a matter of substance, of - christina friedle · ‘subtractive’ –each pigment you add actually...
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COLOR
Cartographic Design & Principles| Winter 2016
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Edward Tufte’s Color Tufteisms
Graphical excellence is the well-designed presentation
of interesting data – a matter of substance, of
statistics, and of design.
Use color with an awareness that adjacent colors
perceptually modify each other.
Use strong color for important data in small areas
against a muted background.
Use color redundancy to reduce perceptual colors
shifts and ambiguity
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Edward Tufte’s Color Tufteisms
Use color to distinguish and differentiate features
on your map
Use muted color for less important or background
data
Use color to distinguish order in quantitative data
Use color to mimic the color of phenomena
Use muted color over large adjacent areas
Use color to engage your map viewer’s
Use color palettes found in nature
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“The purpose of color on a map is to help a map
viewer decipher the symbols in order to make
meaningful inferences.”
“[Color] may be of secondary importance in
communication, color is of primary importance when it
comes to aesthetics.”
Gretchen Peterson, GIS cartography
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Color Theory
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Color Wheel
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Color Wheel & Mapping
Colors close to each other on the wheel = subdued,
quiet effect
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Color Wheel & Mapping
Colors close to each other on the wheel = subdued,
quiet effect
Complementary colors (opposite on wheel) = vivid
scheme that demands attention
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Color Wheel & Mapping
Colors close to each other on the wheel = subdued,
quiet effect
Complementary colors (opposite on wheel) = vivid
scheme that demands attention
Many colors from all over the wheel = carefully
chosen so they do not clash
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Color Wheel & Mapping
Colors close to each other on the wheel = subdued,
quiet effect
Complementary colors (opposite on wheel) = vivid
scheme that demands attention
Many colors from all over the wheel = carefully
chosen so they do not clash
Neutral color scheme = black, white, gray
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RGB (Red, Green Blue)
Created for electronics like computer screens and
TV’s, where a monitor emits different amounts of
red, blue, green to produce a desired color
Describes a color in terms of the amount of each
primary color you need to put on a black surface to
produce the color (Additive)
Initial surface is black, you are adding primary
colors
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RGB
Specify a number between 0 and 255 for each
color
To get full red the RGB is 255,0,0
The brightness of the color decreases, as the
number decreases150, 0, 0 – still red
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RGB | Hexadecimal
A derivative of RGB, hex is a numerical system used
to display maps on the Web
#83F52C – greenish
0 = no color value
F = full color values
Full green = #00FF00
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HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value)
Helpful when you want to keep the basic hue, and
tweak saturation & value
Specify 3 sets of numbers:
Hue (color) 0-360
Saturation (amount of gray) 0-100
Value (amount of white in hue) 0 – 100
Saturation & value are based on percent
Saturation: 100% = pure color, no gray
Value (brightness): 100% = white
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HSV
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CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black)
White sheet of paper that becomes a color once
you add color to it
‘Subtractive’ – each pigment you add actually takes
away wavelengths of reflected light to produce the
color
Values in CMYK are percentages
0,0,0,0 = white
0,0,0,100 = black
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Colors & Printing
GIS software uses RGB
Printers use CMYK
Most printers convert to CMYK prior to printing,
which can change some colors
Use CMYK in GIS to match the screen & print color
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Color. The Rules
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Color ‘Rules”
Figure-Ground
Five Shade Rule
Choropleth mapping
Color Connotations
Color Blending
Contrast
Colors around the map
Color Blindness
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Figure-Ground
Figure = foreground / focus
Ground = background
Figure-Ground = the differentiation between an
object and its background
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Figure-Ground
On maps there is usually a feature that needs
emphasis and is separate from the other objects
(usually for geographic context)
Land & water
City points & land
Watersheds & forest stands
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Figure-Ground
Ways to emphasize objects on a map:
Highlight borders between the two objects
Halo’s or color fade-outs along the shared edges
Apply 3D effects, or extrusions to single objects
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Five Shade Rule
Human eye can only distinguish between five shades
of the same color (hue)
If you are emphasizing change in a variable over
space with a chance in saturation of color
(choropleth) you need to group your data into 5 or
less categories.
Do not use any shade of that same color to denote
any other features on the map
Can use the same shades in map elements – title,
border, etc.
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Choropleth Mapping
Illustrate the value of a variable across the map
with color that changes across the map
Uses color intensity (saturation or hue) to represent
data value intensity
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Choropleth Mapping
What color is best?
Is there a literal or metaphorical color that represents
the variable you are mapping?
i.e Mapping out household wealth using light to dark
green
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Color Connotations
Colors carry emotions or connotations
Important | Services
Elevation Lines | Terrain
Water
Green (environmental)
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Color Connotations
Low to high
Poor to Good
Cold to hot
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Color Connotations
Can go across cultures but, some are culturally
specific
US:
Red = danger, poor conditions
Green = likeability, spring, environmental correctness
China:
Red = good luck, celebrations
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Symbolic Color Connotations
Blue. Water, cool, positive, serenity, purity, depth
Green. Vegetation, lowlands, forests, youth, spring,
nature, peace
Red. Warm, important, negative, numbers, action,
anger, danger, power, warning
Yellow/tan. Dry, lack of vegetation, intermediate
elevation, heat
Orange. Harvest, fall, abundance, fire, attention,
action, warning
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Symbolic Color Connotations
Brown. Landforms, contours, earthy, dirty, warm
Purple. Dignity, royalty, sorrow, despair, richness,
elegant
Black. Mystery, strength, heaviness, death, nightime,
presence
Gray. Quiet, reserved, sophisticated, controlled,
light, bland, dull
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Cultural Color Connotation
Blue. Safe, cross-cultural color
Green. Fertility and paganism in Europe, Sacred for
Muslims, mourning and unhappiness is Asia
Red. Bolsheviks, communists and other politically left
organizations, purity in India
Yellow/tan. Peaceful resistance, movement
associated with Carazon Aquino in Philippines
Orange. Pro-Western activists in Ukraine,
Protestants in Ireland, sacred Hindu color
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Cultural Color Connotations
Brown. Mourning in India, Nazis in West, ceremonial
for Australian Aboriginals
Purple. Death and crucifixion in Europe, mysticism,
prostitution in the Middle East
Black. Fascists, anarchists, and other extremists in
Western world, death and mourning in India
Gray. Corporate culture in the West (also blue),
dead and dull in Feng Shui
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Color Blending
Colors look different when they are combined with
other colors
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Color Blending
Create swatches of color combinations to serve as a
guide for your map, or general reference
Change colors within your map to examine the
combinations
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Color Blending
Some color combinations play eye tricks on you
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Color Contrast
Distinguish features from one another and from the
background
Dark background with lighter features OR light
background with darker features
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Colors Around the Map
Charts, graphs, north arrows, icons, etc.
Can grab attention away from the map if too
colorful
Colors should be used meaningfully, not arbitrarily
or gratuitously
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Colors Around the Map
Color ‘echoing’
Borrow a color used in the map for the title, scale bar,
north arrow, border, etc.
Meant to complement, not compete
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Color Blindness
Approximately 8% of the general population sees
color differently than the rest of the population
Red-green color confusion
Deuteranopia (5% of all males)
Protanopia (2.5% of all males)
Blue-yellow color confusion
Tritanopia (<0.3% women and men)
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Color Blindness
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Color Blindness
Do you try to account for this in your cartography?
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Original Map
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Deuteranopia
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Protanopia
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Tritanopia
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Color Blindness – Point symbols
Combine shapes with varied hue and saturation
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Color Blindness – Line symbols
Vary the width, pattern, hue and/or saturation
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Color Blindness – Area symbols
Vary color hue and saturation, include pattern
Limit color classes to 5 or less
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Color Blindness – Area symbols
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Color Blindness – Label features
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A critique
Maps & Color
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