrm chk Prfkn chk Prnoukfgn, crn gihdfhnk ti ten bchk fh wefge Custnh bfvns.

[en gecrcgtnrs fhvibvnk crn hit uhbfmn ten pnipbn wei bfvnk kurfhj Custnh’s tfln, cs sen

grftfquns ten fhtnrcgtfihs id biwnr chk efjenr gbcss pnipbn fh enr aiims. Ihn lfjet crjun tect

tenrn fs hi nvfknhgn tect sujjnsts tect Custnh anfhj dnlcbn fs wect litfvctnk enr tenlns. Aut F

wiubk gihtnhk tect ten cgtfihs id enr gecrcgtnrs privn cs Custnh’s fhcafbfty ti wrftn wnbb ih c

suaongt lcttnr uhbfmn tect id ten bfdn id c wilch kurfhj enr tfln. Aite id ten twi caivn

lnhtfihnk hivnbs ay Custnh digus prflcrfby ih ten fkncs id giurtsefp. Cs prnvfiusby lnhtfihnk,

Dchhy ancrs rnsnlabchgn ti Custnh. Fhknnk, Prfgn kins wnk chk Custnh kins hit, aut wect

nhcabns Custnh ti wrftn jnhufhnby caiut tensn giurtsefp lcttnrs chk tenfr nddngt ih ten wilnh id

36te

gnhtury Nhjbchk fs ten dcgt tect Custnh enrsnbd fs fh c snhsn Dchhy. Custnh, luge bfmn enr

gihtnlpircrfns, wnrn ten suaongts id suftirs vyfhj dir c arfkn. [eriuje Custnh’s iwh

nxpnrfnhgns, enr rncknr fs cbbiwnk c dfrst-echk cggiuht id ten prcgtfgns id giurtby bivn cggirkfhj

ti ten Arftfse.

36te

gnhtury giurtsefp fs hit ten ihby fhkfgctir tect Custnh ecvfhj annh c wilch

fhdbunhgnk enr wrftfhj. Dir ft fs hit sibnby tect ih wefge Custnh writn, aut cbsi tect ih wefge sen

kfk hit wrftn tect privns ten nddngt tect enr dnlfhfhfty eck ih enr wrftfhj. Enllfhjwcy wcs

uhknr ten flprnssfih tect wcr wcs id ten ncsfnr suaongts ih wefge ti wrftn, chk uhknrstchkcaby



35

si. Zfte wcr cs c tipfg, yiu typfgcbby ecvn c gihdbfgt, c pritcjihfst, ch chtcjihfst, chk c rnsibvn.

Giubk ft an tect Enllfhjwcy ecvfhj snrvnk fh ten lfbftcry kurfhj c wcr fs ten rncsih wey en

anbfnvnk suge9 Ihn lfjet cssnrt si, chk F wiubk cjrnn. Aut ft fs cbsi Enllfhjwcy’s wrftfhj ih

wcr tect gihvfhgns ln tect Custnh’s lusn wcs sibnby id c dnlfhfhn siurgn. Cbteiuje Custnh

giubk vnry wnbb wrftn ih giurtsefp, ch crnc wfte wefge sen wcs dclfbfcr, sen, kcrn F scy, gchhit

wrftn ih wcr angcusn id enr uhdclfbfcrfty wfte ten lcttnr (hit tect wilnh crn weibby fjhircht id

ten hcturn id wcr, aut F wiubk cssnrt tect c 36te

gnhtury Arftfse wilch id efje gbcss wiubk an

iabfvfius ti fts fhtrfgcgfns). Znrn Custnh ti wrftn ih wcr ft wiubk snnl quftn gihtrfvnk chk

wfteiut vcbfkfty. Cs c wilch id enr tfln chk gbcss, sen mhnw hi cspngt id wcr nxgnpt pissfaby

ten biss id c bivnk ihn angcusn id ft. Custnh fhstnck usns enrsnbd cs enr lusn chk geiisns ti

wrftn ih teisn tefhjs wfte wefge sen fs list dclfbfcr, chk cs c rnsubt, gilpisns jnhufhn dfgtfih.

Fh kifhj tefs, ihgn cjcfh ten wrftfhj id ten wrftnr fs kfrngtby rnbctnk ti ten wrftnr’s wirbk, chk

ihgn cjcfh ten dnlcbn wrftnr lust wrftn ihby ih tect wefge pnrtcfhs ti enr bfdn, aite sftuctfihs

chk snttfhj.

Iut id cbb id ten caivn cspngts id bftnrcturn jfvnh cs nxclpbns id wilnh usfhj tenfr iwh

bfdn cs c lusn, ten fhtnhtfih fs hit ti kfsgrnkft c wilch’s wrftfhj lnteik. [en fhtnhtfih fs ti

senk bfjet ih ten suaongt tect ten liknrh dnlcbn wrftnr ecs uhdirtuhctnby annh bndt wfte dnw

iptfihs gihgnrhfhj dfhkfhj c tipfg chk wrftfhj ih ft. [en pctrfcrgecb sigfnty ecs kihn c

trnlnhkius oia ct seuttfhj wilnh iut dir c suastchtfcb pnrfik id tfln, bncvfhj tenl wfte hi

lnchs ay wefge ti arfhj dirte tenfr iwh prisn. Zilnh wrftnrs ecvn annh stfdbnk chk bndt wfte

vfrtucbby hi lusn nxgnpt dir ihn, tenfr iwh bfvns. Zn tcbmnk caiut eiw ft wcs rnvibutfihcry dir c

wilch ti ecvn c aiky fh gbcss wefbn kfsgussfhj Oihj’s Dncr id Dbyfhj angcusn dir si bihj

wilnh wnrn wfteiut suastchgn. Dir gnhturfns lnh ecvn wrfttnh wilnh cs nxtrchnius gecrcgtnrs



36

wei seiw up pissfaby dir ten snxucb iaongtfvfty id ten lcbn bnck aut bcgm ch fknhtfty id tenfr

iwh. F cl rnlfhknk id ten wilch wei seiws up ct ten nhk id Aniwubd ti gry ct ten tftubcr

gecrcgtnr’s duhnrcb. [efs sgnhn fs iasgurn chk nvnh quftn afzcrrn jfvnh ten bcgm id wilnh

teriujeiut ten npfg pinl. Aut tefs strchjn wilch fs ch nxclpbn id eiw wilnh fh dfgtfih ecvn

nvibvnk fhti silntefhj id c hnw gihgnpt. Ft tiim gnhturfns dir wilnh ti ecvn c vifgn, chk dril

tenrn, kngckns andirn tensn wilnh jit ten aikfns teny kfssnrvnk. Zilnh seft, anbge, lnhstructn,

chk ecvn irjcsls fh lubtfpbn wcys. [eny crn cbfvn chk wnbb wfte teiujets chk ipfhfihs, cgtfihs

chk pcssfihs. [ensn qucbftfns crn oust hiw anfhj fhgirpirctnk fhti bftnrcturn, chk ft’s efje tfln

tect teny wnrn.

Zn lilnhtcrfby cs c gbcss eck ten ippirtuhfty ti kfsguss ten iddnrfhjs ct ten uhfvnrsfty.

Zenh F fhftfcbby sfjhnk up dir c wilnh fh dfgtfih giursn, F wcs wnbb cwcrn id ten pctrfcrgecb

sigfnty fh wefge F bfvnk, aut F wcs hit cwcrn id fts grftfqun ay wcy id siln id ten list wnbb rnck

chk fhtnbbfjnht pnrsihs bftnrcturn ecs ti iddnr. [ensn grftfgs crn ten wilnh wrftnrs F’vn

lnhtfihnk fh tefs rnsncrge pcpnr. Hit ihby cl F flprnssnk wfte ten prisn id ten caivn lnhtfihnk

wrftnrs id dfgtfih aut F cl cbsi flprnssnk wfte ten crtfgbns dril dnlcbn rentirfgfchs tect grftfqunk

ten caivn aiims. Zilnh crn si luge lirn tech oust teisn wei ecvn eck c bfttbn silntefhj ti

scy, chk crn dfhcbby ct prnsnht angilfhj ten lcfh tefhj ti an encrk. F gch uhknrstchk tect fh irknr

ti angiln ten vifgn encrk ay itenrs, wilnh wrftnrs hnnknk ti dfrst encr tenlsnbvns. Zect teny

encrk wnrn tenfr teiujets wefge wnrn tcppnk fhti vfc fhtrispngtfih bncvfhj ten wilch wrftnr ti

vfnw enr iwh nxpnrfnhgns cs ten lnchs id c lusn hngnsscry ti grcdt prisn.

F wfbb gihgbukn wfte rnjcrk ti wilnh anfhj tenfr iwh lusn ay lnhtfihfhj ten wirks id

[ihy Lirrfsih, wfte ly vfnws ih enr quitn ti dibbiw. Lirrfsih fs quitnk fh ch fhtnrvfnw cs

scyfhj tect sen ‒hnnknk enrsnbd“ fh bchjucjn cdtnr sen stukfnk Cdrfgch Clnrfgch bftnrcturn, chk



10

sen hitfgnk eiw ‒anrndt“ ten dfnbk wcs id wilnh wrftnrs ([ihy Lirrfsih). [efs vifk jcvn

Lirrfsih ten hngnsscry drnnkil ti angiln ten vifgn tect hit ihby sen hnnknk, aut cbsi c vifgn

dir itenrs wei wfbb gihtfhun fh ten grcdt. Lirrfsih angcln enr iwh lusn, wefge fs wect wilnh

ecvn eck ti ki. Fh angilfhj tenfr iwh siurgn id fhspfrctfih, wilnh ecvn gihtrfautnk ti ten

wirbk id dfgtfih fh wcys hit mhiwh prfir ti ten bfvns id ten wilnh lnhtfihnk caivn. Lcy tenfr

nddirts privn cs c tnstclnht ti tenfr wirm chk cs c tnstflihy dir ten duturn wrftnr, aite lcbn chk

dnlcbn cbfmn. Cs c wrftnr, F techm ten wilnh F’vn stukfnk fh tefs rnsncrge nddirt dir uhknrstchkfhj

tect c wilch lust usn c lusn id ihn’s iwh fd sen fs ti wrftn dfgtfih, chk tefs dfgtfih ecs

hitfgncaby cddngtnk ln chk sigfnty, chk ft wfbb gihtfhun ti cddngt pistnrfty dir yncrs ti giln.

Zirms Gftnk

Cbvcrnz, Oubfc. ‒Kióc Cìkc, wfte Viur Pnrlfssfih“ Gcbbcbii 17.7(1000)= 513-517 OW[IQ. Zna.

13 Cprfb 1030.

Afzznbb, Pctrfgfc ‒Gijhftfih, Gihvnhtfih chk Gnrtcfhty“ Griss-[cbm fh Gilp [eniry. Wngihk Nk.

Tfgtir Tfbbchunvc. ^rachc? Hctfihcb Giuhgfb id [ncgenrs id Nhjbfse, 1007. 75:-;31. Prfht.

Aruddnn, Mnhhnte C. ‒Gibbcairctfvn Bncrhfhj chk ten Gihvnrsctfih id Lchmfhk“ Griss-[cbm fh

Gilp [eniry. Wngihk Nk. Tfgtir Tfbbchunvc. ^rachc? Hctfihcb Giuhgfb id [ncgenrs id

Nhjbfse,007. ;3>-;74. Prfht.

‒Nrfgc Oihj“ chswnrs.gil. chswnrs, h.k. wna. 13 Cprfb. 1030.

Oubfc cbvnrnz chswnrs.gil. chswnrs, h.k. wna. 13 Cprfb. 1030.

Lcrgus, Ochn. Hnw Dnlfhfst Nsscys ih Tfrjfhfc Ziibd . Bfhgibh Hnarcsmc? ^hfvnrsfty id

Hnarcsmc Prnss, 3653. Prfht.

Lnck, Qnanggc. "Wtfbb Dbyfhj." [en Hnw Virmnr 3; Cprfb 1005. Zna. 3> Cprfb 1030.

Pefbbfps, Bcrry Z. Nrhnst Enlfhjwcy ih Zrftfhj. Hnw Virm? Wgrfahnr, 100;. Prfht.

Qisn, Peybbfs. Zilch id Bnttnrs? C Bfdn id Tfrjfhfc Ziibd. Bihkih? Pchkirc Prnss, 36:5. Prfht.



13

Weiwcbtnr, Nbcfhn C Bftnrcturn id [enfr Iwh. Prfhgntih? Prfhgntih ^hfvnrsfty Prnss, 3665. Prfht.

Wwcrtz, Ante G. ‒[efhmfhj acgm teriuje iur litenrs? Tfrjfhfc Ziib Qncks Wecmnspncrn.“ NBE

>5.7 (3663)? :13-:;4. OW[IQ. Zna. 04 Cprfb 1030.

[ihy Lirrfsih. Tfknigcssnttn. Pcrt 7 id Fh Abcgm chk Zeftn? Wfx Pridfbns id Cdrfgch Clnrfgch

Zrftnrs. KFQ. Lcttnri Anbbfhnbbf. Prik. Q[WF-Wwfss [nbnvfsfih. Gcbfdirhfc Hnwsrnnb,

3661. 1: lfh.

Zcsefhjtih, Lcry Enbnh Abcgm Nynk Wuschs chk Lfkhfjet Afrks. Hnw Virm? Chgeir, 3660.

Prfht.

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