a joule of light: laser-matter inter- actions near the ablation threshold mark s. tillack mechanical...
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![Page 1: A Joule of Light: Laser-Matter Inter- actions Near the Ablation Threshold Mark S. Tillack Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department and the Center](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/56649d625503460f94a4429b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
A Joule of Light: Laser-Matter Inter-actions Near the Ablation Threshold
Mark S. Tillack
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department and the
Center for Energy Research
Jacobs School of Engineering
13 May 2002
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108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018
1 MeV
100 eV
1000 K
100 Kmechanicsof materials
10000 K(1 eV)
10 eV
Power Density, W/cm2
Temperatureablation,
cluster formation(materials processing)
10 keV
1JKrF
1JNd:YAG
50 mJCPA
air breakdown
sheath fields,ponderomotive forces,
x-ray generation,
relativistic plasmas,nuclear reactions
ultra-fast phenomena(e.g., Coulomb explosions)
Regimes of Short-Pulse Laser-Matter Interactions
E[V/cm]=27.5 √I [W/cm2]
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108 W/cm2: Laser-induced damage to grazing-incidence metal mirrors
85˚
Goal is 5 J/cm2 normal to the beam for 108 shots
=532 nm
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Surface damage leads to roughening, loss of beam quality and increased absorption
Single Shot Effects:
Laser heating generates defects (or melting)
Coupling between diffusion and elastic fields lead to permanent deformation
Progressive Damage in Multiple Shots:
Thermoelastic stress cycles shear atomic planes relative to one another (slip by dislocations)
Extrusions & intrusions are formed when dislocations emerge to the surface, or by grain boundary sliding.
Operation beyond the normal incidence damage threshold raises new concerns
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Experiments are performed at the UCSD laser plasma & laser-matter interactions lab
Spectra Physics YAG laser:2J, 10 ns @1064 nm;800, 500, 300 mJ @532, 355, 266
nmInjection seededPeak power density ~1014 W/cm2
1 cmfluence is quoted normal to the beam
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Mirrors are fabricated by diamond turning or substrate coating
E-Beam Al (<2 m)
CVD-SiC (100 m)
SiC Foam (3 mm)
Composite face (1 mm)
SiC Foam (3 mm)
MER composite mirror
MER composite mirrorDiamond-turned Al
fabricated at GA micromachining lab
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Impurities dominate the damage threshold in Al 6061 & Al 1100
Fe MgSi
1000x
Several shots in Al 6061 at 80˚, 1 J/cm2 1000 shots in Al 1100 at 85˚, 1 J/cm2
1000x
Exposure of Al 1100 to 1000 shots at 85˚ exhibited no damage up to 18 J/cm2
Occlusions preferentially absorb light, causing explosive ejection and melting; Fe impurities appear unaffected
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Design window for Al-1100
Exposure of Al 1100 to 104 shots at 85˚ exhibits catastrophic damage at fluence >18 J/cm2
10000 shots in Al 1100 at 85˚, 20 J/cm2
4000x
Goal =5 J/cm2 for 108 shots
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Design window for 99.999% pure Al
Design window
Estimate of energy required to melt:T - To = (2q”/k) sqrt(tt/)e = q”t/[(1-R) cos]
T-To = 640˚Ct = 10 ns, =85˚e = 143 J/cm2
180 J/cm2
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Multipulse damage morphology in pure aluminum, 104 shots
I
II III
IV
Region I
I. Unaffected zoneII. Slipped zoneIII. Damage haloIV. Catastrophic damage
Mechanical damage in pure Al exhibits both slip channels and oriented “ripples”
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Mesoscopic modeling of surface deformation
x1 y1
1
0
1
eg1
tg2
bbg =3
Q
)(in
)(is
)(in
)(is)(in
)(is
)(in
)(is)(* in
)(* is
⊥
*
C
(1) Surface Deforms by Slip Lines (Dislocations) within each grain.
(2) Each line is represented by a 3-D space curve that moves and produces its own stress field (like a crack).
(3) Slip on atomic planes in one grain results in relative grain rotation and surface misorientation.
~100 atom diameters~10000 atom diameters
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Interaction between dislocations and dipolar loops during laser pulses
I
II
Region IQuickTime™ and aBMP decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
The slip of dislocations pushes the dipolar loops closer to the surface, causing its deformation. This condition is very important in metal fatigue by laser pulses, and is known as "Persistent Slip Bands (PSB's)"
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Regimes of Laser-Matter Interactions
108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018
1 MeV
100 eV
1000 K
100 Kmechanicsof materials
10000 K(1 eV)
10 eV
Power Density, W/cm2
Temperatureablation,
cluster formation(materials processing)
10 keV
1JKrF
1JNd:YAG
50 mJCPA
air breakdown
sheath fields,ponderomotive forces,
x-ray generation,
relativistic plasmas,nuclear reactions
ultra-fast phenomena(e.g., Coulomb explosions)
![Page 14: A Joule of Light: Laser-Matter Inter- actions Near the Ablation Threshold Mark S. Tillack Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department and the Center](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/56649d625503460f94a4429b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
1010 W/cm2: Ablation plume dynamics
Applications: Process improvements for laser micromachining, cluster production,
thin film deposition
Ion source for laser-IFE blast simulations
Physical processes: Laser absorption Thermal response Evaporation Transient gasdynamics Radiation transport Condensation Ionization/recombination
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Laser absorption processes
• Initial absorption creates high-pressure vapor
• Large E-field (30√ I V/cm) ionizes the vapor
• Electron density cascades as high as pe=laser
(n=4x1021/cm3 ~150 atm for =532 nm)
• =(ei/c)(pe/)2(1/n) n = no+ik = (1–p2/2)1/2
• Self-regulating evaporation during pulse
initial energy deposition
critical surface
absorption in expanding plasma plume
Inverse bremsstrahlung (collisional wave damping) in underdense plasma
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Estimates of parameters
• Temperature estimate from flux limit:
fa I ~ F n Te ve
• Density in the plume
n ~ 1020/cm3, ne ~ 1018/cm3
solid density ~ 6x1022/cm3
ncr = 4x1021/cm3
1 atm (0˚C) ~3x1019/cm3
I (W/cm2) Te (eV)109 0.251010 1.161011 5.41012 251013 1161014 538
at n=ncr
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Experimental set-up
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Ablation plume evolution strongly depends on background pressure
Above ~10 Torr, the plume stalls and is “slammed” back into the target
100 Torr
Visible emission measured by 2-ns gated iCCD camera
Al target,
0.6 mm spot
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Ablation plume behavior in the low pressure regime
10–6 Torr
Below ~1 mTorr, the plume expands freely
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QuickTime™ and aPhoto - JPEG decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
0.15 Torr
In the intermediate pressure regime, the plume detaches but continues to interact with the background gas
Ablation plume behavior in the intermediate pressure regime
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Plume edge position vs. pressure
Fitting Curves:Free expansion:
R ~ tShock expansion:
R ~ (Eo/o)1/5 t2/5
Drag: R = Ro(1–exp-bt)
Note:mfp of Al ~1/n~3.5mm@150 mTorr
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Plume velocity is measured using time-of-flight analysis of emission lines
“Plume splitting” is observed:• slower peak~56 eV
(2.0x106 cm/s)• faster peak~600eV
(6.6x106 cm/s)(nearly free expansion)
Al-I line emission:
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Although the ion kinetic energy is up to 1 keV, the temperature in the plume is only a few eV
Line ratio measurement:
kTe=(E1–E2)/ln(I22g1A1/I11g2A2)
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Observations of fast ions were made soon after Q-switching was invented
D. W. Gregg and S. J. Thomas, J. Appl. Phys. 37, 4313 (1966).
v2max
v2avg
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Comparison of Al-I, Al+ and Al++ time-of-flight spectra suggests presence of electric fields
Estimated expansion velocities:Al 2.3x106 cm/s
(75 eV)Al+ 4x106 cm/s
(224 eV)Al++ 6.6x106 cm/s
(610 eV)
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Estimates of electric fields near the wall
“Double layer” (or sheath) potential is ~3/2 kT
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Estimates of electric fields near the wall
Ponderomotive force = P•E = (n2-1)/82En2=1–p
2/2
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Condensation of aerosol creates problems in several laser (and IFE) applications
Melt zone
Knudsen layer
Vapor
Condensate
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A 1D multi-physics model is being developed to explore process improvements for laser micromachining
Physical processes: Laser absorption Thermal response Evaporation
Transient gasdynamics
Radiation transport Condensation Ionization/recombination
Simple absorption coefficient, I=Ioe–x
1D conduction&convection
1D, 2-fluid Navier Stokes fluid equations
(with Knudsen layer jump conditions)
TBD
See below...
Modified Saha, 3-body recombination
j =M2π
Γσ c
pv
RTv
−σ e
psat
RTf
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
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Initial estimates of plume parameters
109 W/cm2, 10 ns Gaussian pulse, Si target, 1 Torr airat 10 ns,
n=1020/cm3 T=6000 K (~0.5 eV)vi = 106 cm/sne/n ~ 1%r*=2/(RTlnS) < 0.1 nm
(no barrier to cluster formation)at 100 ns
S ~ 20–40J ~ 1030–1040/m3/s
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Classical aerosol generation and transport
Homogeneous Nucleation (Becker-Doring model)
∂n∂t[ ]growth,
homo=
Psat
kT
⎛ ⎝ ⎜
⎞ ⎠ ⎟
2 2σmπ
⎛ ⎝ ⎜
⎞ ⎠ ⎟
1/ 2 S2
ρl
exp−πσdcrit
2
3kT
⎡
⎣ ⎢ ⎢
⎤
⎦ ⎥ ⎥ δ Vcrit( ),
#
m3s
1
m3
⎡ ⎣ ⎢
⎤ ⎦ ⎥ dcrit =
4σmρlkTlnS
, and Vcrit =π6dcrit
3
∂n∂t[ ]growth,
hetero=−∂I
∂ V( ) =−∂∂ V( ) n∂
∂t V( )( ), #
m3s
1
m3
⎡ ⎣ ⎢
⎤ ⎦ ⎥ ∂
∂t V( ) =2π π6( )
1/ 3 S−K( )PsatDdp
kTVmolF,
m3
s
⎡
⎣ ⎢
⎤
⎦ ⎥
Condensation Growth
Coagulation
∂n∂t[ ]coag
=12
β V*,V−V *( )n(V*)n(V−V*)dV*0
V
∫ − β V,V*( )n(V)n(V*)dV*0
∞
∫
β V,V*( ) =2π D+D*( ) dp +dp*
( )Fcoagwhere the coagulation kernel is given by
Convective Diffusionand Transport
∂n
∂t+∇ • nv v ( ) −∇ • D∇n( ) +∇ •
v c n= ∂n
∂t[ ]growth,homo
+ ∂n∂t[ ]growth,
hetero+ ∂n
∂t[ ]coag
Particle Growth Rates
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Homogeneous nucleation rate depends very strongly on saturation ratio (S=pvap/psat )
10 14
10 16
10 18
10 20
10 22
10 24
10 26
10 28
10 30
10 32
10 34
10 36
10 38
0.01
0.1
1
10
1 10 100
Critical Radius (nm)(dashed curves)HMG Nucleation Rate (#/m
3/s)
(solid curves)
Saturation Ratio
1500 K
2000 K
2500 K
3000 K
1000 K
1500 K
2000 K2500 K
3000 K
3500 K
3500 K
Formation Rate and Size of Pb droplets in an IFE System
• High saturation ratios result from rapid cooling from adiabatic plume expansion
• Extremely small critical radius results
• Competition between homogeneous and heterogeneous condensation determines final size and density distribution; Reduction in S due to condensation shuts down HNR quickly
ΔG =4πr3
3Vm
(μL −μv)+4πσr2
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Modification of homogeneous nucleation rate equation due to small critical radius
• Surface of tension is not accurately described by “4r2 ”
• n=/(1+/R)2, where (~0.1 nm) is the difference between the geometric surface and the “surface of tension”
• Js=A e–W*/kT, where A=zNo: z is a barrier shape parameter, No is the gas density and is the attachment frequency)
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• Stark broadening is the dominant broadening mechanisms for many laser-produced plasmas
• Electric microfields produced by nearby charged particles modify the excitation energy of emitters
• ~ne
• High pressure depresses ionization energy:
• ne~0.01 n
Ionization in the ablation plume can affect condensation
NeNz
Nz−1
=2Uz(T)
Uz−1(T)2πmeKBT
h2⎛ ⎝
⎞ ⎠
3/2
exp −Ez−1 −ΔEz−1
kT⎛ ⎝
⎞ ⎠
ΔEz−1 =7×10−7 ne3 Z2/3
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Mechanisms of enhanced cluster formation
ΔG =4π3Vm
(r3 −ra3)(μL −μv)+4πσ(r2 −ra
2)+e2
2(1−ε−1)(r−1 −ra
−1)
Gib
bs f
ree
ener
gy
Cluster radius
• Ion jacketing results in an offset in free energy (toward larger r*)
• Dielectric constant of liquid reduces free energy
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Ionization has a major impact!
Cluster birthrate vs. saturation ratio(Si, 109 W/cm2, 1% ionization)
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Regimes of Laser-Matter Interactions
108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018
1 MeV
100 eV
1000 K
100 Kmechanicsof materials
10000 K(1 eV)
10 eV
Power Density, W/cm2
Temperatureablation,
cluster formation(materials processing)
10 keV
1JKrF
1JNd:YAG
50 mJCPA
air breakdown
sheath fields,ponderomotive forces,
x-ray generation,
relativistic plasmas,nuclear reactions
ultra-fast phenomena(e.g., Coulomb explosions)
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CPA enables table-top ultra-high (TW) intensity research at a “modest” price
CPA = Chirped pulse amplification
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1018 W/cm2 Effects of ultra-high field
Electrons become relativistic when:eE(=mec2=5x105 eVrecall E=30I1/2, so [m]I1/2=
for =1 m, I = 1018 W/cm2
Effects include:distortion of electron orbits (in vacuum)reduction in plasma frequency (higher me)self-focusing (due to spatial profile of intensity)ponderomotive channelingfast (MeV) ion generation
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A proposal to generate and study fast ions
incident laser
interactionregion sheath
return current
fast electroncurrent
laser absorption mechanisms
electron transport physics
ion acceleration physics
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Laser-matter interactions touch upon many fields of engineering science, and offer numerous opportunities for student research
• Mechanics of materials• Ablation plume dynamics• Laser plasmas• Cluster formation• Laser propagation• Relativistic plasma physics
http://aries.ucsd.edu
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EXTRAS
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Crystallization of amorphous coatings
I
II
Region I
75 nm Al on superpolished flat: ±2Å roughness, 10Å flatness
111
101
001
diamond turned surface
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Dependence of plume behavior on laser intensity
2x1012 W/cm21x1011 W/cm23x1010 W/cm2
8x109 W/cm24x109 W/cm22x109 W/cm2
1x109 W/cm29x108 W/cm24x108 W/cm2
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Ion energies deviate from a shifted Maxwellian
f (v)≈v3exp−m(v−vo)2 /2kT[ ]
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Absorptioncoefficient
=(ei/c)(pe/)2(1/n)
n = no+ik = sqrt[1–p2/2(1+i/)]
Z = 1, =1 m
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Inverse bremsstrahlung absorption