a history of arakan past & present on into bangla
DESCRIPTION
Rohang, the old name of Arakan, was very familiar region for the Arab seafarers even during the pre-Islamic days. Tides of people like the Arabs, Moors, Turks, Pathans, Moghuls, Central Asians, Bengalees came mostly as traders, warriors, preachers and captives overland or through the sea route. Many settled in Arakan, and mixing with the local people, developed the present stock of people known as ethnic Rohingya. Hence, the Rohingya Muslims, whose settlements in Arakan date back to 7th century AD are not an ethnic group which developed from one tribal group affiliation or single racial stockTRANSCRIPT
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 1
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvmt
AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb
= Wv. †gvnv¤§v` BDbyQ
Abyev`t
Gg. Lvqij nvmvb (gybœv)
we.G. (m¤§vb), Bs‡iwR
Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv|
m¤úv`bv:
Av.R.g. Iev‡q yjvn
‡Pqvig¨vb, ÷z‡W›U G¨dvqvm© wWwfkb
Avš—R©vwZK Bmjvgx wek¦we`¨vjq PÆMÖvg
cÖKvkt
Iqvì© G‡m¤jx Ae gymwig Bq_ (Iqvgx)
B÷vb© ‡cÖvwfÝ, `v¤§vg
‡m․w` Avivweqv
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 2
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm t AZxZ I eZ©gvb
Wv.‡gvnv¤§` BDbyQ
cÖ_g cÖKvk (evsjv ms¯‥iY):
‡m‡Þ¤i 2008
cÖKvkK
Iqvì G‡m¤jx Ae gymwjg Bq_ (Iqvgx)
B÷vb© †cÖvwfÝ,
‡cvó e· bs-31413, `v¤§vg
‡m․w`Avivweqv|
g~j¨:
180 UvKv gvÎ ($ 4 USD) ___________________________ Arakaner Eitihash : Autit O Bartaman (A History of Arakan : Past & Present) Writen by: Dr. Mohammed Yunus, Published by: World Assembly of Muslim Youth (WAMY) Eastern Province, Dammad, K.S.A.
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 3
ÒZviv (Awek¦vmxiv) Zv‡`i gy‡Li dzrKv‡i
Avjvni †R¨vwZ‡K wbwf‡q w`‡Z Pvq|
wKš‧ Avjvn Zuvi †R¨vwZ‡K cÖ¾¡wjZ
Ki‡ebB, hw`I Awek¦vmxiv Zv AcQ›`
K‡i|Ó
Avj-KziAvb 61:8
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 4
gyLeÜ
†ivwn½v mwjWvwiwU A‡M©bvB‡Rkb (RSO) mfvcwZ Wvt †gvnv¤§v` BDbyQ
KZ©„K cÖYxZ ÒAvivKv‡bi BwZnvm t AZxZ Ges eZ©gvbÓ MÖšLvwb AvivKvb
Ges Zvi cÖwZ‡ekx ivóª- evg©v (eZ©gv‡b gvqvbgvi) I e‡½i mv‡_ Af¨š—ixY
m¤úK© BwZnvm welqK Avgv‡`i eZ©gvb Ávb fvÊv‡ii mv‡_ GK cÖxwZKi
ms‡hvRb|
cÖavbZt G MÖšLvwb‡Z weMZ AvUkZ eQ‡i AvivKv‡b Bmjv‡gi Avwef©ve Ges
mKj cwiw¯wZ‡Z †ivwn½v m¤cÖ`v‡qi gva¨‡g ‡m †`‡k Bmjv‡gi µgea©gvb
m¤cÖmviY wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
‡h †KDB wbwØ©avq GK_v ej‡Z cvi‡e †h, Wvt †gvnv¤§v` BDbyQ cÖ_g ev‡ii
gZ AvivKv‡bi †ivwn½v m¤cÖ`v‡qi AZxZ †_‡K eZ©gvb mg‡qi GKwU
wbiwewQbœ I Pjgvb BwZnvm mv_©Kfv‡e Dc¯vcb Ki‡Z mg_© n‡q‡Qb| wZwb
ü`qMÖvnx me Z_¨ fvÊvi n‡Z Zuvi †jLwbi eûgvwÎK bZzb DcwRe¨¸‡jv Zy‡j
Avbvi Rb¨ Ávb iv‡R¨i GK AKyj cv_v‡i hvÎv ïi K‡i‡Qb| G Kv‡Ri
g‡a¨ Zvi wbqš¿Yvaxb mKj Z_¨-DcvË Ggb cyLvbycyL e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q hv
`w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvq Bmjvgx mf¨Zvi cÖfv‡e cÖfvweZ †ivwn½v gymwjg
m¤cÖ`v‡qi GK bZzb BwZnvm Aa¨q‡biB Bw½Z cÖ`vb K‡i| welqwU mwe‡kl
cÖksmvi `vex iv‡L| GUv ïay evg©v ev gvqvbgv‡ii RvZxq I ivR‣bwZK
BwZnv‡mi GKwU Ask we‡k‡li we‡ePbvq bq eis mvgwMÖKZvq|
ev —ec‡¶, Avgiv hLb `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvi mvwe©K cwiw¯wZ wb‡q Mfxi fv‡e
ch©‡e¶b Kwi Ges †`L‡Z cvB ‡h, †mLv‡b gymjgvb‡`i msL¨v †mLvbKvi
†MvUv RbmsL¨vi (50%) cÂvk fvM AwZµg K‡i‡Q ZLb Avgiv Lye
mn‡RB †mLvbKvi wewfbœ GjvKvq emevmiZ gymwjg m¤cÖ`v‡qi BwZnv‡mi
¸iZ¡ I Zvrch© Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvwi| KviY, hw`I AvivKv‡bi gymjgv‡biv
_vBj¨vÊ, wdwjcvBb&m, K‡¤^vwWqv I wf‡qZbv‡gi gymjgvb‡`i gZ wewfbœ
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 5
mg‡q wbQK Dc-‡Mvôx¸‡jvi mv¤cÖ vwqK kÎZvi †Ri a‡i wbh©vwZZ I
wb‡®úwlZ n‡q‡Q, GZ`m‡Ë¡I Avgiv Dcjwä Kwi †h, †mB mKj GjvKvq
gnvb Bmjvgx mf¨Zvq wPiš—b cÖfve ¯vqxfv‡e cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q|
AvivKv‡bi gymwjg m¤cÖ`v‡qi BwZnvm QvovI Wv. BDbym ‡`wL‡q‡Qb †h, G
AmvaviY mg„×kvjx I De©i f~wg hv †f․‡MvwjK fv‡e e½ msjMœ Ges GKB
agx©q †kªYxf~³ evg©vi g‡a¨ ¯§iYvZxZ Kvj †_‡K GKUv weev‡`i welq n‡q
`uvwo‡q‡Q, hv gyL©Zvi mv‡_ AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ges Ab¨vq fv‡e †ivwn½v gymwjg
m¤úª`v‡qi Dci cvkweK wnsmªZvi mv‡_ AvµgY K‡iwQj| Gfv‡e AvivKvb
GjvKvi msL¨v Mwiô m¤cÖ`v‡qi wf‡UgvwU ZQbQ K‡i A‡bK‡KB Zv‡`i f~wg
†_‡K weZvwoZ K‡iwQj|
G Aa¨q‡b †jLK Ggb wKQz AgxgvswmZ wel‡qi AeZviYv K‡i‡Qb hv
M‡elK‡`i‡K 1404 mv‡j ivRv bi‡gLjvi AvivKvb †_‡K e‡½ cjvq‡bi
cÖK…Z KviY LyR‡Z AvMÖnx I AwfmwÜrmy K‡i|
GUv wK mv¤cÖ`vqxK Ø›Ø A_ev wbQK evg©v ivRvi ivR‣bwZK AvMªvm‡bi Kvi‡Y
n‡qwQj? M‡elK‡`i „wó AvKl©K Ab¨ GKwU AgxgvswmZ welq n‡Q - 1430
mvj †_‡K 1531 mvj ch©š— mg‡qi g‡a¨ AvivKvbxq 11Rb ivRv Zv‡`i
AvivKvbx bv‡gi mv‡_ gymwjg bvg ms‡hvR‡bi cÖK…Z inm¨| GUv wK
Bmjvg‡K ag© wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kivi Kvi‡Y bvwK wQj wbQK ivR‣bwZK †K․kj?
Z„Zxq Ab¨ GKwU welq n‡Q - AvivKvb Ges evg©v Z_v gvqvbgv‡ii
gymjgvb‡`i e¨vcK Rb‡Mvôx, gymwjg ms¯‥…wZ I cÖkvmwbK cÖfve _vKv m‡Ë¡I
ivR‣bwZK fv‡e gymjgvb‡`i e¨_©Zvi wbM~p inm¨ D˜NvUb Kiv| Ávb ivR¨
ev KzU‡bwZK †¶‡Î e¨_©Zv bvwK m¤ú‡`i †jvf?
ïaygvÎ G ai‡bi GKwU cwic~Y© msex¶YB AvivKvb Ges gvqvbgv‡ii
gymjgvb m¤cÖ`vq‡K wmjb, d«vÝ, c~e© evsjv Z_v evsjv‡`‡ki gymjgvb‡`i
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 6
b¨vq GKwU mymvgÄm¨c~Y© ivR‣bwZK gZv`k© Aej¤^‡bi gva¨‡g †`‡ki I
†`‡ki evB‡i kvwš—c~Y© I Avb›`gyLi GKwU Rxeb hvc‡bi cÖwZ ev¯—eagx©
`„wófw½ •Zix Ki‡Z me©vZ¥K mnvqZv K‡i| ci¶‡Y Avgiv G mKj wel‡q
Av‡iv Mfxi I we¯—vwiZ AbymÜvb I M‡elYvi Rb¨ cÖZ¨vwkZ fv‡e mvg‡b
AMÖmi n‡Z cvwi|
msKjb †Kw› ªK wKQz †QvU-LvU `ye©jZv m‡Ë¡I BwZnvm welqK G cy¯—KLvwb
e¨vcK RbwcÖqZvi `vex iv‡L| Avwg wbwðZ K‡i ej‡Z cvwi †h , ÒAvivKvbt
AZxZ Ges eZ©gvbÓ kxl©K eB Lvwb we‡k¦i mKj we‡klÁ I mvaviY cvV‡Ki
gv‡S Gi †ZRw¯^Zv cÖgv‡Y mv_©K n‡e|
Wt gyCb DwÏb Avn&g` Lvb
Aa¨vcK,
Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‥…wZ
PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq
PÆMÖvg, evsjv‡`k|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 7
t Avgvi g‡Z t
G cÖ_gev‡ii gZ Avgiv AvivKv‡bi myweb¨ — I mgwšZ GKwU BwZnvm †c‡Z
hvwQ| Wvt gynv¤§` BDbyQ‡K AvivKv‡bi †M․iegq AZxZ msKjb Kivi Rb¨
GKwU `xN© I Mfxi AbymÜvb Pvjv‡Z n‡q‡Q| †hLv‡b yÕwU fvZ…cÖwZg
RvwZ‡Mvwô- †ivwn½v I ivLvBb, Lye kvwš— I †m․nv‡`©i gv‡S emevm KiwQj|
Avwg g‡b Kwi, G MÖšLvwb AvivKv‡bi RbM‡Yi Rb¨ Zv‡`i ¯^vaxbZv
Av‡›`vj‡b gvBjdjK wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e, †Kbbv BwZnv‡mi wk¶v GKwU
RvwZ‡K ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi Rb¨ Ges ¯^vaxbZvi dj AvniY Kivi Rb¨ e¨vcK
fv‡e Aby‡cÖiYv †RvMvq| Avwg g‡b Kwi ¯^vaxbZvKvgx †ivwn½v Rb‡Mvôx‡K G
HwZnvwmK MÖšLvwb Aek¨B co‡Z n‡e Ges GKwU K‡i Abywjwc Zv‡`i
msMÖ‡n ivL‡Z n‡e|
mywd G.Gg. Iqvwn`
mv‡eK we`y¨r Dc‡`óv Ges
†Pqvig¨vb,
we`y¨r jvB‡mÝ †evW©
evsjv‡`k miKvi|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 8
gZvgZ
AvivKvb (†ivwn½v) gymjgvb‡`i mKj Z_¨-DcvË mgš‡q ÒAvivKv‡bi
BwZnvmt AZxZ Ges eZ©gvbÓ wk‡ivbv‡g GKLvbv HwZnvwmK MÖš cÖKvwkZ
n‡Z hv‡Q †R‡b Avwg LyeB Avbw›`Z| †ivwn½v mwjWvwiwU A‡M©bvB‡Rkb
(AviGmI) Gi mfvcwZ I AvivKvb gymjgvb‡`i Awemsevw`Z †bZv Wvt
†gvnv¤§` BDbyQ Gi G gnwZ D‡`¨vM ev —weK c‡¶B Zv‡`i ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨
Pjgvb RvZxq Av‡›`vj‡bi c‡¶ GKwU mg‡qvc‡hvMx Ae`vb|
Avwg G cy —KLvwbi mdj cÖKvk I e¨vcK cÖmvi Kvgbv KiwQ Ges GKB
mv‡_ cy —KLvwbi †jL‡Ki `xN© I myLx Rxeb Kvgbv KiwQ|
Wt Avjx Avng` (Gg.G,
wc.GBP.wW)
Aa¨vcK,
Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‥„wZ wefvM
PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq,
PÆMÖvg, evsjv‡`k|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 9
بسن اهلل الرحون الرحين
الحود هلل رب العالوين والصالة والسالم على رسوله سيدنا ونبينا هحود وآله وصحبه
! أجوعين، وبعد
t cÖvK K_b t
`yÕk eQ‡ii †ekx mgq a‡i Dcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi ci AvivKvb GLb cÖvq
we¯§„Z GKwU †`‡k cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| †h AvivKvb GK mgq XvKv, my›`ieb
†_‡K ïi K‡i gvIjwg‡qb ch©š— we —…Z nvRvi gvBj `xN© I 200 gvBj cÖk¯ —
mgy`ª DcZ‚jxq gymwjg mvjZvbvZ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQj| cÖnmb n‡Q †h GLb
ch©š— †Kvb wbi‡c¶ HwZnvwmK KZ…©K AvivKv‡bi GKwU c~Yv©½ I mgwšZ
BwZnvm iwPZ nqwb|
hvB †nvK, AvivKv‡b msNwUZ wewfbœ NUbv m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK HwZnvwmKMY
KZ©„K wjwLZ Z_¨-Dcv˸‡jv Avgiv cvB BwZnv‡mi eB¸‡jvi wewfbœ Aa¨v‡q,
A_ev AvivKv‡bi BwZnv‡mi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L wjwLZ wewfbœ ai‡bi gyL‡ivPK
Mí-Kvwnbxi g‡a¨|
cyi‡Yv AvivKvbx KvjcwÄ Ges egx© fvlvq iwPZ wewfbœ †jL‡Ki eB cy¯—K I
cÖeÜivwR wQ‡jv weZwK©Z Ges gv‡S g‡a¨ †m¸‡jv mZ¨ †_‡K wePy¨Z n‡q
A‡bK ~‡i Ae¯vb KiZ| GK †kªYxi ¯^v_©ci I ¶gZv‡jvfx †jv‡Ki Øviv
AvivKv‡ib BwZnvm - HwZ‡n¨ weK…wZ mva‡bi my`„p cÖgvY i‡q‡Q|
†h ev —eZv GK mg‡q AvivKv‡bi Rb-gvby‡li Rxeb‡K kvmb KiZ †m
e¨vcv‡i wek¦vmx GLb ch©š— Kg‡ekx| we‡klfv‡e mgmvgwqK fviZ, e½,
wÎcyiv, evg©v I `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqv, mvaviYfv‡e Bmjvgx we‡k¦i BwZnvm Mfxi
fv‡e Aa¨qb bv K‡i †KDB AvivKv‡bi †jvKR‡bi Av_©-mvgvwRK, ivR‣bwZK
I agx©q Rxe‡bi e¨vcv‡i mwVK Dcmsnvi Uvb‡Z cv‡ib bv|
†Kbbv `xN© w`b hver †h welq¸‡jv AvivKv‡bi mv‡_ IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e GKxf~Z
wQj wek¦v‡mi Mfx‡i †c u․Qvi Rb¨ KwZcq wel‡q Aa¨qb Kiv LyeB Riix|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 10
†m¸‡jv n‡jv wewfbœ ai‡bi KvjvbyµwgK NUbvcwÄ hv Kvj, gy`ªv Ges Ab¨vb¨
cÖZœZvwË¡K DcvË wel‡q wjwLZ, ¯§„wZ-‡m․a Ges MxR©v, fvlv-wjwc Ges ¯v‡bi
bvg, b`x Ges ce©Zgvjv BZ¨vw`, †h¸‡jv AvivKvb BwZnv‡mi D‡jL‡hvM¨
cÖwZQwe enb K‡i|
G e¨vcv‡i we›`ygvÎ m‡›`‡ni AeKvk †bB †h, hviv AvivKvb `Lj K‡iwQj
Ges ¯vqxfv‡e †mLv‡b Dcwb‡ek ¯vc‡bi BQv K‡iwQj, ZvivB gyjZt Zv‡`i
nxb ¯v_© PwiZv_© Kivi Rb¨ wbwØ©avq BwZnv‡mi weK…wZ NwU‡qwQj| Zviv
AvivKvbevmx‡K fyj c‡_ cwiPvwjZ Kivi Rb¨ Ges Zv‡`i `yÕm¤cÖ`v‡qi
g‡a¨ wefw³ m„wói Rb¨ mKj cÖKvi A‡¯¿i mdj e¨envi K‡iwQj| Zv‡`i
AcK‡g©i †m mKj A ¿¸‡jv wQj mv¤cÖ vwqK, agx©q, ivR‣bwZK, A_©‣bwZK
Ges cÖcvMvÛvg~jK| AvR‡K Zviv AZ¨š— wbj©¾fv‡e `vex Ki‡Q †h,
gvqvbgv‡i (evg©v) G ai‡bi †Kvb †ivnvs I †ivwn½v m¤cÖ`vq †bB, eis GUv
KwZcq we‡ ªvnx m¤cÖ`v‡qi D™¢veb| †h‡nZz G M‡elYvg~jK Av‡jvPbv MÖ‡ši
cvZvmg~n D‡b¥vP‡bi ga¨ w`‡q GUv Avkv Kiv hvq †h, mKj cÖKvi fyj
eySveywS, gwZweåg, fyj aviYv Ges wec_Mvgx e¨vL¨v G me wKQzB wbi‡c¶
cvV‡Ki gb †_‡K `~ixfyZ n‡e|
AvivKv‡bi Dcwb‡ewkKiv Ges Zv‡`i †Muvov mn‡hvMxiv wbixn †jvK‡`i
wec_Mvgx Kivi gva¨‡g Avgv‡`i RvZxi e¨vcK ¶wZ mvab K‡i‡Q|
Kvjv`v‡b A‡bK cvwb cÖevwnZ n‡q‡Q| AZx‡Zi wZ³ AwfÁZv †_‡K wk¶v
wb‡q, k·`i KzU-‡K․kj Dcjwä K‡i Ges wb‡R‡`i fyj `„wófw½i mwVK
myivnvi gva¨‡g, cvi®úvwiK †h․_ cÖ‡Póvq wb‡R‡`i †M․iegq AZxZ cybivq
wdwi‡q Avb‡Z y fwMœ-cÖwZg m¤cÖ`vq m¶g n‡e| Ges GLbB Zvi Dchy³
mgq| Avwg Avkv Kwi, G gnr KvRwU Avgv‡`i fwMœ-cÖwZg m¤cÖ`vq `yÕwUi
Rb¨ P¶z D‡b¥vP‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e| kÎMY KZ©„K Avgv‡`i AZx‡Zi
mZ¨ BwZnvm cy‡ivcywi gy‡Q †djvi e¨_©Zv Ges cÖvPxb b„‡Mvôx wn‡m‡e
Avgv‡`i cwiPq‡eva AvivKv‡bi Dci msw¶ß BwZnvm iPbvi †cÖiYv‡K Av‡iv
†Rvi`vi K‡i‡Q| GLv‡b D‡jL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h Avwg †ckv MZ †Kvb
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 11
HwZnvwmK bB, †KejgvÎ Pjgvb cwiw¯wZi Kvi‡YB eva¨ n‡q Avgv‡K G
Kv‡R nvZ w`‡Z n‡q‡Q|
bvbv mxgve×Zv Ges ZË¡-Dcv‡Ëi AcÖZzjZv _vKv m‡Ë¡I G KvRwU Avwg
m¤úv`b Kivi D‡`¨vM wb‡qwQ G Avkvq †h, AvivKv‡b GwU m‡Z¨i AMÖ`~Z
wn‡m‡e f~wgKv ivL‡e|
GKwU RvwZi BwZnvm wb‡q we‡klY I M‡elYv Kiv GKRb gvÎ e¨w³i KvR
bq, eis GwU RvwZi mKj †jv‡Ki mgwšZ I Pjgvb `vwqZ¡ I KiYxq| G
gnr KvRwU hw` AvivKvb BwZnv‡mi fwel¨r M‡elK‡`i Rb¨ GKwU Z_¨m~Î
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Zvn‡jB Avwg wb‡R‡K GKRb †m․fvM¨evb †jLK wn‡m‡e
we‡ePbv Kie| hviv Avgvi G KvRwU‡K mdjfv‡e m¤úv`b Kivi Rb¨ mvnvh¨
mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb, Avwg Zv‡`i mevB‡K ab¨ev` I K…ZÁZv RvbvB| Avwg
Avgvi mnKgx© Wt †gvnv¤§` Avjx bvg wjwce× Ki‡Z PvB| whwb me© cÖ_g
Avgv‡K wewfbœ Z_¨ DcvË w`‡q mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb| Avwg Avgvi K…ZÁ
wP‡Ëi ab¨ev` w`‡Z PvB fvB Aa¨vcK †gvnv¤§` hvKvwiqv I fvB mvC`yi
ingvb‡K hviv cÖwZ gyn~‡Z© Avgv‡K Aby‡cÖiYv Ges Dc‡`k w`‡q mn‡hvwMZv
K‡i‡Qb| Avwg Avgvi Avš—wiK ab¨ev` RvbvB fvB ikx` Avn&‡g`‡K whwb
Zvi kZ e¨ —Zvi gv‡SI Avgvi MÖšLvbv K‡¤úvR K‡i‡Qb|
Avwg ab¨ev` Rvbv‡Z PvB Zv‡`i‡K hviv Avgvi G MÖšLvbv c‡o‡Qb Ges
g~j¨evb civgk© w`‡q‡Qb| Avjvn Zv‡`i Dci Zvi AevwiZ kvwš— bvwhj
Kib|
m‡e©vcwi mKj cÖksmv I K…ZÁZv †mB gnvb Avjvn myenvbvû Iqv Zvqvjvi
Rb¨ huvi Adziš— `qv I KiYv Qvov G KvR Kivi mvnmB †cZvg bv| Avwg
Avi wKQzB cÖZ¨vkv Kwi bv eis G Kv‡Ri †cQ‡b †hb Avjvn me©kw³gv‡bi
mve©¶wYK Acvi AbyMÖn _v‡K| wZwbB DËg fwel¨r `ªóv|
Wvt †gvnv¤§` BDbyQ|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 12
m~PxcÎ
W. Gg. Avng` Lv‡bi gš—e¨
m~dx G. Gg. Iqvwn‡`i AwfgZ
W. Avjx Avng‡`i AwfgZ
cÖvK K_b
f~wgKv
cÖ_g Aa¨vq:
f~wg Ges RbMY
†f․‡MvwjK Ae¯v
AvivKv‡bi eyrcwË
†ivqvs/†ivnvs/†ivmvs (cÖvPxb AvivKvb)
AvivKv‡bi RbMY
†ivwn½v m¤cÖ`vq
gM m¤úª`vq (ivLvBb)
wØZxq Aa¨vq:
cÖv_wgK BwZnvm
abvewZ ivR¨
†fmvjx ivR¨
AvivKv‡b Bmjv‡gi AvMgb
AvivKv‡b gvMv`vn †e․ׇ`i AbycÖ‡ek
†gv½jxq AvµgY
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 13
Z…Zxq Aa¨vq:
AvivKv‡b gymwjg weRq
AvivKv‡bi cÖv_wgK gªK-D ivRv MY
†ReyK kvn (1531-1553)
e‡½i myjZvb KZ…©K AvivKv‡b wØZxq weRq
wmKv›`vi kvn (1571-1593)
†mwjg kvn (1593-1612)
ûmvBb kvn (1612-1622)
†mwjg kvn wØZxq (1622-1638)
PZz_© Aa¨vq:
AvivKvb iv‡R¨i n«vm I cZb
bicwZ KZ…©K AvivKvb wmsnvmb Rei`Lj
_v‡Wvwg›Uªv Ges m›`v _y`v¤§v
AvivKv‡b kvn myRvi cjvqb
†gvNj‡`i PÆMÖvg weRq
†evacvqv KZ…©K AvivKvb `Lj
cÂg Aa¨vq
gªK-D mgqKvi mvgvwRK I agx©q Rxeb
lô Aa¨vq:
†eacvqvi Aax‡b AvivKvb
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 14
mßg Aa¨vq:
weªwUk‡`i `L‡j AvivKvb
cÖ_g G¨vs‡jv-evg©vb hy× (1823-1825)
AvivKv‡bi Dci weªwUk kvmb (1525-1947)
Dcwb‡ek we‡ivax evwg©R RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb
1942 mv‡ji gymwjg nZ¨vhÁ
eyw_Ws Gi msNl©- µvwš—jMœ
AvivKv‡b cybivq weªwUk AbycÖ‡ek
evg©vi ¯^vaxbZvi cÖv°v‡j AvivKvb
Aóg Aa¨vq:
AvivKvbxiv †Kb Ò‡÷BUÓ gh©v`v AR©b Ki‡Z cvij bv
beg Aa¨vq:
¯^vaxbZv cieZx© evg©vi Aax‡b AvivKvb
gyRvwn` Av‡›`vjb
msm`xq MbZš¿Kvjxb mg‡q AvivKvbx‡`i ivR‣bwZK Kg© ©KvÊ
(1948-1962)
`kg Aa¨vq
†mbv kvm‡bi Aax‡b AvivKvb
AvivKv‡b †mbv Af~¨Ìv‡bi cÖfve
we.Gm.wc.wc miKvi KZ…©K AvivKvb‡K Ò‡÷BUÓ Aby‡gv`b
wKs WªvMb Acv‡ikb (1978)
†b DB‡bi bZzb bvMwiKZ¡ AvBb
AvivKv‡b Gm.Gj.I.Avi.wm Gi wbh©vZb
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 15
f~wgKv:-
evg©vi eZ©gvb kvmK †kªYx `vex K‡i †h Gi cÖK…Z Avw`evmx b„-†Mvôx
g‡½vjxq RvwZ †Mvôx n‡Z D™¢~Z n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb evg©vq cÖavbZ AvUwU
b„-m¤cÖ`vq i‡q‡Q| †hgb- eg©x, kvb, KvPxb, Kv‡ib, Kvqv, †gvb, wPb
Ges ivLvBb (AvivKvbx †eŠ×)| Giv Avevi wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ 135 wU b„
†Mvôx‡Z wef³| evg©vq G¨vwi‡qbxq †Kvb b„-‡Mvôx wQj, GgbwK †ivwn½v
m¤cÖ`vq (AvivKvbx gymwjg) †K ch©š— Giv cwi®‥vi fv‡e A¯xKvi
K‡i| eZ©gvb mg‡q evg©vq hv‡`i g‡a¨B fviZxq ‣ewkó¨ Av‡Q
Zv‡`i‡K we‡`kx A_ev we‡`kx es‡kv™¢yZ ev ÔKvjvÕ wn‡m‡e AvL¨v †`qv
nq| Zviv KZw`b a‡i †mLv‡b emevm Ki‡Q Zv †`Lv n‡Q bv| e„wUk
Dcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡j `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki b¨vq evg©vqI
nvRvi nvRvi †jvK cÖevmx n‡q Xy‡KwQj| cÖK…Z BwZnvm bv Rvbvi
Kvi‡Y AwaKvsk ch©‡e¶K fviZ n‡Z AvMZ cÖevmx, fviZxq •ewk‡ó¨i
AwaKvix RbgÊjxi mv‡_ AvivKv‡bi cÖvPxb Rb‡Mvôx †ivwn½v
mgcÖ`vq‡K ¸wj‡q †d‡j| †ivwn½v m¤cÖ`v‡qi wei‡× evg©vi miKvi I
gM m¤cÖ`v‡qi GKwU †Rviv‡jv AccÖPvi cÖK…Z mZ¨‡K LvwbKUv ¤vb
K‡i w`‡q‡Q|
wKš‧ cÖkœ n‡Q, AvivKv‡b cÖK…Z we‡`kx Kviv? Zvn‡j wK AvivKvb
g‡½vjxq Rb‡Mvôxi cÖK…Z Avevm f~wg? G mKj cÖ‡kœi h_v_© Reve
cÖ`v‡bi cÖqvm †bqv n‡q‡Q G MÖ‡š|
HwZnvwmK ‡cÖ¶vc‡U, AvivKvb evg©vi GKwU cÖ‡`‡ki †P‡q c~e© fvi‡Zi
mxgvš—eZ©x GKwU cÖ‡`k wn‡m‡e AwaK ¯xK…Z| cÖvPxb Kvj n‡Z `kg
kZvwã‡Z g‡½vwjqvb I wZeŸZxq-egx©‡`i AvMgb ch©š— AvivKvb e„nËi
fvi‡Zi GKwU f~LÛ wQj| hvi Rbmgwó wQj e‡½i RbM‡Yi gZB|
evg©vbiv hv‡`i‡K †gv½jxq Rb‡Mvôx wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i, †m me
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 16
AvivKvbx †e․×iv (ivLvBb) g~jZ Avwiqvb gvNv`v †e․ׇ`i eskai
wQj| hviv Aóg kZ‡Ki w`‡K fvi‡Zi wenvi ivR¨ n‡Z cÖevmx n‡q
GLv‡b cvwo Rwg‡qwQj| cieZx©‡Z Zviv nvbv`vi †gv½jxq‡`i
mg‡MvÎxq n‡q hvq| wKš‧ AvivKvb- gymjgvb I †e․× Dfq RvwZ
†Mvwô‡K wb‡q me©`v GKwU ¯vaxb I ¯^vZš¿ gh©v`v A¶zbœ ‡i‡L‡Q| hw`I
1430 mv‡j ev`kvn †mvjvqgvb kvn& KZ©„K gªyK-D ivRZ¡ cÖwZôvi c~‡e©
†mLv‡b wewfbœ mgq egx© I †gvb‡`i n¯ —‡¶c cwijw¶Z n‡Zv|
1430 mv‡j e‡½i kvmK myjZvb RvjvjywÏb †gvnv¤§` kvn KZ©„K
†mvjvqgvb kvn AvivKv‡bi wmsnvm‡b cybtcÖwZwôZ nb| 1430 mvj
n‡Z 1638 mvj ch©š— KwZcq Rei `LjKvix kvmK e¨ZxZ mKj
kvmKB ag©vš—wiZ gymwjg kvmK †mvjvqgvb kv‡ni (biwgLjv) eskai
wQ‡jb| 1430 mvj †_‡K 1530 mvj ch©š— GKkZ eQi a‡i e‡½i
mv‡_ AvivKv‡bi Ggb Mfxi I †m․nv`©¨c~Y© m¤úK© wQj †h, HwZnvwmKiv
AvivKvb‡K e‡½i Ki`ivR¨ g‡b KiZ| e‡½i myjZv‡bi mn‡hvwMZvq
AvivKvb weR‡qi mgq Gi mxgv‡iLv †h cwigvY wQj, cieZ©x‡Z Avi
KLbI †m mxgv‡iLv AwZµvš— nqwb| wKš‧ 1538 mv‡j e‡½ ¶gZvi
cvjve`‡ji P‡µ AvivKvbx kvmK RveyK kvn 1540 mv‡j cÖ_gev‡ii
gZ PÆMÖvgmn `w¶Y-c~e© e‡½i GKwU Askwe‡kl `Lj K‡ib| wKš‧
GwU cieZ©x‡Z Avev‡iv e‡½i myjZvb‡`i KiZjMZ nq| 1582 mvj
†_‡K 1666 mvj ch©š— cÖq GKkZ eQi PÆMÖvg AÂj AvivKvbx‡`i
mivmwi kvmbvaxb wQj|
1430 mvj †_‡K e‡½i mv‡_ AvivKv‡bi Mfxi m¤úK© wQj| cÖvq
GKkZ eQi a‡i AvivKvb I eZ©gv‡bi PÆMÖvg GKB kvmKvaxb _vKvi
ciI wKfv‡e GKRb Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡i †h cÖvK-e„wUk mgq †_‡K
AvivKv‡b gymwjg RbemwZ wQjbv? wQjbv GB `yB GjvKvi Rb‡Mvwôi
g‡a¨ ag©xq Ges mvs¯‥…wZK †Kvb m¤úK©?| `xN© mgq †_‡K AvivKv‡b
Bmjv‡gi AvMgb Ges gymwjg m¤cÖ`v‡qi my`„p Ae v‡bi K_v †Kvb
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 17
wbi‡c¶ HwZnvwmK A¯xKvi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‧ cÖK…Z c‡¶,
AvivKv‡b †mvjvqgvb kvn KZ…©K gªK-D ivRZ¡ cÖwZôvi ci †_‡K
†mLv‡b gymjgvb‡`i msL¨v e„w× Ges Zv‡`i ¶gZv vwqZ¡ jvf K‡i|
1582 mv‡j PÆMÖvg `L‡ji ci †gvMj‡`i cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨
AvivKvbx kvmK‡`i‡K cZ© yMxR‡`i mnvqZv wb‡Z n‡qwQj| cieZ©x
cwiw wZ‡Z 1638 mv‡ji ci AvivKv‡bi `ye©j kvmK †kªYx Zv‡`i Dci
GZUvB wbf©ikxj n‡q c‡owQj, hvi d‡j PÆMÖv‡gi mxgvš—eZ©x AÂj
¸‡jv wdwi½x (cZ ©yMxR) `my¨‡`i GKwU †Mvcb AvLovq cwiYZ n‡jv|
1650 mv‡ji GKRb ch©UK wj‡L‡Qb †h Rj`my¨ I jy‡Uiv‡`i
mnvqZvq cZ©yMxRiv PÆMÖv‡g Zv‡`i GK ai‡bi mve©‡f․gZ¡ Kv‡qg
K‡iwQj| †mLv‡b mgy`ª c‡_ I j c‡_ Zviv cÖwZwbqZB WvKvwZ I
jyUZivR KiZ| Zviv wbgœ e‡½i AÂj¸‡jv‡Z Ackvmb I g‡Mi gyjyK
Kv‡qg K‡iwQj| gM‡`i mnvqZvq cZ©yMxR‡`i G b„ksmª AcK‡g©i
`ib Zv‡`i‡K N„wYZ ÔRj`my¨Õ e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
AvivKv‡bi †e․× kvmK mvb`v _y`v¤§v KZ©„K fvM¨vnZ †gvNj ivRcyÎ
kvn& myRv‡K Avkªq †`qv Ges ciewZ©‡Z Z uv‡K nZ¨v Kivi d‡j †gvNj
I AvivKvbx kvmK‡`i ga¨Kvi m¤úK© wZ³ n‡Z _v‡K| GiB d‡j
cieZx©‡Z vqx fv‡e PÆMÖvg AvivKvix‡`i nvZ Qvov n‡q hvq| kvn&
myRv I Zuvi Abymvix‡`i MYnZ¨vi ci AvivKv‡bi `yÕwU fMœx cÖwZg
m¤cÖ`v‡qi (‡ivwn½v I gM) g‡a¨ Zxeª Aš—Ø©›Ø m„wó nq, hv ewg©‡`i
AvivKvb `Lj Kivi mvnm †hvMvq| weªwUk‡`i wbKU †_‡K evg©vi
¯vaxbZv AR©‡bi welq‡K mvg‡b †i‡L hw`I evwg©Riv AvivKvb `Lj‡K
•ea cÖgv‡Yi ‡Póv K‡i, wKš‧ BwZnvm evi evi G K_vB ¯§iY Kwi‡q
†`q †h, Zviv me©`vB AvivKv‡b GK`j we‡`kx AvMÖvmx I `Lj`vi
evwnbx wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡q‡Q|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 18
evwg©R‡`i g‡b G fxwZ GLbI bvov †`q †h, GKw`b AvivKv‡bi
BwZnvm cybivq wd‡i Avm‡Z cv‡i Ges AvivKv‡bi e¨vcv‡i Zv‡`i
mKj AcZrciZv wMZ n‡q hv‡e| G Rb¨ Zv‡`i „wó‡Z m¤¢eci
mKj wec` we ~wiZ Kivi e¨e v Zviv Aej¤^b K‡i‡Q| Zv‡`i `„wó‡Z
mg~n wec` n‡Q AvivKv‡bi gymjgvbiv| Zv‡`i g‡bi Mfx‡i jvjvwqZ
†mB fxwZ `ywifyZ Kivi Rb¨ mycwiKwíZ fv‡e †ivwn½v gymjgvb‡`i
wei‡× b„ZvwË¡K ïw× Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i Avm‡Q|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 19
cÖ_g Aa¨vq
f~wg I Rbmgwó
†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae ’vbt
AvivKvb eZ©gv‡b evg©vi GKwU cwðgv cÖ‡`k hv 1784 mvj ch©š— GKwU
¯^vaxb †`k wQj| Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki b¨vq, AvivKv‡bi †f․‡MvwjK Ae¯vi
¸iZ¡c~Y© cÖfve i‡q‡Q Zvi BwZnvm cwiµgvi Dci| Aóv`k kZ‡Ki cÖvq
†kl ch©š— mgq a‡i ZrKvjxb AvivKvb wb‡R‡K GKwU ¯^vaxb ivRZ¡ wn‡m‡e
eRvq ivL‡Z mg_© n‡qwQj ïay gvÎ Gi †f․‡MvwjK Ae v‡bi Kvi‡YB|
weªwUk kvmbvg‡j AvivKv‡bi me©‡gvU AvqZb wQj cÖvq 20,000 eM© gvBj|
GwU e‡½vcmvM‡ii c~e©K‚j msjMœ cvnvox f~wgi mi Ask we‡kl| GwU DËi-
`w¶‡Y we¯—…Z Z‡e DËi w`‡K GKUz cÖmvwiZ Ges `w¶‡Y mi n‡q wb‡P
†b‡g‡Q| GwU DËi cwð‡g evsjv‡`k‡K, Dˇi fviZ‡K Ges DËi c~‡e© Pxb
cvnvo‡K Qzu‡q‡Q| AvivKv‡bi c~e© cv‡k¦© Aew¯Z myDQ ce©Zgvjv ÒAvivKvb
BDgvÓ GwU‡K evg©vi g~j fy-LÛ †_‡K m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v GKwU cÖvK…wZK
gvbwP‡Îi iƒc w`‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ Gi 176 gvBj mgy`ªmxgv Ges ¯j
mxgv‡iLv i‡q‡Q hv HwZn¨MZ fv‡e `~i cÖv‡P¨i cÖ‡ekØvi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
cwð‡g 360 gvBj we¯—…Z DcK~jxq mxgv‡iLv AvivKv‡bi mgy`ª †hvMv‡hvM‡K
mnR K‡i‡Q| Avi G †f․‡MvwjK my‡hvM-myweavi Kvi‡YB AvivKvb I Gi
msjMœ DcK~jxq GjvKvq Ñ hv GLb PÆMÖvg e‡j cwiwPZ Ñ e‡½i g~j f~wgi
Zzjbvq cuvP kZ eQi c~‡e © Bmjv‡gi AvMgb N‡U‡Q|
me© mvKz‡j¨ AvivKv‡b †gvU mvZwU eo b`x i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv bvd, gvqy,
Kvjv`vb, †jg‡iv, Avb, Zvb¸c Ges m¨vÛyI‡q| bvd b`x AvivKvb I
evsjv‡`‡ki g‡a¨ mxgv‡iLv wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q| Kvjv`vb AvivKv‡bi `xN©Zg
b`x hv cvnvox AÂj n‡Z Drcbœ n‡q AvivKv‡bi ivRavbx I mgy`ª e›`i
AvwKqve n‡q e‡½vcmvM‡i cÖevwnZ n‡q‡Q| Kvjv`v‡bi b¨vq Ab¨ mKj b`xI
wKQz •ewPÎ mn mgy‡ ªi w`‡K cÖevwnZ n‡q‡Q| Gi me b`xB cÖevngvb Ges
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 20
mviv eQi mnR †b․-PjvPj †hvM¨| Gi †Kvb b`xB evg©v †_‡K DrcwË nqwb|
GKvi‡YB BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, evg©vi Zzjbvq e‡½i mv‡_
AvivKv‡bi †hvMv‡hvM Mfxi wQj Kvib ¯j c‡_i PvB‡Z †b․ c‡_i †hvMv‡hvM
ZrKvwjb †hv‡M mnRZi wQj| d‡j †m mg‡qi e‡½i mywbw ©ó wKQz ag©-
†e․×, wn›`y A_ev Bmjvg- AvivKv‡bi agx©q Ae¯vi Dci GKB mg‡q Mfxi
cÖfve we¯—vi K‡iwQj| AvivKvb cÖK…Z c‡¶ PÆMÖvgevmxi Rb¨ GKwU
AbyeZ©b| c~e© e‡½i mv‡_ AvivKv‡bi Dˇii j fv‡Mi Mfxi eÜz‡Z¡i
Kvi‡Y Ges 1203 mv‡j e‡½ gymwjg kvmb cÖwZôv nevi ci gymjgvb‡`i
mvs¯‥…wZK I ivR‣bwZK c Öfve AvivKv‡bi BwZnv‡m weivU Zvrch©c~Y© f~wgKv
†i‡LwQj| 1403 mv‡j AvivKv‡b gymwjg weR‡qi ci j c‡_ evg©vq cybivq
Bmjvg cÖmv‡ii KvR evavMª¯— n‡qwQj `Õy‡`‡ki ga¨¯‡j Aew¯Z KwVb
cvnvox cÖwZeÜKZvi Kvi‡Y|
AvivKvb cvnvo-ce©Z, Mfxi AiY¨, b`x Ges bvjv †ewóZ GKwU †`k| Gi
¯j fv‡Mi AwaKvsk GjvKv eb-R½‡j †Niv| Gi Dˇii Ask we¯—…Z
cvjwjK mgZj f~wg Øviv MwVZ Ges `w¶‡Yi Ask mi Ges cvnvox| Gi
†ek K‡qKwU mgy`ªK~jeZx© Øxc i‡q‡Q hvi g‡a¨ ÔivgixÕ I †Q`yev me© e„nr|
KvqyKcvqy Dckn‡ii K‡qK gvBj Dˇi ivgix Øx‡ci DcK‚‡j Mfxi cÖvK…wZK
†cvZvkªq i‡q‡Q| G Mfxi mgy‡`ªi cÖvK…wZK †cvZvkªqwU gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi
mßg iYZixi gZ A‡bK eo eo RvnvR‡K Avkªq w`‡Z cv‡i| DËi
AvivKv‡bi gvqy, Kvjv`vb I †jgi DcZ¨Kvi cvjwjK gvwU GZB De©i †h
GK mgq G AÂj‡K ÔavbvfvwZÕ ev avb fvÊvi ejv nZ| AvivKv‡b avb
Drcv`‡b GZUvB cÖmviZv I mdjZv jvf K‡iwQj †h wØZxq wek¦hy× ïi
ch©š— Gi AwZwi³ Drcvw`Z avb e¨vcK cwigv‡Y PÆMÖvg, KjKvZv, gv`ªvR,
Kj‡¤v Ges †KvwP‡b ißvbx Kiv n‡Zv| 1950 mv‡j ïaygvÎ AvwKqve A‡j
50wU Pv‡ji Kj wQj hvi meKwU‡Z mviv eQi 24 N›Uv KvR Kiv n‡Zv| avb
QvovI AvivKvb Gi cÖvK…wZK fv‡e †e‡o IVv †m¸b Mv‡Qi Rb¨ weL¨vZ wQj|
ïii w`‡K Avie ewYK‡`i hviv AvivKv‡b Zv‡`i ¶y`ª evwYR¨ K‡jvbx cÖwZôv
K‡iwQj, Zviv g~jZt GLvbKvi cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` I f~wgi •ewPÎ Ges
GLvbKvi Awaevmx‡`i AgvwqK e¨env‡i gy» n‡qB Zviv Zv K‡iwQ‡jb| Zviv
Zv‡`i Pjgvb mgy ª hvÎv cybivq Pvjy Kivi c~‡e© AvivKv‡b ¶wYK Ae¯v‡bi
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 21
mgq AvivKvbxq †j․n I KvVÑhv Ôwcbdv‡`․Õ e‡j cwiwPZ wQjÑ w`‡q Zv‡`i
RvnvR •Zwi KiZ I †givgZ KiZ| Ôwcbdv‡`․Õ QvovI AvivKv‡bi eb-
R½‡j cÖvK…wZK fv‡e †m¸b MvQ I Ab¨vb¨ fvj gv‡bi KvV Rb¥vq| ARmª
cwigv‡Y euvkI cvIqv hvq GLv‡b| ivevi Ges Pv Pv‡lI AvivKvb AMÖYx
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Gi my`xN© mgy`ªK~j gv‡Qi Rb¨ mg„×kvjx| mgy`ª DcK~j
I b`xbvjvq †Ni •Zwi K‡i gvbm¤§Z ißvbx †hvM¨ wPswo Drcv`b Kiv nq|
AvivKvb LwYR m¤ú‡`I mg„×kvjx| †mLv‡b mywbwðZ †c‡Uªv‡ji Ges LwYR
m¤ú‡`i fvÊvi i‡q‡Q| wKš‧ GLb ch©š— †m¸‡jv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cwiZ¨³ Ae¯vq
i‡q‡Q| AvivKv‡b me©‡gvU 17wU cÖkvmwbK †K›`ª i‡q‡Q| AvwKqve hv DËi
AvivKv‡b Kvjv`vb b`xi m¤§y‡L Aew¯Z AvivKv‡bi ivRavbx Ges Zv
AvivKv‡bi cÖavb mgy`ª e›`i wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| AvivKv‡bi Af¨š—ixY ¯j
c_ †hvMv‡hvM ¯^‡ívbœZ| GLv‡b †Kvb †ijc_ †bB| evg©vi mv‡_ Gi
†hvMv‡hvM n‡q _v‡K cÖavbZt AvKvk c‡_ I mgy`ª c‡_| evg©vi mv‡_ ¯j
c‡_ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ AvivKv‡b cvnvox A‡ji ga¨ w`‡q wZbwU iv¯—vI
i‡q‡Q| ÔAvbÕ Ges ÔUb¸cÕ iv¯—v `yÕ‡Uvi eZ©gvb Ae¯v c~‡e© Zyjbvq fv‡jv,
hLb G¸‡jv ïaygvÎ ï®‥ †g․my‡g e¨envi Kiv n‡Zv| Gi Rjevq~ gvSvwi
ai‡bi| GLv‡b wZbwU ¯^Zš¿ FZz i‡q‡Q - G¸‡jv n‡jv- kxZKvj, MÖx®§Kvj
Ges el©vKvj| GLv‡b eQ‡i cÖvq 200 Bw e„wócvZ n‡q _v‡K|
AvivKv‡bi ey¨rcwË I BwZnvmt
ÔAvivKvbÕ cwifvlvwU mywbwðZfv‡e Aviex A_ev dvimx fvlv n‡Z wbM©Z|
Dfq fvlv‡ZB Gi A_© GKB ai‡bi| GwU AviKvb (أركن) kãwUi weK…Z
iƒc, Ges kãwUi eûePb iK&b (ركن) hvi A_©- LuywU ev ¯—¤¢| Bmjv‡gi
†g․wjK gZev` ev wek¦vm‡K ejv nq ÔBmjv‡gi cuvPwU LyuwUÕ| Gfv‡e
ÔAvivKvbÕ kãwU Bmjvg I kvwš—i f~wgi Zvrch© enb K‡i| GLb †h GjvKvwU
AvivKvb e‡j cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i‡Q, ïi‡ZB G cwifvlvwUi A_© wbiƒcY Kiv
L yeB `yiƒn e¨vcvi wQj| wKš‧ AwaKZi mZ¨ NUbv n‡jv, 1430 mv‡j
†`kwU‡Z gymjgvb‡`i weR‡qi ci ÔAvivKvbÕ bvgwU RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 22
ZrKvjxb ¯^vaxb e½ myjZvb‡`i ivRKxq fvlv wQj dvimx Ges Zviv AvivKvb
Rq K‡i 1845 mvj ch©š— dvimx‡K `vßwiK fvlv wn‡m‡e Ae¨vnZ †i‡LwQj|
G mKj AvivKvb ivRviv hviv e‡½i myjZvb‡`i mv‡_ DËg m¤úK© eRvq
†i‡L Pj‡Zv ZvivB g~jZt Gi bvgKiY K‡iwQj AvivKvb| AvivKvb ivRviv
dvimx fvlvq we‡kl cvi`kx© wQj| ÒAvivKvb ivRv‡`i Bmjv‡gi †g․wjK
gZev` wkL‡Z GKkZ eQi †j‡MwQj| hLb GUv Zv‡`i wbKU Lye AvqË n‡q
G‡jv ZLb Zviv †`L‡jv †h GUv AvivKvb mvgªv‡R¨i fvlv wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ
jvf K‡i‡Q|Ó1
AvBb-B-AvKevi, evnvwi¯ —vb-B-Mv‡qex Ges Ôwmqvi-Dj-gyZvqvL&wLixbÕ
MÖš¸‡jvi †jLKMY kãwU‡K AviLvb&K ( ) wn‡m‡e wj‡L‡Qb, hv mvgvb¨
cwieZ©bmn ÔAvjgMxi bvgvÕ Ges Ôdv‡Zwnqv-B-Bewiqv MÖ‡š G‡m‡Q|
ga¨hyMxq cZy©MxR Ges BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ ågYKvixMY G kãwU‡K D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb, ÔAvivKvbÕ (Arracan ) ÔAvivKyÕ (ARRacoo), ÔIivKvbÕ
(Orrakan) Ges AvivKvb (Arrakan) e‡j| Ges fb wj݇Kv‡Ub GUv‡K
AvivKvb (Arakan) wn‡m‡e wj‡L‡Qb, hv AvaywbK bv‡gi AwaK wbKUeZx©|
KjKvZv hv`yN‡i msiw¶Z †ek K‡qKwU gy`ªvi g‡a¨ GKwU gy`ªv Ggb cvIqv
hvq ‡h †mwU AvivKvbxq kvmK myjZvb evnv`yi kvn KZ…©K 965 wnRix‡Z
(1557-58 mvj ) evbv‡bv n‡qwQj| G gy`ªvwUi GKcv‡k dvimx fvlvq
ÔKvwjgviÕ Qvc Ges Ab¨cv‡k ÔAvivKvbÕ kãwUi Qvc jvMv‡bv| Zuvi c~e©m~ix
myjZvb †gvnv¤§` kvn& KZ…©K 962 mv‡j evbv‡bv GKB ai‡bi Qvc hy³ Av‡iv
†ek wKQz gy`ªv cvIqv hvq, †h¸‡jv fvi‡Zi KjKvZv hv`yN‡i msi¶Y Kiv
n‡qwQj| GKB Qvcv¼ wewkó †gvnv¤§` kv‡ni Avg‡ji gy`ªv weªwUk hv`yN‡i
1 Arakan's place in civilization in the Bay in Journal of the Burma
Research Society (JBRS), Fiftieth Anniversary publications. No. 2. P.P.
491-2
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 23
msiw¶Z Ae¯vq cvIqv hvq| R‣bK HwZnvwmK gš—e¨ K‡iwQ‡jb, ÒGUv mZ¨
†h dvimx Drm eB¸‡jv‡Z ÔAvivKvbÕ bvgwU ÔAviLvb&KÕ (Arkhank) A_ev
mvgvb¨ ZviZg¨mn wjwce× Av‡Q| GUv n‡Z cv‡i †h, BD‡ivcxq iƒc ( )
AvivKv‡bi Zzjbvq RbwcÖq Aviexq iƒc ( ) ev LuywU kãwU gy ªv
cÖ¯‧ZKvixi wbKU AwaK cwiwPZ wQj| Avi G Kvi‡YB gy`ªv cÖ¯‧ZKvix †m
†`‡k cÖPwjZ Ab¨ bvg e¨wZ‡i‡K gy ªvi bvgKiY K‡iwQ‡jb Ô AvivKvbÕ|
Dc‡i Av‡jvwPZ gy`ªvi QvcvsKb¸‡jv we‡klY Ki‡j eySv hvq †h Ô AvivKvbÕ
bvgwU 16Õk kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mgq ch©š— e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q|
ÔAvivKvbÕ bvgwUi Dc‡i ewY©Z fvlv¸‡jv GKwU GKK-wewQbœ `„óvš— wn‡m‡e
Av‡m bvB| AvivKv‡bi wewfbœ weL¨vZ ¯vb, b`x I ce©Zgvjv Aviex A_ev
dvimx bvg AvK&Bqve (EK-ab ) hvi dvimx A_© - GK cvwbi †`k| †hgb
ejv nq cvbRve (Panj-ab) A_©- c cvwbi †`k| b`x¸‡jvi bvg †hgb
ÔKvjv`vbÕ (eyw×gvb), ÔbvdÕ (mœvq~), KzjvcvÄv ( c‡biRb wkw¶Z e¨w³) meB
Aviex A_ev dvimx kã fvÊvi †_‡K G‡m‡Q| G k㸇jv AvivKv‡b
Bmjv‡gi wbqš¿‡Yi GKwU cwiPq enb K‡i| Gfv‡e AvivKvb Ges
AvivKvbxqiv gymjgvb‡`i cÖZxKB enb K‡i|
hw`I mvaviY aviYv Abyhvqx AvivKv‡bi mKj RbMY gymjgvb Ges
†e․ׇ`i‡K GK‡Î AvivKvbxq ejv DwPZ, Z_vwc yf©vM¨ ekZ KwZcq
HwZnvwmK m¤ú~Y© fyj wb‡ ©kbvq ÔAvivKvbÕ cwifvlvwU‡K ïaygvÎ ÔgMÕ
(ivLvBb) k‡ãi cÖwZkã wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡ib| AvivKv‡bi †e․× m¤cÖ`vq
wb‡R‡`i‡K ÔivLvBbÕ e‡j m‡¤^vab K‡i| Zviv ÔAvivKvbxqÕ cwifvlvwU‡K
evgx©R fvlvq ÔivLvBbÕ A‡_© e¨envi K‡i| Gi Øviv Zviv GUv eyS‡Z Pvq †h
ÔAvivKvbÕ I ÔivLvBbÕ kã `yÕwU GKwU Ab¨wUi cÖwZkã| Z‡e Gi ga¨ †_‡K
gymjgvb‡`i‡K ev` †`qv nq †h‡nZz gymjgvbiv ivLvBb m¤cÖ`vq bq| wKš‧
welqwU cwi®‥vi fv‡e dz‡U D‡V‡Q GKRb weªwUk Avwg© †Rbv‡i‡ji †jLbx‡Z|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 24
whwb wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i mgq AvivKvb Awfhv‡b Ask wb‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb
wj‡L‡Qb- hLb Avgiv AvivKvb n‡Z Awfhvb cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i wb‡qwQjvg wVK
Zvi cieZx© mg‡q AvivKvbxq I gN‡`i g‡a¨ f~wg Ges ¶gZvi Rb¨ e¨vcK
msNl© n‡qwQj| ‡gRi G¨vb‡_vbx Bifxb bv‡gi Av‡iK weªwUk Kg©KZv© whwb
AvivKvb •mb¨ `‡j KvR Ki‡Zb| wZwb wj‡L‡Qb Ò me© cÖ_g gNiv hy×Uv‡K
Zv‡`i wbqš¿Yvax‡b †i‡LwQj, KviY Zviv wQj †MvQv‡jv Ges A ¿-k‡¯¿
mw¾ZÓ| wKš‧ †h‡nZz Zviv Dˇi Xy‡K c‡owQj †m‡nZz Zviv †mLv‡b K‡Vvi
cÖwZ‡iv‡ai m¤§yLxb n‡qwQj| Zviv †mLv‡b ïay AvUKB nqwb eis cðv`cmiY
Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQj|
‡ivqvs/ †ivnvs / †ivmnvs (cÖvPxb AvivKvb) t
‡ivqvs/†ivnvs/†ivmnvs cwifvlvwU cÖvPxb Kv‡ji wb`k©b enb K‡i| GwU
AvivKv‡bi cÖvPxb bvg| m¤¢eZ cwifvlvwU Aviex kã ivngvb ( ) n‡Z
wbM©Z hvi A_© †Lv`vi Avkxe©v`cyó f~wg| Avie I cvi‡m¨i cÖv_wgK hy‡Mi
ewYKMY G bvgwU Ò‡fmvjxÓi cªvPxb iv‡R¨i Dci Av‡ivc K‡ib| P›`ªvq
AvMg‡bi Kgc‡¶ GKkZ eQi c~‡e© Zviv †fmvjxq iv‡R¨ AvMgY K‡ib|
RvnvR `yN©Ubvq Avie ewYKMY †f‡m †f‡m cwðg AvivKvb DcK~‡ji GKwU
Øx‡c †c․‡Qb| ØxcwUi bvg Òing †evixÓ hvi Aviex A_© ÔAvjvni Avkxe©v‡`i
f~wgÕ| G cwifvlvwU GLbI mvgvb¨ cwieZ©bmn evwg©R fvlvq ivgeªx wn‡m‡e
cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| Avi Bs‡iRiv GwU‡K weK…Z K‡i bvg †i‡L‡Q ÔivgnxÕ| beg
I `kg kZvwãi Avie †f․‡MvwjKMY ÔRvwRivZ-Avj-ivngxÕ ev ÔivngvÕ f~LÊ
Øviv ÔivngÕ ivR¨‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| cieZ©x‡Z GwU †ivnvs/†ivmvs/†ivqvs G iƒcvš—
wiZ nq| Be‡b Lyi`v`exn bvgK GK Avie †f․‡MvwjK e‡j‡Qb-miYØxc
(mvBjb) Gi c‡i ÔRvwRivZ-Avj-ivngxÕ| †mLv‡b AvRe ÔBDwbKY©Õ cÖvYx
Ges †QvU †QvU Dj½ †jvK evm KiZ| HwZnvwmK gvmy`x miY Øxc I fviZ
mvMixq Øxc¸‡jvi c‡iB GwU‡K b`x Zxi †`k wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| G
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 25
mKj eY©bv e¨vcK Abyf~wZ wb‡q Av‡m †h ivngx ev ivngv e½‡cvmvMi Ges
gvjv°v cÖYvjxi gv‡S wbKUZg DcK~j f~wg‡Z Aew¯Z| Z‡e Gi mwVK
Ae vb L uy‡R †ei Kiv LyeB KwVb| GUv †L uvR Ki‡j cvIqv hv‡e †h ÔRvwRivÕ
kãwU ïaygvÎ ÔØx‡ciÕ A_©B cÖ`vb K‡ibv eis b`x Zxi f~wg‡KI eySvq|
†mvjvqgvb bv‡gi GKRb ewYK Ñ whwb beg kZvwãi gvSvgvwS mg‡q GLv‡b
emevm K‡i‡Qb Ñ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h ivn&gxÕi ivRv LyeB ¶gZvai wQj| hvi
50,000wU nvZx I 150,000 Rb •mb¨ wQj| GgbwK eZ©gvb hy‡MI
AvivKv‡bi R½‡j Ges PÆMÖv‡gi cvnvox A‡j e¨vcK cwigv‡Y ey‡bv nvZx
cvIqv hvq| m‡e©vcwi, GUv Abygvb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h Avie †f․‡Mvwj‡Ki
ÔRvwRivZ-Avj-ivngxÕ‡K AvivKvb †ejvf~wg Ô‡ivnvsÕ Gi Dci Av‡ivc Kiv
n‡qwQj| Bs‡iR ågYKvix i¨vd wdm ivngx ivR‡K ÔgMÕ‡`i GKwU †`k
wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| gMÕiv wQj AvivKv‡bi †e․× Rbmgwó|
m¨vi G.wc dvqix (A.P. Phayre) Avie †jLK‡`i ÔivngxÕ ivgy kã ؇qi g‡a¨
ey rcwËMZ m¤úK© Ly‡R‡Qb| Zvi g‡Z, ivgy `w¶Y PÆMÖv‡gi GKwU ¯vb
kw³ai iv‡R¨i Aewkóvsk| hv Avie †jLK‡`i Øviv ivngv, ivngx ev ingx
wn‡m‡e weåvš— n‡q‡Q| m¨vi G.wc. dvqixi G AwfgZ‡K mwVK wn‡m‡e MÖnY
Kiv hvq bv| KviY ÔivgyÕ KL‡bv GKwU ivRkvwmZ iv‡óªi †P‡q †ekx wKQz wQj
bv| wKš‧ cÖK…Z welq n‡Q BwZnv‡mi †Kvb mg‡qB Gi ¯^vZš¿ Ae vb m¤ú‡K©
wKQz Rvbv hvq bv | Ggb wK hw` GUv a‡i ‡bqv nq †h ivR¨wU beg I `kg
kZvãx‡Z Aw¯—Z¡ jvf K‡i _vK‡Z cv‡i, Zvn‡j GUv †Rvi w`‡q ejv hv‡e
†h GwU Dcgnv‡`kxq kw³ nIqvi Rb¨ h‡_ó e„nr ivR¨ wQj bv| †QvU GKwU
ivR¨ nIqv‡Z GwU Kv`vwPrB DËi fvi‡Zi cÖavb kw³¸‡jvi mv‡_ Zvi
†mbvevwnbxi †gvKv‡ejv K‡i‡Q|
cviZ c‡¶, Avie †jLK‡`i ÔivngÕ iv‡R¨i eY©bv ÔivgyÕ iv‡R¨i eY©bvq Lye
KgB cÖvavb¨ ‡c‡q‡Q| wKš‧ †ivnvs ivR¨ m¤ú‡K© h‡_ó Av‡jvPbv n‡q‡Q|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 26
1310 mv‡j msKwjZ ivwk`ywχbi GKwU MÖ‡š AvivKv‡bi bvg Ô‡ivnvbÕ
wn‡m‡e D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q hv †ivnvs Gi mv‡_ Mfxifv‡e mv`„k¨c~Y©| wZwb
wj‡L‡Qb †h ÔivnvbÕ (AvivKvb) †`kwU Lvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi Aaxb — f~wg|
HwZnvwmK Ges NUbvcÄx †jLKiv h‡_ó cix¶v-bxwi¶v K‡i e‡j‡Qb- cÖvPxb
AvivKvb‡K †ivqvs/†ivnvs/†ivmvs ejv n‡Zv| evwg©R BwZnvm ÔÔ myBRvs KvBgvÕÕ
(Chuijang ky athe ) MÖ‡š D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h evg©v †m mgq wZb fv‡M
wef³ wQj, hvi GKwU Ask kvmb KiZ PvKgv ivRv| PvKgviv Zv‡`i
wb‡R‡`i ga¨ †_‡K GKRb‡K ivRv evwb‡qwQj| Zvi bvg wQj ÔkvLvwjqvÕ (
mK‡ji Øviv wbe©vwPZ)| Zvi †Kvb cyÎ mš—vb wQj bv eis ïay gvwbKex bv‡gi
GKRb Kb¨v mš—vb wQj| Zvi ¯^vgx ev½vjx‡`i c‡¶i wQ‡jb Ges 1118-
1119 mv‡j †ivqvb (AvivKvb) bvgK †`‡k gN‡`i mv‡_ hy× K‡i‡Qb|
gvwbKexi ci Zvi cyÎ gvwbKMÖx †mLvbKvi ivRv nb Ges Gici Zvi cyÎ
Ôgv`vwjqvÕ ivRv nb| Zvici gv`vwjqvi cyÎ ivgv †VvsRv ivRv nb| Avi ivgv
†VvsRvi cyÎ wQj Kvgvj †PMv| Zvi kvmbvg‡j Ô†ivqvbÕ Gi mv‡_ †m †`‡ki
cÖevmx PvKgv‡`i GKUv hy× n‡qwQj| wÎcyiv DcvL¨vb ÔivRgvjvÕ D‡jL
K‡i‡Q †h wÎcyivi ivRv Ôavwbqv gvBbKvÕ PÆMÖvg `Lj K‡iwQ‡jb Ges Ô‡ivmvs
gvi`vb bvqvibÕ †K †mLvbKvi MfY©i wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM w`‡qwQ‡jb| GK&
DcvL¨v‡bi Aci GK RvqMvq D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h ivRv Ô‡ivmvsÕ iv‡R¨i
i‡Ü« i‡Ü« †c․‡Q wM‡qwQ‡jb Ges †mUv‡K cwic~Y©fv‡e Rq K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvici
ivRv †ivmvs ivR¨‡K cy‡ivcywi Aaxb¯ Kivi cwiKíbv wb‡q Zvi ivRavbx‡Z
wd‡i Avm‡jb|
evsjv‡`‡ki ÔgMÕ (†e․×)†`i‡K-Sywgqv gvN Ges †ivqvb gM G `yB †kªYx‡Z
wef³ Kiv nq| GUv Bw½Z K‡i †h †ivqvb gvNiv c~e© cwiwPZ †ivnvs n‡Z
G‡m‡Q| Giv Df‡qB AvivKv‡bi Avjv`v b„-‡Mvôxi Aš—f©y³| mß`k kZvwãi
weL¨vZ ivRKwe kvn& AvjvIj fvM¨vnZ †gvNj ivRcyÎ kvn myRvi g„Zy¨i ci
Zvi Kwbô Kb¨v Av‡gbv‡K wb‡q GKwU †kvKMuv_v iPbv K‡ib| †mLv‡b wZwb
†ivnvb Ges †ivwn½v ivR¨ m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvKcvZ K‡ib| Kwe Zvi
Aci `yÕwU weL¨vZ †jvKMuv_v-mvqdzj gyj&K ew`D¾vgvj I wmKv›`vi bvgv
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 27
MÖ‡š †ivqvs I †ivwn½v‡`i m¤ú‡K© mgvb fv‡e eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| Dc‡iv³ NUbv
I Z_¨cÖgvY n‡Z GKUv welq w`ev‡jv‡Ki b¨vq cwi®‥vi †h AvivKv‡bi Avw`
bvg wQj †ivnvs, †hUv me©cÖ_g Avieiv e¨envi K‡iwQj|
AvivKv‡bi RbMY:
AvivKv‡b `yÕwU e„nr b„-ZvwË¡K †Mvôx i‡q‡Q| G‡`i g‡a¨ ‡ivwn½v m¤cÖ`vq
msL¨v Mwiô RbMY wb‡q MwVZ Ges me©cwi Zviv Bmjvg a‡g© wek¦vmx| Avi
gvN ev ivLvBb m¤cÖ`vq msL¨vjNy RbMY wb‡q MwVZ Ges Zviv †e․×
ag©g‡Zi Abymvix| 1942 mv‡ji c~‡e© †ivwn½v Ges gvN Dfq m¤cÖ`vq KZ…©K
we —…Z cwim‡i AvivKvb `Lj n‡qwQj| 1942 mv‡j gymjgvb we‡ivax
`v½vKvjxb mg‡q `w¶Y AvivKv‡bi gymjgvb‡`i‡K DËiv‡j Zvwo‡q †`qv
n‡qwQj, †hLv‡b †e․× gNiv †`kwUi `w¶Y Aa©vsk `Lj K‡i wb‡qwQj|
eZ©gv‡b Zviv ‡mLv‡b msL¨v MwiôZv AR©b K‡i‡Q|
AvivKv‡bi cve©Z¨ A‡j wKQz Avw`evmx evm K‡i hv‡`i AwaKvsk we‡Ølx
g‡bvfvevcbœ| Zv‡`i msL¨v GLbI Lye bMY¨| Zviv n‡jv- KvwgR, ‡gªvR,
PvDs_vQ, mvK&m, wPbÄ, PvDR, LvDs‡mvm, AvnbyQ Ges †Kvbm| cÖavb b„-
‡Mvôx n‡jv-‡gªvR, KvwgR, PvDs_vQ Ges wPbR|
†ivwn½v m¤cÖ`vq t
†ivwn½v cwifvlvwU ÔivnvBÕ ev Ô‡ivmnv½xÕ kã n‡Z wbM©Z| †ivnvB Ges
†ivmv½x cwifvlv Øviv cÖvPxb AvivKv‡b emevmKvix gymjgvb Rb‡Mvôx‡K
eySvq| PÆMªv‡g emevmiZ gymjgvb Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ yÕwU ¯^Zš¿ Pwi‡Îi b„-
†Mvôx cvIqv hvq| G‡`i GKwU ÔPvUMvBqvÕ I Ab¨wU Ô‡ivnvBÕ e‡j cwiwPZ|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 28
GKB ag©g‡Zi Abymvix nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zv‡`i mvs¯‥…wZK Af¨v‡mi g‡a¨
ZviZg¨ i‡q‡Q| e¯‧Zt, PÆMÖv‡gi Ô‡ivnvBevÕ †mB mKj gymjgvb hviv eg©xq
b„ksmZvi Kvi‡Y [AvivKvb (†ivnvb) †_‡K cvwj‡q G‡mwQj]| 1784 mv‡j
evg©v KZ©„K AvivKvb Rei `L‡ji †Ri a‡i|
PÆMÖvg ‡Rjvi †gvU RbmsL¨vi cÂvk fv‡Mi †ekx n‡Q Ô‡ivnvBÕ hviv
AvivKv‡b Zv‡`i c~e©cyil‡`i DrcwË ‡LuvR K‡i Avie, g~i, ZzKx©,cvimxqvb,
†gvNj, cvVvb Ges ev½vwj‡`i gv‡S GKRb weªwUk Avwg© Awdmvi whwb wØZxq
wek¦hy‡×i mg‡q AvivKvb evwnbxi mv‡_ hy× K‡iwQ‡jb, wZwb AviKvb
gymjgvb‡`i b„-ZvwË¡K PwiÎ m¤ú‡K© gš—e¨ K‡i‡Qb Gfv‡e †h ÔÔ fviZ I
evg©vi †h mKj gymjgvb‡`i‡K Avwg †`‡LwQ AvivKv‡bi gymjgvbiv Zv‡`i
†_‡K m¤ú~Y© e¨wZµg| Zviv bvg, †cvkvK Ges Af¨v‡m Avie‡`i m`„k| bvix
Ges we‡kl K‡i hyeZx bvix‡`i e¨vc‡i GK ai‡bi ¯Zš¿ Aviexq ms¯úk©
i‡q‡QÕÕ|
‡ivwn½v fvlvi Dbœqb LyeB A™¢yZ cÖK„wZi| GwU wewfbœ Avlvi mswgkªY, †h
fvlv¸‡jv nvRvi eQ‡ii AwaK mgq a‡i AvivKv‡b we¯—vi jvf K‡iwQj|
GLv‡b D‡jL Kiv h_v_© †h gviK-BD (Mrauk-U) ivRv‡`i cÖv_wgK mgq
†_‡K 1845 mvj ch©š— dviwm AvivKv‡bi Awdwmqvj fvlv wn‡m‡e e¨envi
n‡q AvmwQj| †m mg‡q gªvDK-D ivRv‡`i mv‡_ e‡½i m¤úK© GZUvB Avš—
wiK I Mfxi wQj †h AvivKvb ivR mfvq evsjv mvwnZ¨ e¨vcK mg„w× AR©b
K‡iwQj| kvn& AvjvIj, ‡`․jZ KvRx Ges gvMb wmÏxwKi g‡Zv A‡bK
gymjgvb mfvKwe AvivKvb ivRv‡`i †mev K‡i‡Qb| Zviv dvimx, Aviex
A_ev wgkª fvlv †ivwn½v‡Z mvwnZ¨ iPbv KiZ| †ivwn½v fvlv‡K Zviv
wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ mg„× `vb K‡iwQj Ges Ges G fvlvwU wQj g~jZt Aviex,
dvimx, evsjv I AvivKvb (ivLvBb) fvlvi mswgkªY| hw`I †ivwn½v fvlv
AvivKvb ivRv‡`i kvmbvg‡j cÖmvi jvf K‡iwQj, wKš‧ eZ©gv‡b G fvlvwUi
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 29
‡jL¨iƒc cÖvq wejywßi c‡_| G fvlvwU gyjZt 1784 mv‡j evwg©R nvbv`vi
KZ…©K aŸsm cÖvß n‡qwQj Ges cieZ©x‡Z ZrKvjxb Dcwb‡ewkKMY †mUv‡K
h_vh_ msi¶Y K‡i bvB|
gM ev ivLvBb t
gM (Magh) kãwU m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e evsjv fvlv †_‡K Drcbœ| kãwUi mwVK
Zvrch© Ges P~ovš— Drcw˯j cwi¯‥vi | kãwUi me‡P‡q †ekx m‡š—vlRbK
Drcw˯j GKwU n‡Q hv GUv‡K fvi‡Zi cÖvPxb gvMvav-ivR cwiev‡ii
kvmbvg‡ji mv‡_ mshy³ K‡i‡Q| †e․× cÖwZcwËi n«vm ïi nq fvi‡Z ÔgvIixÕ
(Maurya) ivR‡Z¡i cZ‡bi ci †_‡K| wLªóvb kvm‡bi ïii w`‡K ivRv A‡kvK
†mLvbKvi ivRv wQ‡jb| µgvMZ AvU kZvwã mg‡q †e․×ev` Ges GK
i¶Ykxj eªvþY wn›`yev‡`i g‡a¨ GKUv msNl© n‡qwQj| gvMvav I cÖvPxb
wenv‡i †e․×iv i¶Ykxj wn›`y Ges cÖwZc¶ gvnvqvbv ‡e․ׇ`i Øviv GZ
gvivZœKfv‡e wbh©vwZZ n‡q‡Q †h Ô‡_iv‡f`vÕ †e․ׇ`i‡K eva¨ n‡q †mLvb
†_‡K cvwj‡q †h‡Z n‡q‡Q| Zviv ‡mLvb †_‡K cvwj‡q wM‡q wn› y ivRv kvwmZ
wfkvjx‡Z (Vesali) Avkªq MÖnY K‡i| ZLb †_‡KB Zv‡`i‡K ÔgvNÕ e‡j
WvKv nq| wKš‧ gvNvav Awfevmx‡`i g‡a¨ G‡m Avwiqvbiv Zv‡`imn
ag©vej¤^x-g‡½vwjqvb I wZeŸZxq-eg©xq‡`i Af¨š—ixY weevn m¤úv`b n‡Zv|
Zviv ivR¨wU‡K 957 mvj †_‡K cÖvq cuvP kZvãxKvj a‡i KiZjMZ K‡i
†i‡LwQj| fviZxq I g‡½vjxqvb‡`i mgš‡q m„ó bZzb k¼i (Hybrid)
RvwZ‡K eZ©gv‡bi mvaviY g‡½vjxq I wZeŸZxq-eg©xq †kªYx †_‡K AwZ
mn‡RB Avjv`v Kiv hvq| Gfv‡e eZ©gvb hy‡Mi AvivKvbx †e․×iv Zv‡`i
DrcwË Ly u‡R cvq gvMvavq| wKš‧ Zv‡`i mv‡_ g‡½vwjqvb‡`i mv`„k¨ n‡q‡Q
Ges Zv‡`i fviZxq PwiÎI nvwi‡q‡Q| m¤¢eZ ÔgMÕ k‡ãi DrcwË n‡e,
gvMvax, gvNx-gvMx, gM A_ev gvN| bZzb Bs‡iwR Awfavb D‡jL K‡i †h gM,
(Mog), g‡Mb (Mogen), gM (Mogue) k㸇jv AvivKv‡bi bvg Ges cÂg-
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 30
‡lvok kZvwãi AvivKvbxq RbMY‡K eySv‡Z e¨envi nq| Bs‡iR ch©UK i¨vd
wdP (Ralph Fitch) AvivKvb‡K Ôg‡MbÕ (Mogen) †`k wn‡m‡e mbv³
K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b AvivKvb I evsjv‡`k Dfq †`‡ki gvNiv G bvg eR©b
K‡i‡Q| Zviv `vex K‡i †h GUv Bs‡iR‡`i D™¢vweZ bZyb kã †hfv‡e Zviv
K‡i‡Q| weªwUkiv cÖv‡P¨ Av‡m Aóv`k kZvwã‡Z wKš‧ ÔgMÕ (Magh) cwifvlvwU
mßg Ges Aóg kZvwã‡ZI cÖPwjZ wQj| GLb welqwU cwi®‥vi †h gM
(Magh) kãwU Bs‡iR‡`i ‡¯^QvPvwiZv D™¢veb bq, †hgbUv eZ©gvb hy‡M
AvivKvb I evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk †e․×iv g‡b K‡i| wKš‧ cÖkœ n‡Q, †Kb
Zviv G bvg eR©b K‡i‡Q? cÖK…Z NUbv n‡Q †lvok kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS †_‡K
1784 mvj ch©š— cÖvq `yÕ kZ eQ‡ii AwaK mgq a‡i AvivKv‡bi gNiv
(magh) cZy©Mx‡Ri jyÉbKvix/`my¨‡`i mv‡_ †Mvcb AvuZvZ K‡iwQj. hv e‡½i
Rb-gvby‡li g‡b Ggb hš¿bv`vqK fq Ges AvZs‡Ki KviY n‡qwQj| Avi G
NUbv †_‡KB gvN (Magh) kãwU WvKvZ ev `my¨Õi cÖwZkã n‡q‡Q| wnsmªZv,
wbôziZv, AvBb-k„sLjv k~b¨Zv Ges Zv‡`i N„Y¨ Kvh©Kjvc Zv‡`i †`k‡K
Ôg‡Ni gyjyKÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ Kiv‡Z cÖavb mnvqK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| Ôg‡Ni
gyjyKÕ A_© AvBb-k„Ljv I wePvi-we‡ePbv wenxb GKwU ‡`k| Ôg‡Ni gyjyKÕ
GLb GKwU cÖev` ev‡K¨ cwiYZ n‡q‡Q- hvi evsjv A_© AivRKZv ev
†¯^QvPvwiZv|
wKQz wKQz HwZnvwmK m‡›`n cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb †h GivB †mB euvabnviv, wnsmª,
jyÉbKvix gvN hviv GLb AvivKvb I evsjv‡`‡k gvN †e․× wn‡m‡e emevm
Ki‡Q| cÖvß mKj NUbv Ges eY©bv G wel‡q mvgvb¨ m‡›`nI iv‡Lbv †h
eZ©gvb hy‡Mi gN ev AvivKvbxq jy‡Uiv gvN‡`iB eskai| HwZnvwmK
mvnveywÏb Uvwj‡ki mß`k kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡q GKwU eY©bv G NUbvi
mZ¨vqb Kivi Rb¨ h‡_ó †h, ÔgvNÕ jy‡Uiv wQ‡jv AvivKvb iv‡R¨i Awaevmx|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 31
ÒAvivKvbx Rj`my¨ivÓ gN Ges wdwisMx DfqB cvwb c‡_ G‡m e‡½ jyUZivR
KiZ| Zviv wn›`y I gymjgvb, bvix I cyil, †QvU-eo, Kg-‡ewk mevB‡K
AvUK K‡i †Rvic~e©K Zy‡j wb‡q †hZ| Zviv Zv‡`i nv‡Zi Zvjy we× KiZ|
Zviv Zv‡`i cðvr‡`k w`‡q †e‡Zi jvwV XywK‡q w`‡Z Ges Zviv G‡Ki ci
Ab¨ Rb‡K Rvnv‡Ri †W‡Ki wb‡P †d‡j w`Z| cï-cvwL‡`i‡K †hfv‡e Lv`¨
Quz‡o †`qv nq wVK †mfv‡e cÖ‡Z¨K mKvj I we‡K‡j Zviv ew›`‡`i Dci ivbœv
wenxb Pvj Quz‡o gviZ |
gMiv weMZ eû kZ eQi a‡i G RNb¨ bvgUv AR©b K‡i‡Q hv GLb Zv‡`i
DËim~ix‡`i Rb¨ LyeB j¾vi KviY n‡q uvwo‡q‡Q| eis G bv‡gi cwie‡Z©
Zviv GLb wb‡R‡`i‡K ivLvBb ej‡Z ïi K‡i‡Q, hv AvivKvb Ges
gymjgvb‡`i mv‡_ mivmwi m¤úK©hy³|
AvivKvbxq DcvL¨vb g‡Z, ÔivLvBbÕ kãwU Ôiv¶vcyivÕ ev Ôiv¶‡mi †`kÕ n‡Z
G‡m‡Q| iv¶m ej‡Z Ggb GK ‣`Z¨‡K wb‡ ©k K‡i hv †`L‡Z A‡a©K gvbyl
Ges A‡a©K cï| AvivKvb DcvL¨v‡bi `jxj cÖgvY †c․ivwYK I KíKvwnbx
wbf©i| AvivKvb DcvL¨v‡bi `vex‡K †Rviv‡jv Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡`i HwZnvwmK
†Kvb cÖgvY †bB| ivLvBb cwifvlvwU †ivqvs/wi‡Kvb k‡ãi weK…Z iƒc, hv
AvivKv‡bi cyivZb bvg| †lvok kZvwãi gvSvgvwS mg‡qi GKRb ZzKx©
bvweK wm`x Avjx †Pwjex ÔivLvBbÕ‡K ÔivKvb&RÕ wj‡L‡Qb| GUv m¤¢e †h
Aviex aŸwb DPvi‡Y mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y g‡½vjxqvb evgx©Riv AvivKvb (اراكن)
k‡ãi cÖ_g n‡Z Aviex Avwjd (ا)†K ev` w`‡q ïaygvÎ ivKvb (راكن)
DPviY K‡i‡Qb| hvB‡nvK, ivKvb, ivKvb&R, AviLvb&K, wiKb, Aviv‡Kv,
AviKvb cwifvlv¸‡jv wewfbœ HwZnvwmK KZ„©K e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| Avi G¸‡jvi
meB †ivqvs A_ev AvivKv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| GUv †Kvbfv‡eB Ôiv¶vcyivÕi
mv‡_ m¤ú„³ bq, AvivKvbxq DcvL¨vb †hfv‡e `vex K‡i‡Q|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 32
gN‡`i K_¨ fvlv gwN ev ivLvBb †hgbUv Zviv e‡j-GKwU Avjv`v fvlv bq
eis mvgvb¨ DPviY/aŸwYMZ cv_©K¨mn GwU LuvwU evwg©R kã| ivLvBb fvlvi
Avjv`v †Kvb †jL¨ iƒc bvB| ivLvBb fvlv m¤ú‡K© HwZnvwmKMY wb‡gœv³ gš—
e¨ K‡i‡Qb|
Ò ivLvBb fvlvi Avwef©ve ev cÖKvk welqK cÖkœwU †ek KwVb| nq GwU `kg
kZvwãi g‡½vjxq nvbv`vi‡`i fvlv A_ev GwU GKv`k I Øv`k kZvwã‡Z
evg©vi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m cwiï×Zv †c‡q‡Q| wKš‧ welqUv GLbI AgxgvswmZ i‡q
†M‡Q| AvivKv‡bi fvlv evgx©R fvlvi gZB hv ïaygvÎ AvÂwjK fvlv wn‡m‡eB
e¨eüZ nq| fvlv ZvwË¡K mgm¨v¸‡jv gv_vPvov w`‡q D‡V‡Q hv mgvavb Kiv
LyeB KwVb| G cÖkœUv DËg gxgvsmvi cÖwZ¶v Ki‡Q|Ó
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 33
wØZxq Aa¨vq
Avw` BwZnvm
abveZx mvgªvR¨ (The Kingdom of Dhannavati)t
cÖvß mKj HwZnvwmK Z_¨, HwZn¨, wnmve-wbKvk Ges DcvL¨vb G wel‡qi
w`‡KB Bw½Z K‡i †h my`~i cÖvPxb †_‡K AvivKvb wQj GKwU wn›`y ivR¨|
L„óc~e© 2666 Aã ch©š— AvivKvb ivRv‡`i mKj Z_¨-DcvË G
DcvL¨vb¸‡jv‡Z i‡q‡Q| Av‡iv wbwðZ K‡i ejv hvq †h, wLªóvb kvm‡bi cÖvq
cÖ_g kZvwãi w`‡K gviK-BD (Mrauk-u) n‡Z cÖvq 40 gvBj DËi-cwð‡g
Ô‡jgivÕ b`xi Zx‡i abveZx mvgªvR¨ M‡o D‡VwQj| gviK-BD (Mrauk-u) wQj
cÖvPxb AvivKv‡bi ivRavbx| cÖZœZvwË¡K M‡elYvmg~n Bw½Z ‡`q †h GjvKvwU
AvR AvivKvb e‡j cwiwPZ eû eQi a‡i Zv wn›`y ivRv‡`i Avevmf~wg wQj|
AvivKv‡bi cvk¦©eZx Mv‡½q e-Øx‡ci mgmvgqxK ag©I wQj wn›`yev`| P›`ª
(Chandra) ivRv‡`i kvm‡bi PvikZ eQi c~‡e© Pxbv ågYKvix dv-wn‡qb
(Fa-Hein) (405-411mvj) wn›`y¯—vb ågY K‡ib| ZLb wn› y¯—v‡bi kvmK
wQj ¸ßiv| eªvþY wQj me‡P‡q m‡e©vrK…ó miKvi| wKš‧ wZwb †mLv‡b nvRvi
nvRvi gvnvqvb I wnbvqvb mbœvmx‡`i AvLov n‡Z Z_¨-DcvË msMÖn K‡i Px‡b
wd‡i wM‡qwQj| G mKj AÂj †mmgq cÖvPxb †`eZv‡`i MxR©v, †e․ׇ`i
AmsL¨ eBcÎ Ges msiw¶Z ¯§„wZwP‡ý mg„× wQj| fviZ hw`I GKwU †e․×
ivóª wQj bv, Zey AmsL¨ †e․× ¯vcbv eû w`b a‡i wU‡K wQj|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 34
Gg.Gm KwjQ (M.S. Collis) Zvi weL¨vZ MÖš Ôw` j¨vÊ Ae `¨ †MÖU B‡gRÕ
G wj‡L‡Qb Ò g‡½vwjqvb Avµg‡Yi c~‡e©, AvivKv‡bi cÖv_wgK hy‡M †mLv‡b
GKwU gvÎ kni M‡o D‡VwQj hvi bvg wQj abveZx| 1924 mv‡j Avwg hLb
†mLvbKvi cve©Z¨ AÂj¸‡jv cwi`k©b Kwi ZLb †`L‡Z cvB †h †mLv‡b
AmsL¨ cv_‡ii fv¯‥h© i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv wQj cÂg kZvwãi †mb hyMxq fv¯‥‡h©i
gZ| †m mg‡qi cÖ_g w`‡K AvivKv‡b †e․×ev‡`i AvMgY A¯^vfvweK wQj
bv| KviY mgy`ª c‡_ Gi †hvMv‡hvM wQj gnv mf¨Zvi †K›`ªwe›`y fvi‡Zi
mv‡_| BwjqU D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Òm‡›`‡ni AeKvk †bB †h e‡½vcmvM‡ii `w¶Y
DcK~jxq AÂj Ges gvjv°v A‡ji g‡a¨ cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K e„nr cwim‡i
Av`vb-cÖ`vb ev †hvMv‡hvM wQj| G m¤úK©Uv P~ovš— ch©v‡q †c․‡QwQj hLb
†e․×iv cÂg I lô kZvwã‡Z kvmb ¶gZvq wQj|
AvivKvb DcvL¨vb Abyhvqx, abveZxi kvmK ivRv P›`ª mywiqvi kvmbvg‡j
AvivKv‡b †e․×ev‡`i AvMgb N‡U| Ges ‡m mgq Zvi c„ô‡cvlKZvq cÖ_g
kZvwãi w`‡K gnvgywY †e․‡×i cÖwZg~wZ© vcb Kiv nq|
P›`ª‡`i kvm‡bi †`okZ eQi c~‡e© (788-957) GK Zx_©hvÎx wn‡qb mvs
(630 mvj) wn›`y¯—v‡b †eov‡Z Av‡mb| †mmgq wn›`y¯—v‡bi ivRv wQ‡jb nl©.
whwb †mLv‡b wke, m~h© I ey‡×i cÖwZgv wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| G Av‡jvPbvq eySv
hvq †h †e․× ag©vej¤^xiv wQj D`vi g‡bi hv‡`i Kv‡Q wn› y †`eZv I †M․Zg
ey× mgvb gh©v`vevb wQ‡jb| wn›`y¯—v‡bi G ai‡bi ag©xq Kv‡Ri PP©v Zv‡`i
cvk¦©eZ©x †`k AvivKv‡bi ag©xq Kvh©vejx‡KI e¨vcK cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj|
D‡jwLZ mKj Z_¨-DcvË †_‡K Avgiv G wm×v‡š— DcbxZ n‡Z cvwi ‡h,
†fmvjx kvm‡bi c~‡e© AvivKv‡b wn›`yev` I †e․×ev` DfqB e¨vcK cÖmvi jvf
K‡iwQj|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 35
†fmvjx ivR¨ (788-957)
788 mv‡j P›`ª bv‡gi GK bZzb ivResk †fmvjx bMix cÖwZôv K‡i| G
bMixwU GKwU weL¨vZ e›`i bMi wn‡m‡e cÖwmw× cvq, †hLv‡b cÖwZeQi nvRvi
nvRvi RvnvR cY¨ enb K‡i wb‡q AvmZ| AvivKvbx DcvL¨vb Abyhvqx G
es‡ki bqRb ivRv eskvbyµ‡g 788 †_‡K 957 mvj ch©š— †mLv‡b kvmb
cwiPvjbv K‡i| G‡`i g‡a¨ beg mve©‡f․g kvm‡Ki bvg wQj my-iv-ZvBb
P›`ª| whwb e‡½ Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i Ô_yivUvbÕ bv‡gi GK kvmK‡K civwRZ
K‡ib| AZtci wZwb †mLv‡b Ô‡PUvMvsÕ (PÆMÖvg) bvgK ¯v‡b GKwU weRq ¯—¤¢
wbg©vY K‡ib|
P›`ª ivRv‡`i ag©xq Kvh©vejx wbiƒcY Kivi Rb¨ cÖvPxb †mB bMixi aŸsmve‡kl
wb‡q M‡elYv Kiv nq| cÖvPxb †mB bMixwUi Aw —Z¡ cvIqv hvq ÔgviK-BD
(Mrauk-u) bMix n‡Z Qq gvBj `~‡i †QvU GKwU Li‡mªvZv b`xi Zx‡i Ges
e‡½vcmvMi n‡Z cÂvk gvBj wfZ‡i ¯jf~wg‡Z| GQvov AvivKv‡b cÖvß gy`ªv
†_‡KI Avgiv †fmvjx iv‡R¨i mÜvb cvB|
cÖvPxb †fmvjx bMixi aŸsmcÖvß ¯vb Rwic Kiv nq wb wKsev Avwe®‥v‡ii
D‡Ï‡k¨ Lbb Kiv nq wb, ZeyI AwbqwgZ M‡elKiv †mLv‡b Aewkó B‡Ui
†`qvj ‡`‡L eyS‡Z cv‡i †h GwU GKwU wekvj GjvKv‡K wN‡i †i‡LwQj|
`w¶Y cv‡k¦©i †`qvjwU wQj cv_‡ii ‣Zwi| †`qv‡ji wfZ‡i AmsL¨ KviKvh©
LwPZ cv_i, g~wZ© mymw¾Z ¯ —¤¢ Ges dy‡ji QvcvswKZ †`qvj i‡q‡Q| †h¸‡jvi
eY©bv Avgiv Aóg kZvwãi †bMvix Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ cvB| cv_‡ii G g~wZ© ‡jv
Zv‡`i †`eZvi AvK…wZ enb K‡i Ges g~j —‡¤¢i Dci wk‡ei cweÎ lvu‡oi
cÖwZg~wZ© i‡q‡Q| G mKj aŸsmve‡kl Kvh©KiY I welqMZfv‡e cÖK…Z wn› y
ag©vej¤^x‡`i ¯§„wZ wPý enb K‡i|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 36
†fmvjx gy`ªvi Qvcv¼¸‡jv n‡Q- luvo, bvw›`, wk‡ei cÖwZg ~wZ©, wk‡ei wÎïj,
dzj`vbxi gZ wKQz GKUv Ges bvMix Qvcv¼b| G mKj welq GUvB Bw½Z
K‡i †h †fmvjx gy`ªv¸‡jv LuvwU eªvþY HwZ‡n¨i ¯§„wZevnx| wKš‧ eªvþY
wb`k©bevnx G gy`ªv¸‡jv gvnvqvb ivRes‡ki mv‡_ m½wZnxb bq| GKB mg‡q
e‡½i gvnvqvb ivRviv eªþY gy`ªvi cÖPjb K‡iwQ‡jb| GUv GKwU cÖgvY †h
Aóg kZvwãi e‡½i gvnvqvb †e․×ev‡`i mv‡_ wn› yev‡`i m¤úK© KZUv
Nwbó|
‡h‡nZz e‡½ cvk¦©eZx© ivóª Ô†fmvjxÕ (Vesali) GKwU wn›`y ivóª wQj, †m‡nZz
GUv aviYv Kiv hvq †h Gi agx©q BwZnvmI wQj GKB ai‡bi|
wnbvqvbev` wejyß n‡qwQj, Gi d‡j gvnvqvbev` †g․wjK wn›`yev‡`i mv‡_
mg‡SvZv K‡iwQj G A‡_© †h †M․Zgey× Zv‡`i †`eZv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU
†`eZvq cwiYZ n‡qwQj| GgbwK c¨vbwUKev‡`i †h․b hv yI Gi e¨wZµgx
wQj bv| GUv Zvrch©c~Y© †h Kgc‡¶ GKwU U¨vbwUK fv¯‥h© †fmvjx'‡Z
(Vesali) cvIqv †M‡Q | D‡ivwjwLZ Z_¨ cÖgvYvw`i wfwˇZ ejv hvq †h
†fmvjx ivR¨wU e‡½i wn›`y iv‡R¨i c~e©m~ix| Giv gvnvqbv †e․ׇ`i Abymvix
wQj Ges miKvi I RbM‡Yi Df‡qB wQj fviZxq|
AvivKv‡b Bmjv‡gi AvMgb
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 37
cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡KB Avieiv kxl©¯vbxq mgy`ªPvix I bvweK cÖK…wZi wQj| Z…Zxq
kZvwãi cÖ_g ‡_‡KB `w¶Y Gwkqv, `w¶Y c~e© Gwkqv Ges `~i-cÖv‡P¨i
†`k¸‡jvi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM wQj| †m mgq †_‡KB Avieiv AvivKvb †_‡K
mygvÎv, Rvfv ch©š— Ges gvjvKvQ mn `w¶Y Gwkqv I `w¶Y c~e© Gwkqvi mgy ª
DcKyj¸‡jv‡Z Zv‡`i e¨emvi †QvU †QvU K‡jvYx ¯vcb K‡iwQj| Zvici
mßg kZvwãi gvSvgvwSi w`‡K Avie‡`i Rb¨ GKwU bZzb m~‡h©i D`q N‡U|
G mgq Bmjvg GKwU gnv Ava¨vwZ¥K, mvgvwRK Ges ivR‣bwZK kw³ wn‡m‡e
Avwef©~Z nq| gnvbex (mt) Gi g„Zz¨i GKkZ eQ‡ii g‡a¨B Zviv †iv‡gi
†P‡q ¶gZvai GKwU kw³kvjx ivR‡Z¡i cÖfyZ¡ AR©b K‡i| Zv‡`i mgy ª
AvwacZ¨ e„w× †c‡qwQj f~-ga¨mvM‡ii y AeevwnKv n‡Z wb‡gœ †jvwnZ mvMi
n‡Z fviZ mvM‡ii cwiwPZ mxgvbv ch©š—| †jvwnZ mvMi Kvh©Zt wQj GKwU
ÒAvie n«`Ó|
hvB‡nvK, mgy`ª mxgvbvq Zv‡`i mivmwi ivR‣bwZK wbqš¿Y wbgœ B‡›`v
DcK~jxq GjvKvi evB‡i c~‡e©i AÂj¸‡jv‡Z cÖmvwiZ wQj bv| GZ`m‡Ë¡I
Avgiv Avie emwZi AmsL¨ A™¢~Z `„k¨ †`L‡Z cvB gvjØxc, mvBj‡g Ges
Zv‡`i evwYwR¨K Kg©KvÊ Av›`vgvb, wb‡Kvei, AvivKvb DcK~j, gvjq, mygvÎv
Ges Rvfv ch©š— we —…Z n‡qwQj| G mgq Zviv Zv‡`i ag©xq I ivR‣bwZK
Kvh©vejx Avb‡›`i mv‡_ Dc‡fvM KiZ| G mKj A‡j Bmjvg AvMgb
K‡i‡Q †Kvb ivR‣bwZK mg_©b QvovB Ges G mKj †`‡ki gvwUi mv‡_
AvZœxqZvi m¤úK© M‡o Zz‡j‡Qj kZvwã †_‡K kZvwã ch©š—| ïaygvÎ myjZvb
gvngy KZ…©K fviZ Avµg‡Yi mgq Ges cvðvZ¨ we‡k¦ µm Ges wµ‡m‡›Ui
g‡a¨ msNl© n‡qwQj|
evg©v †M‡R‡Ui †jLK wg. Aviwe ¯§vU© (RB Smart) D‡jL K‡i‡Qb - Ò cÖvq
788 mv‡j gnvUvBs mvbw`qv wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wZwb †mLv‡b cÖvPxb
ivgvf`x GjvKvq GKwU bZzb bMix (†fmvjx) cÖwZôv K‡ib| Ae‡k‡l evBk
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 38
eQi kvm‡bi ci wZwb ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib| Zvi kvmbvg‡j ivgix Øx‡c †ek
K‡qKwU RvnvR aŸs‡mi NUbv N‡UwQj| ejv n‡q _v‡K aŸsmcÖvß
RvnvR¸‡jvi ÔµzÕ‡`i‡K- hv‡`i‡K †gvnv¤§v`xq ag©vej¤^x ejv nq- AvivKvb
m`‡i cvVv‡bv n‡qwQj Ges Zv‡`i‡K †mLvbKvi MÖv‡g ¯vqxfv‡e emev‡mi
e¨e¯v Kiv n‡qwQj| Ó
AvivKvbxq DcvL¨v‡b D‡jL Av‡Q †h, GKB mg‡q gymjgvb dwKi-`i‡ekiv
c~e© †_‡KB AvivKv‡bi DcK~jxq AÂj¸‡jv‡Z ågY KiZ| eûj cwiwPZ
GKwU NUbv n‡Q- Ôe`i †gvKvgÕ e‡j AwfwnZ gymjgvb‡`i Zx_©¯vb¸‡jv
¯§„wZ i¶vg~jK `iMvn hv cxi e`iÏxb e`ix-B-Avjg Gi Abymvixiv
AvivKv‡bi DcK~j GjvKvq wbgv©Y K‡iwQj| gvq~ GjvKvq iƒcK_vi nvwbdvi
†UvsKx Ges Lv‡qdz‡ii †UvsKx, Avgevixi evevRx kvn& †gvbv‡q‡gi `iMvn
Ges AvKv‡q‡ei cxi e`i kv‡ni `iMvn G mKj NUbv Aóg kZvwãi ïi‡Z
AvivKv‡b gigx mvaK‡`i AvMg‡bi P~ovš— `jxj enb K‡i| AvivKvb
DcvL¨vb Av‡iv Z_¨ †`q †h †c․ËwjK kvm‡bi mgq gymjgvb mvaKMY
AvivKv‡b ågY K‡iwQ‡jb| AvivKv‡bi DcvL¨v‡b ivRv AvbvIivUvi
kvmbvg‡ji GKwU NUbv D‡jL K‡i †h, Ò hLb wZwb (ivRvi Abymvix) GKwU
e‡b cÖ‡ek Ki‡jb wZwb †mLv‡b Ava¨vwZ¥K cÖÁvevb GKRb ÔdKxiÕ‡K
†`L‡Z ‡c‡jb| G NUbv GUvB cÖgvY K‡i †h ïay gymjgvb e¨emvqxivB
Av‡mb bvB eis gymjgvb mvaK Ges `i‡ekiv cÖv_wgK mgq¸‡jv‡Z
DcK~jxq A‡j Aev‡a Avmv-hvIqv Ki‡Zb|
G mKj Avie e¨emvqx Ges mvaKiv †mLvbKvi ¯vbxq †jvKR‡bi g‡a¨
wgkbvix Kvh©vejx cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb| H mKj f³ Abymvix‡`i DrK…ó •bwZK
PwiÎ Ges DP wgkbvix DÏxcbv e¨vcK msL¨K †jvK‡K gnvb Bmjv‡gi cÖwZ
AvK…ó K‡iwQj| hviv mevB wg‡j Bmjvg‡K ey‡K Rwo‡q wb‡qwQj| cÖv_wgK
Avie‡`i A‡b‡K †mLvbKvi ¯vbxq bvix‡`i‡K we‡q K‡iwQ‡jb Ges
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 39
†mLvbKvi MÖvg I kn‡i Zviv ¯vqx fv‡e emwZ ¯vcb K‡iwQ‡jb| Avie
ewYKMY ¯j c‡_ AvivKvb B‡qvgv n‡q DËi evg©vq Zvici Px‡b Mgb
Ki‡Zb| A_ev Zviv cvwb c‡_ gvjv°v, mygvÎv I Rvfv n‡q `~i cÖv‡P¨
cwiågY Ki‡Zb| evwYR¨ n‡Z ga¨ cÖv‡P¨i w`‡K †divi c‡_ Avie ewYKMY
AvivKvb n‡q GKB iU AbymiY Ki‡Zb| ejv n‡q _v‡K, eZ©gvb kZvwã
ch©š— AvivKv‡bi ‣e‡`wkK evwYR¨ cy‡ivcywi wbqš¿Y Ki‡Zv Avie ewYKMY|
ag© cwieZ©b Ges bZzb Awfevm‡bi d‡j cieZ ©x kZvw㸇jv‡Z AvivKv‡b
gymjgvb RbM‡Yi msL¨v e¨vcK cwigvY e„w× cvq| HwZnvwmK wR.B. nvi‡f
(G.E. Harvey) D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Ò`kg kZvwãi ci †`kwU ¯^Kxqfv‡e †e․×
†`k wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQj G Kvi‡Y †h †mLv‡b †gvnv¤§v`xev` (Bmjvg)
AcÖwZ‡iva¨ wQj| d‡j †Zi kZvwã‡Z Avmvg †_‡K gvjq ch©š— mgy`ª KzjeZx©
GjvKv¸‡jv‡Z hv †e․× †gvKvg e‡j cwiwPZ wQj, †mLv‡b AmsL¨ gmwR`
¯vcb Kiv n‡qwQj| m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e ejv hvq †h evg©vi Zzjbvq AvivKv‡b
†gvnv¤§v`xev` ev Bmjvg bvix‡`i‡K mgvR †_‡K weQbœ ivLvi †¶‡Î †ewk
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q|
†Zi kZvwãi g‡a¨ Bmjvg Avwd«Kvi AvUjvw›UK DcK~j AÂj Ges e‡½i
RbM‡Yi ü`q I AvZœv Rq Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj| Zv Zv‡`i mKj kw³kvjx
gyj¨‡eva¸‡jv‡K cÖPvi K‡iwQj| AvivKvb e‡½i cvk¦©eZx© Ges B‡Zvg‡a¨B
GKwU kw³kvjx gymjgvb Rbmgwó nIqv‡Z, †Zi kZvwã †_‡KB AvivKv‡b
Bmjv‡gi cÖfve-cÖwZcwË Av‡iv m~`„p n‡qwQj| HwZnvwmK wW.wR.B nj (D.
G. E. Hall) Dc‡iv³ eY©bvi mg_©‡b e‡j‡Qb, ÒAv‡bvqvivBUvi kvmbvg‡j
†c․ËwjKiv AvivKv‡b Zv‡`i KZ©„‡Z¡i †NvlYv w`‡qwQj| wKš‧ 1287 mv‡ji
ci GwU& AKvh©Ki n‡q c‡o| Ges hw`I 1433 mv‡j bviv‡gLjv KZ…©K
†ivnvs ivRZ¡ cÖwZôv nIqvi c~‡e© †mLv‡b gv‡S g‡a¨ evwg©R Ges gM‡`i n —
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 40
‡¶c wQj, Z_vwcI evg©vi Zzjbvq AvivKv‡bi mv‡_ †gvnv¤§v`xq (Bmjvgx)
fvi‡Zi m¤úK©Uv wQj m¤¢eZ Av‡iv Mfxi Ges wbweo|
GUv D‡jL‡hvM¨ †h, cvk¦©eZx© †e․× ivóª wÎcyiv A_ev wn›`y ivR¨ fvi‡Zi
cwie‡Z© AvivKvb ivRv bviv‡gBLjv gymwjg kvwmZ e½ f~wg‡Z Avkªq MÖnY
Ki‡Z AwaK AvMÖnx n‡qwQ‡jb| hvB‡nvK e‡½ Zvi `xN© w`‡bi Ae¯vb
AvivKv‡bi BwZnv‡mi Dci GK AmvaviY cÖfve we¯—vi K‡iwQj|
Ôbviv‡gBLjvÕ †M․i Gi †Kv‡U© MwYZ I cÖvK…wZK weÁv‡bi gv‡S ‣ecweK
aviYvmg~n wk‡L Zvi ga¨eZ©x eQi¸‡jv KvwU‡q wQ‡jb| Dfq we`¨v
G‡Kk¦iev`x wek¦v‡mi mv‡_ GK n‡q Bmjv‡gi mdjZv‡K K‡iwQj Av‡iv
cwicyó| Gwkqvi mvgš—Zvwš¿K mgvR e¨ve¯v Gi wei‡× †Kvb my`~i cÖmvix
cÖwZ‡iva M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡iwb Ges G wek¦vm Ges Áv‡bi cÖPÊ H‡K¨ kw³i
DÌvb †iv‡a A¶g n‡qwQj|
AvivKv‡b gvMvav †e․ׇ`i AvMgY
( Influx of magadah Buddhists into Arakan) t
Av‡MB D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h AvivKv‡b †e․×ev‡`i AvMgY ïi n‡qwQj Lªxó
cÖ_g kZvwãi w`‡K| Aóg kZvwã‡Z wn›`y c~bR©vMi‡Yi †bZv ÔksKivPvh©¨Õi
(Sankaracharjya) mg‡q fvi‡Z †e․×iv me‡P‡q †ekx nqivbxi wkKvi
n‡qwQj| gvMvavq (fvi‡Zi cyivb wenvi) i¶Ykxj wn›`y I †e․ׇ`i gvnvqvbv
cÖwZc¶ KZ…©K †e․×iv GZ wbg©gfv‡e wbh©vwZZ n‡qwQj †h wecyj msL¨K
wnbvqvbv †e․× eva¨ n‡q c~e©iv‡R¨ cjvqb K‡iwQj| hviv Zvr¶wYKfv‡e P› ª
ivRv‡`i Aax‡b AvivKv‡b Avkªq †c‡qwQj| GgbwK Aóg I beg kZvwã‡Z
wZeŸZ weRq Kvjxb mg‡q e½ n‡Z AvMZ †e․× kiYv_x©iv AvivKv‡b Avkªq
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 41
wb‡qwQj, hv‡Z K‡i †mLv‡b Zviv Zv‡`i ag©Uv‡K i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i| D‡jL¨
†h, gvMvav Zvi mymg‡q e½‡K Zvi g‡a¨ Aš—fy©³ K‡iwQj| G mKj †e․×
Awfevmxiv ÔgvNÕ bvg aviY K‡i †h‡nZz Zviv gvMvav n‡Z AwfevwmZ n‡q‡Q|
G mg‡q AvivKv‡b wn›`y, †e․× Ges Bmjvg mKj ag© cvkvcvwk we¯—vi jvf
K‡iwQj, wKš‧ GKUv weivU cwigv‡Yi Ab¨ ag©vej¤^x Bmjv‡g `xw¶Z
n‡qwQj|
g‡½vjxq AvµgY
‡h mgq AvivKv‡b wZbwU ag© cvkvcvwk we¯—vi jvf KiwQj, †m mgq `w¶Y
g‡½vjxq‡`i GKwU nvgjv AvivKv‡bi Dci w`‡q e‡q hvq, hv 957 mv‡j P› ª
ivRes‡ki cwimgvwß NwU‡qwQj| G fv‡e c~e©eZx© wn›`y ivR¨ Ô‡fmvjxÕ
(Vesali) n‡Z wn›`yev` wPiZ‡i wbg~©j n‡q hvq| G AvµgY ïay P›`ª ivRv‡`i
BwZnvm‡KB ¯—ä K‡i †`qwb eis GKB mg‡q e‡½i cvj ivRv‡`i‡KI
eû`~‡i wb‡q wM‡qwQj| †fmvjx cieZx©‡Z KL‡bv cybiwÌZ nqwb, wKš‧ ee©i
g‡½vjxqvb‡`i AbycÖ‡e‡ki d‡j e‡½ wn›`yiv Zv‡`i AvwacZ¨ cybivq wd‡i
†c‡qwQj| g‡½vjxqvbiv wQj Amf¨ ev ee©i gvbyl Ges AvivKv‡b wZeŸZxq
egx©q‡`i AvMg‡bi cieZx© cvuP kZvwã wQj GKwU AÜKv‡ii hyM| wKš‧
wewRZ †`‡ki RbM‡Yi mswgwkªZ ms¯‥…wZi cÖfv‡e nvbv`viiv wkw¶Z n‡q hvq
Ges H `xN© cvuP kZvwãKvj a‡i Zviv Pzovš—fv‡e GLvbKvi Awaevmx‡`i m`„k
n‡q hvq| wn› yev‡`i Aš—av©b Ges g‡½vjxq I wZeŸZxq-egx©q‡`i GKxf~Z
nIqvi ci †_‡K †KejgvÎ yÕwU ¯^Zš¿ m¤cÖ`vq †ivwn½v I gvN- GK‡Î
AvivKv‡b kZvwãi ci kZvwã Aewa emevm Ki‡Z _v‡K|
1044 †_‡K 1077 mvj ch©š— Av‡bvivnUvi (Avbi×v‡`fv) Aax‡b G‡m
AvivKvb †c․ËwjK‡`i Ki` iv‡R¨ cwiYZ nq| AvivKvb DcvL¨vb Abyhvqx
†`kwU †c․ËwjK gZv`k© Qz u‡o †d‡j Ges wb‡Riv cybivq ¯^vaxbZv AR©b K‡i|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 42
cieZx©‡Z cvwig bMix‡Z GKwU bZzb ivRZ¡ cÖwZwôZ nq| G ivR‡Z¡i lô¨
cÖfvekvjx ivRv MvIwjqv 1133 mv‡j wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnb K‡ib| cieZx©
kZvw㸇jv‡Z GKB GjvKvq A_ev †jg‡iv b`xi wbKUeZx© GjvKvq AmsL¨
ivResk kvmb cwiPvjbv K‡i| hvB †nvK, 1287 mvj ch©š— AvivKvb ivR¨
Kg-‡ekx †c․ËwjK (Pagan) ivRv‡`i Ki` ivR¨ wQj Ges ejv hvq †h GwU
Zvi wb‡Ri ivRv‡`i‡K †g‡b PjZ wKš‧ c¨vMvb ivRv‡`i Avwac‡Z¨i K…ZÁZv
¯^iƒc Zv‡`i cÖwZ kª×vÄwj Ávcb KiZ|
1287 mv‡ji ci †_‡K 1378 mvj ch©š— evwg©R Awaiv‡R¨i †Kvb ARynvZI
wQj bv| H eQi AvivKv‡bi KwZcq †e․× gvN Avfvq hvq Ges †mLv‡b
Zv‡`i Af¨š—ixY welq¸‡jv‡Z n¯—‡¶c Kvgbv K‡i| wKš—y egx©q n¯ —‡¶c
vqx nq bvB Ges AvivKvb Zvi wbR¯^ c‡_B P‡j‡Q 1404 mv‡j bviv
†gBLjv AvivKv‡bi ivRv wQ‡jb, whwb js‡MÖU n‡Z kvmb Ki‡Zb| Avev‡iv
Amš‧ó gvN †e․ׇ`i Ab¨ GKwU `j Avfvq hvq Ges n¯—‡¶c Kvgbv K‡i|
m¤¢ve¨ wZbwU KviY MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h †Kb KwZcq †e․× gvN Avfvq
wM‡qwQj eg©xq‡`i wbKU wb‡R‡`i ¯^vaxbZv-mve©‡f․gZ¡ mgc©Y Ki‡Z| cÖ_g
KviYwU n‡jv wek¦ e¨vcx Bmjv‡gi µgea©gvb cÖfv‡ei d‡j ivRv
bviv‡gBLjvI Bmjvg MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| †m mgq Bmjvg Avwd«Kv n‡Z ïi
K‡i e½ ch©š— RbM‡Yi ü`q‡K Rq Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj| Bmjv‡gi G
µgea©gvb cÖfve †Muvov †e․ׇ`i‡K AvivKv‡bi cvnvox GjvKvi eg©xq
†e․ׇ`i Avnevb K‡i wb‡R‡`i ¯^vaxbZv-¯^ve©‡f․gZ¡ wemR©b w`‡Z ¶zä K‡i
Zz‡jwQj| wØZxq KviY n‡jv ivRv bviv‡gBLjv gymwjg e‡½i mv‡_ Ggb Avš—
wiK m¤úK© M‡o Zyj‡Z cv‡i A_ev Zvi gymjgvb cÖRv‡`i cÖwZ Ggb Avš—wiK
AbyMÖn †`Lv‡Z cv‡i hv †e․ׇ`i wbKU Amnbxq n‡q c‡o| Z…Zxq KviYwU
n‡Q gymjgvb Ges gvN‡`i g‡a¨ Avš—-mv¤cÖ`vwqK hy‡×i m~ÎcvZ n‡Z cv‡i
Ges †mLv‡b ivRv bviv‡gBLjv gvN‡`i c¶ bvI wb‡Z cv‡ib| G KviY¸‡jv
†e․× m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ Am‡š—v‡li KviY n‡q `uvwo‡qwQj, d‡j Zviv egx©q‡`i
Avnev‡bi gva¨‡g ivRv bviv‡gBLjv‡K c`Py¨Z Kivi loh‡š¿ wjß n‡qwQj|
ivRv bviv‡gBLjv ZLb eg©xq‡`i nv‡Z †`kUv‡K Zz‡j w`‡q e‡½ cvwj‡q hvq|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 43
AvivKv‡bi wZeŸZ-eg©xq‡`i `xN© cuvP kZvwãi ag©xq I mvs¯‥…wZK ‡m․nv` ©
¯j c‡_ AvivKvb‡K DaŸ©Zb evg©vi mv‡_ mshy³ K‡iwQj| G fv‡eB †e․×iv
AvivKv‡b Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg gnvqbxq I †ekx wnbvqvb ag©vej¤^x nq|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 44
Z„Zxq Aa¨vq
AvivKv‡b gymwjg weRq
AvivKv‡bi cÖv_wgK gviK-BD ivRvMY
AvivKv‡bi ¶gZvPz¨Z ivRv bviv‡gBLjv 1404 mv‡j e‡½ cvwj‡q hvb| wZwb
e‡½i Bwjqvm kvnx ivRv‡`i †kªô I me‡P‡q weL¨vZ myjZvb wMqvm DwÏb
Avhg kvn (1390-1411) KZ©„K mv`‡i M„nxZ nb| †m mgq e‡½i ivRavbx
wQj cv›`yqv (wd‡ivRvev`)| myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb wQ‡jb Bmjvg I Bmjvgx
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 45
wk¶vi gnvb c„ô‡cvlK| myjZvb wMqvmDwχbi g„Zy¨i ci ivRv M‡Yk bv‡gi
GK ivR mfvl` KZ©©„K e‡½i wmsnvmb wKQz mg‡qi Rb¨ `Lj n‡q hvq| wZwb
Zvi ag©vš—wiZ cyÎ RvjvjywÏb †gvnv¤§` kvn& KZ…©K wbnZ nb| RvjvjywÏb
cv›`yqv †_‡K †M․‡o e‡½i ivRavbx ¯vbvš—wiZ K‡ib| GKB agx©q Av‡eM
Abyf~wZ I Drmvn-DÏxcbv mnKv‡i wZwb cieZ©x `yÕhy‡MiI AwaK mgq a‡i
kvmb cwiPvjbv Kivi ci 1433 mv‡j Bnavg Z¨vM K‡ib| myZivs Zvi G
`xN© 24 eQ‡ii wbe©vmbKvjxb mg‡q AvivKv‡bi ivRviv e‡½i `yÕRb me‡P‡q
†ekx wkw¶Z I avwg©K kvmK Ges weL¨vZ Ava¨vwZ¥K †bZv b~i KzZze Avj‡gi
Mfxi mvwbœ‡a¨ emevm Kivi my‡hvM †c‡qwQj| m~i KzZze Avjg ivRv M‡Y‡ki
kvm‡bi Aemvb NUvb| wZwb mvs¯‥…wZKfv‡e †kªôZi e‡½i myjZv‡bi wbKU
†_‡K A‡bK wKQz wk¶v MÖnY K‡ib| m‡e©vcwi wZwb Bmjvg Ñ hv wQj †m
hy‡Mi Av_©-mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK GK AcÖwZ‡iva¨ kw³Ñ m¤ú‡K©I Ávb jvf
K‡ib| G mKj Ávb Zvi gZv`k© I Rxeb e¨e¯v‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cwieZ©b K‡i
†`q| HwZnvwmK‡`i fvlvq Ò wZwb †e․× ag© gZ †_‡K wd‡i G‡m †gvnv¤§`x
(Bmjvg) I wfb †`kx Rxeb e¨e¯vi mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡qwQ‡jb| G¸‡jv Ki‡Z
wM‡q wZwb A¯úó fv‡e Avwef©~Z n‡q‡Qb ga¨hyM n‡Z AvaywbK hy‡M, Kv‡Pi
cÖvmv` DcvL¨v‡bi bvRyK cixi †`k n‡Z nvRvi GK iv‡Zi mej D™¢U
Kíbvg~jK iPbvq| bviv‡gBLjv Bmjvg Keyj K‡ib Ges gymjgvb bvg
†mvjvqgvb kvn& MÖnY K‡ib| AvivKv‡bi DcvL¨vb GwU‡K Ômvgyqvb-G weK…Z
K‡iwQj| AvivKv‡bi ivRv Bmjvg a‡g© `xw¶Z nIqvi ci e‡½i kvmK
RvjvjywÏb †gvnv¤§` kvn Zvi PÆMÖv‡gi †mbvevwnbxi AwabvqK †Rbv‡ij
Iqvjx Lvb‡K cÂvk nvRvi (50,000) •mb¨mn AvivKvb ivR¨ weRq Ges
†mvjvqgvb kvn‡K cybivq wmsnvm‡b ewm‡q †`qvi Rb¨ AvivKv‡b cvwV‡q
†`b|Ó
Iqvjx Lvb eªvþY‡`i‡K Zvwo‡q †`b wKš‧ wb‡RB wek¦vmNvZKZv K‡i e‡mb|
wZwb Ôïqv gvbRxÕ (Shua Mangji) bv‡gi GK hei `LjKvix kvm‡Ki mv‡_
Av‡cvlÑgxgvsmvq Av‡mb Ges wb‡RB kvmb ¶gZv MÖnb K‡ib| †mvjvqgvb
kvn †M․‡o wd‡i Av‡mb| AvivKv‡b G‡m Iqvjx Lvb Zvi †Kv‡U© dvimx fvlvi
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 46
cÖPjb K‡ib Ges KvRx wb‡qvM †`b| Iqvjx Lv‡bi wek¦vmNvZKZvi msev`
ï‡b RvjvjywÏb †gvnv¤§v` kvn †Rbv‡ij mv`xi †bZ…‡Z¡ wØZxq Av‡iKwU †mbv
evwnbx †cÖiY K‡ib| wZwb Iqvjx Lvb‡K P~ovš—fv‡e civ¯— K‡ib Ges
†mvjvqgvb kvn‡K 1430 mv‡j cybivq wmsnvm‡b ewm‡q †`b|
wKQz wKQz HwZnvwmK fyjekZt e‡j _v‡Kb whwb AvivKv‡bi †divix kvmK‡K
cybivq AvivKv‡bi wmsnvm‡b ewm‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb, wZwb n‡jb myjZvb
bvwmiwÏb kvn ev bvwRi kvn&, whwb wQ‡jb cybtcÖwZwôZ Bwjqvm kvnx
ivRes‡ki cÖ_g myjZvb wKš‧ bvwmiwÏb †gvnv¤§` kvn 1426 mvj ch©š—
kvmKB nb wb|
‡h‡nZz c`K m¤Üxq cÖgvYvw` cÖ —ve K‡i †h, RvjvjyÏxb ‡gvnv¤§v` kvn& †m
mgq e‡½i kvmb-KZ…©‡Z¡ wQ‡jb †m‡nZz AviKv‡b Zvi kvmK‡`i nv‡Z kvmb
fvi wdwi‡q †`qvi K…wZZ¡ Zvi DciB eZ©vq|
‡mvjvqgvb kvn Zuvi ivRavbx gviK-BD (Mrauk-u) n‡Z cvUvix †Kvjv
(Pattahri Quilla) bvgK GK bZzb v‡b vbvš—wiZ K‡iwQ‡jb 1433
mv‡j| Gi GK eQi c‡iB wZwb ci‡jvKMgY K‡ib| GLv‡b D‡jL‡hvM¨ †h
bMixwUi AwZ wbK‡U myjZvb †mvjvqgvb kv‡ni Avg‡ji GKUv gy`ªv cvIqv
†M‡Q| AvivKv‡bi BwZnv‡m GwU GKwU Abb¨ `jxj| 1203 mv‡j hLb
gymjgvbiv e‡½ cÖ‡ek Kij, ZLb †mLv‡b Zviv †Lv`vB Kiv ai‡bi gy`ªvi
cÖPjb Kij| Gi d‡j ivDK-D bMix‡ZI GKB AvK…wZi gy`ªvi cÖPjb ïi
n‡jv| Gfv‡e AvivKvb P~ovš— gymjgvb iv‡R¨ iƒcvš—wiZ n‡jv| †iu‡bmvi
cÖfv‡e †`kwU GK AvaywbK mf¨Zvi mv‡_ mshy³ n‡jv| Avi Gfv‡eB †`kwUi
gnv hyM ïi n‡jv|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 47
1430 †_‡K 1530 mvj ch©š— GKkZ eQi a‡i 11 Rb kvmK ch©vqµ‡g
AvivKv‡b kvmb cwiPvjbv K‡ib| ZLb †_‡KB e‡½i mv‡_ AvivKv‡bi
m¤úK© wQj Avš—wiK I †m․nv`¨©c~Y©| AvivKvb e½‡K kª×vÄwj cÖ`vb KiZ
Ges e‡½i KvQ †_‡K BwZnvm I ivRbxwZi `x¶v wbZ| 1531 mv‡j ÔwgbexbÕ
RveyK kvn& wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| Zuvi mnvqZvq AvivKvbxiv Bmjvgx
wk¶vq wWMÖx AR©b K‡ib Ges Bmjvgx iv‡óªi †MvovcËb nq|
1430 mvj †_‡K †h 11 Rb ivRv AvivKvb kvmb K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i Dcvwamn
avivevwnK bvg D‡jL Kiv n‡jv|
µwgK bs bvg cvjx Dcvwa
kvmbKvj
1. †mvjvqgvb kvn& (bviv‡gBLjv)
1430-1434
2. Avjx Lvb (†gsLvix)
1434-1459
3. Kvwjgv kvn& (ev k cy)
1459-1482
4. gv_y kvn& (†`․jv)
1482-1492
5. ‡gvnv¤§v` kvn& (ev k †bv)
1492-1493
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 48
6. ‡bvix kvn& (ivs AvDs)
1493-1494
7. ‡kL †gv yjvn kvn& (mvwjsMv_y)
1494-1501
8. Bwj kvn& (†gs ivRv)
1501-1523
9. Bwjqvm kvn& (KvQvev`x)
1523-1525
10. Rvjvj kvn& (†gskv I)
1525
11. Avjx kvn& (_vUvmv)
1525-1531
GK kZvwã a‡i AvivKv‡bi DËivÂj eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k-evg©vi g‡a¨ mxgveä
wQj| PÆMÖvg †Rjv m‡›`nvZxZ fv‡eB 1540 mvj ch©š— e‡½i myjZvb‡`i
kvmbvaxb wQj| AvivKvbxq DcvL¨vb g‡Z, †gsm †g․b Gi DËim~ix †gL Lvix
ev Avjx Lvb (1433-1459) `xN© mgq e‡½i kvmb I ¶gZv n¯ —vš—i K‡ib
bvB Ges hZ`~i m¤¢e wZwb ÔivgyÕ‡KI Zvi Aax‡b G‡bwQ‡jb Ges m¨vi G wc
dvqix (A. P. Phayre) Õi m cÖ ev Kvwjgv Lvb PÆMÖvgmn e‡½i GKwU weivU
Ask Zvi AwaKv‡i wb‡qwQ‡jb †h․w³K †Kvb KviY QvovB|
dvqix wj‡L‡Qb- ÒcieZx© Aa©kZvwã a‡i e½ kvmK‡`i `ye©jZvi Kvi‡YB
Zviv PÆMÖvg `Lj K‡i wb‡qwQj|Ó wKš‧ †m mg‡q msNwUZ NUbvejx, AvivKvb
DcvL¨v‡bi e³e¨ ÔdvqvixÕi cÖ¯—vebv‡K mZ¨vqb K‡i bv| 1434 mvj †_‡K
1459 mvj ch©š— e½ mvjZvbvZ Avev‡iv Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki ivRv myjZvb
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 49
bvwmiwÏb gvngy KZ…©K kvwmZ nq| Bwjqvm kvnxi kvmbvg‡j AvivKv‡bi
ivRv Ôbviv‡gBLjvÕ (Narameikhla) cjvqb K‡i e‡½ Avkªq MÖnY K‡i|
myjZvb bvwmiwÏb gvngy GKRb cÖfvekvjx kvmK wQ‡jb| Zvi ¯vcZ¨
Kjv, gy`ªvq Qvcvw¼Z †Lv`vB Kg© me wKQz †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h Zvi kvmbvg‡ji
e½ mvjZvbv‡Zi GKUz GjvKvI n «vm cvqwb eis AZ¨š— `¶Zvi mv‡_ mg¯—
e‡½i Dci Zvi wePvi Kvh© cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv| wKš‧ wZwb G mKj Kvh©
cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †Kvb †mbv Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡ib wb| myZivs †gs Lvix
KZ…©K e‡½i Ask `Lj msµvš— AvivKvb DcvL¨v‡bi †h e³e¨ Zv‡Z GLb
HwZnvwmK cÖgv‡Yi NvUwZ cwijw¶Z nq|
1459 mvj †_‡K 1475 mvj ch©š— myjZvb bvwmiwÏb gvngy‡`i cyÎ
†ivKbywÏb evievK kvn e½ kvmb K‡ib| cÖviw¤¢K cÖgvY mywbwðZ K‡i e‡j
†h, 1474 mv‡j PÆMÖvg e½ myjZvb‡`i K‡Vvi kvmbvaxb wQj Ges GwU
†ivKbywÏb evievK kv‡ni cyÎ I DËevwaKvix myjZvb mvgmywÏb BDmyd kvnÕi
kvmbvgj ch©š— †M․o `Lj `vix‡Z¡i Aax‡b wQj| PÆMÖv‡gi AwZ wbK‡U
nvUnvRvixi GKwU gmwR‡`i dj‡Ki †jLv n‡Z Rvbv hvq †h gmwR`wU
myjZvb †ivKbywÏb evievK kv‡ni kvmbvg‡j 1474 mv‡j ivmwZ Lvb KZ…©K
wbwg©Z n‡qwQj|
AvivKvb DcvL¨vb A_ev Ab¨‡Kvb m~‡Îi †KvbUvB myjZvb evievK kvn& Ges
AvivKv‡bi ivRv evmy cÖ (Kvwjg kvn) g‡a¨ •eix Pzw³ ev m¤ú‡K©i cÖgvY w`‡Z
cv‡i bv| myjZvb evievK kvn wQ‡jb e‡½i cÖv_wgK ¯^vaxb myjZvb‡`i g‡a¨
Ab¨Zg gnvb weRqx GKRb kvmK| eûgyLx cÖwZfvi AwaKvix kw³kvjx G
kvmK Zvi c~e©eZx© kvmK‡`i AwR©Z GjvKvmg~‡ni Dci c~Y©gvÎvq AvwacZ¨
we —vi K‡i †i‡LwQ‡jb| 1476 mv‡j myjZvb evievK kv‡ni kvmbvgj mgvß
nq, Gici Zvi cyÎ I DËivwaKvix myjZvb kvgmywÏb BDmyd kvn 1474
†_‡K 1481 mvj ch©š— kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡ib|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 50
PÆMÖv‡gi Dci Zvi wbqš¿‡Yi cÖgvY †g‡j Zvi kvmbvg‡j wbwg©Z GKwU
gmwR‡`i †`qv‡j †Lv`vB Kiv cÖ¯—i djK †_‡K| ivmwZ Lv‡bi gmwR` †_‡K
cÖvq `yÕ gvBj Dˇi gmwR`wU Aew¯Z| Ggb †Kvb Bw½Z cvIqv hvqbv †h,
1482 mvj †_‡K 1494 mvj ch©š— AvivKvb ivRv‡`i †KD KLbI e‡½ nvbv
w`‡qwQj, †h‡nZy Zviv Zv‡`i c~e©m~ix‡`i †P‡q Zzjbvg~jK fv‡e `~e©j kvmK
wQj| 1493 mv‡j myjZvb †nvmvBb kvn e‡½i wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib|
1513 mv‡ji c~‡e© PÆMÖvg †Rjv cy‡ivcywifv‡e myjZvb ûmvBb kv‡ni Aax‡b
wQj| wZwb ivRv avwYqv gvwbKv Zvi wbKU n‡Z PÆMÖvg Rei `Lj
K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‧ myjZvb ûmvBb kvn PÆMÖvg‡K cybivq `Lj Kivi Rb¨
1514 mv‡j eviRb ev½vjx I Acivci •mb¨‡`i mgš‡q MwVZ GKwU
kw³kvjx evwnbx †cÖiY K‡ib| cieZx© eQi 1515 mv‡j myjZvb ûmvBb kvn
KZ©„K PÆMÖvg cyb`©Lj nq| myjZvb ûmvBb kvn& KZ©„K PÆMÖvg `Lj msµvš—
mywbwðZ cÖgvYvw` Avgiv cvB mgmvgwqK Kv‡ji cZz©MxR HwZnvwmK‡`i wbKU
n‡Z| †RvqvI †Qvj †nv (Joao Coelho) Ges †RvqI wmj‡fwiqvi PÆM Övg
md‡ii mgq †mLvbKvi Mfb ©i wQ‡jb GKRb gymjgvb| ZrKvjxb
AvivKvbxq HwZnvwmK w` e¨v‡ivm (De Barros) my¯úófv‡e wj‡L‡Qb †h †m
mgq (1517-18) AvivKv‡bi ivRv wQ‡jv e‡½i ivRvi wbqš¿Yvaxb| w`
e¨v‡ivm KZ…©K AswKZ GKwU gvbwP‡Î PÆMÖvg, cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg Ges DËi
AvivKvb wb‡q MwVZ GKwU we¯—i GjvKv‡K e½ iv‡R¨i Ask wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv
n‡q‡Q| 1517 mvj †_‡K 1538 mvj ch©š— PÆMÖvg c~Yv©½fv‡e †M․‡oi
wbqš¿Yvax‡b wQ‡jv| cviZc‡¶, PÆMÖv‡gi ûmvBb kvnx kvmKiv mviv †Rjvi
Dci Zv‡`i AvwacZ¨ GZ Mfxi fv‡e cÖwZwôZ K‡iwQ‡jv †h AvivKvbx A_ev
wÎcyiv‡`i Rb¨ e½ mvjZvbvZ GgbwK †Rjvi GKwU As‡ki DciI cÖfve
we —vi Kiv cÖvq Am¤¢eB wQ‡jv|
HwZnvwmK dvqixi (Phayre) Gi cÖ¯ —vebv Abyhvqx 1482 mvj †_‡K 1532
mvj ch©š— PÆMÖvg AvivKvb ivRv‡`i Aax‡b wQj G e³e¨Uv HwZnvwmK m‡Z¨i
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 51
Dci cÖwZwôZ bq| GUv fve‡Z A‡h․w³K g‡b nq †h, AvivKv‡bi ivRv‡`i
DwPZ Zv‡`i wnZvKvs¶x‡`i wei‡× we‡`ªvn Kiv| Zv‡`i mg_©b Qvov
AvivKvbxiv Zv‡`i †`k cybi×v‡ii ¯^cœ KL‡bvB †`‡L wb| c~e© Ges `w¶Y
AvivKv‡bi ZLbKvi weivRgvb cwiw¯wZ Ggb wQj †h, †mLvb †_‡K eg©xq I
†gvbiv m¤cÖwZ weZvwiZ n‡qwQj|
†ReyK kvn (1531-1553)t
†ReyK kvn& (wgb web) AvivKvb BwZnv‡m GKRb kw³ai kvmK wQ‡jb| wZwb
1531 mv‡j wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib Ges ÔAvivKvb mvgªv‡R¨iÕ †Mvov cËb
K‡ib| B‡Zvg‡a¨ AvivKvbxiv Zv‡`i Bmjvgx wk¶vq DP wWMÖx wb‡q
ivR‣bwZKfv‡e cwic° nq| `yÕwU weivU NUbv hv †ReyK kvn‡K Zvi ivRZ¡
m~`„p I m¤cÖmvwiZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq DcvË I my‡hvM G‡b w`‡qwQ‡jv|
weL¨vZ †m y‡Uv NUbv n‡jv cZ©yMxR‡`i AvMgb Ges e‡½ N‡U hvIqv M„n
hy×| †ReyK kv‡ni ¶gvZv‡ivn‡bi 14 eQi c~‡e©B cZ©yMxRiv (1517 mv‡j)
AvivKvb e›`‡i cÖ‡ek K‡iwQ‡jv| †ReyK kvn gviK-BD bMix‡K DcmvMixq
GKwU kw³kvjx I myiw¶Z bMix‡Z iƒcvš—wiZ K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb Gi Pvicv‡k
cwiLv I †`qvj wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb Ges gv‡S gv‡S Kvgvb ¯vcb K‡i GwU‡K
myiw¶Z K‡iwQ‡jb| †`kx I we‡`kx •mb¨‡`i mgš‡q MwVZ GK`j mymw¾Z
†eZb‡fvMx eûRvwZK •mb¨evwnbx •Zwi Kivi Rb¨ wZwb †mLv‡b †mbv
Kg©KZ©v‡`i wb‡qvM w`‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb Zv‡`i mnvqZvq Zvi wb‡Ri †jvKej
Øviv GKwU weivU †b․eni •Zwi K‡iwQ‡jb| hviv wQj cwikªgx bvweK Ges
cZ©yMxR †b․evwnbxi `x¶vq mymw¾Z| Gfv‡e †ReyK kvn kw³kvjx AvaywbK
A ¿-k‡¯¿i wbqš¿K nb| wØZxq my‡hvMwU wQ‡jv AvivKv‡b M„n hy×| 1538
mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m AvdMvbx kvmK †ki kvn& wKQz mg‡qi Rb¨ †M․o `Lj
K‡ib| wKš‧ GKB eQ‡ii RyjvB gv‡m ev`kvn ûgvq‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ †gvNjiv
†M․‡o cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges AvdMvbiv ZLb wenv‡i wd‡i hvq| `w¶Y c~e© e‡½i
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 52
ivRavbx PÆMÖvg ZLb `yBwU cÖwZØ›Øx kvm‡Ki g‡a¨ ms‡hvM vcbKvix ¯vb
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| wee`gvb G `yBRb kvmK n‡jb ûmvBb kvnx ivR‡Z¡i
†kl kvmK gvngy kvn& Ges †kikv‡ni †Rbv‡ij I ûgvqy‡bi g‡bvbxZ kvmK
†bvMvwRj| cÖwZØ›Øx `j `yÕwU cÖwZi¶v e¨e¯vnxb `w¶Y-c~e© e½‡K `Lj Kivi
Rb¨ ci¯úi hy× KiZ|
1538 mv‡ji ivR‣bwZK cU cwieZ©b e‡½i cÖwZ AvivKvb ivRv‡`i AvbyMZ¨
I eÜz‡Z¡i cwimgvwß NUvq| Zviv hei `LjKvix ‡kikvn& I †gvNj
m¤cÖmviYev`x‡`i cÖwZ †Kvb •bwZK AvbyMZ¨ I Av‡cvl g‡bvfve †cvlY
K‡iwb| gyjZt Zviv Zv‡`i ïfvKvw—L wQ‡jv bv| PÆMÖvg `L‡ji Rb¨ Aš
‡K©v›`‡j wjß wewfbœ `j¸‡jvi `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M AvivKvbx ivRv †ReyK kvn
DËiv‡ji w`‡K avweZ nb Ges 1540 mv‡j PÆMÖvgmn c~e©e½ `Lj K‡ib|
‡ReyK kvn KZ…©K PÆMÖvg `L‡ji ci PÆMÖv‡gi cvVvb MfY©i wÎcyiv `iev‡i
cvwj‡q hvq| ivRgvjv (Rajmala) Avgv‡`i‡K G Z_¨ †`q †h, PÆMÖv‡gi
cvVvb cÖavb Zvi mnmªvwaK •mb¨ wb‡q wÎcyivq Avkªq MÖnY K‡ib| †divix G
cvVvb cÖavb AvivKvb‡`i nvZ †_‡K PÆMÖvg‡K Rq Kivi Rb¨ wÎcyivi ivRv
weRqgvwbKvi n¯ —‡¶c Kvgbv K‡i Ges Zv gÄyi nq|
1546 mv‡j evg©vi Uzs¸ ivRes‡ki ivRv Zvweb k‡fwZ (Tabin Shwehti)
VvÊv AvenvIqvi g‡a¨ AvivKvb AvµgY K‡ib| Zvweb k‡fwZi A‡bK¸‡jv
hy×Zix cwðg DcK~‡j aŸsmcÖvß n‡qwQj| hvB †nvK, Zvi mKj ¯j evwnbx
†c․Qv‡jv, wKš‧ †ivnvs (ivDK BD) bMixwU wQj LyeB myiw¶Z, Gi Pvicv‡k
†Rvqvi-fvUvi cvwb‡Z fwZ© Mfxi cwiLv wQj| Ges Zv `L‡ji GKgvÎ my‡hvM
wQj Zvi cÖvPxi¸‡jvi Ae¯v wQj RxY©`kv| †ReyK kvn& Zvi mwVK Ae¯vb
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 53
†_‡KB Zvi cÖwZi¶vi e¨e¯v wb‡qwQ‡jb| †ivnvs `L‡j e¨_© n‡q Zvweb
k‡fwZ (Tabin Shwehti) evox wd‡i hvq|
‡ReyK kvn& hLb nvbv`vi evg©v ivRvi mv‡_ Gfv‡e wjß wQ‡jb, ZLb 1546-
1547 mv‡j wÎcyiv ivRv weRq gvwYKv PÆMÖv‡g nvbv †`q Ges Zv `Lj K‡i|
ivRvgvjv (Rajmala) D‡jL K‡i †h, ivRv wb‡RB Awfhv‡b yÕnvRvi •m‡b¨i
†bZ…Z¡ †`b| PÆMÖv‡gi wbe©vwmZ cvVvb cÖavb Zvi GK nvRvi cvVvb •mb¨ I
†Nvovi Mvox (K¨v‡iR) mn wÎcyiv †mbvcÖav‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ AMÖmigvb
†mbvevwnbxi AbymiY K‡i| mw¤§wjZ Awfhvb mdj nj Ges cvVvb cÖavb
cybivq Zvi Ae¯vb wd‡i †cj|
AvivKvb DcvL¨vb¸‡jv eY©bv K‡i †h †ReyK kvn& Zvi nviv‡bv Ae¯vb ïay
cybi×viB K‡ib wb eis 1553 mv‡j Zvi g„Z¨ ch©š— Zv A¶zYœ Ae¯vq a‡i
†i‡LwQ‡jb| wKš‧ AvivKvb DcvL¨v‡bi G fvl¨ wVK bq e‡j g‡b n‡Q †h‡nZz
G `vex mZ¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wÎcyiv DcvL¨vb A_ev e½ BwZnv‡m mnvqK †Kvb
`wjj ev cÖgvY †bB| cÖK…Z c‡¶, 1546 mvj †_‡K PÆMÖvg cvVvb MfY ©‡ii
Aax‡bB wQj| cieZx©‡Z Zv Avev‡iv ¶wY‡Ki Rb¨ wÎcyiv kvmbvax‡b hvq|
wKš‧ e‡½i MfY©i †gvnv¤§` Lvb myi ivRKxq kvgm Avj Øxb Avey Avj
†gvRvd&di †gvnv¤§v`Õ Dcvax aviY K‡i PÆMÖv‡gi ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv
w`‡qwQ‡jb| Ges wZwb I cvVv‡bi ¶gZvPz¨Z Mfb©i †h․_ fv‡e wÎcyiv‡`i
wbqš¿Y n‡Z PÆMÖvg cyb`©Lj K‡ib 1554 mv‡j|
‡ReyK kvn& hw`I GKRb gymjgvb ag©vej¤^x wQ‡jb, ZeyI wZwb iKgvwi
Dcv`vb‡K GKwU wbw`©ó AvK…wZ‡Z iƒc`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| AvivKvb‡K wZwb
mvjZvbv‡Z iƒcvš—i K‡iwQ‡jb| †M․o I w`jxi gZ K‡i wZwb Zvi `ievi
mvwR‡q wQ‡jb| Zvi `iev‡i wQj- bcyskK, A›`ignj, µxZ`vm Ges
Rjv`| †mLv‡b ag©, wPš—v-‡PZbv, ms¯‥…wZmn mKj †g․wjK AwaKv‡ii c~Y©v½
¯^vaxbZv wQj| †ReyK kvn& gviK-BD (Marak-u) bMix‡K gmwR`, c¨v‡MvWv
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 54
Ges ¯§„wZ †m․a Øviv mymw¾Z K‡iwQ‡jb| ‡m¸‡jv bv wQj B‡›`v-Bmjvgx,
Avi bv wQj fviZxq| †m¸‡jv wQ‡jv GKwU wbw`©ó AvK…wZi hv gymwjg e½xq
hy‡Mi Òev½vjx gymwjg ¯vcZ¨Ó wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQj| †ReyK kvn& 1553 mv‡j
g„Zy¨eiY K‡ib| Zvi g„Zy¨i ci w`°v (Dikka) bvgK GK mvaviY †jv‡Ki
Ackvm‡bi ga¨ w`‡q gvÎ `yÕeQi ci Zvi ivR‡Z¡i Aemvb N‡U| Rei
`LjKvix e¨w³‡K g‡b nq GKRb †e․× gN, †h‡nZz †m †Kvb gymjgvb bvg
aviY K‡iwb|
e½ myjZvb KZ…©K AvivKv‡bi wØZxq weRq
evsjvi myjZvb kvgmywÏb Avey †gvRvd&di †gvnv¤§v` kvn 1554 mv‡j PÆMÖvg
weR‡qi ci Zvi †mbv Kg©KZ©v‡`i GKB eQ‡i AvivKv‡bi `w¶Y A‡j
cybivq AMÖmi nIqvi Rb¨ wb‡`©k ‡`b| ivRvi wb‡`©‡ki AvbyMZ¨ ¯^iƒc †mbv
Kg©KZ©viv AvivKv‡b weRq wbkvb e‡q wb‡q Av‡mb Ges AvivKvb ivRv‡`i‡K
evsjvi myjZv‡bi wbKU Zvi ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡ib| AvivKv‡bi
Dci weRq ¯§„wZ‡K wPi ¯§iYxq K‡i ivL‡Z kvgmywÏb Avey †gvRvd&di
†gvnv¤§v` kvn& 962 wnRix‡Z (1554-1555) AvivKv‡b AwZ AvKl©Yxq avZe
gy`ªv cÖPj‡bi wb‡ ©k †`b| wZwb GKRb cvVvb MfY©i‡K AvivKv‡b wb‡qvM
w`‡qwQ‡jb wKbv, A_iv wZwb AvivKvbxq miKv‡i ¸iZ¡c~Y© i`e`j G‡bwQ‡jb
wKbv, A_ev AvivKvb ivRv GKRb AbyMZ `vm wn‡m‡e Zvi ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi
Kivq wZwb mvaviYfv‡e cwiZzó n‡qwQ‡jb wKbv Zv Rvbv hvq bv|
we¯§qKifv‡e myjZvb †gvnv¤§v` kvn KZ…©K AvivKvb weR‡qi NUbv AvivKvb
DcvL¨v‡b m¤ú~Y©fv‡e D‡c¶v Kiv n‡q‡Q|
myjZvb †gvnv¤§v` kv‡ni DËim~ix wMqvmywÏb evnv`yi kvn& (1555-60) Zvi
wbR bv‡gB AvivKv‡b avZe gy`ªvi cÖPjb K‡ib| GUv cÖgvY K‡i †h, AvivKvb
1560 mvj ch©š— ev½vjx myjZvb‡`i K‡Vvi wbqš¿‡Y wQj| AvivKvb DcvL¨vb
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 55
Abyhvqx Av‡iv yÕRb ivRv- m njv (Saw Hla) (1555-1556) Ges wgb
†m‡K (Min Sekkya) (1564-1571) AvivKv‡bi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib|
g‡b nq Zviv wQ‡jb mvaviY †e․× gM, †h‡nZz Zviv †Kvb gymjgvb bvg aviY
K‡ib wb| hw` AvivKvb DcvL¨v‡bi fvl¨ mZ¨ nq Zvn‡j ivRv m njv (Saw
Hla) Ges wgb †m‡K (Min Sekkya) DfqB Aek¨B evsjvi myjZv‡bi
AbyMZ ivRv n‡q _vK‡eb| wKš‧ evnv`yi kv‡ni g„Zy¨i ci cvVvb kvmKMY
AvivKv‡b Zv‡`i kvmb ¶gZv KZw`b a‡i ivL‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb Zv GLbI
A¯úó i‡q †M‡Q|
wmKv›`vi kvn (1571-1593)
`yÕ hy‡Mi AwaK mgq a‡i Rei `LjKvixMY KZ©„K Ackvm‡bi Ae¨vnwZi
ci, †ReyK kv‡ni †hvM¨ cyÎ myjZvb wmKv›`vi kvn& (wgb cvjvs) 1571 mv‡j
wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| ‡m mgq DËi AvivKv‡bi mxgvš—eZx© PÆMÖvg †Rjv
cvVvb‡`i Aax‡b wQj Ges †mLv‡b Zv‡`i KZ…©Z ¡ 1580 mvj ch©š— ¯vwqZ¡
wQj| H eQi wÎcyivi ivRv Agi gvwbKv (Amar Manikya) cvVvb i¶x
†mbv‡`i‡K PÆMÖv‡g civf~Z K‡ib Ges c‡i PÆMÖvg `Lj K‡ib| †m mg‡qi
ci †_‡KB PÆMÖvg wÎcyiv ivRv I wmKv›`vi kv‡ni g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯vc‡bi †K›`ª
we›`y‡Z cwiYZ nq| wmKv›`vi kvn 1582 mv‡ji w`‡K P~ovš—fv‡e PÆMÖvg Rq
K‡ib | H eQ‡ii c~‡e© AvivKvb ivRvi c‡¶ PÆMÖvg `Lj Kiv m¤¢eci wQj
bv, KviY Zv‡K ZLb evg©vi ivRv evBb bvDs (Bayin Naung) Gi mKj AvMÖvmx
†K․k‡ji wei‡× cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z n‡Zv| ivRv evBb bvDs wQ‡jb ivRv Zvweb
k‡fwU (Tabin Shwehti) Gi DËim~ix, whwb B‡Zvc~‡e© AvivKvb `Lj
Ki‡Z wM‡q e¨_© n‡qwQ‡jb| ivRv evBb bvDs hLb AvivKvb `L‡ji D‡Ï‡k¨
Awfhvb †cÖiY KiwQ‡jb, wVK †m mgq Zvi AcÖZ¨vwkZ g„Zz¨ c~e© AvivKv‡bi
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 56
ivRv‡K AwaK gvÎvq ¯^w¯— w`‡qwQj Ges Zvi kw³‡K PÆMÖv‡gi w`‡K Nywi‡q
w`‡Z Zv‡K m¶g K‡i Zz‡jwQj| Zvici AvivKvb wÎcyiv‡`i AwaKv‡i P‡j
hvq| f~-LÊ m¤úwK©Z DPwfjvm e¨ZxZ wee`gvb `yÕwU kvmK‡Mvôxi g‡a¨
•eix m¤úK© weivR Kivi Av‡iv GKwU KviY wQj| Zvn‡jv wÎcyivi ivRv
AvivKv‡bi ivgy I QvKvwiqv cÖ‡`‡ki MfY©i Av`g kvn‡K Avkªq w`‡qwQj|
Gi cwiYv‡g †m AvivKvb ivRvi †ivlvb‡j coj Ges kvw¯— n‡Z wb¯—vi
cvIqvi Rb¨ Zvi wba©vwiZ GjvKv †_‡K †m cvwj‡q †Mj| wmKv›`vi kvn ïay
PÆMÖvg `LjB K‡ib wb eis wZwb Zv‡`i ivRavbxi kvmb fvi bv cvIqv ch©š—
cjvqbiZ wÎcyiv‡`i cðv×veY K‡i‡Qb Lye †Rv‡i †mv‡i| G hy‡×i me‡P‡q
Zvrch©c~Y© djvdj wQj †h GwU PÆMÖv‡gi Dci AvwacZ¨ we¯—vi‡K †K›`ª K‡i
AvivKvbx I wÎcyiv‡`i g‡a¨ `xN© vqx cÖwZØw›ØZvi m~ÎcvZ NwU‡qwQj |
AvivKvbxiv cve©Z¨ AÂjmn mg¯ — PÆMÖv‡gi KZ…©Z¡ AR©b K‡iwQj Ges cÖvq
GKkZ eQi Zviv Zv‡`i KZ…©Z¡ a‡i †i‡LwQj, c¶vš—‡i wÎcyiviv ¯vqxfv‡e
PÆMÖv‡gi KZ…©Z¡ nvwi‡qwQj|
PÆMÖvg Zv‡`i `L‡j Avmvi ci AvivKvbxiv GLb †gvNj‡`i‡K mivmwi
mZK©evYx ïwb‡q †`qvi K_v fve‡Q, †h‡nZz †gvNj mgªvU fve‡Q †h, PÆMÖvg
_vK‡e Zvi AvBbMZ AwaKv‡i| weivRgvb ivR‣bwZK NUbvmg~‡ni Av‡jv‡K
wmKv›`vi kvn‡K cZ©yMxR‡`i mnvqZv jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨ Zv‡`i cÖwZ bgbxq fve
cÖKvk K‡ib| wZwb cZ©yMxR‡`i‡K Zvi iv‡R¨i mv‡_ e¨emv cwiPvjbv Kivi
Rb¨ AevwiZ my‡hvM myweav w`‡qwQ‡jb, wKš‧ cieZx©‡Z AvivKvb miKv‡ii
AhvwPZ n —‡¶c I A‡m․Rb¨g~jK AvPi‡Yi Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i ga¨Kvi we`¨gvb
m¤ú‡K©i Uvbv †cvob †`Lv †`q| cZz©MxR nZ¨vKvix R‣bK G¨vb‡UvwbI †`
mDRv †Mvw`bnv (Anto de souza Godinha) AvivKvb ivRvi wei‡× A¯¿
a‡ib Ges †Rvi c~e©K PÆMÖvg `~M© `Lj K‡ib 1590 mv‡ji w`‡K| wKš‧
cieZx©‡Z welqwU Av‡cvl gxgvsmvi gva¨‡g mgvavb n‡q hvq|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 57
†mwjg kvn (1593-1612)
wmKv›`vi kv‡ni ci Zvi cyÎ †mwjg kvn (wgb ivRv MvB) 1593 mv‡j
wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| Zvi kvmbvg‡j AvivKvb Zvi †kªô‡Z¡i Pzovš—
wkL‡i Av‡ivnY K‡iwQj, Zvi kvmbvg‡j Aí wKQz mg‡qi Rb¨ AvivKvb
mvgªvR¨ XvKv Ges my›`ieb †_‡K ïi K‡i †g․jwgqvb ch©š— e„w× †c‡qwQj|
ewa©Z AÂj wQj nvRvi gvBj •`‡N©iI 153 †_‡K 20 gvBj Mfxi ch©š— we —
xY© DcK~jxq GjvKv| †mwjg kvn KZ…©K G wekvj ivR¨ cÖwZôv Kiv m¤¢e
n‡qwQj K‡Vvi wek¦Rbxb †mbvevwnbx I †b․evwnbxi Kg©`¶Zvi d‡j, †h
evwnbx cÖv_wgKfv‡e myjZvb †ReyK kvn MVb K‡i wM‡qwQj| Ges evwYR¨
AwaKvi wdwi‡q †`qvi gva¨‡g Zvi †mbvevwnbxi evB‡i cZz©MxR‡`i‡KI Zvi
c‡¶ hy× Ki‡Z Drmvn cÖ`vb Kiv KiwQj| wKš‧ cZ©yMxRiv Zv‡`i e¨w³¯v_©
PwiZv_© Kivi Rb¨B hy‡× †ei n‡qwQj| hLbB Zv‡`i AvbyMZ¨ cix¶vi
m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Q, ZLbB Zviv cÖZviYvi cÖgvY w`‡q‡Q|
Zviv wQj g~jZt `yÕavi Z‡jvqv‡ii gZ| Gfv‡e hLb †ivnvs-G †K›`ªxq
miKvi kw³kvjx wQj ZLbB †Kej cZz©MxR‡`i‡K kvm‡bi g‡a¨ Ave× K‡i
ivLv †hZ| †mwjg kv‡ni kvmbvgjB AvivKv‡bi BwZnv‡m cÖ_g Ges GKgvÎ
kvmbKvj hLb AvivKvbxiv eg©xq‡`i‡K ïay weZvwoZB K‡ib wb, eis Zv‡`i
ivR¨‡K AvivKv‡bi Aš—f©~³ K‡i‡Qb|
evBb bvDs Gi g„Zz¨i ci AvivKv‡bi c~ev©Â‡j eg©xq‡`i ûgwK n«vm cvq| Zvi
cyÎ bv›`v evBb (1581-1599) AvivKv‡bi wei‡× Awfhvb cyb Avnevb
Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQ‡jb, †h‡nZz N‡i N‡i we‡`ªvn ïi n‡qwQj| cieZx©‡Z
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 58
ivRvi cÖ_g PvPv‡Zv fvB Us¸ (Toungoo) Gi ivRcyÎ evg©vq GKwU mw¤§wjZ
AvµgY Ges jyɇbi AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q AvivKvb ivRvi wbKU GKwU cÎ
wj‡LwQj| AvivKvbxqiv GKwU evwnbx cvwV‡qwQj hv wmwiqvg `Lj K‡iwQj
Ges Zviv Uys¸‡`i mnvqZvq 1599 mv‡j †c¸ wN‡i wb‡qwQj| bMievmx Ges
Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix mevB cvwj‡q wM‡qwQj| ivRv Ges Zvi wek¦¯— cyÎ fv‡jv
AvPi‡Yi cÖwZÁvq AvZœmgcY© K‡iwQj, wKš‧ Zv‡`i‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡qwQj|
Rei `L‡ji gva¨‡g cÖvß wmwiqvg I †g․jwgqvb Zvi `xN© DcK~j mxgvbvi
mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv n‡qwQj| G Awfhvb mdj n‡qwQj †mwjg kv‡ni DrK…ó
†b․evwnbx Ges Zvi cZz©MxR cÖRv‡`i ¯Ztù~Z© Ask MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g| G
jyɇbi gva¨‡g bv›`v evBbÕi Kb¨v I GKwU mv`v nvZx wQwb‡q Avbv n‡qwQj|
mdj †c¸ Awfhv‡bi ci, AvivKvb ivRv KZ…©K wdwjc `¨ weª‡Uv bv‡gi GK
cZy©MxR •mwbK‡K mvBwiqv‡gi MfY©i wb‡qvM †`qv n‡qwQj|
DËi-cwðgv‡j †gvNjiv ax‡i ax‡i Zv‡`i AvwacZ¨ we¯—vi KiwQj Ges
Zv‡`i ¶gZvi cª`k©bx mK‡ji †Pv‡L covi g‡Zv Ae¯v n‡qwQj| †mB
cwiw¯wZ‡Z cZy©MxRiv †ewk my‡hvM myweav nvwZ‡q wb‡qwQj Ges Zviv AvivKvb
ivRv‡K e¨vcK †fvMvwš— w`‡qwQj| AvivKvb Ges cZz©MxR‡`i ga¨Kvi
eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© gyn~‡Z©i g‡a¨B •eix n‡q †Mj| 1602 mv‡j ejLvi ivRvi
wbKU †_‡K cZz©MxRiv m›`xc `Lj K‡i wb‡qwQj| m›Øxc weRq AvivKv‡bi
ivRvi wbKU Zvi iv‡R¨i wbivcËvi Rb¨ wec` ms‡KZ e‡q wb‡q G‡mwQj| G
†_‡K cwiÎv‡Yi Rb¨ AvivKv‡bi ivRv cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c wb‡qwQ‡jb|
cÖ_gZt wZwb w`qvs †_‡K cZz©MxR‡`i‡K weZvwoZ K‡iwQ‡jb Ges 1603
mv‡j cybivq m›Øxc `Lj K‡iwQ‡jb| evav wech©q m‡Ë¡I cZ©yMxR‡`i‡K
WvKvwZ, jyUZivRg~jK Kg©KvÊ n‡Z cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvqwb| `yÔ c‡¶i ga¨Kvi
•eix m¤úK© †ewkw`b ¯vqx wQj bv| wee`gvb `yÔwU `‡ji g‡a¨ GKwU mg‡SvZv
Pzw³ ev —evwqZ n‡qwQj| AvivKvbxq ivRv cZz©MxR‡`i‡K Zvi iv‡R¨ Ae¯vb
Kivi AbygwZ w`‡qwQ‡jb| m›Øxc‡K Zv‡`i wbKU cybivq wdwi‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb|
mg‡SvZvi cieZx© kvwš—c~Y© K‡qKwU eQi cZy©MxR‡`i‡K Zv‡`i wfwË my`„p
Kivi Rb¨ ch©vß mgq my‡hvM G‡b w`‡qwQj| Zviv iv‡R¨i wewfbœ GjvKvq
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 59
kÎ fvevcbœ AvKw¯§K AvµgY Pvwj‡qwQj| Zv‡`i AcK‡g© AwZó n‡q
AvivKv‡bi ivRv Zv‡`i wfwˇK aŸsm K‡i †`qvi „p wm×vš— wb‡jb| wm×vš—
Abyhvqx 1607 mv‡j Zvi iv‡R¨ emevmiZ cZz©MxR Awaevmx‡`i Dci
MYnZ¨v Pvjv‡bvi wb‡ ©k w`‡jb wZwb| Zvi †mB wb‡ ©k AZ¨š— b„ksmfv‡e
ev —evwqZ n‡qwQj| cÖvq QqkZ cZz©MxR G bxie MYnZ¨vq Zv‡`i cÖvY
nvwi‡qwQj| wKQz msL¨K †jvK e‡b cvwj‡q †Mj, Ab¨iv Zv‡`i †b․Kvq wM‡q
Avkªq wb‡jv Ges wKQz †jvK mgy`ª cvwo w`‡q Ab¨Î P‡j wM‡qwQj hv‡`i g‡a¨
mxevm‡Uv †MvbRv‡jRI wQ‡jb|
G mgq m›Øx‡ci kvmK wQ‡jb g¨vby‡qj `¨ g¨v‡Uvm (Manuel de Mattos)
bv‡gi GK cZ©yMxR| 1607 mv‡j g¨v‡Uv‡mi g„Zz¨ Zvi GK Aaxb¯ Kg©KZ©v
d‡Zn Lvb‡K ‡mB Øx‡c GKwU ¯^vaxb gymwjg ¶z`ª iv‡R¨i bgybv ev¯—evq‡bi
my‡hvM K‡i †`q| mxevm‡Uv †MvbRv‡jm d‡Zn Lv‡bi KvQ †_‡K m›Øxc
wQwb‡q †bqvi Rb¨ ej‡Li ivRvi mv‡_ GKUv mg‡SvZv Pzw³ ev¯—evqb K‡ib|
1609 mv‡j cZz©MxRiv cybivq m›Øxc `Lj K‡ib|
m›Øx‡c cZz©MxR‡`i cÖwZôv AvivKvb ivRvi Rb¨ wec` ms‡KZ e‡q G‡bwQj|
cZz©Mx‡Ri mgm¨v AgxgvswmZ †i‡LB †mwjg kvn 1612 mv‡j g„Zz¨ eiY
K‡ib| AvivKv‡bi BwZnv‡m †mwjg kv‡ni kvmbvgj GKwU hyMvš—Kvix
kvmbvgj wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv jvf K‡iwQj| hw`I †ReyK kvn ÔivDK-BDÕ bMixi
mdjZvi eywbqv` cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb, wKš‧ Pwjk eQi ci Zvi mv_©K DËim~ix
†mwjg kvn HUv‡K c~Y©v½iƒ‡c m~`„p K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j gš—e¨ Kiv hvq|
ûmvBb kvn (1612-1622)
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 60
‡mwjg kv‡ni ci Zvi †R¨ôcyÎ ûmvBb kvn (wgb LvgvDs) wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY
K‡ib| e‡½i Dci †gvNj wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv ûmvBb kvn Ges m›Øx‡ci ivRv
†MvbRv‡jm Df‡qi Kv‡QB GKwU mvaviY wec` wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Zv| GLb
Zviv Df‡qB †gvNj‡`i wec‡¶ G‡K Aci‡K mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ wPš—v fvebv
Ki‡Q| KviY †gvNjiv PÆMÖvgmn `w¶Y e½‡K Zv‡`i K‡Vvi kvm‡bi Aaxb
g‡b Ki‡Zv| †gvNj my‡e`vi Bmjvg Lvb KZ©„K fyjyqv (‡bvqvLvjx) weRqB
Kvh©Zt AvivKv‡bi kvmb e¨e¯vq mivmwi †hvMv‡hvM G‡bw`‡q‡Q| ûmvBb kvn
Lye `ªZ †MvbRv‡j‡mi mv‡_ Zvi hveZxq SMov-weev` wgwU‡q †d‡j Ges
1614 mv‡ji wW‡m¤i gv‡mi ïii w`‡K Zvi mv‡_ mw¤§wjZfv‡e ¯j I mgy ª
c‡_ fyjyqvi Dci AvµgY Pvjvq| ûmvBb kvn& cZy©MxR †mbvevwnbx mv‡_ wb‡q
700 hy× nvZxmn wekvj GK †mbveni wb‡q PÆMÖvg n‡Z m¤§y‡L AMÖmi nb|
Aci w`‡K Zvi †b․evwnbx †MvbRv‡j‡mi †b․evwnbxi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q cvwb c‡_
mvg‡b AMÖmi nq|
fyjyqvi †gvNj nvbv`vi Avãyj Iqvwn` †`L‡jb †h nvbv`vi evwnbx‡K cÖwZ‡iva
Kiv m¤¢eci bq, Kv‡RB wZwb WvKvwZqv b`x I gvQv I Lvj n‡q DËi w`‡K
cðv`cmiY Ki‡jb hv‡Z wekvj cZz©MxR-AvivKvbxq †b․eni Zv‡K ai‡Z bv
cv‡i| G my‡hv‡M Zviv †mLv‡b GKwU Aiw¶Z GjvKv †c‡q fyjyqv I b`xi
`yÕcv‡k¦©i AÂj¸‡jv‡Z e¨vcK jyUZivR Pvjv‡jv GgbwK †kl ch©š— Zviv
WvKvwZqv b`x ch©š— AMÖmi n‡jv| GKUv ch©v‡q G‡m wgÎ kw³¸‡jvi g‡a¨
fv½Y †`Lv w`j, hLb ‡MvbRv‡jm evwnbx Zv‡`i •mb¨`j‡K wdwi‡q †bqvi
wm×vš— wb‡jv| AvivKv‡bi ivRv cZz©MxR G¨vWwgiv‡ji fvB‡cv A¨v‡›UvwbI
Kvifvj‡nvmn cZz©Mx‡Ri Kg©KZ©v‡`i‡K AvUK Kij| cieZx©‡Z Gi cvëv
Reve wn‡m‡e Zviv (cZz©MxRiv) AvivKvb iYZixi G¨vWwgivjmn Ab¨vb¨
Kg©KZ©v‡`i‡K wN‡i ‡djj Ges iYZixi mKj gvj-m¤ú` Ges hy×v ¿ jyU
K‡i wb‡q Ges AvivKvb ivRv‡K †gvNj‡`i mvg‡b GKvKx †d‡j †i‡L `ªZ
m›Øx‡c wd‡i †Mj| Avãyj Iqvwn` G cwiw¯wZ †_‡K my‡hvM MÖnY Ki‡Z e¨_©
nbwb| hvB †nvK wZwb Av‡iv †ewk Rbej I kw³-mvg_©¨ jvf Ki‡jb| wZwb
WvKvwZqv b`x cvi n‡q G‡m AvivKvb ivRvi Dci GKwU cvëv AvµgY
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 61
cwiPvjbv Ki‡jb Ges Zv‡K †gvNj cðv×veYKvix †mbv‡`i nv‡Z Zvi weivU
msL¨K •mb¨ Ges hy×-nvZx †d‡j †i‡L †dbx b`x w`‡q ªZ cjvqb Kiv‡Z
eva¨ Ki‡jb|
m›Øxc weRq cZz©MxR kvmb ¶gZvi m‡ev©P AR©b wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|
cZz©MxRiv GLb PÆMÖvg I †c¸mn e‡½vcmvM‡ii mgMÖ c~e© DcK~j weR‡qi
wPš—vfvebv Ki‡Q Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ we‡ePbv K‡i| fyjyqv Awfhv‡b
‡MvbRv‡jm KZ©„K cÖZvwiZ n‡q AvivKvbxq ivRv Zv‡`i wfwË ev Ae¯vb‡K
aŸsm K‡i †`qvi wm×vš— wb‡jb| Aci w`‡K wdwjc `¨ weª‡Uv mvBiv‡g
wb‡R‡K ¯^vaxb wn‡m‡e †NvlYv †`q| 1615 mv‡ji ïii w`‡K AvivKvbiv
m›Øx‡c Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i| †MvbRv‡jm Zvi kvmb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨
ZLb wb‡R‡K wec` msKzj Ges Lye Amnvq Ae¯vi g‡a¨ †`L‡Z cvq Ges †m
ZLb mnvqZvi Rb¨ †Mvqvq P‡j hvq| †MvbRv‡j‡mi mvnv‡h¨i Av‡e`b M„nxZ
n‡qwQj; Ges Zv‡K mnvqZv `v‡bi Rb¨ †Mvqvi fvBmiq †Wvg d«vbwmm‡Kv `¨
wgbv‡Rm †iv‡fvÕi (Dom Francisco de Menazes Rovo) ‡bZ„‡Z¡
AvivKv‡b GKwU iYRvnvR †cÖiY K‡ib| Zviv 1615 mv‡ji 3iv A‡±ve‡i
AvivKv‡b †c․Qvb| GiB gv‡S AvivKv‡bi ivRv WvP (Dutch) †`i mv‡_ GKUv
†RvU •Zix K‡ib| WvPiv wQj evwYR¨ †¶‡Î cZz©Mx‡`i cÖavb cªwZ‡hvMx| 15
A‡±ve‡i AvivKvb Ges WvP‡`i mgš‡q MwVZ †h․_ evwnbx cZz©MxR AwfhvÎx
evwnbxi Dci AvµgY Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i| Zzgyj †b․hy‡×i ga¨ w`‡q
`yÕc‡¶iB e¨vcK ¶q-¶wZ mvwaZ nq Ges cwi‡k‡l cZ©yMxRiv civRq eiY
K‡i| †MvbRv‡jm m›Øxc n‡Z cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib, KviY wZwb †mLv‡b Zvi
wb‡ ©k cvjb Kivi Rb¨ KvD‡K L uy‡R cvbwb| Zvi nZwenej Abymvixiv
wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ SMov-weev` evwa‡q w`j Ges AvivKvbxq‡`i‡K ØxcwU `Lj
Kivi AbygwZ w`‡jv| 1615 mv‡j AvivKvb KZ…©K m›Øxc `Lj cZz©MxR‡`i †m
A‡j GKwU mvgyw ªK I agx©q ivR¨ cÖwZôvi ¯cœ‡K ZQbQ K‡i w`‡qwQj|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 62
c~e© cÖv‡š— mvBwiqvg Ges ‡c¸ evg©vi ivRv AvbvD‡cUjv‡bi (Anaupetlun)
Kv‡Q †n‡iwQj| wKš‧ c~e© mxgv‡š— wQqv‡gi mv‡_ evg©vi ivRvi Pzw³i d‡j
ûmvBb kvn wKQz mg‡qi Rb¨ ¯w — †c‡qwQj| m›Øxc `Lj Kiv n‡qwQj Ges
evgx©R I cZz©MxR Df‡qB Zv‡`i ûgwK cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i wb‡qwQj| G mKj
Kvi‡YB AvivKv‡bi ivRv bZzb K‡i fyjyqvi Dci Zvi AvµgY cwiPvjbv
K‡iwQj| c~e©eZx© NUbv Abyhvqx †m mgqI †gvNj Ô_vbv`viÕ Avãyj Iqvwn`
WvKvwZqv b`xi wbK‡U AwaK myweavRbK Ae¯vb †_‡K cÖZ¨veZ©b Kivi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv L uy‡R †c‡qwQ‡jb| hvB‡nvK, Zvi cyÎ wgR©v b~i Avj-Øxb
AvivKvbx •mb¨‡`i‡K duv‡` †djvi Rb¨ GKUv cwiKíbv K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb
D‡jL‡hvM¨ msL¨K Ak¦v‡ivnx •mb¨ wb‡q WvKvwZqv b`xi wbKU GKwU
Rjvf~wgi wecix‡Z †Mvc‡b IZ †c‡Z Ae¯vb wb‡qwQ‡jb| AvivKvb ivRv
hLb †mB vbwU AwZµg Kij wVK ZLbB b~i Avj-Øxb AK¯§vr Zvi Dci
Ak¦v‡ivnx Awfhvb Pvjv‡jb| Avãyj Iqvwn`I Ab¨ w`K †_‡K G‡m Zv‡K
AvµgY Kij| kÎ KZ…©K Pviw`K †_‡K †NivI n‡q AvivKvbx ‣mb¨iv
nZwenej n‡q coj| wec‡¶i AvµgY cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z wM‡q Zviv †Wvev-
bvjvq wbw¶ß n‡jv| Zv‡`i •mb¨evwnbxi GKUv weivU Ask wbnZ n‡qwQj|
wKQz •mb¨ cvwj‡q †h‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj| wKš‧ ivRv wb‡R Zvi fvB‡cv Ges
hy×-nvZxmn Kv`v gvwU‡Z AvU‡K c‡owQ‡jb| Pig msKUvcbœ gyn~‡Z© wZwb Zvi
mKj Kg©KZ©v, Zvi fvB‡cvmn mKj Rbej, hy× nvZx Ges Ab¨vb¨ hy×
DcKiYvw` mgc©Y Kivi cÖ —ve w`‡q Ôkvwš—Õ cÖv_©bv Ki‡jb| ïay ¯^xq cÖvY I
e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZv i¶v K‡i Zv‡K wdwi‡q †`qvi Aby‡iva Rvbv‡jb| Avãyj
Iqvwn` Zvi G Av‡e`b MÖnY Ki‡jb Ges wZwb ïaygvÎ AvivKvb ivRv‡K
GKvKx PÆMÖv‡g wd‡i hvevi AbygwZ w`‡jb|
1616 mv‡ji †deªqvix gv‡m †gvNj my‡e`vi Kvwkg Lvb PÆMÖvg n‡Z AvivKvb
ivRv‡K weZvwoZ K‡i H ¯vb `Lj Kivi Rb¨ Avãyj bvex Gi ‡bZ„‡Z¡
†mLv‡b GKwU Awfhvb cvVv‡jb | mxZvKz‡Êi wbKU LvUMv‡i †gvNj •mb¨‡`i
AMÖMwZ _vwg‡q †`qv n‡qwQj| AvivKv‡bi ivRv LvUMv‡i GKwU •mb¨ N uvwU
¯vcb K‡iwQj Ges cÖvq 1000 iYZix Øviv †mUv‡K mymw¾Z K‡iwQj|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 63
Avãyj bvex cÖv_wgK fv‡e cÖPÊ AvNvZ †n‡b †mB `~M©wU `Lj Kivi c`‡¶c
wb‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‧ wZwb †mB c`‡¶‡c e¨_© n‡q `~M©wU‡K Pviw`K †_‡K
Ae‡iva K‡i ivL‡jb| `xN© w`b a‡i Ae‡iva Pjvi d‡j †mLv‡b Lv`¨
mieiv‡ni msKU †`Lv w`j Ges Gi d‡j †gvNjMY 1616 mv‡ji †g gv‡mi
g‡a¨ Ae‡iva Zz‡j †bqvi cÖ‡qvRb †eva Ki‡ib Ges Zviv fyjyqvq wd‡i
†M‡jb|
1616 mv‡j PÆMÖv‡g e¨_© †gvNj Awfhvb ûmvBb kv‡ni cÖvwš—K bxwZ‡K Av‡iv
mymsnZ K‡iwQj| wZwb cve©Z¨ GjvKv †_‡K ïi K‡i mgy ª DcK~j ch©š—
PÆMÖv‡gi DËi GjvKv¸‡jv‡K Rbk~b¨ K‡iwQ‡jb Ges †mme GjvKvq ebf~wg
M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb, hv‡Z †gvNj‡`i m¤¢ve¨ AvµgY cÖvK…wZK fv‡eB cÖwZ‡iva
Kiv hvq| m›Øxc `L‡ji ci cZ©yMxRiv AvZœm¤úY© Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQj|
ûmvBb kvn& ZLb Zv‡`i‡K wewfbœ PvKzix‡Z wb‡qvM w`‡jb| †gvNj mgy`ª
Awfhv‡bi wei‡× cZz©MxR‡`i Iqv`vK…Z mnvqZvi wewbgq ¯^iƒc Zv‡`i Rb¨
e›`i bMix w`qvs †K eivÏ †`qv n‡qwQj| Gi myev‡` cZy©MxRiv w`qvs
e›`i‡K Zv‡`i cÖavb Avevm ¯j Ges mgy`ª WvKvwZi †K›`ª we›`y‡Z cwiYZ
K‡iwQj|
ûmvBb kvn& AvivKv‡bi GKRb †kªô I me‡P‡q mdj kvmK wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡K
cÖgvwYZ K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb Zvi iv‡R¨i mKj we‡ ªvn `gb K‡iwQ‡jb|
cZy©MxR‡`i ¶gZv‡K c½y K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jb| wek¦ we‡RZv †gvNj ‣mb¨‡`i‡K
wZwb civwRZ K‡iwQ‡jb Ges eg©xq‡`i AvMÖvmx Pµvš—‡K wZwb ZQbQ K‡i
w`‡qwQ‡jb|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 64
wØZxq †mwjg kvn& (1622-1638)
1622 mv‡j ûmvBb kv‡ni ci Zvi cyÎ wØZxq †mwjg kvn& DËivwaKvix
wn‡m‡e kvmb ¶gZvq Av‡mb | AvivKv‡bi wmsnvm‡bi Dci †_‡K cZ©yMxR
ûgwK ch©vqµ‡g n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K Ges wØZxq †mwjg kvn& AvivKvbxq‡`i
wei‡× cZz©MxR‡`i WvKvwZ Kg©Kv‡Êi cÖwZ bRi bv w`‡q eis Zv‡`i‡K
†gvNj‡`i wec‡¶ e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ Zvi m¤ú` wn‡m‡e g‡b K‡ib|
hvB‡nvK, wØZxq †mwjg kvn& †gvNj ivRcyÎ kvnRvnv‡bi wbKU GKRb
ivR`~Z †cÖiY K‡ib| kvnRvnvb 1624 mv‡j wKQz mg‡qi Rb¨ XvKvq
G‡mwQ‡jb| ivRv wØZxq †mwjg kvn& AZ¨š— webq, bgªZv mnKv‡i Zuvi Kv‡Q
Av‡e`b K‡iwQ‡jb †hb Zv‡K ivRKxq RvqMxi`vi wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
Ges wZwb Avjvni bv‡g kc_ K‡i Iqv`v w`‡qwQ‡jb †h, wZwb hLb †h
Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Zv‡K Zje Ki‡eb ZLb †m KvR wZwb ivRKxq wb‡`©kbv
we‡ePbvq Zv cvjb Ki‡eb| GUv wQj AvivKvb ivRvi mv‡_ ïaygvÎ GKwU
K~U‣bwZK D‡`¨vM| mgªvU kvnRvnvb e½ cÖ‡`k n‡Z Zvi kvmb e¨e¯v Zz‡j
wb‡Z bv wb‡ZB AvivKvb ivRv †mLv‡b Zvi wcZvi AvMÖvmx bxwZ cybtcÖeZ©b
K‡ib| mgªvU kvnRvnvb Zvi wcZvi wei‡× GK cÖvmv` wec‡e e‡½
G‡mwQ‡jb| evsjvi my‡e`vi gneŸZ Lv‡bi Af~¨Ìv‡bi m~Î a‡i kvnRvnv‡bi
we‡`ªvn evsjv‡K mxgvnxb `~‡f©v‡M †d‡jw`‡qwQj| G cwiw¯wZi myweav MÖnY
K‡i AvivKvb ivRv fyjyqv GjvKvq jyÉb Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡ib Ges wZwb
†m GjvKvq jyUZivR Pvwj‡q ARmª m¤ú` nvwZ‡q wb‡q cybivq wd‡i Av‡mb|
gneŸZ Lv‡bi P‡j hvIqvi ci wZwb evsjvq Av‡iKwU Awfhv‡bi †bZ„Z¡ †`b
Ges G Awfhv‡b wZwb XvKvi D‡Ï‡k¨ iIqvbv nb| Ab¨ GK eY©bv Abyhvqx
wZwb bMix‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡ib Ges Zv R¡vwj‡q †`b Ges jyUZivR K‡ib|
Ae‡k‡l wecyj cwigvY e›`x‡`i AvUK K‡i wb‡q cybivq wd‡i hvb| 1630
mvji w`‡K PÆMÖv‡gi AvivKvb MfY©i Rvb‡Z cvi‡jb †h, PÆMÖvg n‡Z
AvivKvbxq kvmb DrLvZ Kivi Rb¨ cZz©MxRiv XvKvq wbhy³ †gvNj MfY©‡ii
m‡_ GKwU †Mvcb loh‡š¿i Rvj eyb‡Q| wZwb h_vh_ c`‡¶c †bqvi Rb¨
wØZxq †mwjg kvn‡K NUbv m¤ú‡K© AewnZ K‡ib| wZwb ZLb 500wU wW½x
†b․Kv I PwjkwU iYZix cÖ¯‧Z Ki‡Z wb‡`k© †`b| Ae‡k‡l wZwb c~Y©‡e‡M
w`qvs e›`‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ Zvi evwnbx wb‡q avweZ nb| cZz©MxR‡`i‡K e›`x
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 65
Ki‡Z Zv‡`i Dci GKwU we¯§qKi AvµgY Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨
†b․en‡ii K¨v‡Þb‡K wb‡`©k †`qv n‡qwQj| †Kvb Kvi‡Y iYZix cvKivI
Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡j Zv‡`i Dci Ae‡iva Awfhvb ¯vqx Ki‡ZI Zv‡K wb‡ ©kbv
†`qv nq| B‡Zvg‡a¨B AvivKv‡bi cZz©MxR Awaevmxiv G cÖ¯‧wZ Awfhv‡bi
h_vh_ Avfvm †c‡q hvq Ges PÆMÖv‡g Zv‡`i RbMY‡K Avmbœ wec` m¤ú‡K©
mZ©K Kivi Rb¨ Lye `ªZ †ek K‡qKRb `~Z †cÖiY K‡ib| w`qvs G ag©
cÖPviK L„óvb wf¶z gvbwiK (Manrique) AvivKv‡bi ivRvi mv‡_ mwÜ ¯vc‡bi
Rb¨ AvivKvb ivR mfvq GKwU agx©q wgk‡bi †bZ…Z¡ †`b Ges cZz©MxR
Awfevmx‡`i Dci cvKovI Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Kiv †_‡K ivRv‡K weiZ
iv‡Lb|
2iv RyjvB, 1630 mv‡j gvbwiK †`qvs †_‡K AvivKvb ch©š— Zvi me‡P‡q
¯§iYxq ågY Awfhvb MÖnY K‡ib| †gvNj ûgwK Aemvb Ki‡Z ag©xq wgkbwU
mdj n‡qwQj Ges cwðg GjvKv I evg©vq cybivq kw³ wdwi‡q Avb‡Z
AveQvfv‡e Avwef~©Z n‡qwQj| AvivKv‡bi ivRv †m †`‡ki †b․evwnbx‡K
cybivq Zje K‡i wb‡`©k cvVvb| gvbwiK Zvi AvivKvb md‡ii ¯§„wZK_v
wjwce× K‡ib, hv‡Z gymjgvb‡`i e¨vcv‡i AegvbbvKi gš—e¨ i‡q‡Q| wØZxq
†mwjg kv‡ni mgq †_‡KB mgy`ª DcK~‡j WvKvwZ I jyUZivR Kg©KvÊ e„w×
†c‡Z _v‡K| gM Ges ‡ivwn½vivI G nvgjv Awfhv‡b Ask †bq| wKš‧
cZy©MxR Rj `m~¨iv G `vm msMª‡ni Awfhv‡b †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vbKvix f~wgKv MÖnY
K‡i Ges G ai‡bi Awfhv‡b AvivKvb‡`i Ask MÖnYUvI cZy©MxR‡`i Zzjbvq
†Kvb As‡k Kg bq| cZz©MxR‡`i G mKj cv Ñ PvUv †Mvjvgiv wbgœ e‡½i
RbM‡Yi Dci AgvbweK b„ksmZv Pvjvq| ab-m¤ú`, cÖmvabx jyUZivR
QvovI Zviv nvRvi nvRvi cyil, gwnjv Ges wkï‡`i‡K †Rvi K‡i Zz‡j wb‡q
Av‡m Ges Zv‡`i‡K `vm wn‡m‡e wewµ K‡i †`q A_ev Zv‡`i‡K ejc~e©K
Lªxóvb a‡g© `xw¶Z K‡i| wbiciva bvweK, e¨emvqx, ch©UK mK‡jB wdwiw½
Rj`my¨‡`i mš¿vmx Kg©Kv‡Êi g‡a¨ evm KiZ| wØZxq †mwjg kvn WvP Ges
ewUwfqv‡`i mv‡_I eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤ú‡K©i weKvk NUvb| Zviv Zv‡`i
B‡›`v‡bwkqvb Awfevmx‡`i Rb¨ Pvj I `v‡mi wbqwgZ mieivn Ki‡Z Riix
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 66
cÖ‡qvR‡bi g‡a¨ wQj| WvPiv AvivKvb‡`i mv‡_ e¨emvwqK Kvh©vw` cwiPvjbv
Kivi Rb¨ †ivnw`s G GKwU d¨v±ix Pvjy K‡ib| wØZxq †mwjg kv‡ni
kvmbvg‡j 1631-1635 mv‡j AvivKv‡b GK fqvbK `ywf©‡¶i cÖv`yf©ve †`Lv
†`q| mKj wKQzi g~j¨ ¯^vfvweK g~‡j¨i Pvi¸Y e„w× †c‡qwQj| c~e©eZx © K‡qK
eQ‡ii avivevwnK km¨ NvUwZi d‡jB G ywf©¶ †`Lv w`‡qwQj| +++++
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 67
PZz_© Aa¨vq
AvivKvb mvgªv‡R¨i n«vm Ges cZb
bicwZ KZ…©K AvivKvb wmsnvmb `Ljt
1638 mv‡j GK ivR cÖvmv` loh‡š¿i wkKvi n‡q Ges wØZxq †mwjg kv‡ni
g„Zz¨i ga¨ w`‡q AvivKvb mvgªv‡R¨i gnvbZvi BwZ N‡U Ges cZ‡bi hyMm~wPZ
nq| Zvi g„Zy¨i ci Zvi cyÎ †gs mvwb DËivwaKvix wn‡m‡e wmsnvm‡b
Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wKš‧ wZwb weaev ivbxi GK †cÖwgK KZ…©K b„ksm fv‡e Lyb
nb| cieZx©‡Z nZ¨vKvix ‡jvKwU wmsnvmb `Lj K‡ib Ges wb‡R‡K bicwZ
†LZv‡e f~wlZ K‡ib| hw`I bicwZ Zvi (wbnZ ivRcy‡Îi) c~e© cyil‡`i
Dci mKj wg_¨v cÖcvMvÊv I Awf‡hvM cywÄf~Z K‡i RbM‡Yi mg_©b Av`vq
Ki‡Z cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡qwQ‡jb, Z_vwcI GUv AR©b Ki‡Z cy‡ivcywi e¨_©
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 68
n‡qwQ‡jb| cviZc‡¶, G A‣ea Rei `Lj gymjgvb‡`i †_‡K ¶gZv wQwb‡q
†bqvi my` ~i cÖmvwiZ loh‡š¿i Rb¥ w`‡qwQj| bicwZ wQj GKRb mvaviY gM
†e․×| cÖqvZ ivRvi fvB PÆMÖv‡gi fvBmiq gvZK ivq (Kvgvj) cieZx©‡Z
¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv †`b Ges Rei `LjKvix‡K ¶gZvPz¨Z Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq
c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡ib| hvB †nvK, Kvgvj G c`‡¶‡c e¨_© nb Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq
†b․-kw³i Afv‡e| wZwb fyjyqvi †gvNj _vbv`v‡ii wbKU wbivcËv Kvgbv
Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| †h‡nZz Kvgvj fyjyqvi w`‡K AMÖmi nb, ZLb cÖvq 200
iYZix wewkó GKwU AvivKvbxq hy× eni Zv‡K †dbx b`x ch©š— Zvwo‡q wb‡q
hvq Ges Zv‡K b`x cvi nIqv ‡_‡K weiZ iv‡L | †gvNj _vbv`v‡ii ‣mb¨
evwnbxiv jvMvZvi ¸wj el©‡Yi gva¨‡g AvivKvb †b․eni‡K wcQz nVv‡Z eva¨
K‡i| ZLb Kvgvj AwZ wbivc‡`B †dbx b`x cvi n‡q Zvi cwievi Ges cÖvq
9000 Zvi AvivKvbxq Abymvix‡K mv‡_ wb‡q Rvnv½xibM‡i †c․‡Q hvb|
hvB †nvK, bicwZ Kvgv‡ji wei‡× lohš¿ Kiv †Q‡o †`qwb eis wZwb wewfbœ
ai‡bi 650wUi AwaK iYZix wb‡q c~Y©gvÎvq e‡½i wei‡× †b․ Awfhvb
cwiPvjbv K‡iwQ‡jb| evsjvi †gvNj MfY©i Bmjvg Lvb XvKv †_‡K ªZ Qz‡U
G‡m ‡gNbv b`xi gy‡Li Kv‡Q Zvi ‡mbvevwnbx I †b․evwnbx‡K mwµq Kivi
gva¨‡g Avmbœ ûgwKi mdj †gvKv‡ejv K‡ib| hw`I AvivKvbxq hy× eni
b`xi †gvnbvq Xy‡K c‡owQ‡jv ZeyI GwU c~bivq mvg‡b AMÖmi n‡Z mvnm
cvqwb eis `ªZ †mLvb †_‡K cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡iwQj|
Rvnv½xibM‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ Kvgv‡ji we`v‡qi c~‡e© PÆMÖv‡gi cZ©yMxRiv Zvi
c¶vej¤b K‡iwQj| bicwZi cÖwZwnsmvi f‡q Zviv †m ¯vb cwiZ¨vM K‡ib
Ges Dcgnv‡`‡ki cZ©yMxR wbqwš¿Z Aci GK v‡b Awfevmb MÖnY K‡i|
Gi d‡j cÖvq 20 nvRvi ev½vjx †jvK hviv B‡Zvc~‡e© cZ©yMxR KZ…©K AvUK
n‡q µxZ`v‡m cwiYZ n‡qwQj Zviv †mLv‡b gyw³ †cj Ges wb‡R‡`i M„‡n
wd‡i G‡jv| wKš‧ cZ©yMxRiv NUbvµ‡g PÆMÖv‡g wd‡i hvq|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 69
_v‡Wvwgš¿v Ges m›`v _yWv¤§v (Thadomintra and Sanda
Thudamma)t
bicwZi ci Zvi fvwZRv _v‡Wvwgš¿v DËivwaKvix wn‡m‡e 1645 mv‡j
wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib |Zvi kvmbvg‡j †ivnvs G †Rvic~e©K WvP KviLvbv
eÜ K‡i †`qv‡Z WvP‡`i mv‡_ Zvi m¤ú‡K©i Uvbv‡cv‡ob †`Lv †`q| ivRvi
Ackvm‡bi d‡j AvivKv‡bi RbMY‡K A‡bK Kó †fvM Ki‡Z nq| GUv wQj
Af¨š—ixY †Kv›`j| G Kvi‡YB Zv‡K PÆMÖv‡gi DËi mxgv‡š— †gvNj‡`i
AbycÖ‡ek cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z cZy©MxR‡`i Dci wbf©ikxj n‡Z n‡qwQj| PÆMÖvg
i¶vi Rb¨ cZz©MxR‡`i Dci Zvi GK‡PwUqv wbf©ikxjZvi `ib e›`ibMix
Kvh©Z cZy©MxR Rj`m~¨‡`i AvLovq cwiYZ nq| AvivKv‡bi ivRv ewikvj
†Rjvi `w¶Yv‡j †b․ Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z wM‡qI gyL©Zvi cwiPq †`b,
†mLv‡b wZwb cwic~Y©fv‡e civwRZ nb Ges Awfhvb cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i wb‡Z eva¨
nb| 1652 mv‡j _v‡Wvwgš¿vi cyÎ m›`v _yWv¤§v AvivKv‡bi ivRv nb|
evZvwfqvi mv‡_ GKwU Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi ci WvPiv †ivnvs G Zv‡`i KviLvbv
cybivq Pvjy K‡i|
AvivKv‡b kvn& myRvi cjvqb
1657 mv‡ji †m‡Þ‡¤i gv‡mi †k‡li w`‡K †gvNj mgªvU kvnRvnvb gvivZœK
Amy n‡q c‡ob| Zvi G Amy¯ZvB Zvi DËivwaKvix Pvi cy‡Îi g‡a¨ hy‡×i
KviY n‡q `vovj| Pvi cyÎ n‡jv- `viv wmK`vi, myRv, AvIi½‡Re Ges
gyiv`| hy‡× AvIi½‡Re weRqx nb| kvn myRv AvIi½‡R‡ei wbKU
AvZ¥mgc©Y bv K‡i Ges †m cybivq Zvi wei‡× hy× Kivi `„p cÖwZÁv e¨³
Kij| wKš‧ hy‡× †m cy‡ivcywi civRq eiY K‡i cjvqb Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡jv|
1660 mv‡j AvIi½‡R‡ei †mbvcwZ gxi Rygjv KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ Zxeª AvµgY
cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z kvn myRv cÖwZ‡ekx ivóª AvivKv‡bi mnvqZv wbivcËv Kvgbv
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 70
K‡i| wZwb Zvi cwievi cwiRb Ges f³ Abymvix‡`i wb‡q AvivKv‡b P‡j
Av‡mb| †h‡nZz AvivKv‡bi ivRv Zv‡K Rvnv‡R K‡i g°vq wb‡q hvIqvi
Iqv`v w`‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb Zvi evKx Rxeb g°v‡ZB KvwU‡q ‡`qvi BQv †cvlY
K‡iwQ‡jb| hvB‡nvK, Gfv‡eB GKwU †e`bv weayi we‡qvMvš— NUbvi ga¨ w`‡q
myRvi Rxe‡bi cwimgvwß N‡U|
gMivRv Zvi cÖwZÁv f‡½i cÖgvY w`j| †m myRvi Kb¨v‡K we‡q Ki‡Z
PvB‡jv| Zvi mKj ab-m¤ú` AvZœmvr K‡i Zv‡K †R‡j cvVv‡bvi cwiKíbv
Kij| G ai‡bi wec`msKzj cwiw¯wZ‡Z myRv gymjgvb •mb¨ Ges AvivKvb
ivRvi mfvm`M‡Yi mnvqZvq GKwU Af¨š—ixY Av‡›`vjb †Rvi`vi Kivi
cwiKíbv K‡ib| Zvi G cwiKíbv NUbvµ‡g duvm n‡q †Mj Ges fvM¨nviv G
ivRcyÎ †kl ch©v‡q †c¸‡Z cvwj‡q hvIqvi †Póv Kij, wKš‧ ‡cQb w`K †_‡K
AvµgY K‡i Zv‡K nZ¨v Kiv nj| Ges Zvi Kb¨v hv‡K gMivRv †Rvic~e©K
we‡q Ki‡Z †P‡qwQj †m mn Zvi cwiev‡ii mKj m`m¨ I Zvi Abymvix mnPi
mK‡ji Dci wbg©g MYnZ¨v Pvjv‡bv nj| Zvi cjvqb I g„Zz¨i G NUbv
wKQzUv AwbðqZv Ges wg_v cÖPviYvi Rb¥ w`‡qwQj| hv †ek wKQz mgq a‡i
weivRgvb wQj| Ô†ewbqviÕ (Benier) G Ae¯vi mvigg© eY©bv K‡i‡Qb
Gfv‡e, hv wb‡gœ ewY©Z nj|
ÒAvwg ivR cy‡Îi (myRvi) cwiYwZ m¤ú‡K© wZbwU A_ev PviwU m¤ú~Y© wfbœ
ai‡bi eY©bv ï‡bwQ| Avwg G¸‡jv †R‡bwQ Zv‡`i KvQ †_‡K hviv GgbwK
NUbv¯‡j Dcw¯ZI wQj bv| KwZcq †jvK Avgv‡K wbwðZ K‡iwQj ‡h,
Ab¨vb¨‡`i mv‡_ Zv‡KI wbnZ Ae¯vq cvIqv wM‡qwQj, hw`I Zvi †`n‡K
mbv³ Kiv KwVb n‡q c‡owQj| Avwg †mB KviLvbvi cÖav‡bi wbKU GKLvbv
cÎ †`‡LwQjvg, †mLv‡bI GKB ai‡bi eY©bvi D‡jL i‡q‡Q|Ó welqwU wb‡q
gnv AwbðqZv weivR Ki‡Q, Avi G Kvi‡YB Avgiv w`jx‡Z G‡Zv †ekx
ms‡KZ cÖ`vbKvix åvš— cÖPviYv ïb‡Z †c‡qwQjvg| GUv eY©bv Kiv n‡q _v‡K
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 71
†h, †Kvb GK mg‡q Zv‡K g¨vwmcvUv‡g (g¨vmvwjcvUvg) Avbv n‡qwQj Ges
†Mvj‡Kv›`v I wfmvcy‡ii ivRviv Zv‡`i •mb¨ evwnbx w`‡q Zv‡K me©vZ¥K
mnvqZv K‡iwQj| GUv Lye wbðqZvi m‡_B ejv hvq †h, Ab¨ GK mg‡q wZwb
mIiv‡Zi bR‡ii wfZi w`‡q jvj cZvKv evnx `yÕwU Rvnv‡R K‡i cvi
nwQ‡jb| Ges †c¸ A_ev wmqv‡gi ivRv KZ…©K wZwb Dc¯vwcZ n‡qwQ‡jb|
Avev‡iv Avgv‡`i‡K ejv n‡jv †h, ivRcyÎ cviwmqv‡Z wQ‡jb, †h Zv‡K
ÔwmivRÕ G †`Lv wM‡q‡Q Ges cigyn~‡Z©B Kv›`vnv‡i Zvici Kveyj iv‡R¨ nvbv
w`‡Z cÖ¯‧wZ wb‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q| Avgvi g‡Z G wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi mycÖwZwôZ †Kvb
wfwË †bB | Avwg WvP f`ª‡jv‡Ki wbKU †_‡K cÖvß H cÎwUi DciB †ewk
¸iZ¡ w`‡ev| cÎwU D‡jL K‡i †h, cvwj‡q hvevi c`‡¶c wb‡Z wM‡q ivRcyÎ
wbnZ nb| Ges myjZvb myRvi `yÕRb nv‡i‡gi cÖnix (†LvRv) hvi mv‡_ Avwg
evsjv †_‡K g¨vwmcvUvg ch©š— ågY K‡iwQjvg Ges mv‡eK †Mvj›`vR evwnbxi
Awdmvi eZ©gv‡b whwb †Mvj‡Kv›`vi ivRvi †mbvevwnbxi mv‡_ KvR Ki‡Qb,
Zviv Df‡qB Avgv‡K mywbwðZ K‡i e‡j‡Qb †h Zv‡`i gwbe wbnZ n‡qwQj,
hw`I Zviv cybivq Av‡iv †ekx Z_¨ †c‡Z †hvMv‡hvM Kivi e¨vcv‡i D`vmxb
wQj| divmx ewYKMY hv‡`i‡K Avwg w`jx‡Z †`‡LwQjvg Ges hviv mivmwi
B¯úvnvb †_‡K G‡mwQ‡jb Zviv myjZvb myRvi cviwmqv‡Z _vKvi e¨vcv‡i
‡Kvb Z_¨B KLbI ï‡bb wb| GUvI g‡b nq †h, Zvi civR‡qi ¶wYK c‡iB
Zvi †Qviv Ges Zievwi cvIqv wM‡qwQj| wKQz †jvK avibv K‡i †h, hw` wZwb
e‡bB †cu․‡Q _v‡Kb Zvn‡j wZwb cjvq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨B †mLv‡b wM‡qwQ‡jb|
GUv aviYv Kiv n‡q _v‡K †h e‡bi g‡a¨ Aek¨B wZwb `m~¨‡`i nv‡Z co‡eb
A_ev evN ev nvwZi wkKv‡i cwiYZ n‡eb| †m †`‡ki eb¸‡jv‡Z G¸‡jvi
Dc`ªe Lye †ekx n‡q _v‡K|
G †kl NUbvi wKQz w`b c~‡e© evsjvi †gvNj fvBmiq †mB hyeZx ivRKb¨v‡K
AvZœmgc©‡Yi Rb¨ Riix evZ©v †cÖiY K‡iwQ‡jb| m›`v _yWv¤§v Zv‡`i cÖwZ
†Kvb g‡bv‡hvMB ‡`bwb| Ges †kl MY nZ¨vi Dcj‡¶¨ GKRb †gvNj
ivóª ~Z‡K Kvivi× Ki‡ZB wZwb †mLv‡b wM‡qwQ‡jb| cÖZ¨vNv‡Zi f‡q wZwb
w`qvs Gi wdwi½x‡`i‡K evsjv Avµg‡Y Zv‡`i ZrciZv eû¸‡Y e„w× Ki‡Z
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 72
mvnm w`‡qwQ‡jb| Gfv‡e 1664 mv‡j Zv‡`i †b․hvbmg~n b`x c‡_ XvKvi
w`‡K hvÎv K‡i Ges 240wU wWw½ †b․Kv wewkó GKwU †gvNj †b․eni‡K
QÎf½ K‡i †`q Ges †m¸‡jv‡K wPiZ‡i aŸsm K‡i †`q|
PÆMÖv‡g †gvNj weRq
AvIi½‡Re KzPwenvi `Lj, Kvgiƒc cybi×vi Ges Avmvg‡K wbw¯…q Kivi
gva¨‡g Zvi Ae¯vb Av‡iv my`„p K‡iwQ‡jb| Gi d‡jB wZwb AvivKv‡bi Dci
Av‡iv ‡ewk Zvi g‡bv‡hvM wbweó Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| PÆMÖvg `Lj Kivi
gva¨‡g wdwi½x gM KZ©„K jyUZiv‡Ri Aemvb NUv‡bvi Rb¨B cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj
cÖ¯‧wZ m¤úbœ Kiv n‡qwQj| kv‡q¯—v Luvb whwb 1664 mv‡j evsjvi fvBmiq
wbhy³ n‡qwQ‡jb WvP‡`i‡K AvivKvb n‡Z cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi ûgwK w`‡qwQ‡jb,
Ab¨_vq evsjvi mv‡_ Zv‡`i e¨emv-evwYR¨ msK‡U co‡e| myZivs 1665
mv‡ji †Kvb GK iv‡Z WvPiv Zv‡`i †ivnvs KviLvbvi mewKQy PviwU RvnvR
†evSvB K‡i P‡j †Mj Ges Zv‡`i hvevi c~‡e© AvivKv‡bi ivRv Dcjwä Ki‡Z
†c‡iwQ‡jb †h Kx P‡j hv‡Q Ges Zviv Kv‡iv avIqv †L‡q bq eis wb‡R
wb‡RB P‡j hv‡Q|
kv‡q —v Lvb AvivKvb Awfhvb ïi Kivi c~‡e© me© cÖ_g m›`xc `Lj K‡ib
1665 mv‡ji 12 b‡f¤i| m›Øxc n‡jv M½v b`xi gy‡L Aew¯Z GKwU
¸iZ¡c~Y© Øxc| m›Øxc `L‡ji ga¨w`‡q kv‡q¯—v Lvb Zvi Pzovš— cÖ¯‧wZ wb‡q `„p
cÖZ¨‡q GwM‡q P‡jb| wZwb AvivKvb ivRv‡K Z¨vM K‡i †gvNj c¶vej¤b
Ki‡Z PÆMÖv‡gi wdwi½x‡`i‡K mdjfv‡e cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡iwQ‡jb| wewfbœ
Kvi‡YB wdwi½xiv †gvNj‡`i c¶ wb‡qwQj| me‡P‡q †ekx ¸iZ¡c~Y© KviYwU
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 73
n‡jv †h AvivKvb ivRv wdwi½x‡`i‡K PÆMÖvg n‡Z AvivKv‡bi Af¨š—‡i
weZvob K‡i w`‡Z PÆMÖv‡gi MfY©i‡K wb‡ ©k w`‡qwQ‡jb| Gi D‡Ïk¨ wQj
hv‡Z K‡i Zv‡`i‡K bRi`vwi‡Z ivLv hvq A_ev Zv‡`i Dci b„ksm nZ¨vhÁ
Pvjv‡bv hvq| AvivKv‡bi ivRv wdwi½x‡`i mv‡_ kv‡q¯—v Lv‡bi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
Lei Rvb‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb Ges †gvNj KZ©„K m›Øxc weR‡qi cieZx© cwiYwZ
m¤ú‡K©I wZwb Lye fxZ wQ‡jb| G ai‡bi cwiKíbvi Avfvm †c‡q wdwi½xiv
1665 mv‡ji 19 wW‡m¤i PÆMÖ‡gi GKwU weivU msL¨K AvivKvb RvnvR
en‡i AwMœ ms‡hvM K‡i 40 †_‡K 50wU wW½x †b․Kv (Rvjev) GK‡hv‡M G‡m
†bvqvLvwj‡Z †gvNj‡`i‡K wN‡i †d‡jwQj|
wdwi½x‡`i civR‡qi ci AvivKv‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ GKwU Zvr¶wYK Awfhvb
cwiPvjbvi wm×vš— †bqv n‡qwQj| evRivs D‡¤§` Lvb ¯j c‡_ cwiPvwjZ
cÖavb •mb¨ evwnbxi †bZ…Z¡ w`‡e, Ab¨w`‡K ÔBg‡cwiqvj bIqvivÕ Awfhvb
Be‡b-B-ûmvBb Ges †gvnv¤§v` †eM AvevKvk Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ n‡e|
ÔRvwgb`viÕ †b․eni cwiPvwjZ nwQj gybvIqvi Lv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ Ges K¨v‡Þb
g~i Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ wdwi½x hy× eni ¯j evwnbxi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡LB
b`x Ges mgy` ª c‡_ mvg‡b AMÖmi nwQj| kv‡q —v Lvb Awfhv‡bi mvwe©K
cwiw¯wZ ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Z Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨ mvgMÖx mieivn wbwðZ Ki‡Z
†cQ‡b Ae vb Ki‡jb| B‡Zvg‡a¨, PÆMÖv‡gi mv‡eK MfY©i Kvgvj Ges Zvi
Abymvixiv hviv kvn& Rvnv‡bi kvmbvg‡j XvKvq cvwj‡q wM‡qwQj Zviv mevB
¯j evwnbxi mv‡_ AvivKvb Awfhv‡b Ask MÖnY K‡i| 1666 mv‡ji Rvbyqvix
gv‡m Kzwgivi wbK‡U AvivKvbx‡`i mv‡_ Zv‡`i cÖ_g ‡b․ msNl© ev‡a|
AvivKvbiv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e civwRZ n‡qwQj| hvB †nvK, civR‡qi ci¶‡YB
cjvqbiZ AvivKvbxq iYZix¸‡jv (Rvjev) Zv‡`i eo RvnvR¸‡jvi mv‡_
wgwjZ nq, †h¸‡jv †cQ‡b A‡c¶v KiwQj| yÕc‡¶i g‡a¨ jvMvZvi †b․
Kvgvb hy× PjwQj| cieZx© mKv‡j (24 Rvbyqvix) wØZxq Av‡iKwU ‡b․hy×
msNwUZ nq, †mLv‡b AvivKvbxq iYZix civwRZ n‡q cjvqb K‡i Ges cÖvq
we‡Kj wZbUvi w`‡K kÎevwnbx‡K Zvov K‡i Ges Zviv KY©dzjx b`x‡Z G‡j
b`xi gy‡L G‡m Zv‡`i‡K wN‡i †d‡j| B‡Zvg‡a¨, j evwnbx Lye `ªZ
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 74
KY©dzjx b`xi Zx‡i G‡m †c u․Qvq H GKB w`‡b| Be‡b-B-ûmvBb KY©dzjx
b`x‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges AvivKvbxq RvnvR¸‡jvi Dci w¶cÖ MwZ‡Z AvNvZ
nv‡b| K¨v‡Þb g~i Ges Ab¨vb¨ †gvNj Kg©KZv©iv wewfbœ w`K †_‡K Lye `ªZ
Qz‡Q Av‡mb| e¨vcK hy‡×i ci AvivKvbxqiv †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ nq|
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ A‡b‡K wbZn n‡qwQj| wKQy †jvK RvnvR cwiZ¨vM K‡i cjvqb
K‡iwQj Ges evKx mevB AvZœmgc©Y K‡iwQj| Zv‡`i A‡b‡K Rvnv‡R Av¸b
†j‡M A_ev †gvNj †b․en‡ii AvNv‡Z Wy‡e wM‡qwQj Ges Av‡iv 135wU
RvnvR AvUK Kiv n‡qwQj| AvivKvbxq `~M© ch©vqµ‡g Zv‡`i ¯j evwnbxi
Dci wbf©ikxj n‡Z jvMj| AvivKv‡bi MfY©i, whwb wQ‡jb ivRvi PvPvi cyÎ,
26 †k Rvbyqvix AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡ib Ges Zv‡K KvivMv‡i wb‡q hvIqv nq|
evsjvi e¨vcK msL¨K †¶ZgRyi hviv AvUK n‡qwQj Ges e›`x n‡q KvivMv‡i
wQj, Zviv GLb gM‡`i AZ¨vPvi wbh©vZb †_‡K gyw³ †cj Ges Zv‡`i wbR
M„‡n wd‡i G‡jv| b`xi Aci cv‡k¦©i `~‡M©i gM •mb¨ivI cvwj‡q †Mj Ges
`~M©wU gymjgvb‡`i n¯—MZ n‡jv| evRivs D‡¤§` Lvb 27 Rvbyqvix‡Z PÆMÖv‡g
cÖ‡ek K‡ib| PÆMÖvg `Lj Kivi ci `w¶Y PÆMÖv‡gi GjvKv¸‡jv `Lj Kivi
Rb¨ gxi †gvZ©Rvi †bZ…‡Z¡ GKwU Awfhvb †cÖiY Kiv nq| †gvZ©Rv `yM©g iv¯—v,
Lvj, R½j Ges Li‡mªvZv b`xi gvS w`‡q 12 w`b cwiåg‡Yi ci ivgy‡Z G‡m
†cu․Qvb Ges AvivKvb ivRvi fvB ivDjxi KvQ †_‡K ivgy‡K wQwb‡q †bb|
A‡bK gymjgvb hv‡`i‡K †mLv‡b e›`x wn‡m‡e ivLv n‡qwQj, Zviv mevB gyw³
†cj| Gfv‡e †b․ `m~¨‡`i AvLov †f‡½ †Mj Ges GjvKve¨vcx gymjgvb
AvwacZ¨ cybtcÖwZwôZ nj| PÆMÖv‡gi cZb AvivKvbx‡`i wbKU GKUv fqvbK
cwieZ©b wQj Ges Gi d‡j Zv‡`i kªxe„w×i kZvwãi cwimgvwß N‡U|
cieZx©‡Z KLbI Zviv PÆMÖvg GgbwK ivgy‡KI Zv‡`i Kivq‡Ë ivL‡Z cv‡iwb
Ges wdwi½x‡`i cjvq‡bi d‡j Zviv Zv‡`i Zievix A ¿ meB nviv‡jv|
cviZ c‡¶, m›`v _yWv¤§v AvivKvb mvgªv‡R¨i cZ‡bi exR ecb K‡iwQj kvn
myRv I Zvi Abymvix Ges AvivKv‡bi A‡bK gymjgvb‡K b„ksm fv‡e nZ¨v
Kivi gva¨‡g| Zvi g„Zz¨i d‡j †mLv‡b cieZx© GK kZvwãKvj a‡i Ø›Ø-
weev` Ges Af¨š—ixY Kjn Pj‡Z _v‡K|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 75
†ev`vIdvqv KZ©„K AvivKvb `Lj
PÆMÖvg nviv‡bvi ci gviK-BD mvgªv‡R¨i f~L‡Ê n«vm †c‡q eZ©gv‡b AvwKqve,
wKDKwcD Ges mv‡›`v‡q †Rjv ch©š— ‡c․Qvq| wbgœ evigvi H AÂjmg~n hv
cÖ_g †mwjg kvn KZ…©K wewRZ n‡qwQj Ges wØZxq †mwjg kvn& KZ…©K cybivq
wewRZ n‡qwQj Zvi meB eg©x‡`i Aax‡b wd‡i wM‡qwQj| AvivKvb GLb Zvi
cÖvK…wZK mxgv‡iLvi g‡a¨ Ave× Ges 250 eQi c~‡e© gymjgvbMY KZ…©K cÖ_g
AvivKvb weR‡qi mgq Gi †h mxgv‡iLv wQj †m Zzjbvq eZ©gvb mxgv‡iLv
A‡bK Kg|
1784 mv‡j eg©x‡`i Øviv AvivKvb `Lj ch©š— Ges ivRv m›`v _yWv¤§vi g„Zz¨i
ci me©‡gvU 26 Rb ivRv AvivKvb kvmb K‡i‡Qb| PÆMÖvg (1666) I mv›`v
wfRqv (1710) cZ‡bi gvSvgvwS mg‡q `kRb ivRv cÖ‡Z¨‡K M‡o AvovB
eQi K‡i AvivKvb kvmb K‡i‡Qb| wZbRb ivRv GK eQi K‡i Ges `yR‡bi
†KDB GKgvmI kvmb K‡ibwb| m›`v wfRvqv I bviv Avevqvi gv‡S kvm‡bi
Mo wQj `yÕ eQ‡ii wb‡P Ges 1784 mvj ch©š— †kl mvZ ivRvi kvmbKvj
wQj cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki M‡o wZb eQi K‡i| AvivKvb ¯^vaxbZvi †kl kZvwã †K‡U‡Q
Af¨š—ixY Ø›Ø-msNv‡Zi ga¨ w`‡q| AvivKvb ivRvi Aax‡b Kg©iZ gymjgvb
Zxi›`vR evwnbx †ekx cÖwZcwË jvf K‡iwQj| Zviv `w¶Y BwÊqvi AvdMvb
•mb¨‡`i mg_©b †c‡q bZzb K‡i Av‡›`vjb †Rvi`vi K‡i| 1666 mvj †_‡K
1710 mvj ch©š— AvivKv‡bi ivR‣bwZK KZ…©Z¡ cy‡ivcywi fv‡e Zv‡`i nv‡ZB
wQj| H mg‡qi g‡a¨ Zv‡`i Øviv `kRb ivRv wmsnvm‡b e‡m‡Q Ges c`P~¨Z
n‡q‡Q| 1692 mv‡j Zviv ivRcÖvmv` R¡vwj‡q †`q Ges wek eQi a‡i †`‡ki
†hLv‡b Zviv wM‡q‡Q †mLv‡bB Av¸b Ges Zievix enb K‡i Ny‡i ‡ewi‡q‡Q|
†klZK, m›`v wfRvqv bv‡gi GK myweav †fvMx †e․× egx©q‡`i‡K ivgix‡Z
weZvob K‡iwQj| wKš‧ AvwKqv‡ei wbKU w_sMv‡bU ev _vivMY bvgK ¯v‡b
Kvgb bvg aviY K‡i Zv‡`i eskaiMY †mLv‡b Ae¯vb KiwQj| Zviv
AvivKvb fvlv‡ZB K_v ej‡Zv| wKš‧ ZLbI Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Bmjvgx wek¦vm Ges
AvdMvbx •ewkó¨ Ae¨vnZ wQj| ivRvi ci ivRv Lyb n‡jv Ges GKMÖv‡gi
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 76
wei‡× Ab¨ MÖvg hy‡× wjß nj| me©‡kl yRb ivRv wQ‡jb gymjgvb| Zviv
wQ‡jb Kvgvb Zxi›`vR‡`i eskai hviv B‡Zvc~‡e© m›`v wfRvqv KZ…©K weZvwoZ
n‡q ivgix‡Z G‡mwQj| wR. B. nvi‡fÕi (G. E. Harvey) g‡Z, †kl ivRv
_vgvWv (1782-5), whwb cwinvwmK fv‡e cÖ_g ivRvi bvg aviY K‡iwQ‡jb|
Ges iv‡R¨i Dci Zvi KZ…©Z¡ A‡bKvs‡k Kg wQj| †h‡nZz wZwb wQ‡jb
wbM„nxZ ivgix es‡kv™¢~Z|
GK`j AvivKvb KZ©„Z¡kxj e¨w³eM© Avfv‡`i n¯—‡¶c Kvgbv K‡i Zv‡`i
†mLv‡b †Mj| egx©q‡`i n —‡¶‡ci Rb¨ AvivKvb jW©‡`i Av‡e`b m¤ú‡K©
HwZnvwmK nvi‡f wb‡gœv³ gš—e¨ K‡i‡Qb, Òm¤¢eZ Zviv wQj †`k †cÖwgK Ges
Zviv Zv‡`i †`k‡K Sv‡gjv gy³ GKwU †`k wn‡m‡e ‡`Lvi Rb¨ Kvgbv
Ki‡Zv|Ó wKš‧ cÖK…Z NUbv n‡jv †Muvov †e․× agv©ej¤^xiv Avev‡iv gymwjg
kvmb‡K mn¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡jv bv| myZivs Zviv ZvB Kij hv Zv‡`i c~e©
cyi‡liv K‡iwQj 1406 mv‡j ev ZviI c~‡e©| 1784 mv‡j Avfvi ivRv
†ev`vIdvqv (Bodawphaya) ¯j I mgy`ª c‡_ AvivKv‡b AvµgY Pvjvq Ges
mvgvb¨ Avµg‡Yi ciB cwic~Y© weRq AR©b K‡i| Gfv‡eB AvivKv‡bi
¯^vaxbZvi m~h© A¯—wgZ nq|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 77
cÂg Aa¨vq
gviK-BD mgqKvi mvgvwRK I ag©xq Rxebt
c~e© gviK-BD AvivKvb mgv‡R wn›`y a‡g©i cÖfve K‡g hvIqvi ci •ekvjxi
wn›`y ivRviv `ywU cªavb ag©- †e․× I Bmjv‡g wek¦vm Ki‡Zv| G mgq e¨emvwq
gymjgvb ag© cÖPviK KZ…©K ag© cÖPv‡ii d‡j Bmjvg a‡g©i e¨vcK Dbœqb
mvwaZ nq| 1203 mv‡j evsjvq AvivKvb gymjgvbiv k³fv‡e Ae¯vb K‡i|
g‡½vwjqvb‡`i Avµg‡Yi d‡j Ges AvivKvb I wZeŸZxq‡`i AvMg‡b
AvivKv‡bi eªvþYiv †`g‡iv I ‡c․ËwjKZvi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q Ab¨ RvqMvq
Ae¯vb K‡i|
957 mvj †_‡K 1430 mvj ch©š—- `xN© 500 eQi ci AvivKv‡bi c~e©m~ix
gymjgvbiv †e․× a‡g©i cyY¨f~wg AvivKv‡bi Dci weRq jvf K‡i| AvivKv‡b
Aew¯Z Zx_© hvÎvq we‡k¦i mKj ‡e․× ag© †cÖwgKiv gnvgywY‡K fw³ Kivi
Rb¨ GLv‡b Rgv‡qZ n‡Zv| G‡Z GLv‡b †e․× a‡g©i ¯^KxqZv e„w× cvq| `xN ©
500 eQi a‡i Zv‡`i g‡½vjxq I wZeŸZxq-egx©q mn ag©vej¤x‡`i mv‡_
Ae¯vb Kivi d‡j Avixqvb gM †e․×iv ax‡i ax‡i Zv‡`i mv‡_ wb‡R‡`i Lvc
LvB‡q †bq|
hvB †nvK, 1287 mv‡ji ci AvivKvbxqiv †c․ËwjK AvwacZ¨ev` Z¨vM K‡i
¯^vaxb n‡q hvq| wKQz mg‡qi Rb¨ AvivKv‡bi gy³ mgv‡R gymjgvbiv Af¨š—
ixY welq¸‡jv‡Z cÖfve we¯—vi Ki‡Z _v‡K| wKš‧ †Muvov †e․×iv G cwi‡ek‡K
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 78
†g‡b wb‡Z cvi‡jv bv| G ai‡bi RbMY GKwU ¯vaxb, gy³ I mg„×kvjx
AvivKvb †`Lvi cwie‡Z© we‡`kx‡`i kvmbvax‡b _vKv‡KB AwaK cQ›`
Ki‡jv| ¯^vaxbZv †fvMx‡`i Askx`vi wn‡m‡e gymjgvbivI Gi dj †fvM
Ki‡jv| 1374, 1406 Ges me©‡kl 1784 mv‡j AvivKv‡bi ¯^vaxbZv
nviv‡bvi Rb¨ KÆicšx †e․ׇ`i lohš¿B `vqx| Bmjvg a‡g©i Øviv †e․×a‡g©i
¶wZ nIqvi wg_¨v AvksKvq KÆicšx †e․×iv gymjgvb‡`i AvivKvb n‡Z
mg~‡j DrLvZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖvY c‡Y msMÖvg Ki‡jv| †h‡nZz Zv‡`i mnag©vej¤^x
evg©vbiv Giƒc Avk¼vi K_v cÖPvi K‡iwQj| 1942 mv‡ji gymwjg nZ¨vhÁ G
mKj †Muvov †e․ׇ`iB nv‡Zi KvgvB| G nZ¨vh‡Á 1 jv‡Li AwaK †jvK
gviv wM‡qwQj| civaxbZv, nZvkv, ag©xq AmwnòzZv Ges AvivKv‡bi
†jvK‡`i AÜKvi fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ H mKj KÆi †e․×ivB `vqx|
gviK-BD ivR‡Z¡i 1430 mvj †_‡K 1638 mvj ch©š— mgqKvj wQj
AvivKv‡bi BwZnv‡m †m †`‡ki Rb¨ GKwU ¯^‡Y©v¾¡j hyM| G hyM †_‡K ‡KD
AwZ mn‡RB Abyaveb Ki‡Z cv‡i †h, wK‡mi d‡j AvivKv‡bi DbœwZ I
AebwZ N‡UwQj| 1430 mv‡ji w`‡K gymjgvb KZ©„K AvivKvb weR‡qi g‡a¨
w`‡qB G †mvbvjx hy‡Mi m~Pbv n‡qwQj Ges 1638 mv‡ji gymjgvb‡`i KvQ
†_‡K †e․ׇ`i wbKU ¶gZvi cvjv e`‡ji ga¨ w`‡qB AvivKvb cZ‡bi
P~ovš— †mvcvb iwPZ n‡qwQj| GUvi KviY wQj, Bmjv‡gi wk¶vq wkw¶Z DP
•bwZKZvm¤úbœ gymwjg kvmbMY b¨vq wePvi I mgZv wb‡q †`k kvmb
Ki‡Zb| BwZnv‡mi, ivRbxwZ I cÖK…wZ Áv‡bi Dbœqb, cÖvK…wZK weÁv‡bi
weKvk Zv‡`i ØvivB weKwkZ n‡qwQj| d‡j AvivKvb G gnË AR©b
K‡iwQj| hLbB †`‡k †Muvovwg, ag©xq AmwnòzZv Ges •bwZKZvi AatcZb
†`Lv w`j, ZLbB Gi cZb mywbwðZ n‡q co‡jv|
A‡bK BwZnvmwe` Ges Dc¨vL¨vwbK aviYv K‡ib †h, AvivKv‡bi ivRv wQj
†e․× ag©vej¤^x, hw`I Zviv wb‡R‡`i Rb¨ gymjgvb bvg †i‡LwQj Ges Zv‡`i
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 79
gy`ªvq Kv‡jgvi (gymjgvb‡`i wek¦v‡mi ¯^xKv‡ivw³) Qvcv¼b K‡iwQj | Zv‡`i
`vexi †cQ‡b KviYmg~n n‡jvt
cÖ_gZt e‡½i gymjgvb‡`i‡K AvivKvb cybi×v‡i mnvqZv †`qvi Rb¨
Zv‡`i mv‡_ K…Z Pzw³ cwic~Y© Ki‡Z Dc‡ivwjwLZ mKj cšvB Zviv m¤úbœ
K‡iwQj| Ges H mKj AvivKvb ivRv gymwjg bvg Aej¤b K‡iwQ‡jb hviv
evsjvi `w¶Y c~e© †Rjv PÆMÖv‡gi Dci cÖfve we¯—vi K‡iwQ‡jb|
Dc‡ivwjwLZ eY©bv mg~‡ni hyw³ LÊb K‡i KwZcq cÖL¨vZ BwZnvmwe` gš—e¨
K‡i‡Qb hv GLv‡b Zz‡j aiv n‡jvt
Ò Î‡qv`k kZvwãi g‡a¨ Bmjvg AvwdªKvi AvUjvw›UK mgy`ª DcK~jeZx© AÂj
Ges evsjvi ga¨Kvi RbM‡Yi ü`q I gb‡K Rq Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj| GUv
‡m hy‡Mi ¸iZ¡cyY© welqmg~‡ni Dci cÖfve we¯—vi K‡iwQj|Ó
bviv‡gBLjv (Narameikjhla) Zvi ga¨eZx© eQi¸‡jv †M․o `iev‡i
AwZevwnZ K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb †mLv‡b MwYZ I cÖK…wZ weÁv‡bi †¶‡Î •ecweK
aviYvmg~n wk¶v MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Bmjv‡gi mdjZvi g~j g‡š¿I-
ÒG‡Kk¦iev‡` wek¦vmÓ ÑwZwb Ávb jvf K‡iwQ‡jb|
G BwZnvmwe‡`i g‡Z, bviv‡gBLjv A_ev mvIgyqvb A_ev myjvqgvb kvn-
cybtcÖwZwôZ AvivKvbxq ivRv- mywbwðZ wek¦v‡m gymjgvb wQ‡jb| wKš‧ wZwb
wK evsjvq cjvq‡bi c~‡e© Bmjvg Keyj K‡iwQ‡jb, bvwK wZwb `xN© 24 eQi
evsjvq Ae¯vb Kv‡j Bmjv‡g `xw¶Z n‡qwQ‡jb- Zv GLbI AgxgvswmZ i‡q
†M‡Q|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 80
Arakans place in the civilisation of the Bay kxl©K, mv¤^ †e․×
m¨vb my¨ ey (San Shane Bu) Gg. Gm. KwjQ (M. S. collis) KZ…©K
cÖ¯‧ZK…Z GKwU HwZnvwmK M‡elYvc‡Î cvIqv hvq †h, b¨viv‡gBLjv gymjgvb
n‡qwQ‡jb Ges Bmjv‡gi wek¦vm‡K mgyybœZ ivL‡Z wZwb AvivKvbxq ivRv
wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| D³ M‡elYvc‡Îi mswkó AskUzKz GLv‡b
D‡jL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
ÒAvivKvbxq ivRv Zvi †`k Z¨vM K‡i 24 eQi egx©q‡`i Aax‡b †mLv‡b
Ae¯vb K‡ib...| Gici wZwb †e․× Ges cwiwPZ gZev` †_‡K wd‡i G‡m
Bmjvg& Ges we‡`kx gZev‡` wek¦vm ¯vcb K‡ib| GUv Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb
ga¨eZ©x hyM †_‡K AvaywbK hy‡M, ÔMvm c¨v‡jm µbxKjm Gi KwíZ cixi †`k
n‡Z ÔGK nvRvi GK iv‡ZiÕ D™¢U Kí Kvwnbx‡Z Avwef©~Z nb|Ó
GKB M‡elYvc‡Îi Aci GK RvqMvq D‡jL Av‡Q †h, Ògymwjg-
g‡½vwjqvb‡`i wbKU †_‡K G gZev` (Bmjvg) wkL‡Z GKkZ eQi †j‡M
†Mj| hLb GUv Lye fvj K‡i Dcjwä‡Z G‡jv ZLb Zviv AvivKvb mvgªvR¨
cÖwZôv Ki‡jv| 1430 mvj †_‡K 1530 mvj ch©š— GKkZ eQ‡ii Rb¨
AvivKvb evsjvi mvgš— wn‡m‡e Ae¯vb Ki‡jv| evsjvi cÖwZ kª×v Rvbv‡jv Zv
†_‡K BwZnvm I ivRbxwZ wkLj| gviK-BD mvgªv‡R¨i 11Rb ivRv G gZev`
AbymiY Ki‡jv| 1531 mv‡j wgb web (RveyK kvn) wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY
Ki‡jb| Zvi mv‡_ AvivKvbxqiv Zv‡`i gymwjg wk¶vq DP wWMÖx AR©b
Ki‡jb Ges gymwjg iv‡R¨i wfwË ¯vcb Ki‡jb|
wRI‡d« e¨vivK¬vD (Geofirry Barraclough) KZ©„K m¤úvw`Z Òw` UvBg
GUjvm Ae Iqvì wnm‡UvwiÓ gvbwP‡Î AvivKvb‡K GKwU DËi cwðg evg©v
BmjvwgK ivóª wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| AvivKv‡bi †jvKRb m¤ú‡K© D‡jL
Ki‡Z wM‡q eBwU‡Z †jLv n‡q‡Q †h, †P․Ï`k I cÂ`k kZvwã‡Z Zv‡`i
gymwjg ivR¨ wQj ¯^vaxb, cieZ©x‡Z GwU evg©v KZ©„K †kvwlZ nq| G gvbwPÎ
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 81
MÖ‡ši †jL‡Ki g‡Z bviv‡gBLjvi evsjvq cjvq‡bi c~‡e© AvivKv‡b
B‡Zvg‡a¨B gymwjg kvmb cªwZwôZ n‡qwQj Ges wek¦ gymwjg BwZnv‡m ¯vb
K‡i wb‡qwQj| 1406 mv‡j AvivKv‡b Avµg‡Yi Rb¨ eg©xq ivRv‡K Avnevb
Kiv, KwZcq wec`Mvgx †e․ׇ`i Rb¨ GUv GKUv DËg KviY n‡Z cv‡i|
Gi wfwˇZ †KD hyw³ †`Lv‡Z cvi‡e bv †h, ivRv ZLbI gymjgvb wQ‡jb bv
hLb Zvi Aaxb¯ AwaKvsk RbMY gymjgvb wQj| hLb BLwZqvi Avj- `xb
gynv¤§` web eLwZqvi evsjv weRq K‡ib ZLb †mLvbKvi msL¨vMwiô RbMY
wQj wn›`y I †e․×| GZ`m‡Ë¡I wZwb †mLv‡b gymwjg kvmb cÖwZôv
K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‧ ax‡i ax‡i gymjgvb RbMY e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| †h‡nZ z ga¨
Gwkqv, ga¨ cÖvP¨ cÖf„wZ GjvKv n‡Z gymjgvbiv GLv‡b Avm‡Z _v‡K|
cvkvcvwk ¯vbxq †jvKRbI gymwjg kvm‡bi Aš—fy©³ n‡Z _v‡K| Ggb GKwU
hyM †hLv‡b †m hy‡Mi GKRb mvaviY ch©‡e¶K Bmjvg wfbœ c„w_ex‡Z
AviwKQz&B †`L‡Z cvq bv| †mbv, ivR‣bwZK Ges mvs¯‥…wZK `„wó‡KvY n‡Z
wePvi Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, gymwjg mvjZvbvZ‡K DbœwZ Ges mdjZvi GKwU
D¾¡j g‡Wj wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv hvq| GUv wek¦vm Ki‡Z KwVb nq †h-
GUvi ci GKUv †`k R‡qi ci gymjgvbiv GKRb Agymwjg kvmK KZ©„K
kvwmZ n‡eb|
cÖK…Z NUbv n‡Q †h, AvivKvbxq DcvL¨vb GKwU Lvivc D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q
AvivKv‡bi cÖK…Z BwZnvm‡K weK…Z K‡i‡Q| G‡Z AvivKv‡bi BwZnv‡m
gymjgvb‡`i f~wgKv‡K Lye †QvU K‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| BwZnvmwe`iv
AvivKv‡bi DcvL¨vb n‡Z c‡iv¶fv‡e ZË¡ D‡jL K‡i AvivKvb m¤ú‡K©
wj‡L‡Qb| DcvL¨vwbK Ges BwZnvmwe`‡`i G ai‡bi eY©bvq mZ¨ weewR©Z
Z_¨mg~n cvIqv hvq| AvivKvbxq DcvL¨vb Abyhvqx, †gs m gyqvb Gi DËim~ix
‡gs Lvix ev Avjx Lvb (1434-1459) evsjvi iRvi KZ…©‡Z¡i wbKU †ekx mgq
AvZœmgc©Y K‡ib wb| wZwb †`kwUi KZ©„Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib, hZ ~i m¤¢e wZwb
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 82
ivgyI AwaKvi K‡ib| Zvi DËim~ix ev m cÖ ev Kvwjgvmv (1459-1482)
cybivq Dˇii w`‡K AMÖmi nb Ges PÆMÖvg kn‡ii KZ©„Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib|
Kvh©Z, H ivRviv hw` evsjvi wPý Qzu‡o †d‡jb, Zvn‡j AvivKvb ivRv‡`i
gymwjg bvg Ae¨vnZ ivLv, gy`ªvq Kvwjgvi Qvcv¼Y Kiv Ges dvmx© fvlv‡K
Awdwmqvj fvlv wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kivi Kx cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q?
cviZc‡¶, myjZvb myjvqgvb kvn †_‡K myjZvb Avjx kvn ch©š— GKkZ eQi
(1430-1530) †h GMvi Rb ivRv AvivKvb kvmb K‡iwQ‡jb evsjvi mv‡_
Zv‡`i mK‡jiB Lye Aš—i½ m¤úK© wQj| Zviv BwZnvm, ivRbxwZ Ges Bmjvg
mewKQzB evsjv †_‡K wk‡LwQjb| GgbwK Zviv gymwjg wk¶vq DP wk¶v MÖnY
K‡iwQ‡jb| evsjvi BwZnv‡m ‡Kv_vI †KD Ly u‡R cv‡e bv †h D‡jwLZ ivRviv
PÆMÖv‡gi cy‡ivcywi `L‡ji c`‡¶c wb‡qwQj A_ev GUv‡K `Lj K‡iwQj|
GgbwK Zviv BwZnvmwe`M‡Yi KZ©„K evsjvi mvgš— wn‡m‡e †LZve
†c‡qwQ‡jb|
W. Gm. we. Kvbyb †Mv (Dr. S. B. Qanungo) Gi g‡Z, KwZcq BwZnvmwe`
gymjgvb bvgavix AvivKvb ivRv‡`i cÖK…Z cwiPq LyR‡Z Pvb, hviv PÆMÖvg
kvmb K‡iwQ‡jb| Zv‡`i g‡Z, evsjvi GKwU As‡ki Dci we‡kl K‡i
evsjvi GKwU cÖ‡`k PÆMÖv‡gi Dci Zv‡`i Awaiv‡R¨i ¯§„wZ wPý wn‡m‡e
AvivKvbxq ivRviv gymwjg bvg †i‡LwQ‡jb| Ab¨ GK RvqMvq D‡jwLZ
BwZnvmwe` gš—e¨ K‡i‡Qb ÔÔ`yÕ eQ‡ii GK msw¶ß kvm‡bi ci wZwb gviv
hvb| Zvici †`․wjqvi cyÎ ivb As ¶gZvq Av‡mb Ges 1494 mv‡j Aí
K‡qK gv‡mi Rb¨ kvmb K‡ib| Zvi c‡i H GKB eQi ivb As Gi gvgv
wmsnvmb `Lj K‡ib| gymwjg bv‡gi Abycw¯wZ GUvB Bw½Z K‡i †h
PÆMÖv‡gi KZ…©Z¡ wQj gymjgvb‡`i nvZ Qvov|Ó
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 83
wKš‧ Avgiv wewfbœ HwZnvwmK m~Î n‡Z Rvb‡Z cvwi †h, cÖ‡qvR‡bi ZvwM‡`
ivRviv gymwjg bvg aviY K‡iwQ‡jb| ivb As Gi gymwjg bvg byix kvn Ges
ZvQv jvs Mv_v Gi gymwjg bvg †kL gayjvn kvn|
Ab¨ RvqvMvq GKB BwZnvmwe` gš—e¨ K‡i‡Qb Ò ivb As †_‡K _vZvQv
(Thatasa) ch©š— AvivKv‡bi mKj kvmK PÆMÖv‡gi Dci Zv‡`i KZ©„Z¡ a‡i
ivL‡Z e¨_© n‡qwQ‡jb G Kvi‡YB Zviv gymwjg bvg MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
Abyfe K‡iwQ‡jb|Ó
G e³‡e¨i wecix‡Z Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h, H mKj ivRv gymwjg bvg aviY
Ki‡Zb| Zv‡`i bvg wbgœiƒct
ivb As = byix kvn
‡mwjs Mv_y = †kL gayjvn kvn
‡gs ivRv = Bwj kvn
Kvmvev`x = Bwjqvm kvn
‡gs m I = Rvjvj kvn
_v‡ZQv = Avjx kvn|
gviK-BD hy‡M AvivKv‡bi yB ivRv Bwjqvm kvn I Avjx kv‡ni cÖvß KwZcq
gy`ªv †_‡K Zv‡`i gymwjg bvg ivLvi cÖK…Z NUbv m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 84
wØZxq †mwjg kv‡ni ci bvivcvw`Mx (Narapadigyi) wmsnvmb Rei`Lj
K‡ib| myZivs wZwb gymwjg bvg MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡ibwb, hw`I
wZwb PÆMÖvg kvmb K‡iwQ‡jb| bvivcvw`Mxi gy`ªv n‡ZB me© cÖ_g dvm©x/bvMix
fvlv gy‡Q †djv nq Ges Zvi Dfq cv‡kB AvivKvb fvlvi Qvcv¼b Kiv nq|
BwZnvmwe` dvqvix (Phayare) `vex K‡ib †h, 1638 mv‡j PÆMÖvg †gvNj
my‡e`vi Bmjvg Lv‡bi Aaxb¯ nq Ges Gi d‡j dvmx© / bvMix fvlv wejyß
n‡q hvq| wKš‧ HwZnvwmK cÖgvY †hgb Hall (3) cwi®‥vi K‡i †h 1666
mvj ch©š— PÆMÖvg‡K wdwi‡q †bqv nqwb| GUv cwi®‥vi fv‡e Bw½Z K‡i †h
PÆMÖvg wbqš¿‡Yi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z bq| eis †m gymjgvb n‡Z cv‡i A_ev bvI
n‡Z cv‡i|
evsjvi `w¶Y c~e© †Rjv PÆMÖvg RveyK kv‡ni Aax‡b Av‡m 1540 mv‡ji
w`‡K| hLb evsjv wQj M„n hy‡×i wbgw¾Z| †h‡nZz †gvNj, AvdMvb Ges
Avie †nvmvBb kvn es‡ki †jv‡Kiv hy‡× wb‡qvwRZ wQj| †M․o B‡Zvg‡a¨B
†gvNj‡`i Øviv `Lj n‡qwQj| wgb web (RveyK kvn) Ges Zvi DËim~ix ivRv
MÖx (†mwjg kvn), wgb dvjvDs (wmKv›`vi kvn), wgb LvgvDs ( †nvmvBb kvn)
Ges w_wi †_v`v¤§v (wØZxq †mwjg kvn) Pv‡ci gy‡L wQ‡jb †h, Zviv gymwjg
bvg ivL‡eb bvwK Zv‡`i c~e©myix‡`i Dci Av‡ivwcZ Z_vKw_Z kZ©¸‡jv c~iY
Ki‡eb| Zv‡`i DËim~ixiv gymjgvb wQj bv Ges hviv B‡Zvg‡a¨B evsjvi
kvmb n‡Z weZvwoZ n‡qwQj| GLv‡b hyw³ ms½Z fv‡e Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq
†h, †h mKj ivRv gymjgvb bvg aviY K‡iwQj Zviv AKzÉwP‡Ë gymjgvbB
wQj|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 85
ReyK kv‡ni g„Zy¨i ci w`°v (Dikka) bv‡gi GK mvaviY †jvK wmsnvmb
`Lj K‡ib| wZwb R‣bK m njv (Saw Hla) KZ©„K mgw_©Z Ges †gs †m‡°qv
KZ©„K Abym„Z wQ‡jb| Giv mevB wQ‡jb mvaviY ‡jvK| Zv‡`i gymwjg bvg
wQj bv | KviY Zviv gymjgvb wQ‡jb bv| wKš‧ †gs †m‡°qvi (Sekkya) ci
•ea DËivwaKvix wgb dvjvDs ev wmKv›`vi kvn (1571-1593) KZ©„K
wmsnvmb cybi×vi nq| Zvici Zvi cyÎ ivRv MÖx ev cÖ_g †mwjg kvn
(1593-1612), Zvici Zvi cyÎ wgb LvgDs ev †nvmvBb kvn, Zvici Zvi
cyÎ w_ wi _y`v¤§v ev wØZxq †mwjg kvn wmsnvm‡b Av‡mb | G‡`i mevB
gymjgvb bvg aviY K‡ib| wØZxq †mwjg kv‡ni g„Zz¨i ci gM †e․×MY KZ…©K
wmsnvmb `L‡ji ga¨ w`‡q AvivKvb mvgªv‡R¨i cZb ïi nq| Zviv `xN© mgq
a‡i AvivKvb kvmb K‡ib| Z‡e G‡`i †KDB gymwjg bvg aviY K‡ibwb|
gviK-BD ivRvi we`vq †_‡K Avgiv ¯úó †`L‡Z cvB †h hviv •ea
DËivwaKvix wQ‡jb ZvivB †Kej gymwjg bvg aviY K‡iwQ‡jb| KviY Zviv
wQ‡jb gymjgvb| Ab¨ w`‡K Rei`LjKvixiv †Kvb gymwjg Dcvax MÖnY
K‡ibwb| ¶gZvi Rb¨ gymjgvb I †e․ׇ`i g‡a¨ cÖwZØw›ØZv mve©¶wYK fv‡e
Pj‡Z _v‡K| 1666-1710 mvj ch©š— Kvgvb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ gymjgvb
Zxi›`vRiv ivR‣bwZK ¶gZv cy‡ivcywi n¯—MZ K‡i iv‡L| m›`v _vw`Zv Ges
_vgvWv `yÕRbB gymjgvb wQ‡jb Ges Zviv Kvgvb Zxi›`vR‡`i eskai wQ‡jb,
hv‡`i‡K BwZc~‡e© ivgwi‡Z weZvwoZ Kiv n‡qwQj| AvivKv‡bi †kl ivRviv
gymjgvb wQ‡jb- G e³‡e¨i mg_©‡b HwZnvwmK wW. wR. B. nj †h gš—e¨
K‡i‡Qb Zv GLv‡b D‡jL‡hvM¨t
Ò1691 mv‡j myRvi Abymvixiv Zxi›`vR †hv×v wn‡m‡e ¶gZvq AwawôZ
wQ‡jb...| Zviv BQv Abyhvqx ivRv‡K nZ¨v Ki‡Zv Ges AciRb‡K ¶gZvq
emv‡Zv Ges DP fviZ †_‡K bevMZ‡`i‡K Zv‡`i mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv n‡Zv|
1692 mv‡j Zviv ivR cÖvmv` R¡vwj‡q †`q Ges 12 eQ‡ii Rb¨ Zviv Zievix
Ges Av¸b e‡q wb‡q mg¯— †`‡ki Dci cÖKvk¨fv‡e Ny‡i †ewo‡q‡Q Ges
†hLv‡b BQv †mLv‡bB †ewo‡q‡Q| †klZK, Zviv R‣bK ivRv KZ©„K civwRZ
nq whwb 1710-1731 mv‡j ivRv mv›`vwfhvqv (Sandawizaya) wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv
†c‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb Zv‡`i‡K ivgwi‡Z Zvwo‡q †`b| †mLv‡b Ges w_b Mv‡bU
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 86
I AvwKqv‡ei wbKU _vivM‡Y Zv‡`i eskaiMY Kvgvb bvg aviY K‡i wU‡K
wQj| Zviv AvivKvb fvlvq K_v ej‡Zv wKš‧ Bmjvgx wek¦vm I AvdvMvbxq
•ewkó¨ Aej¤^b Ki‡Zv| Zv‡`i †kl ivRv _vgvWv (1782-1785) cÖnmwbK
fv‡e cÖ_g ivRvi bvg aviY K‡ib Ges wZwb wQ‡jb Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg
¶gZvai kvmK| AvivKvb ivRvMY KZ©„K cÖPwjZ gy`ªvB cÖgvY K‡i †h, H
mKj ivRv wQ‡jb gymjgvb| myjZvb Avwj kv‡ni Avg‡ji GKwU gy`ªv- hv
m¤cÖwZ gviK-BD iv‡R¨ cvIqv †M‡Q- Zv‡Z dvmx© fvlvq Qvcv¼b †`L‡Z
cvIqv hvq| †hLv‡b †jLv Av‡Q|
ÒAvjvn e¨ZxZ †Kvb Bjvn †bB| †gvnv¤§` @ Avjvni †cÖwiZ evZ©v evnK|
Avjvn G ivR¨‡K wPi¯vqx Kib|Ó
gy`ªvwUi Aci cv‡k dvmx© fvlvq †Lv`vB Kiv Av‡Q †h,
ÒmyjZvb Avjx kvn we‡RZv‡`i RbK| Avjvn G ivR¨‡K `xN© vqx Kib|Ó
†KD hw` gy`ªvq Qvcvw¼Z †jLv¸‡jv g‡bv‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ ch©‡e¶Y K‡i Zvn‡j
Zvi g‡a¨ G m‡›`n _vK‡e bv †h gy`ªv cÖPjbKvix gymjgvb wfbœ Ab¨ †Kvb
a‡g©i n‡eb| hw` †KD Rei`¯—x K‡i G KvR K‡i Zvn‡j ‡m wbwðZ
Bmjv‡gi agx©q BwZnv‡mi wei‡× KvR K‡i‡Q| Òa‡g©i g‡a¨ †Kvb
eva¨evaKZv ev evovevwo †bB|Ó gymjgvbiv Kv‡iv BQvi wei‡× Bmjvgx
Kg©Kv‡Êi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ Ki‡Z ev AbymiY Ki‡Z Zvi cÖwZ Pvc ev ej cÖ‡qvM
K‡i bv| BwZnv‡m G wel‡q D¾¡j „óvš— i‡q‡Q|
wKQz BwZnvmwe` GL‡bv AvivKvb‡K GKwU †e․× iv‡R¨i mv‡_ cwiwPZ Ki‡Z
cQ›` K‡iÑ hw`I AvivKvb evsjvi myjZvb‡`i KZ…©K ¯^vaxb n‡q‡Q, gy`ªvq
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 87
Kvwjgv LwPZ K‡i‡Q Ges dvmx© fvlv‡K Av`vj‡Zi fvlv wn‡m‡e e¨envi
Kivi gva¨‡g AvivKvb ivRviv gymjgvb bvg ivLvi PP©v Ae¨nZ †i‡L‡Q| G
cÖm‡½ GKRb BwZnvmwe‡`i gš—e¨ GLv‡b D‡jL‡hvM¨t
Òevsjvi myjZvb‡`i ¯^vaxb nIqvi ciI AvivKvbxq ivRviv eg©xq ev cvjx
Dcvwai mv‡_ mv‡_ gymjgvb Dcvwa e¨envi Kivi †iIqvR Ae¨vnZ †i‡L‡Q|
KviY Zviv ïay Zv‡`i wbR¯ wPš—v Ges †gvNj‡`i †cÖiYvq myjZvb n‡Z Pvq
bv| ‡h‡nZz †mLvbKvi GKwU wekvj msL¨K cÖRvmvaviY wQj gymjgvb|
Av`vj‡Zi welqvw` Ges cÖkvmwbK wbqg Kvby‡bi †¶‡Î †M․o Ges w`jxi
myjZvb‡`i †iIqvRB Zviv †g‡b PjZ| Av`vj‡Z e¨eüZ bcysmK (†LuvRv),
µxZ`vm Ges Rjv`- meB wQj †gvNj| ivR¨wU †e․ׇ`i Aax‡b _vKv m‡Ë¡I
¸iZ¡c~Y© me c`¸‡jv‡ZB gymjgvbiv wb‡qvM ‡c‡qwQ‡jb|
GUv †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †h †mLvbKvi Rb mgwói g‡a¨ GKwU weivU Ask
gymjgvb cÖRv| Zviv mn‡RB ivRv †NvwlZ wfb ‡`kx ev wfbœ a‡g©i †Kvb
gZev` †g‡b wb‡e bv| †hgb K‡i Zviv iv‡óªi welq¸‡jv †g‡b †bq| G me
wel‡q cÖkœ Avm‡Z cv‡i †h, bicwZRx (Narapatigyi) †_‡K Q›`v _yWv¤§v
ch©š— ivRviv †Kb gymwjg bvg avib K‡ib bvB Ges gy`ªvq Kv‡jgvi Qvcv¼b
†`b bvB? hw`I Zviv e¨vcK gymwjg RbMY Aa~¨wlZ PÆMÖv‡gi DËi cwðg
GjvKvi kvmb ¶gZvi `vwq‡Z¡ wQ‡jb| hw`I Zviv gymwjg bv‡g bvg
‡j‡LwQj Ges gy`ªvq Kv‡jgvi Qvc w`‡qwQj Z_vwc Zv‡`i‡K gymjgvb ejvi
†Rviv‡jv †Kvb wfwË †bB| Zviv wQj g~jZ †e․× ag©vej¤^x|
hw`I GKwU †`‡ki AwaKvsk RbMY GKwU wbw`©ó a‡g© wek¦vm K‡i ZeyI
kvmK‡`i Rb¨ H agx©q `j mg~‡ni aviK evnK nIqvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| GK
nvRvi eQ‡ii AwaK mgq a‡i fvi‡Z gymjgvb‡`i kvmb _vKv m‡Ë¡I
†mLvbKvi AwaKvsk RbMY wn›`y&B †_‡K wM‡qwQj| †h‡nZz fvi‡Zi kvmKiv
gymjgvb wQ‡jb Ges Zvi cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv gymjgvb‡`i ixwZ Abyhvqx
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 88
Pj‡Zv †m‡nZz †m mg‡q fviZ‡K wn›`y ivR¨ ejvi Avi †Kvb Dcvq wQj bv|
Abyiƒc fv‡e hw`I AvivKv‡b †e․× I gymjgvbiv evm Ki‡Zv Ges †h‡nZz
gymjgvbiv Bmjvgx kvmb Abyhvqx †`k kvmb Ki‡Zb †m‡nZz AvivKvb‡K
GKwU †e․× ivóª wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv hvq bv|
hvB †nvK, †Kvb KviY †bB †h †Kb ivRviv myjZvb nIqvi BQv †cvlY
Ki‡Zv Ges †Kb Bmjvg‡K Zv‡`i ag© wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡iwQj| c„w_ex‡Z Ggb
†Kvb bRxi †bB †h, GKRb Agymwjg ivRv †P‡q‡Q †h Zv‡K gymwjg ivRv
e‡j WvKv ‡nvK|
‡Kvb GKwU †`‡ki Av`vj‡Zi fvlv ej‡Z eySvq †m‡`‡ki kvmK †kªYxi
fvlv| †gvNj fvi‡Zi Av`vj‡Zi fvlv wQj dvmx©| hw`I †mLvbKvi mvaviY
RbM‡Yi fvlv wQj Advm©x| Abyiƒcfv‡e evsjvi myjZvb‡`i Av`vj‡Zi fvlv
wQj dvmx©| hw`I †mLvbKvi cÖRv mvaviYiv wewfbœ fvlvq K_v ej‡Zv| hw`
AvivKv‡bi kvmKiv Av`vj‡Zi fvlv wn‡m‡e dvmx©‡K cÖwZôv bv Ki‡Zv Ges
AvivKv‡bi RbM‡Yi mvgvwRK, mvs¯‥…wZK Rxe‡bi mv‡_ wg‡k wM‡q Bmjv‡gi
g~j¨‡eva bv wkLv‡Zv Zvn‡j AvivKv‡b gymwjg kvmb cÖwZôvB †cZ bv|
eZ©gv‡b AvivKv‡b Ges gymjgvb Aa~¨wlZ Ab¨vb¨ †`k¸‡jv‡Z Ggb GKRbI
Agymwjg e¨w³‡K cvIqv hv‡e bv †h gymwjg bvg aviY K‡i Av‡Q| hLb †Kvb
e¨w³ ag©vš—wiZ n‡q Bmjvg MÖnY K‡i ZLb †m Zvi cyivZb eskMZ bv‡gi
mv‡_ Ab¨ GKwU gymwjg bvg MÖnY K‡i| GKRb gM ‡e․× k ‡f jy gs (Shwe
Lu Maung) whwb m¤cÖwZ Bmjv‡g `xw¶Z n‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb G e¨vcv‡i ¸iZ¡c~Y©
`„óvš— †ck Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wZwb GLb kvn‡bIqvR k †f jy gs bv‡g mev©waK
cwiwPZ| GUv A‡bK c~e© ‡_‡K Abym„Z GKwU HwZn¨| †Kvb GKRb e¨w³
gymwjg bv‡gi Abyiƒc bvg †Kej ag©xq eB¸‡jv‡Z L uy‡R †c‡Z cv‡i| †hgb
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 89
Bû`x I Lªxóvb hviv bex Beªvwng ch©š— Zv‡`i c~e© cyil‡`i DrcwË Zvjvk
K‡i|
G e¨vcv‡i Av‡iv A‡bK c‡iv¶ cÖgvY Av‡Q †h, AvivKv‡bi †h mKj kvmK
gymwjg bvg aviY Ki‡Zb Zviv mK‡jB Kvh©Z gymjgvb wQ‡jb| evwZwfqvq
WvP gM †iwR÷v‡i wjwLZ G wel‡qi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© GKwU Z_¨ GLv‡b
D‡jL‡hvM¨t
ÒAb¨ GKwU ¸iZ¡c~Y© `vex n‡jv AvivKvbxq gv‡q‡`i WvP mš—vb‡`i‡K
evwZwfqvi Kv‡Q mgc©Y Kiv| evwZwfqvq Rvbv‡bv n‡qwQj †h, G mKj
wkï‡`i‡K gymjgvb wn‡m‡e jvjb cvjb Kiv nw&PQj Ges avwg©K WvP
Kvjwfwbóiv fxlY fxZ n‡q c‡owQj| WvP wkï‡`i wcZviv iv‡óªi †ndvR‡Z
wQj| hw` kvmKiv ‡e․× n‡Zb Zvn‡j wkï‡`i‡K †e․× ag©vej¤x wn‡m‡eB
M‡o ‡Zvjv n‡Zv| †h‡nZz H wkï‡`i‡K gymjgvb wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjv n‡qwQj
†m‡nZy ejv hvq †h, AvivKv‡bi kvmKivI gymjgvb n‡q _vK‡eb|Ó
kvm‡Ki c` QvovI gymjgvbiv iv‡óªi A‡bK ¸iZ¡c~Y© c` `Lj K‡i
†i‡LwQ‡jb| G mKj c‡`i g‡a¨ wQj cÖavbgš¿x, wmwbqi gš¿x, mwPe, MfY©i,
KvRx, mfvKwe, †mbvcÖavb cÖf„wZ| HwZnvwmK m~Î g‡Z, wØZxq †mwjg kvnx
Avg‡ji cÖavbgš¿x wQ‡jb j¯‥vi RywRj/ j¯‥vi IqvwRi bv‡gi GK gymjgvb
e¨w³| ¸‡oB‡iv (Guerriro) Gi Z_¨ Abyhvqx, R‣bK iƒgx ivRvi Dci
¸iZ¡c~Y© ¶gZv we¯—vi K‡ib| Kwe ‡`․jZ KvRx I Kwe AvjvI‡ji
†jLbxmg~n †_‡K G wel‡q A‡bK Z_¨ cvIqv hvq †h, gymjgvbiv
Dc‡ivwjwLZ c`¸‡jv AwaKvi K‡i †i‡LwQ‡jb| GmKj e¨w³‡`i g‡a¨
wQ‡jb- j¯‥vi DwRi, Avkivd Lvb, †KvivBkx gvMb VvKzi, †mvjvqgvb •mq`
gymv, •mq` ‡gvnv¤§` Lvb, be ivR gRwjm Ges ‣mq` kvn cÖgyL|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 90
hvB †nvK, gymwjg ivRv‡`i PvwiwÎK •ewkó¨ †_‡K eySv hvq †h AwaKvsk
gymwjg ivRv wQj cÖvPxb AvivKv‡bi Av`x Awaevmx| ivRvi c` Qvov Ab¨vb¨
¸iZ¡c~Y© c`¸‡jv‡Z wewfbœ †`k n‡Z AvMZ †jv‡Kiv AwawôZ wQj|
cieZx©‡Z †h mKj †jvK GLv‡b Awfevmb MÖnY K‡iwQj Zviv n‡jv Aviex,
wgmix, wmixq, ZzK©x, Avwewmwbqvb, †ivgx (evqRvbwUqvb), †Lvivmvbx, DR‡eM,
DËi fviZxq, `vw¶bvZ¨evmx, Avmvgxq, ev½vjx, †KvUvwbwQ, G¨vwmbx,
†KvwQbxR, ga¨ Gkxq Ges Av‡iv A‡bK †`kxq| AvivKvb ivRv‡`i
kvmbvg‡j †h mKj Bmjvgx HwZnvwmK ¯§„wZ wbwg©Z n‡qwQj Zv AvR ch©š—
we`¨gvb Av‡Q| eZ©gvb gvs _v MY MÖv‡gi wbK‡U wbwg©Z gymv gmwR` wbwg©Z
n‡qwQj 14k kZvwã‡Z, gviK-BD GjvKvi wbKU KvIqvjs MÖv‡gi wbKU
mvbw`Lvb gmwR` wbwg©Z n‡qwQj †Rbv‡ij mvw›` Lvb KZ©„K cÂ`k
kZvwã‡Z, Avjg jmKvi gmwR` wbwg©Z n‡qwQj 1668 mv‡j AvaywbK
wgbivqv kn‡ii wbKU ivDs MÖv‡g wcÖÝ myRv KZ…©K myRv gmwR` wbwg©Z n‡qwQj
1661 mv‡j wgbZvqvweqv‡b| weL¨vZ KvRx KZ…©K KvRx gmwR` wbwg©Z
n‡qwQj Ges AvwKqv‡ei me©e„nr gmwR` gymv †`Iqvb gmwR` wbwg©Z n‡qwQj
17k kZvwã‡Z|
A‡bK †e․× ivRv gviK-BD Avg‡j A‡bK c¨v‡MvWv, g~wZ© Ges ¯§„wZ¯—¤¢
wb©gvY K‡iwQj| wKš‧ 1784 mv‡j †ev`vIwdqv KZ©„K †`kwU `Lj nIqvi ci
wZwb e¨vcK msL¨K gmwR` gv`ªvmv‡K aywjm¨vr K‡i †`b| GgbwK ivRKxq
jvB‡eªix R¡vwj‡q †`qv nq Ges wn›`y-‡e․× Ges Bmjvgx hy‡Mi ¯§„wZ
wPý¸‡jv‡K aŸsm K‡i †`qv nq| †ev`vIwdqv (Bodawphaya) AvivKv‡b
we‡kl K‡i gymwjg ¯vcZ¨ aŸs‡mi RvqMvq Av‡iv A‡bK c¨v‡MvWv Ges
cÖwZg~wZ© ¯vcb K‡ib| Zvi D‡Ïk¨ wQj AvivKvb‡K GKwU †e․× Aa~¨wlZ
A‡ji iƒc †`qv| KviY Aviex I dvimx Qvcv¼ †Lvw`Z cÖ¯—i-‡cU I cÖ¯—i
LÊ AvRI †m mKj c¨v‡MvWv¸‡jv‡Z cvIqv m¤¢e|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 91
e‡½i gymwjg mvjZvbv‡Zi mvs¯‥…wZK ms¯ú‡k© G‡m AvivKvb iv‡R¨i
cwimgvwß ïi nq cÂ`k kZvãx †_‡K| e‡½ AvdMvb ivóª †f‡½ hvIqvi
d‡j hLb ivR‣bwZK Aw i Ae¯v †`Lv w`‡qwQj, Ges †gvNj‡`i µgea©gvb
AMÖMwZi Kvi‡Y AvdMv‡bi wewkó e¨w³iv Ges Ab¨vb¨ c`¯ gymjgvb evsjvi
c~e©vÂjxq †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z cvwj‡q Av‡m| G‡`i ga¨ †_‡K Aí K‡qK Rb †jvK
AvivKvb `iev‡i Avkªq cvq| †mLv‡b Zviv miKv‡ii K‡qKwU ¸iZ¡c~Y© c`
c~iY K‡i| G mKj †jv‡Ki c„ô‡cvlKZvq †ek KÕRb Awfevmx gymjgvb
eyw×Rxex evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i PP©v Ae¨vnZ iv‡L|
†h mKj cÖL¨vZ gymjgvb Kwe mß`k kZvwã‡Z AvivKvb ivR `iev‡i
c„ô‡cvlKZv †c‡qwQ‡jb Zviv n‡jb- †`․jZ KvRx, AvjvIj, gvMb wmwÏKx
(VvKzi) Ges gvi`vb| Kwe †`․jZ KvRx Avkivd Lv‡bi Aby‡iva Ges
c„ô‡cvlKZvq Zvi ÒmZx gqbv I †jvi P› ªvbxÓ wj‡LwQ‡jb| GKRb nvbvdx
gymjgvb wn‡m‡e wZwb NUbvi eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wQ‡jb wØZxq †mwjg
kv‡ni Dc‡`óv I cÖwZi¶v gš¿x| †`․jZ KvRx Zvi c„ô‡cvlK Avkivd Lv‡bi
DP cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb, whwb Ab¨vb¨ Av‡iv Awfevmx gymjgvb‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZv
K‡i‡Qb| Giv n‡jb- mvC`, kvqL, †gvNj Ges cvVvb| G‡`i cvkvcvwk
wQ‡jv eªvþY,¶Îxq, I ï ªMY| †`․jZ KvRx Zvi iPbvejx cwic~Y© Kivi
c~‡e©B gviv hvb cieZ©x‡Z Kwe AvjvIj †m¸‡jv mgvß K‡ib| AvjvI‡ji
wcZv wQ‡jb dvZvn ev‡`i gRwjm KzZz‡ei gš¿x| GK`v, hLb AvjvI‡ji
wcZv Zvi cy·K mv‡_ wb‡q †b․Kvq K‡i b`x c‡_ wbgœ evsjvi w`‡K
hvwQ‡jb, ZLb Zviv cZ©yMxR Rj`m~¨ KZ©„K Avµvš— nb| msN‡l© wcZv wbnZ
nb Ges AvjvIj AvnZ Ges e›`x nb| cieZ©x‡Z wZwb wb‡R‡K AvivKv‡b
Lyu‡R cvb, †mLv‡b wZwb AvivKvb ivRvi GKRb †mbv Kg©KZv© n‡q hvb|
GKRb `¶ ‣mb¨ nIqvi cvkvcvwk AvjvIj wQ‡jb GKRb gnv weÁgvbe,
Kwe Ges MvqK| Aviex, dvimx, ms¯‥…Z, evsjv Ges wnw›`mn †ek K‡qKwU
fvlvq Zvi h‡_ó `¶Zv wQj| AwZ mZ¡i Zvi G ¸Yvejx gvMb wmwÏKxi
`„wó‡K AvK…ó K‡i, whwb cici `yÕRb ivRvi cÖavbgš¿x wQ‡jb| gvMb wb‡RI
GKRb wk¶vwe` I Kwe wQ‡jb| Ak¦v‡ivnx †mbv`j †_‡K wZwb AvjvIj‡K
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 92
gy³ K‡ib Ges Zv‡K wZwb Zvi c„ô‡cvlKZvq ivRKwe wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM †`b|
gvwjK †gvnv¤§` RvBwm iwPZ GKwU weL¨vZ wnw›` †ivgvw›UK gnvKve¨
ÒcÙveZxÓ evsjvq Abyev` Kivi Rb¨ wZwb Zv‡K `vwqZ¡ †`b| AvjvIj
mdjZvi mv‡_ Abyev‡`i KvR mgvß Ki‡jb| Zvi ÒcÙveZxÓ mgvß nq
m¤¢eZ 1651 mv‡j| Zvi cieZ©x KvR wQj weL¨vZ Avie¨ iRbxi †ivgvw›UK
Mí Òmvqdzjg~jK ew`D¾vgvjÓ| GUv mgvß n‡qwQj m¤¢eZ 1655-1659
mv‡j| Gi cieZ©x‡Z wZwb dvimx Kwe wbRvg MRbex iwPZ Ònv¯ —-cvBKviÓ-
(mvZ †`k‡cÖgx) m¤úv`‡bi Kv‡R nvZ †`b| 1660 mv‡j ivRcyÎ kvn myRvi
AvivKv‡b cjvq‡bi ci G iPbvwUi KvR mgvß nq, †mLv‡b G cjvq‡bi
NUbv D‡jL Av‡Q| kvn myRvi mv‡_ Zvi m‡›`nRbK wKš‧ A¯úó RwUjZvi
Kvi‡Y AvjvIj‡K †R‡j cvVv‡bv nq| hvB ‡nvK Lye Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B Kwe
‡Rj †_‡K Qvov †c‡jb Ges wZwb gvmy` kvn bv‡gi GKRb cÖfvekvjx Kwe
Ges AvivKvb `iev‡ii gwš¿ †mvjvqgvb wmwÏKx KZ©„K Zvr¶wYKfv‡e mg_©b
†c‡q cybivq ¯^ c‡` envj n‡jb| †k‡li R‡bi Aby‡iv‡a BDmyd Mv`vi
dvimx Kv‡Ri Dci wfwË K‡i wZwb ÒZzndvÓ iPbv Ki‡jb| G‡m Bmjv‡gi
Kg©KvÊ I ch©‡e¶Y Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| m¤¢eZ 1664 mv‡j Zvi GK
KvRwU mgvß nq| myjvqgv‡bi c„ô‡cvlKZv Ges ZviB Aby‡iv‡a cieZ©x‡Z
AvjvIj †`․jZ KvRxi ÒmZx gqbv I ‡jvi P›`ªvbxÓ Gi evKx Ask mgvß
K‡ib| AvjvIj Zvi e„× eq‡m AvivKv‡bi GK ¸iZ¡c~Y© gwš¿ gRwjk
b‡fvivR Gi c„ô‡cvlKZv jvf K‡ib| ‡m mgq AvjvIj wbRvg MbRexi
weL¨vZ MÖš ÒwmKv›`vi bvgvÓ evsjvq Abyev‡`i KvR m¤úv`b K‡ib|
wmKv›`vi bvgv wQj Av‡jKRvÊv‡ii Awfhv‡bi mgq cvi‡m¨ D™¢~Z PgK
m„wóKvix Mímg~‡ni msKjb| G¸‡jv QvovI AvjvIj Zvi e„× eq‡m A‡bK
KvíwbK Ges wjwiK KweZv iPbv K‡ib| hw`I Zvi cÖavb iPbv¸‡jv wQj
Abyev`ag©x ev dvimx iPbv †_‡K msKjb, Avi G wbq‡gB AvjvIj Avb›`
†c‡Zb| m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e wZwb wQ‡jb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i GKRb gnvb Kwe|
AvjvI‡ji c„ô‡cvlK gvMb VvKziI AMva cÖwZfvi AwaKvix GKRb Kwe
wQ‡jb| wZwb wQ‡jb wmwÏKx cwiev‡i Rb¥ jvf Kiv GKRb gymjgvb| wKš‧
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 93
AvivKvb kvmKiv Zv‡K VvKzi Dcvwa w`‡qwQj| AvivKvb kvmKiv DP c`
Kg©KZ©v‡`i‡K Giƒc A‡bK Dcvwa w`Z| gvMb VvKzi Aviex, dvimx, wn›`x
Ges evsjvq Lye cvi`k©x wQ‡jb| Zvi Kvwe¨K iPbv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ïay
ÒP›`ªveZxÓ GLb ch©š— Avwe¯‥…Z n‡q‡Q| ivRcyÎ exifb I ivRKb¨v
P›`ªveZxi ga¨Kvi fv‡jvevmvi Mí-Kvwnbx wb‡q iwPZ G MÖšLvwb‡Z mvwn‡Z¨i
gbb I c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| gvMb m¤¢eZ 1660 mv‡j gviv hvb| Zvi
mgmvgwqK Kv‡ji Kwe wQ‡jb †`․jZ KvRx| wZwb AvivKv‡bi KvwPcyi‡K Zvi
(AvjvI‡ji) Rb¥¯vb wn‡m‡e eY©bv K‡ib| Zvi eY©bv g‡Z, GKUv
D‡jL‡hvM¨ msL¨K Djvgv Ges kvqL eªvþY Kvq¯‡`i mv‡_ GK‡Î wQ‡jb,
Zviv mK‡jB mvwnZ¨ PP©vq wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb, Ôbwme bvgvÕ wk‡ivbv‡g wZwb
GKUv gnvKve¨ iPbv K‡ib| •ewk‡ó¨i w`K w`‡q hv wQj †g․wjK Ges hv
Aviex I dvimx iPbvi Dci wfwË K‡i iwPZ nqwb eis mgmvgwqK Kv‡ji
mvgvwRK Rxeb wb‡q iwPZ|
H mKj Kwe‡`i ØvivB AvivKv‡b mvwnwZ¨K HwZn¨ cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj hv
Aóv`k kZvwãi †kl ch©š— `xN© mgq a‡i Ae¨vnZ wQj| GLb Avgiv Aci
GK ¸iZ¡c~Y© gymjgvb Kwe Avãyj Kwig L›`Kv‡ii bvg Rvb‡Z cvwi| wZwb
e‡jb Zvi †c․p `v` imyj wgqv wQ‡jb AvivKvb ivRvi Aax‡b GKRb Kv÷g
Kg©KZ©v Ges Zvi `v`v gvQvb Avjx wewfbœ fvlvq `¶ wQ‡jb| myZivs †`vfvlx
wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Zb| Avãyj Kwi‡gi wcZv Avjx AvKeiI wQ‡jb GKRb
wkw¶Z e¨w³| Avãyj Kwig mvw`K bvbv AvwZqvevi bvgK GK m¤ú`kvjx
ewY‡Ki c„ô‡cvlKZv †c‡qwQ‡jb| Zvi Aby‡iv‡a Avãyj Kwig 1789 mv‡j,
`yjv gRwjk (Dulla Majlish) wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU dvimx iPbvi evsjv Abyev`
K‡ib| c~‡e© wZwb ÔnvRvi gvmv‡qjÕ I ÔZvgg AvbRvixÕ wk‡ivbv‡g Av‡iv `yÕwU
iPbvi KvR m¤úbœ K‡ib| hvi wfwË wQj dvimx iPbv| AvivKv‡bi Ôev›`viÕ
bvgK GK MÖvg m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z wM‡q Kwe Avãyj Kwig e‡jb, Ò †m MÖv‡g evm
KiZ KvRx, gydZx, Djvgv, ag©xq dKxi Ges `i‡ek| †mLv‡b emevmiZ DP
c`¯ gymjgvbiv ivRvi mv‡_ eÜzZ¡c~Y©fv‡e Avjvc Av‡jvPbv KiZ| hLbB
†Kvb GK Mixe †jvK †m MÖv‡g †eov‡Z AvmZ, Zv‡K KLbI Lvwj nv‡Z
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 94
wdwi‡q †`qv nZ bv| bvgvR covi Rb¨ mvw`K bvbv AvwZqvevi KZ©„K †mLv‡b
GKwU gmwR` wbwg©Z n‡qwQj| G Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wZwb mgv‡R mycwiwPZ nb| †m
MÖv‡g †ek wKQz Djvgvi AvMgb NU‡jv, Zviv bvgv‡Ri e¨vcv‡i wbqwgZ
Z`viKx Ki‡Zv| Rygv Ges wbqwgZ bvgvR cov‡bvi Rb¨ ch©vqµ‡g Zv‡`i
GKRb‡K LZxe I Aci Rb‡K Bgvg wb‡qvM ‡`qv n‡qwQj|
lô Aa¨vq
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 95
†ev`vIdvqvi Aax‡b AvivKvb (1784-1824)
gviK-BD kvm‡bi cZb wQj †ivwn½v‡`i Rb¨ GK gvivZ¥K ûgwK, †h‡nZz
gviK-BD Gi cÖ‡Z¨KwU welq wQj ev¯—weKfv‡e I mvs¯‥…wZKfv‡e Bmjvgx
fveavivi| myZivs gviK-BD cZ‡bi ci G me wKQzB aywjmvr n‡q †Mj|
nvRvi nvRvi gymjgvb Ges RvZxqZvev`x †e․ׇ`i‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡jv|
gymjgvb •mb¨, wkíx Ges cÖ‡K․kjxmn Kgc‡¶ wek nvRvi (20,000)
e›`x‡K AvivKv‡bi cvnvox GjvKv w`‡q ga¨ evg©vq Zvwo‡q ‡`qv n‡qwQj|
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †_‡K nvRvi nvRvi †jvK cw_g‡a¨ gviv †Mj| †e․ׇ`i kª‡×q
ÔgnvgywYiÕ cÖwZg~wZ© evgv©q wb‡q hvIqv n‡qwQj| G cÖwZg~wZ©wU GL‡bv g¨vbWvj
kn‡ii AvivKvb c¨v‡MvWvq eZ©gvb Av‡Q| †ev`vIdvqvi •mb¨iv gymjgvb I
wn›`y‡`i AcÖZzj AwfwjLb I ¯§„wZ wPýmg~nI wQwb‡q wb‡q hvq|
AvivKv‡bi Dci †ev`vIdvqvi 40 eQ‡ii kvmb GKwU bRxi wenxb •¯^ivPvi
I wbôziZvi wb`k©b enb K‡i| †jvK‡`i‡K †Rvic~e©K †mbvevwnbx‡Z fwZ©
Kiv n‡Zv Ges †Rvic~e©K Zv‡`i Øviv wewfbœ KvR Kiv‡bv n‡Zv| mvaviY
gvby‡li mvg‡_©¨i evB‡i AwaK nv‡i Ki msMÖn Kiv n‡Zv| nvRvi nvRvi
AvivKvbxq e›`x‡`i‡K evgv©q c¨v‡MvWv wbg©v‡Yi Kv‡R cy‡iv mvZ eQi a‡i
µxZ `v‡mi b¨vq KvR Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| †ev`Idvqvi KZ©„K †Rvic~e©K cwikªg
I †Rvic~e©K †mbvevwnbx‡Z Kv‡R eva¨ Kiv Ges ¯vbxq Kg©KZ©v‡`i AhvwPZ
n —‡¶c AvivKvbxq‡`i‡K Av‡iv wewQbœ K‡i Zzjj Ges Zv‡`i ga¨ †_‡K
nvRvi nvRvi †jvK mxgvš— GjvKv w`‡q cvwj‡q PÆMÖvg ‡Rjvq P‡j †Mj| ejv
n‡q _v‡K 1798 mv‡ji g‡a¨ AvivKv‡bi `yÔ Z…Zxqvsk †jvK Zv‡`i gvZ…f~wg
†Q‡o P‡j wM‡qwQj| ïay 1798 mv‡jB Kgc‡¶ `k nvRvi (10,000) †jvK
PÆMÖv‡g Xy‡K c‡owQj Ges Zvi cieZx©‡ZB Av‡iv eû †jvK Zv‡`i‡K
Abymib K‡iwQj| B÷ BwÊqv †Kv¤úvbx G mKj †jvK‡`i PÆMÖvg †Rjvi
`w¶Yvs‡k Ae¯vb Kivi e¨vcv‡i †Kvb AvcwË Kij bv| LvwbKUv gvbweK
Kvi‡Y Ges LvwbKUv †m A‡j RbmsL¨v e„w×i Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i‡K ¯vMZ
Rvbv‡bv n‡qwQj|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 96
1811 mv‡j wKs †ewis wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ AvivKvb kiYv_©x R‣bK wQbweqvb
(Cinbyan) eg©xq‡`i wei‡× GK we‡`ªvnx evwnbx msNe× Ki‡jb| wZwb GKwU
D‡jL‡hvM¨ msL¨K evwnbx‡K GKwÎZ Ki‡jb, †Kv¤úvbxi mxgvbvq cÖ‡qvRbxq
cÖ¯‧wZ MÖnY Ki‡jb Ges AvivKv‡bi mxgvš— AwZµg K‡i †ivnvDs
(Mrohaung) G Ae‡iva Ki‡jb| hw`I wZwb †Rvic~e©K †ivnvDs Gi `Lj
wb‡Z e¨_© n‡jb, wKš‧ `~‡M©i i¶xevwnbx‡K G k‡Z© AvZœmgc©Y Kiv‡Z eva¨
Ki‡jb, †h Gi RbM‡Yi Rxeb I m¤úwˇK Aegy³ ivL‡Z n‡e| hvB‡nvK,
`~‡M©i i¶xevwnbxi AvZœmgc©‡Yi ci wZwb A‡bK eg©xq ‣mb¨, Zv‡`i cwievi
Ges Zv‡`i mg_©‡Ki‡K nZ¨v Ki‡jb| 1811 mv‡ji gvSvgvwS mg‡qi g‡a¨
AvivKv‡bi mgMÖ eg©xq cÖ‡`k¸‡jv hv AvwKqv‡ei AvaywbK †Rjvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡
K‡i wQbweqv‡bi n¯—MZ nq| Gi d‡j eg©xq Ges weªwUk‡`i ga¨Kvi m¤úK©
Av‡iv †Rvi`vi nq|
Zv‡`i nviv‡bv ivRZ¡ wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨ eg©xqiv el©v †g․my‡gi †k‡l w`‡K
cÖ ‧wZ MÖnY Kij| •mb¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡jv Ges †c¸ cÖ‡`k‡K wZb nvRvi
†jvK mieivn †`qvi Rb¨ wb‡ ©k †`qv n‡jv| 66 cvDÊ e›`yK I yÕkZ Rb
†jvK enb Kivi Rb¨ GKwU fvmgvb †mZz ¯vcb Kiv n‡jv| cieZx©‡Z
†UBjvi bv‡gi GKRb Bs‡i‡Ri †bZ…‡Z¡ Av‡iv GKwU RvnvR e„w× Kiv n‡jv|
1811 mv‡ji 6 wW‡m‡¤i G †b․eni †i½yb †_‡K hvÎv ïi K‡i, GK mßvn
c‡i Av‡iv GKwU ¶z`ª eni hy³ nq| evg©vb ¯j evwnbx †bMvixm G G‡m
GKwÎZ n‡jv, †mLvb †_‡K Zviv mv‡›`v‡qi w`‡K avweZ n‡jv Ges †mLvb
†_‡K Zviv †b․c‡_ ivgix DcK~‡j wM‡q †cu․Qj| Zviv †Mv‡q›`v‡`i‡K †LvR
Kivi Rb¨ mgy`ª c‡_ †ewi‡q coj| Zviv †Q`yevi wbK‡Ui Øxc¸‡jv‡Z
wZbkZ ibZix‡Z †gvU 10 nvRvi †jvK †`L‡Z †c‡jb| Zv‡`i †bZ…Z¡
w`wQj wQbweqvb| D³ hy‡× AvivKvbxqiv †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ nq| G hy‡×
Zviv 200wU iYZix nvivq| wQbweqvb Zvi Aewkó •mb¨‡`i‡K ¸wQ‡q GKÎ
Ki‡Z m¶g nq| wZwb bZzb iƒ‡c hy× ïi Kivi R‡b¨ mvn‡mi m‡½
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 97
cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib| G j‡¶¨ wZwb gvÎ 100wU iYZixi GKwU eni wb‡q AMÖmi
nb| wKš‧ GeviI wZwb civwRZ nb Ges wZwb Zvi ibZixi A‡a©K nvwi‡q
†d‡jb| eg©xqiv ZLb †Q`yev `Lj Kij| wQbweqvb Ges Zvi Abymvixiv
mxgvš— c‡_ cjvqb Kij|
we‡`ªvnx Ges kiYv_©x‡`i K‡Vvi cÖ‡ivPbvq eg©xqiv ZLb mxgvš—eZ©x GjvKv
Ry‡o wbwØ©avq Awfhvb cwiPvjbv KiwQj| GgbwK Zviv †Kv¤úvbxi KZ©„c¶‡K
G e‡j ûgwK w`Z †h, Zviv †mLv‡b j evwnbx †cÖiY Ki‡e Ges †d«Â‡`i
mn‡hvwMZvq Zviv †UKbvd †_‡K XvKv ch©š— mgMÖ †`‡ki Dci AvwacZ¨ we¯—
vi K‡iwQj| AvivKvb we‡`ªvnx cÖavb‡`i AvZ¥mgc©Y bv Kiv ch©š— Zviv G
AvwacZ¨ Ae¨vnZ †i‡LwQj|
hvB ‡nvK, D‡ËRbv cÖkwgZ Kivi Rb¨ †Kv¤úvbx KZ©„c¶ GKwU K~U‣bwZK
D‡`¨v‡M MÖnY K‡iwQj| †m mgq PÆMÖv‡g D‡ËRbv Av‡iv †Rvi`vi nwQj|
KjKvZv †_‡K Av‡iv kw³, mvnm I Rbej G‡mwQj| hLb e„wó ïi n‡q †Mj
ZLb eg©xqiv †ivnvDs (Mrohaung) Gi w`‡K wd‡i †Mj|
mxgv‡š—i Dfq cv‡ki •mb¨‡`i Abycw¯wZi my‡hvM wb‡q QvBweqvb AvivKv‡b
wØZxqevi Avµg‡Yi cwiKíbv MÖnY Ki‡jb| wZwb bvd b`x cvi n‡q
gvDs`vI G evg©vi mxgvbvi `Lj †bb Ges GKwU †QvU eg©xq wewQbœ GjvKv‡K
civwRZ K‡ib, wKš‧ eg©xq‡`i Øviv Lye `ªZ cybivq Zv `Lj n‡q hvq|
AvivKvbiv Zv‡`i †b․Kv wb‡q cvwj‡q hvq wKš‧ Zv‡`i A‡b‡K Wy‡e hvq| †h
mKj AvivKvbxq cÖv‡Y †e u‡P wM‡qwQj Zv‡`i A‡b‡KB PÆMÖvg †Rjvq cvwj‡q
hvq| K‡qK gvm c~‡e©i cwiw wZ GLb cybivq †Kv¤úvbxi GjvKvq msNwUZ
n‡jv Ges eg©xqiv Zv‡`i AvZœmgc©Y `vex Kij|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 98
wQbweqvb †Kv¤úvbxi Rb¨ GKUv gv_v e¨v_vi KviY n‡q uvovj| Zv‡K
‡MÖdZvi Kivi wb‡`©k †`qv n‡jv, wKš‧ †KDB Zv‡K AvUK Ki‡Z cvij bv|
1812 mv‡ji b‡f¤^i gv‡m wQbBweqv‡bi Abymvixiv K·evRvi `Lj K‡i Ges
K·evRvi kni‡K Zv‡`i cÖavb Kvh©vj‡q cwiYZ K‡i| AvivKv‡bi Dci
cieZ©x Awfhvb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wZwb †mLv‡b RvnvR wbg©v‡Yi KvR ïi
K‡ib| GKB gv‡m †Kv¤úvbxi evwnbx¸‡jv ivgy‡Z NvwU ¯vcb K‡i Ges
PÆMÖvg n‡Z wQbweqvb evwnbxi Dci GKwU †h․_ AvµgY Pvjvq Ges Zv‡`i‡K
Zv‡`i cÖavb Kvh©vjq †_‡K weZvwoZ K‡i| wQbweqvb mxgvš— AwZµg K‡i
ÔwgbMvwRÕ (Minglagyi) †Z Zvi †jvK‡`i‡K GKwÎZ K‡i Ges AvivKv‡bi
ga¨w`‡q †ivnvDs Gi w`‡K AMÖmi nq| wKš‧ Zviv AvivKvb‡`i Øviv Avµvš—
n‡q civwRZ nq| wQbweqvb cÖvq 150 Rb Abymvix wb‡q bvd b`xi GKwU
DP cÖkvLv n‡q cjvqb K‡i| eg©xqiv Zvi cjvqbiZ wew¶ß †jvK‡`i‡K
avIqv K‡i mxgv‡š— wb‡q hvq| Avµg‡Yi Dci Av‡iv GKwU RwUjZv Rb¥
jvf K‡i| G RwUjZv •Zwi nq g~jZ we‡`ªvnx‡`i cÖeÂbvq| 1815 mv‡j
wQbweqv‡bi g„Zz¨ ch©š— wQbweqvb I eg©xq‡`i Avµg‡Yi mgm¨v Ae¨vnZ
_v‡K|
wQbweqv‡bi g„Zz¨i ci eg©xqiv weªwUk cÖRv‡`i Dci GKwU ¶z`ª wbh©vZ‡bi
avivevwnK AvµgY cwiPvjbv K‡ib| cvewjK mvwf©‡mi nvwZ wkKvix‡`i Dci
evi evi AvµgY Pvjv‡bv nq Ges †mLvbKvi †jvK‡`i‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq A_ev
Zv‡`i‡K Zz‡j wb‡q wM‡q µxZ`vm wn‡m‡e wewµ Kiv nq, hw`I Zv‡`i e¨emv
evwYR¨ weªwUk mxgv‡iLvi g‡a¨ Ae¨vnZ wQj| bvd b`xi gy‡L Aew¯Z
kvnvcixi †QvU Øxc AwaKv‡ii e¨vcv‡i GKwU Pzw³ cªwZwôZ n‡qwQj, ZeyI
GUv A‡bK eQ‡ii Rb¨ B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvbxi AhvwPZ `L‡j wQj| PÆMÖv‡gi
†b․Kv mg~‡ni Dci †Uvj Av‡ivc Kiv nq Ges †Kvb GK NUbvq K‡qKRb
gvwSi Dci ivMvwšZ nq Ges Zv‡`i GKRb‡K nZ¨v K‡i| G msN‡l©i m~Î
a‡i bvd b`xi c~e© cv‡k A ¿avix †jvK‡`i mgvMg ïi nq | `w¶Y PÆMÖv‡gi
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 99
†jvKRb fq Ges k¼vi g‡a¨ Zv‡`i w`b AwZevwnZ Ki‡Z _v‡K| 1823
mv‡ji 24 †m‡Þ¤^i iv‡Z kvnvcix Øx‡c Awfhvb Pvjvq| GK nvRvi †jvK
ØxcwU‡Z AeZiY K‡i| †mLvbKvi A‡bK †jvK‡K nZ¨v K‡i I A‡bK‡K
AvnZ K‡i Ges evKx‡`i‡K Øxc †_‡K Zvwo‡q †`q| †ev`vIdvqvi
kvmbvg‡j AvivKv‡bi Ae¯v BwZnvmwe` nvi‡f ms‡¶‡c eY©bv K‡i‡Qb hv
GLv‡b D‡jL‡hvM¨t
Ò1785 mv‡j AvivKvb weR‡qi cÖ_g eQi †_‡K AvivKvb wek„sLj Ae¯vi
g‡a¨ wQj| Rxe‡bi Rb¨ †`․‡o †div GKRb eg©xq Dcwb‡ewk‡Ki Rb¨
e¨wZµg †Kvb welq wQj bv| fqvbK cÖZ¨vNvZ Av`vq Kiv n‡qwQj| wKš‧
Aw wZkxjZv Ae¨vnZ wQj| AvivKvbxq‡`i A‡bK Awf‡hvM wQj: Zviv
miKv‡ii wei‡× bq eis ‣¯^ivPv‡ii wei‡× we‡ ªvn KiwQj| Zv‡`i‡K wewfbœ
`~‡M©i m`i`߇i WvKv n‡Zv| hLb Zviv evg©vq wbi¯¿ Ae¯vq Avm‡Zv ZLb
Zv‡`i‡K AvUK Kiv n‡Zv Ges Zv‡`i Dci nZ¨vhÁ Pvjv‡bv n‡Zv| Zv‡`i
wbKU †_‡K †Rvi c~e©K Puv`v Av`vq QvovI Zv‡`i Dci cvkweK wbh©vZb
Pvjv‡bv n‡Zv| Gfv‡e wZb nvRvi †jvK‡K †gBKwUjv DcZ¨Kvq †W‡K Avbv
nq Ges Zv‡`i †KnB Avi wd‡i Av‡m wb| Qq nvRvi †jvK‡K wmsgvB Gi
wei‡× KvR Kivi Rb¨ cvVv‡bv n‡qwQj| †mLv‡b A‡bK †jvK †iv‡M gviv
†Mj| 1797 mv‡j hLb wgbvMg c¨v‡MvWv •Zwii Kv‡R Av‡iv `yÕ nvRvi
†jv‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv w`j ZLb †jv‡Kiv hy‡×i `vgvgv evRv‡jv Ges
mevB hy‡×i Rb¨ †R‡M DV‡jv| eQ‡ii ci eQi hy× _v‡g wb Ges RbMY
wbf©‡q ivZ KvUv‡Z cv‡i wb| AvivKvb KL‡bv Rbeûj wQj bv Ges GLb GUv
GKUv gif~wg‡Z cwiYZ n‡qwQj| kni¸‡jv Rbïb¨ n‡q c‡owQj Ges
†mLv‡b R½j M‡o D‡VwQj Ges †mLv‡b ‡`Lvi gZ wKQzB wQj bv, wb¯ —ä
wbR©bZv... welbœZv... Ges g„Zz¨|Ó
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 100
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 101
mßg Aa¨vq
weªwUk `L‡j AvivKvb
weªwUk-evg©vb 1g hy× (1823-25)
¶Y¯vqx `L‡ji ci eg©xq •mb¨iv kvnvcyix Øxc Z¨vM K‡i P‡j hvq| weªwUk
KZ…©K GKwU G¨vs‡jv evwg©R d«w›Uqvi Kwgkb ¯vc‡bi c`‡¶c †f‡¯— hvq|
ZLb 1824 mv‡ji Rvbyqvix‡Z evg©vb †Rbv‡ij ev‡›`vjv AvivKv‡bi Dci
AvwacZ¨ Kv‡qg K‡i Ges PÆMÖv‡g Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ •mb¨‡`i‡K
GKwÎZ Ki‡Z ïi K‡ib| weªwUk kw³‡K †nq Ki‡Z eg©xq‡`i‡K e¨vcK
gvÎvq †bZ…Z¡ †`qv n‡qwQj| Zviv Abyaveb Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡qwQj †h fviZxq
cwiw¯wZ ye©jZvi Rb¨ cÖK…Z KviY wQj, †h `ye©jZv PÆMÖv‡g ‡`Lv‡bv n‡qwQj
Ges gvivVv‡`i cy‡ivcywi civRq ch©š— fvi‡Zi miKvi Zvi c~e© wm×v‡š—
GKwU K‡Vvi c`‡¶c ‡bqvi g‡Zv Ae¯v‡b wQj bv| ev‡›`vjvi †bZ…‡Z¡ evg©vi
•mb¨evwnbx bvd b`x cvi n‡q AvµgY ïi K‡i| B‡Zvg‡a¨ weªwUk •mb¨iv
Av›`vgvb ØxccyÄ †_‡K wbgœ evg©vq GKwU ‡b․ Avµg‡Yi cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i|
weªwUk KZ©„K iv½yb `L‡ji Lei ev›`yjvi fvi‡Zi AMÖmi nIqv‡K _vwg‡q
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 102
w`‡qwQj| iv½yb cybi×v‡ii Rb¨ ci ci yRb eg©xq †Rbv‡ij‡K †cÖiY Kiv
n‡qwQj wKš‧ Zviv e¨_© n‡qwQj Ges nvbv`vi ewn¯‥vi Kivi Rb¨ ev›`yjv‡K
Avnevb Rvbv‡bv n‡qwQj| ev›`yjv 60,000 •mb¨ Ges GKwU Kvgvb eni wb‡q
Awfhvb kyi Ki‡jv| Zvi cÖ_g `ywU AvµgY cÖwZ‡iva Kiv n‡qwQj Ges
`vbyevqy‡Z wd‡i †h‡Z eva¨ Kiv n‡qwQj| 1825 mv‡ji 1jv GwcÖj hLb
`vbyevqy `L‡ji c`‡¶c wbwQj ZLb ev› yjv hy‡× wbnZ n‡jv | 1825
mv‡ji ïii w`‡K †ivnvDs `Lj Kiv n‡qwQj| Zvici ªZ †m`yev I
Qv‡›`v‡qI `Lj Kiv nq| AvivKvbiv Kvh©Ki fv‡e weªwUk kvm‡bi Aax‡b
Av‡m 1825 mv‡j|
AvivKv‡bi Dci weªwUk kvmb (1825-1947)
1826 mv‡j hLb weªwUkiv AvivKv‡bi kvmb ¶gZv MÖnY Ki‡jv ZLb
AvivKv‡bi Ae¯v wQj wek„|Ljvc~Y©| hv K‡qK eQi a‡i weivR KiwQj
weªwUk‡`i wei‡× GKwU e¨vcK we‡`ªvn cÖkwgZ Kiv nq 1836 mv‡j Ges
†`kwU cÖK…Z A‡_© kvš— n‡Z ïi K‡i| me©cªª_g AvivKvb Ges Zvbv‡Qwi‡gi
`ywU cÖ‡`k fvi‡Zi MfY©i †Rbv‡i‡ji mivmwi ZË¡veav‡b c„_Kfv‡e kvwmZ
n‡Z _v‡K | wKš‧ AvivKvb `ªZ evsjvi MfY©‡ii Aax‡b ¯vbvš—wiZ nq Ges
Gi mycvwi‡›Ub‡W›U PÆMÖv‡gi Kwgkbv‡ii Aax‡b KvR Ki‡Z _v‡K | †mLv‡b
fviZxq kvmb KvVv‡gv Pvjy Kiv nq Ges fviZxq AwfÁZvi ùziY NUv‡bv
nq| hvB †nvK A‡bK c~‡e© AvivKv‡bi wbR¯ Kwgkbvi wQj Ges kvmb ¶gZv
Zvi Dci b¨¯ — wQj| cÖkvmb cybM©Vb Kiv n‡jv| Kwgkbv‡ii Aax‡b †Rjv
Kg©KZ©v, GKRb †Rjv g¨vwR‡óªU, wePviK Ges Ki Av`vqKvixi `vwqZ¡ cvjb
Ki‡Zv| Zvi Aax‡b Rywbqi mnKvix Kwgkbvi wQ‡jb, whwb ïbvwb Av‡e`b
e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ mKj ¶gZvi PP©v Ki‡Zb| †mLv‡b GKRb ¯vbxq ivR¯^
Kg©KZ©vI wQ‡jb| whwb gv‡qv_y¸B (Myothogyi) wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| wZwb
†Rjvi ivR¯^ welqK Kvh©vejxi Z`viwK Ki‡Zb| gv‡qv_y¸BÕi Aax‡b
†mLv‡b wKq~b-IK&m wQ‡jb| hviv ¯^ ¯^ †Mvθ‡jv †_‡K ivR¯^ Av`vq
Ki‡Zb| wKqyb IKm‡`i Aax‡b Bfv- Ms ev MÖvg cÖavb wQ‡jb| kni¸‡jv‡Z
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 103
UvDbkxc Awdmvi (TO) wb‡qvM Kiv n‡qwQj| Ges cÖ‡Z¨K wU. I wQ‡jb
Zvi GjvKvi g‡a¨ GKRb g¨vwR‡÷ªU, wePviK Ges mnKvix Kv‡j±i|
AvB‡bi kvmb m~wPZ nIqvi d‡j RbM‡Yi e¨vcK Kj¨vY mvwaZ nq|
`vßwiK wbh©vZb Ges Puv`vevR A‣ea †NvlYv Kiv nq| WvKvwZ‡K c~‡e©i
Zzjbvq A‡bK k³ nv‡Z `gb Kiv nq| Rxeb I m¤ú‡`i wbivcËv G bZzb
kvmb Avg‡ji GKwU cwiwPZ •ewk‡ó¨ cwiYZ nq| kvwš— wd‡i Avmvi mv‡_
mv‡_ AvivKvbxq RbMY hviv c~‡e© eg©xq‡`i Øviv weZvwoZ n‡qwQj ev hy‡×i
mgq cvwj‡q wM‡qwQj Ges AwaKvsk PÆMÖvg ‡Rjvi `w¶‡Y Avevm M‡o
Zz‡jwQj Zviv mevB AvivKv‡b Zv‡`i c~‡e©i Ni evox‡Z wd‡i Avm‡Z ïi
Ki‡jv| AvivKvbxq RbM‡Yi Av‡›`vj‡bi welq¸‡jv‡K BwZnvmwe` dvqvix
msw¶ß AvKv‡i eY©bv K‡i‡Qb hv GLv‡b Zz‡j aiv n‡jv-
ÒAvivKv‡b †Mvj‡hv‡Mi mg‡q †hmKj †jvK Zv‡`i †`k †Q‡o cvwj‡q hvq
Ges DcK~jxq Øxc PÆMÖv‡gi `w¶Yvs‡k GgbwK evsjvi my›`i eb GjvKvq
emwZ ¯vcb K‡iwQj Zviv mK‡jB ch©vqµ‡g †`‡k wd‡i Avm‡Z jvM‡jv Ges
DËi c~e©v‡j el©v †g․my‡g cyil gwnjv, wkï Zv‡`i mKj m¤ú` mnKv‡i
†b․Kvq K‡i m¤¢eZ evsjv n‡Z Zv‡`i ‣cZ…K f~wg‡Z cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i| 30 ev
40 eQi c~‡e© Zviv Zv‡`i Avcb f~wg Z¨vM K‡iwQj|Ó
GUv Awf‡hvM Kiv cy‡ivcywi weåvwš—Ki Ac-D‡Ïk¨ cÖ‡Yvw`Z †h †ekxi fvM
gymjgvb weªwUk kvmbvg‡j AvivKv‡b cÖ‡ek K‡iwQj| cÖK…Z NUbv n‡Q †h,
†h mKj †jvK Øviv B‡Zvc~‡e© weZvwoZ n‡qwQj kvwš— ¯vc‡bi ci Zviv
AvivKv‡b Zv‡`i N‡i wd‡i G‡mwQj| wKš‧ 1942 mv‡ji gymwjg we‡ivax
`v½v †_‡K eZ©gvb mgq ch©š— Pjgvb b„-ZvwË¡K DrLvZ Awfhvb Ae¨vnZ
_vKvi d‡j nvRvi nvRvi †ivwn½v‡K AvivKvb Z¨vM Ki‡Z Pvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv
n‡qwQj|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 104
weªwUk miKvi ¶z`ª cwim‡i AvivKv‡b †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯vi Dbœqb K‡i, hvi
Dci wbf©i K‡i AvivKv‡bi e¨vcK K…wl m¤ú`‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv n‡Zv|
AvivKvb ‡d¬vwUjv ‡Kv¤úvbxi j¸‡jv (w÷g kxc) AvwKqve †Rjv¸‡jvi
Af¨š—ixY †b․c‡_ wbqwgZ PjvPj Ki‡Zv| G¸‡jvi gva¨‡g cÖ‡Z¨K †Rjv
kn‡ii m`i `߇ii mv‡_ AvivKv‡b †hvMv‡hvM cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡Zv| G
†Kv¤úvbxwU AvwKqve I AvivKv‡bi cvnvwo †Rjv¸‡jvi m`i `ßi c¨v‡jUfvÕi
gv‡S Ges wKqvKcy Ges mv‡›`v‡q †Rjv¸‡jvi gv‡SI mvwf©m e¨e¯vcbv
eûgvwÎK b`x c‡_i `ib GLvbKvi moK †hvMv‡hvM wQj m‡ívbœZ| AvivKvb
†d¬vwUjv †Kv¤úvbx eyw_WvDs Ges gvDs`vD Gi gv‡S h_vµ‡g gvqy I bvd
b`xi Dci w`‡q GKwU w÷ªg Uªvg c_ ‣Zwi K‡iwQj| GUvi D‡Ïk¨ wQj G
`ywU b`x c‡_ Zv‡`i w÷gvi †hvMv‡hvM i¶v Kiv| GQvov AvivKv‡b †Kvb
‡ijc_ wQj bv|
‡hvM‡hvM e¨e¯vi DbœwZi d‡j AvivKvb GKwU mg„×kvjx evwYR¨ †K‡›`ª
cwiYZ n‡jv| cÖ‡Z¨K eQi cÖwZ‡ekx PÆMÖvg n‡Z A‡bK †g․mygx kªwgK
(†deªqvix †_‡K †g) AvivKv‡bi gv‡V KvR Kivi Rb¨ GLv‡b Avm‡Zv Ges
Zviv mvaviYZ MÖx¯§Kv‡ji †k‡l evwo‡Z wd‡i ‡hZ | A‡bK e¨emvqx ïay
evwYR¨ Kivi Rb¨B AvivKv‡b cÖ‡ek Ki‡Zv| wKš‧ Zviv c ÖavbZ ivRavbx
bMix AvwKqv‡e Ae¯vb Ki‡Zv| AwaKvsk Awfevmx hviv weªwUk kvm‡bi mgq
AvivKv‡b AbycÖ‡ek K‡iwQj Zviv wØZxq wek¦ hy‡×i mgq †`‡k wd‡i hvq Ges
evKxiv wb DBb Gi we‡`k we‡ivax Awfhv‡bi mgq cvwj‡q hvq|
Dcwb‡ek we‡ivax RvZxq Av‡›`vjb
1885 mv‡j weªwUkiv mg — evg©v‡K GKÎ Ki‡Yi KvR mgvß Ki‡jv| iv½yb
K‡j‡Ri wk¶v_©x‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡ Bqs †gbm eyw×ó G‡mvwm‡qkb (WMBA) bv‡gi
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 105
GKwU msMVb cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj 1906 mv‡j| G msMVbwUi cÖavbZ D‡Ïk¨
wQj †e․×ev` I wk¶vi Dbœqb NUv‡bv Ges mgvR †mev Kiv| WMBA
ivR‣bwZK wm×vš— wb‡Z ïi K‡i 1917 mv‡ji cÖ_g w`‡K| Zvic‡i WMBA
wb‡R‡K ‡Rbv‡ij KvDwÝj Ae evg©xR G‡mvwm‡qkb (GCBA) G cwieZ©b
K‡ib| hv wQj Av‡iv we¯—…Z Ges eg©xq RvZxqZvev‡`i GKwU bgybv| GCBA
eg©xq‡`i AwaKv‡ii Rb¨ weªwUk miKv‡ii mv‡_ hy× K‡i| BwZg‡a¨ GCBA
Ges Ab¨vb¨ gnj we‡kl K‡i †e․× mb¨vmx KZ©„K wfb †`k we‡ivax cÖPviYv
Av‡iv †Rvi`vi nq| fviZxq‡`i Zvwo‡q †`Iqvi Rb¨ Ges Zv‡`i gvjvgvj
jyU K‡i †bIqvi Rb¨ †Rviv‡jv †NvlYv †`qv nq| 1930 mv‡j iv½y‡b fviZ
we‡ivax `v½vi cÖv`yf©ve N‡U| wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ZiY wk¶v_©x‡`i Øviv 1930
mv‡ji w`‡K Wy evgv GwkqvIqvb (Avgv‡`i evg©v msMVb) bv‡gi GKwU bZzb
msMVb cÖwZwôZ nq| ZiY G wk¶v_©xiv wb‡R‡`i‡K _vwKb (gvóvi) e‡j
m‡¤vab Ki‡Zv| Zviv mgMÖ †`k e¨vcx GKwU fviZ we‡ivax AvZ¼ cÖPvi
K‡iwQj| AvivKv‡bi †ivwn½v, †K›`ªxq evg©vi Rviev‡`, c~e© evg©vi cvšviv
Ges `w¶Y evg©vi evï‡`i g‡Zv †bwUf gymjgvb‡`i‡K mvaviY fviZxq‡`i
†_‡K Avjv`v Ki‡Z evg©vi †e․× mvaviY e¨_© n‡qwQj| fviZxqiv
Dcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡j AvivKv‡b cÖ‡ek K‡iwQj Ges Zv‡`i Dci AhvwPZ
fv‡e AvµgY K‡iwQj|
BwZg‡a¨ evg©vi agx©q I ivR‣bwZK †bZviv AvivKvbxR gMm BbUz _vwKb cvwU©
(Arakanes Maghas into Thakin Party) †K msMwVZ Kivi Rb¨
AvivKv‡b Av‡mb| AvivKvb cvwU©i D‡Ïk¨ wQj weªwUk‡`i Kej †_‡K evg©v‡K
gy³ Kiv| hvB †nvK _vwKb cvwU© evg©vi ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i mgq AvivKvb gM‡`i
g‡b gymwjg we‡ivax N„Yv mÂvwiZ K‡iwQj| G hy‡×i D‡Ïk¨ wQj ywU fMœx
cÖwZg m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ we‡Q` NUv‡bv| hLb we‡Q‡`i welqwU DV‡jv ZLb
weªwUk miKvi evg©vi wewfbœ m¤cÖ`v‡qi 24wU cÖwZwbwa `j‡K evg©v †Mvj‡Uwej
m‡¤§j‡b Avmvi Rb¨ Avnevb Rvbv‡jv| m‡¤§jbwU 27 b‡f¤i, 1931 mvj
†_‡K 12B Rvbyqvix, 1932 mv‡j jʇb AbywôZ nq| ‡ivwn½v‡`i †Kvb
cÖwZwbwa‡K †mLv‡b Avnevb Rvbv‡bv nqwb| KviY weªwUkiv Zv‡`i‡K fviZxq
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 106
m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ MY¨ Ki‡Zv bv| †e․× gM _vwKb Rbve Zzb As M (Mr. Tun
Aung gyaw) AvivKvb cÖwZwbwa‡`i †bZ…Z¡ †`q| weªwUk-fviZ †_‡K evg©vi c„_K
nIqv Ges 1937 mv‡j Af¨š—ixY ¯vqZ¡ kvmb Aby‡gv`b nIqvi d‡j
_vwKbiv kvmb ¶gZvi c~Y© wbqš¿Y cvq| wefvR‡bi gvÎ GK eQi c‡i 1938
mv‡j iv½y‡b Avev‡iv gymwjg we‡ivax `v½vi cÖv`yf©ve N‡U| _vwKb cvwU©i †bZv
As mvb AvivKv‡b GKwU †Mvcb mdi K‡i cÖvq GKB mg‡q| †mLv‡b †g‡evb
kn‡i AbywôZ GKwU m‡¤§j‡b wZwb †hvM †`b| wZwb AvivKv‡bi †ivwn½v‡`i
e¨vcv‡i Zvi bxwZ mn evg©vi ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi e¨vcv‡i †K․kj wb‡q
AvivKvbxq †e․× †bZv‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| BD‡iv‡c hLb wØZxq wek¦
hy× ïi n‡jv ZLb evg©vi MfY©i KZ©„K evg©v‡K wgÎ kw³i mv‡_ mwµq fv‡e
hy‡× AskMÖn‡Yi †NvlYv †`qv nq| As mvb Ges Zvi 30 Rb mn‡hvMx
†Mvc‡b Rvcv‡b P‡j hvq| Ges †mLv‡b Zviv Rvcvbx‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZvq evg©v
¯^vaxbZv •mb¨ (Barma Independence Armey) MVb K‡i| 1941 mv‡ji
23 wW‡m¤i Rvcvbxiv iv½y‡b †evgv wb‡¶c K‡i| weªwUkiv evg©v Ges AvivKvb
†_‡K cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i fvi‡Z P‡j Av‡m| mv‡eK †Rbv‡ij wb DBb Gi
†bZ„‡Z¡ we. AvB. G. evwnbxi cÖ_g `jwU gDjwgqvb n‡q iv½y‡b †c․Qvq 1942
mv‡ji ïii w`‡K| Gi d‡j evg©vq fviZxq‡`i Ges AvivKv‡b †ivwn½v‡`i
g‡b gvivZœK AvZ‡¼i m„wó nq| fviZxqiv BwZg‡a¨ m¤¢eci mKj iU w`‡q
evg©v †_‡K cvwj‡q †h‡Z ïi K‡i|
1942 mv‡ji gywmjg nZ¨vhÁ
hLb weªwUkiv m‡i †Mj ZLb AvivKvb wefv‡Mi cÖkvmb gM ‡e․× BD wKqvI
wKb (Un kyaw Khine) Gi Dci wbf©ikxj n‡q coj| Zvi Dci AvivKvb
wefvMxq Kwgkbv‡ii `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y Kiv n‡qwQj| G cÖkvmb gM‡`i‡K
AwZgvÎvq Lywk K‡iwQj| _vwKb m`m¨iv wewfbœ ai‡bi `ybx©wZi Kvi‡Y
miKvi KZ…©K hv‡`i Rb¨ c‡ivqvbv Rvix Kiv n‡qwQj- Zv‡`i †Mvcb
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 107
Avkªq j n‡Z †ewi‡q Gj Ges cÖKvk¨ jyUZivR I `m~¨e„wË ïi Kij|
gymjgvbiv wQj Zv‡`i Avµg‡Yi wPivPwiZ wkKvi| Rvcvbx‡`i Øviv
AvwKqv‡e †evgv wb‡¶‡ci ci †mLvbKvi wewfbœ kni I MÖvg †Q‡o AwaKvsk
gymjgvb Zv‡`i wbR¯ evox-N‡i P‡j hvq| Gi KviY wQj Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU
wg_¨v cÖPviYv Pvjv‡bv n‡qwQj †h AwZmË¡i AvwKqv‡e GKwU gymwjg we‡ivax
`v½vi cÖv`yf©ve NU‡Z hv‡Q|
Rvcvbxiv 1942 mv‡ji 23 †k gvP© AvwKqv‡e †evgv we‡ùviY NUvq, d‡j
A‡bK weªwUk, †MviLv, wecyj msL¨K AZ¨vaywbK me A ¿ †d‡j †i‡L cvwj‡q
hvq| KwZcq Kzc_Mvgx Kv‡ib m`m¨ gM ag©v܇`i kw³ Av‡iv e„w× Ki‡Z
Zv‡`i Kv‡Q Gme wewµ Kij A_ev Awdmvi, cywjk Awdmvi Ges cywjk
Kb‡÷ej‡`i mKj A ¿ AvUK Kij, †h mKj A ¿ RbM‡Yi wbivcËv weavb
Ki‡Z weªwUkiv †d‡j †i‡LwQj| AwaKš‧ gM Kwgkbvi BD wKqvI wLb GKwU
†b․Kv †evSvB K‡i A ¿ I †Mvjvevi` wKqvDKZvI Ges wgbweqvq mieivn
Kij|
_vwKb m`m¨iv gymjgvb‡`i jvB‡m‡ÝK…Z mKj A ¿ AvUK Kij| myZivs
_vwKbiv GLb A ¿-k‡¯¿ mymw¾Z n‡jv, Ab¨w`‡K gymjgvbiv Cgv‡bi (wek¦vm)
e‡j ejxqvb n‡q A ¿wenxb Ae¯vq Lvwj nv‡Z c‡o _vKj| Avmbœ aŸshÁ
Abyaveb Ki‡Z gymjgvbiv cy‡ivcywi e¨_© n‡jv| k·`i †gvKv‡ejv Kivi
Rb¨ Zviv AjxK Kíbv †cvlY Ki‡jv| Ges Zv‡`i A‡b‡K GUvB Avkv
Ki‡jv †h, Zv‡`i gM eÜyiv Zv‡`i‡K i¶v Ki‡e| gymjgvbiv msMwVZ wQj
bv Ges Zv‡`i‡K cwiPvjbv Kivi g‡Zv †KD wQj bv|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 108
B‡Zvg‡a¨ gMiv gymjgvb‡`i Dci AvµgY Kivi mvwe©K cÖ¯‧wZ MÖnY Kij|
Zviv wgbweqvq GKwU †Mvcb ‣eVK Ki‡jv Ges •eVK †_‡K Zviv wb‡gœv³
wm×vš— ‡jv MªnY Ki‡jv|
1. wZbwU K¨vUvMwi‡Z _vwKb ‣mb¨iv wef³ _vK‡e| Zv‡`i g‡a¨
GK`j e›`yK, Av‡iK`j Zievwi Ges Ab¨ `j ejg aviY Ki‡e|
2. G evwnbx¸‡jvi wPd KgvÊvi wn‡m‡e _vK‡eb mvb wKqvI As (San
Kyaw Aung), wØZxq KgvÊvi wn‡m‡e _vK‡eb gs wKqvI Ges Zzb njv
As (Tun Hla)| wKš‧ Avµg‡Yi wb‡ ©k Avm‡e †cÖwm‡W›U _vwKb _v
hvb njv (Thakin Tha Zan Hla) Ges fvBm †cÖwm‡W›U BD
†dv wLb Gi c¶ †_‡K|
3. G Avµg‡Yi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv n‡Q wbgœiƒc:
K. AvivKv‡bi ¯^vqZ¡ kvm‡bi Rb¨ hy‡× weªwUk Dcwb‡ewkK‡`i wec‡¶
Rvcvbx‡`i mg_©b †`qv|
L. †`k n‡Z mKj Kvjv‡`i‡K- mv`v Kvjv (weªwUk) Ges Kv‡jv Kvjv
(fviZxq)- Zvwo‡q †`qv Ges Zv‡`i ab m¤úwË gM‡`i Kj¨v‡Y ev‡Rqvß
Kiv|
M. ‡ivvwn½v Ges Kvgvb‡`i‡K GLv‡b _vK‡Z AbygwZ †`qv| hviv AvivKv‡b
K‡qK cÖRb¥ a‡i emevm Ki‡Q| wKš—y Zv‡`i‡KI PvUvMvBqv‡`i g‡Zv Zvwo‡q
†`qv hw` Zv‡`i †Kvb Kg©KvÊ AcÖZ¨vwkZ e‡j cÖgvwYZ nq|
†ivwn½v Ges eg©xq‡`i AvivKv‡bi Ae¯v‡bi AbygwZ welqK wm×vš—wU †bqv
n‡qwQj ïaygvÎ gM †e․ׇ`i GKwU `‡ji AvB Iqv‡ki Rb¨| gymjgvbiv
`xN©w`b a‡i Zv‡`i cvkvcvwk emev‡mi d‡j Zviv gymjgvb‡`i cÖwZ D`vi
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 109
`„wófw½ †cvlY Ki‡Zv| ev —weK c‡¶, evg©vi _vwKb †bZviv Ges Zv‡`i
AvivKvbxq mn‡hvMxiv AvivKv‡bi mKj gymwjg RbMY‡K wPiZ‡i DrLvZ
Kivi Rb¨ A‡bK w`b Av‡M ‡_‡KB loh‡š¿i Rvj ey‡b AvmwQj| _vwKbiv
†`L‡jv †h, Lye `ªZ evg©vi ¯^vaxbZv wbKUeZ©x nwQj Ges G wek„Lj I
Aw wZkxj cwiw¯wZ‡Z hw` gymjgvb‡`i‡K wbg~©j Kiv bv hvq Zvn‡j Zviv
¯^vaxbZv DËi evg©vq GKwU ¯vqx gv_v e¨_vi KviY n‡q _vK‡e| AvivKv‡b
gM †e․ׇ`i‡K _vwKbiv cÖ‡eva w`‡qwQj †h, Zv‡`i †e․× a‡g©i Rb¨
gymjgvbiv GKwU gvivZœK ûgwK| e¯‧Z GUv wQj `ywU fwMœcÖwZg m¤úª`v‡qi
g‡a¨ ¯vqx wefvRb •Zwi Kivi Rb¨ GKwU K~U‡K․kj| hv‡Z K‡i Zviv wef³
RbMY‡K mn‡RB kvmb Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges AvivKvb‡K Zv‡`i ¯vqx Dcwb‡ek
evbv‡Z cv‡i| wKš‧ Kzc_ Mvgx gMiv gymjgvb‡`i wei‡× lohš¿ Ki‡Z _v‡K
Ges Zviv gymjgvb‡`i mv‡_ GK‡Î ¯^vaxbZv Dc‡fvM Kivi cwie‡Z© Aax‡b
_vKv‡KB †ekx cQ›` Ki‡Zv| GLb, AvwKqve e¨ZxZ mgMÖ †`k †jvjyc
_vwKb‡`i Aaxb¯ n‡q co‡jv| weªwUk‡`i P‡j hvIqvi ci gyn~‡Z©B wn›`y Ges
PvUMvBqv gymjgvb‡`i †`vKvbcvU¸‡jv‡Z jyUZivR ïi n‡jv| Gme
†jvK‡`i AwaKvskB cvwj‡q †Mj| †ivwn½v‡`i‡K Zv‡`i eÜz cÖwZg PvUMvBqv
gymjgvb‡`i Z¨vM Ki‡Z wb‡ ©k †`qv n‡jv| Gme RbM‡Yi cÖvq mevB
cjvqb Ki‡jv| wKš‧ a~Z© gMiv Gi ciI _vg‡jv bv| gymjgvb‡`i evRvi
G‡Ki ci GK AhvwPZ fv‡e jyU Kiv n‡jv|
BD wcwbqv w_nv (U Pinnya Thiha), BD _v Rvb njv (U Tha zan Hla),
BD mvb wKqvI Ges BD gs wKqvD cÖgyL bv‡gi AvivKv‡bi _vwKb †bZviv
gymjgvb‡`i Dci mvaviY nZ¨vhÁ Pvjv‡bvi wb‡ ©k w`j| Gfv‡e 1942
mv‡ji 28 gvP© ee©‡ivwPZ gymwjg nZ¨vhÁ ïi n‡jv| wgqvbweqv kniZjxi
Aax‡b Pvbwewj MÖv‡gi wbiciva gymjgvb‡`i Dci _vwKbiv Suvwc‡q co‡jv|
gymjgvbiv cÖvY c‡Y hy× Ki‡jv| wKš‧ Zviv _vwKb‡`i cÖej Avµg‡Yi gy‡L
wUK‡Z cvi‡jv bv| †h‡nZz Zv‡`i ivB‡dj¸‡jv wQj AZ¨š— ¶gZvm¤úbœ Avi
gymjgvb‡`i A ¿¸‡jv wQj ¯vbxq Ges gvÜvZv Avg‡ji| gM Ges Zv‡`i cÖfy
_vwKb‡`i Øviv hy× PjvKvjxb mg‡q jyUZivR, nZ¨v, al©Y Aev‡a Pj‡Z
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 110
_v‡K| nvRvi nvRvi wbivciva cyil, gwnjv Ges wkï wbnZ nq| †ivwn½viv
civwRZ nq| A‡bK †jvKRb b`x‡Z Svwc‡q co‡jv Ges A‡b‡K e‡bi g‡a¨
nvwi‡q †Mj| muvZwi‡q hvIqv †jvK‡`i‡K ¸wj K‡i nZ¨v Kiv n‡jv| gM
cïiv Zv‡`i `xN© Zievwi w`‡q Aa© g„Z cyil, gwnjv Ges wkï‡`i‡K wbg©g
fv‡e Mjv †K‡U †dj‡jv| hviv †e u‡P wM‡qwQj Zv‡`i‡K aviv‡jv Qzwi w`‡q
UzK‡iv UzK‡iv K‡i †K‡U †djv n‡jv| †ivwn½v hyeZx Kb¨v Ges igYx‡`i‡K
al©‡Yi ci nZ¨v Kiv n‡jv Ges wb®úvc wkï‡`i‡KI wbôzifv‡e †g‡i †djv
n‡jv| cÖwZ‡ekx gMiv Zv‡`i (†ivwn½v) Mevw`cï, avbPvj GgbwK †cvlvK
cwiQ`I wQwb‡q wb‡q ‡Mj| ¯^Y© †i․‡c¨i gZ g~j¨evb wRwbmcÎ _vwKb
†bZviv wb‡q wb‡jv Ges Ab¨vb¨ e¯‧ mvgMÖx ee©i WvKvZ‡`i‡K w`‡q †`qv n‡jv
| wbivciva f~³ †fvMx‡`i i‡³ †jg‡iv b`xi cvwb †jvwnZ eY© aviY Ki‡jv|
cieZ©x w`b 29 †k gvP© w¶ß gMiv †jvs ivBP G AvµgY Ki‡jv| †ivwn½viv
cÖPÊ Avµg‡Y Zv‡`i cÖwZ‡iva Kivi †Póv Ki‡jv | wKš‧ G‡Z Zviv civwRZ
n‡jv| A‡bK cyil, gwnjv Ges wkï wbnZ n‡jv| A‡bK gwnjv Zv‡`i mwZZ¡
i¶vi Rb¨ b`x‡Z Suvwc‡q co‡jv| A‡bK †jvK b`x muvZwi‡q cvUvwiwKjvi
w`‡K cvwj‡q †Mj| b`xi †Kvb GKwU cvi nIqvi RvqMvq gMiv cjvqbiZ
†ivwn½v‡`i‡K AvUK Ki‡jv| cÖ_‡g Zviv Zv‡`i gvjvgvj¸‡jv wQwb‡q wbj
Zvici Zv‡`i wbg©g fv‡e nZ¨v Ki‡jv| †ivwn½v my›`ix Kb¨v I igYx‡`i‡K
Zv‡`i evox‡Z wb‡q †Mj Ges wKQzw`b Zv‡`i †h․b evmbv wbevi‡Yi ci
Zv‡`i‡K nZ¨v Ki‡jv | _vDswM‡bv Nv‡U cÖvq 15 nvRvi ‡jvK‡K wbôzi
gM‡`i Zievwii wb‡P ewj n‡Z n‡jv| cÖvq 10 nvRvi cyil, gwnjv I wkï‡K
AvdvKvi Wvjvi gy‡L AvUK K‡i ivLv n‡jv | AvdvKvi Wvjv n‡Q GKwU
ce©Z ¸nv| Zv‡`i mKj‡K †mLv‡b nZ¨v Kiv n‡jv|
Pvbwewj Ges wgbevB kniZjxi jygevB †kvi‡K aŸsm Kivi ci _vwKbiv
wg‡evb kn‡ii gymwjg Aa~¨wlZ ivBmvDs Ges cvLv MÖv‡g AvµgY cwiPvjbv
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 111
Ki‡jv 1942 mv‡ji 1jv GwcÖj| MÖvg `ywUi 15 nvRvi †ivwn½v Awaevmx‡`i
cÖvq A‡a©K‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq| ivgix kn‡ii wbKU wKqvDKwgqvI Rbc‡`I
nZ¨vhÁ Pvjv‡bvi c`‡¶c †bqv n‡qwQj| wKš‧ Zviv A‡j․wKK fv‡e †eu‡P
†Mj| wKqvDKcvD kn‡ii gymjgvbiv KwZcq weªwUk •m‡b¨i mn‡hvwMZvq
wb¯—vi †c‡jb| Aí weªwUk •mb¨ c~e© †_‡KB †mLv‡b N uvwU K‡iwQj| 1942
mv‡ji 8 Gwcªj _vwKbiv wKqvDKUvD Ges evnvi cvovq AvµgY Ki‡jv|
AmsL¨ gymjgvb‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡jv |Zvici _vwKbiv gnvgywb, cvKZjx,
†kvwZwj, ev‡M©vqvcvov, bvqvmvi, Avgevox wd`vcvov, AvdvK, KvRxcvov Ges
ivIqvsMvqv cÖf„wZ MÖv‡g AvNvZ nvb‡Z ïi Ki‡jv| AvdvK MÖv‡gi me‡P‡q
abx e¨w³ Av‡e`xb, Zvi ab m¤ú` †d‡j †i‡L cvwj‡q ‡Mj| gM Avµg‡Yi
c~‡e© †m ej‡Zv ÔgMiv KzKz‡ii g‡Zv, Zzwg hw` Zv‡`i cÖwZ nvo Qz u‡o gvi
Zvn‡j Zviv bxie _v‡K| Abyiƒc fv‡e Zzwg hw` gM‡`i‡K A_©Kwi `vI
Zvn‡j Zviv †Zvgvi †Kvb ¶wZ K‡i bvÕ| wKš‧ nvq! †kl gyn~‡Z© Zvi ab
m¤ú`I Zv‡K i¶v Ki‡Z cvi‡jv bv| hw`I †m nZ¨vhÁ †_‡K †Kvb g‡Z
cwiÎvY †cj wKš‧ Zv‡K iscy‡i kiYv_©x wkwe‡i †kl wbk¦vm Z¨vM Ki‡Z n‡jv
LyeB wb¯t Ges fMœ ü`q Ae¯vq|
B‡Zvg‡a¨ AvZvivDs Ges †cvbvMwi n‡Z gymjgvbiv duvKv n‡Z _vK‡jv Ges
_vwKb Avµg‡Yi f‡q cvwj‡q †Mj| AvwKqve kn‡ii c~‡e©i gymjgvb MÖvg-
Pvb`vgv †gIiKzj, KzBwbcivs, mvjcvov, Z‡qbcvov I ZvIKdz Ges
cvDKZvI kniZjxi MÖvg My‡jv‡Z _vwKb‡`i Avµg‡Yi fxwZ weivR KiwQj|
Abyiƒc fv‡e †ivwn½v MÖvg-†UvWvBs, †bvqvLvjx, †Rvjvcvov, wRRv Ges wKg‡K
_vwKb AvµgY I aŸs‡mi Rb¨ Uv‡M©U Kiv n‡qwQj|
Gwcª‡ji †k‡li w`‡K iv‡_WvDs I eyw_WvDs kniZjx‡Z cÖPÛ AvµgY
Pvjv‡bv nq| eyw_WvDs kniZjxi KvD‡mvb ch©š— MÖvg¸‡jv aŸsm I R¡vwj‡q
†`qv nq| eyw_WvDs Gi Dˇi Uvs evRvi Ges Zvi Pvicv‡ki MÖvg¸‡jvI
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 112
gM‡`i Avµg‡Yi wkKvi nq| †j½yBb MÖv‡gi gymjgvbiv gvÎ GKwU wW.we
e›`yK wb‡q ex‡ivwPZ fv‡e gM‡`i wei‡× hy× K‡i| wcÖbKs Gi †ivwn½viv
†b․Kvq K‡i gvq~ b`x cvi n‡q AvwKqve Øx‡c †c․‡Q| cw_g‡a¨ gMiv Zv‡`i
Dci ¸wj Pvjvq| d‡j A‡bK †jvK b`x‡Z Wy‡e gviv hvq| gwR Ges
iv‡_WvDs kniZjxi AvbyK cÖvs Ges †KvWvDs MÖv‡gi gymjgv‡biv Avkª‡qi
Rb¨ AvwKqv‡e cjvqb K‡i P‡j hvq | gvqyi‡UK, †Rvdivs Ges ivRvi wej
MÖv‡gi e¨vcK msL¨K gymjgvb Zv‡`i MÖvg ‡Q‡o AvwKqv‡e Avkªq †bq|
Avjvni A‡kl AbyMÖ‡n AvivKv‡bi gymjgvbiv wb‡R‡`i‡K nvbv`vi‡`i
AvµgY †_‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ wKQz A ¿ msMÖn K‡iwQj Ges wKQz cÖwk¶Y
MÖnY Kivi my‡hvM ‡c‡qwQj| AvwKqv‡e gymjgvb‡`i AvµgYvZ¥K Ges
cÖwZi¶vg~jK cÖ¯‧wZ AvivKvb‡`i e„nr cwim‡i AvZw¼Z K‡i †Zv‡j| d‡j
Zviv gymjgvb‡`i Dci cÖPÊ AvµgY Pvjv‡bvi mvnm †cj bv| wKQz `yó
gM‡K AvwKqv‡ei RveŸvi Mvqvdvivq Zvwo‡q †`qv n‡jv|
eg©xq Av‡›`vj‡bi djvdj gymjgvb we‡ivax nZ¨vh‡Á Drmvn hywM‡qwQj| G
nZ¨vh‡Á gvbyl I m¤ú‡`i e¨vcK ¶wZ mvwaZ nq| 1 jv‡Li ‡ekx gymjgvb
G nZ¨vh‡Á wbnZ nq| nvRvi nvRvi gymjgvb Aa~¨wlZ MÖvg aŸsm K‡i †`qv
nq| Kvjv`xb b`xi c~e©cv‡oi gymjgvb msL¨vMwiô GjvKvmg~n gymwjg
msL¨vjNy GjvKvq cwiYZ nq| wKš‧ gvbweK mf¨Zv Ges g~j¨‡ev‡ai wePv‡i
Gi ¶wZ wQj Av‡iv †ekx| 1942 mv‡ji nZ¨vhÁ AvivKvbxq‡`i g‡b Ggb
GKwU A‡gvPbxq Kv‡jv `vM †jcb Ki‡jv †h Gi ¯§„wZ ¯§iYvZx Kvj †_‡K
AvivKv‡b emevmiZ `ywU fwMœcÖZxg m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ cybteÜzZ¡ cÖwZôvi †¶‡Î
GKwU eo evav wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e|
eyw_WvDs Gi hy×- µvwš—Kvjt
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 113
1942 mv‡ji GwcÖ‡ji †kl mßv‡ni w`‡K, hLb gM‡`i cÖPÊ AvµgY
AwMœKv‡Êi b¨vq ªZ Qwo‡q cowQj ZLb KvIqvmb, †Mv ygcvov, wmbw`civs,
Avjx Bqs, dzBgvwj, †ivwqsMvWvDs Ges eyw_WvDs Ges Ab¨ mKj MÖv‡gi
gymjgvbiv Avjx Bqs Gi wgi Avn‡g` †Rvbvj, Avãyj ReŸvi †`vfvlx, Aveyj
ev‡mi †P․ayix cÖgy‡Li gZ cÖL¨vZ me gymjgvb‡`i ‡bZ…‡Z¡ gM‡`i AMÖhvÎv
cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ GKwÎZ nq| B‡Zvg‡a¨ kZ kZ mvnmx †hv×v wKjvWvDs
Gi gv÷vi myjZvb Ges nvbPyivZvi byi Avn‡g` Rvbv‡ji gZ e¨w³‡`i
†bZ…‡Z¡ gvDsWvD †_‡K Zv‡`i A ¿-k ¿ I ‡Mvjvevi` wb‡q eyw_WvDs G g~j
evwnbxi mv‡_ †hvM †`q| wKš‧ gymjgvb hviv AvivKv‡bi ga¨eZ©x GjvKvq
g„Zy¨i gyL †_‡K †e u‡P wM‡qwQj Zviv GLb gymjgvb‡`i kw³‡Z kvw³kvjx n‡q
cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †bkvq gË n‡q DV‡jv Ges Zviv Zv‡`i wbnZ wcÖqRb‡`i i‡³i
e`jv wb‡Z eyw_WvDs Gi hy‡× ¯^ZtùzZ©fv‡e AskMÖnY Ki‡jv|
gymjgvbiv mKj w`K †_‡K eyw_WvDs kni‡K wN‡i ‡dj‡jv Ges Gi cÖwZ
GKwU Kvh©Ki Ae‡iva Av‡ivc Ki‡jv| hy× ïi n‡q ‡Mj| Awek¦vmx gM Ges
wKQz Pxbv Awaevmx cywjk dvuwoi ev¼vi Ges Ab¨vb¨ miKvwi feb n‡Z
cÖwZ‡iva AvµgY Ki‡jv| K‡qKw`b ci hLb eyw_WvDs Gi civRq Pzovš—
n‡q †Mj ZLb eyw_WvDs Gi fxZ mš¿ — gM I Pxbviv eyw_WvDs, AvivKvb
†RwUi w÷gv‡i nvgv¸wo w`‡q Av‡ivnY Ki‡jv| wKš‧ gMiv Pxbv cwievi‡K
w÷gv‡i DV‡Z AbygwZ w`j bv| Zv‡`i G ai‡bi AvPiY Pxbv‡`i‡K G‡ZvB
†¶wc‡q Zzj‡jv †h Zviv GLb gM‡`i w÷gv‡ii Dci ¸wj el©Y Ki‡Z
jvM‡jv| ZLb w÷gviwU gM‡`i fwZ© K‡i wb‡q †Q‡o hvIqvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‧wZ
wbwQj| fxZ mš¿ — †jvKRb hLb w÷gv‡ii wbivc` cv‡k wM‡q wfo Rgv‡jv
ZLb w÷gviwU KvZ n‡q D‡ë †Mj Ges cvwb‡Z Wy‡e †Mj| Gfv‡e `ywU
w÷gvi hvÎx mnKv‡i AvivKvb †RwU‡Z Wy‡e †Mj| Ab¨ GKwU w÷gvi cvwj‡q
†h‡Z m¶g n‡jv| wKš‧ R‣bK dziK ivRv KZ©„K GB w÷gviwUI Avµvš—
n‡jv Ges †m GUv‡K Wywe‡q w`j| w÷gvi¸‡jv Wy‡e hvIqvi msev` ï‡b gM
†e․×iv wQbœ wfbœ n‡q co‡jv Ges Zviv cvnv‡oi wfZi cvwj‡q †Mj|
eyw_WvDs gymjgvb‡`i Øviv `Lj n‡jv| ZLb gymjgvbiv cjvqbiZ gM‡`i
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 114
wcQ‡b Lye †Rv‡i GKUv avIqv w`j| eyw_WvDs Gi civR‡qi Lei c~e©
GjvKvi _vwKb‡`i AMÖhvÎv‡KI _vwg‡q w`j| KvIqvmb Ges iv‡_WvDs
kniZjxi ivvRvi wej ch©š— mgMÖ GjvKv gymjgvbiv ¯^vaxb Ki‡jv|
gymjgvb‡`i c¶ †_‡K Abyiƒc Avµg‡Yi f‡q gvDsWvD Gi gMiv bvd b`x
AwZµg K‡i weªwUk kvwmZ GjvKvq cvwj‡q †Mj| Avµvš— GjvKvi gymjgvb
Ges †e․× kiYv_©xiv iscyi Ges w`bvRcy‡i Avkªq wbj| ZLb gvDs`vD
kniZjx, eyw_WvDs kniZjx Ges iv‡_WvDs kniZjxi wKQz Ask mn mgMÖ
GjvKv gymjgvb‡`i Øviv cÖwZwôZ kvwš— KwgwUi kvmbvax‡b G‡jv| Rbve
Igivn wgqv kvwš— KwgwUi cÖavb wbe©vwPZ n‡jv|
1942 mv‡ji 1jv †g †Rbv‡ij CmvÕi †bZ…‡Z¡ RvcvbxR B‡¤úwiqvj Avwg©
(JIA) Ges †ev ivb As Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ evg©v b¨vkbvj Avwg© AvivKvb d«›U
(BNAAF) AvivKvb B‡qvgvi Dci w`‡q wbgœ evg©vi ‡cÖvg n‡Z wgbevqvi
D‡Ï‡k¨ hvÎv ïi Kij| wgqvbevqv kniwU wQj AvivKv‡b _vwKb mgw_©Z
Rvcvbx‡`i m`i `ßi| gMiv Ges †e․× wf¶ziv Zv‡`i‡K Dò Af¨©_bv
Rvbv‡jv Ges AvivKvb `L‡j †R. AvB. G. †K mvnvh¨ Kivi †Rvi cÖwZkÖwZ
w`j| 3iv †g Rvcvbx •mb¨ Ges we. Gb. G m`m¨iv AvwKqv‡ei K‡qK gvBj
DËi-c~‡e© Aew¯Z †cvbv wRqv‡b †c․Qj| Rvcvbx‡`i Ae¯vb evavMÖ¯— K‡i
Kvjv`vb b`x‡Z weªwUk †b․ NuvwU ¯vcb Ki‡jv| 5 †g weªwUk ‡b․evwnbx †mLvb
†_‡K D‡V †M‡j Rvcvbxiv cvIKZvI n‡q AvwKqv‡ei w`‡K AMÖmi nq| 7 †g
†Kvb cÖwZ‡iva QvovB Rvcvbx‡`i Øviv AvwKqve `Lj n‡q hvq|
H w`‡bB †ev ivb As Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ evg©v b¨vkbvj Avwg© (we. Gb. G) AvwKqv‡e
Xy‡K c‡o Ges Avgevox Ges gvbycvov GjvKvi wÎkRb gymjgvb‡K wbg©gfv‡e
nZ¨v K‡i| fxZ mš¿ — MÖvgevmx Zv‡`i Ni-evox †Q‡o cvwj‡q hvq| we. Gb.
G-Gi •mb¨ Ges gMiv MÖvg¸‡jv‡Z Xy‡K c‡o Ges Zviv Mevw` cïmn
gymjgvb‡`i mKj m¤ú` wQwb‡q wb‡q hvq| wKš‧ AvwKqv‡e Rvcvbx •mb¨‡`i
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 115
Dcw¯wZ y®K…wZKvix I WvKvZ‡`i nvZ †_‡K †jvKR‡bi Rxeb i¶v Ki‡Z
mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡jv| mgMÖ AvivKvb GjvKv Ry‡o GKwU A¯w —Ki
kvwš— weivR Ki‡Z _v‡K|
†gÕi cÖ_g Aa©vs‡k _vwKb †bZ…e„›` mn we. Gb. G. Gi GKwU evwnbx GKwU
cvnviv †b․Kvq K‡i evw_WvDs Gi w`‡K gvqy b`x‡Z cwiågY K‡i| ZxieZ©x
gymjgvb‡`i †¶wc‡q ‡Zvjvi Rb¨ Zviv Zv‡`i Dci ¸wj el©Y K‡i| wKš‧
BRnvi wgqv †P․ayixi †bZ…‡Z¡ GK`j mvnmx gymjgvb †mB †b․KvwU‡K wmw›`cvs
Ges †Mv`ygcvovi gvSLv‡b cvKovI K‡i †d‡j| msN‡l©i cvëv Avµg‡Y
weªwUk Kwgkbvi BD wKqvI wLb ¸wj we× n‡q gviv hvq| cvnviv †b․KvwU Avi
mvg‡bi w`‡K AMÖmi bv n‡q wcQ‡bi w`‡K wd‡i hvq| G NUbvi msev` ï‡b
gM Ges Rvcvbxiv iv‡M AwMœkg©v n‡q D‡V| wKš‧ Rvcvbxiv wPš—v fvebv K‡i
†`L‡jv †h iv‡_WvDs, eyw_WvDs Ges gvDs`vD Gi gymjgvb‡`i mg_©b e¨ZxZ
Zv‡`i Rb¨ evg©vq `Lj Awfhvb m¤úbœ Kiv LyeB KwVb n‡q co‡e Ges Zviv
AveviI cwðg w`‡K ZvwoZ n‡e| GUv QvovI Rvcvbxiv Rbve myjZvb
gvngy , GW‡fv‡KU Rbve ‡gvnv¤§` Bqvwmb Ges _vwKb mgw_©Z bvwmi
DwÏbmn A‡bK cÖfvekvjx I MY¨gvb¨ gymjgvb‡`i mv‡_ Avjvc Av‡jvPbv
K‡i| Rvcvbxiv gvDs`vD G GKwU cÖwZwbwa `j cvVvq| cÖwZwbwa `jwU MVb
Kiv n‡qwQj gymjgvb‡`i c¶ †_‡K ‡gvnv¤§` Bqvwmb I BD †cv wLb Ges
we. Gb. G Kg©KZ©v †ev Bqvb bvs, †ev Bqvb wKs Ges †ev gvBI wbqv›U Ges
KwZcq gM m`m¨‡`i wb‡q| G cÖwZwbwa `jwU 8 Rvbyqvix wkK`vi cvovq
GKwU Rbmfv Kivi cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i| mfvq we. Gb.G Ges gymjgvb
†bZ…e„›` e³e¨ iv‡Lb| Zviv hy×iZ `ywU m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ kvwš— cÖwZôvi
e¨vcv‡i Av‡jvPbv Dc¯vcb K‡i| Zviv hyw³ †ck K‡i †h, Rvcvbx‡`i
wec‡¶ hvIqv gymjgvb‡`i ¯^v‡_©i Rb¨ ¶wZKi n‡e| B‡Zvg‡a¨ ¯vbxq
gymjgvbiv kiYv_©x‡`i mv‡_ hy³ n‡q bvw¯—K‡`i †`‡L †bqvi Rb¨ †¶v‡f
†d‡U c‡o| bvw —Kiv gymjgvb‡`i Dci e¨vcK nZ¨vhÁ Pvwj‡q wQj|
gymjgvb †bZ…e„›` Ges Zv¤^x mv‡ne ag©vÜ gymjgvb‡`i‡K wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨
h_vmva¨ †Póv Ki‡jb| D‡jL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h, mfvq Dfq `jB A‡¯¿ k‡¯¿
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 116
mymw¾Z wQj| m„ó †kvi‡Mv‡ji g‡a¨ nVvr K‡iB e›`y‡Ki ¸wji AvIqvR
†kvbv †Mj| Dfq c‡¶i g‡a¨ ¸wj wewbgq n‡jv| †ev Bqvb bs, †ev Bqvb
wKb Ges †ev gvq~ bvD›U gM‡`i w`K †_‡K gviv †Mj Ges Ab¨w`‡K Bbv
Avwgb, Avey eKi, nvweeyjvn, †g․jfx Avãym mvjvg Ges †g․jfx Avãyi
ingv‡bi cyÎ gymjgvb‡`i c¶ †_‡K G msN‡l© wbnZ nj| Aewkó gMiv
cvwj‡q †Mj| †gvnv¤§` Bqvwmb Ges †cv wLb Df‡q we. Gb. G KZ©„K
†MÖdZvi n‡q †R‡j †cÖwiZ n‡jv| Zv¤^x mv‡neI †MÖdZvi n‡jb Ges Zv‡K
AvwKqv‡ei †Kvb GK †Mvcb RvqMvq e›`x K‡i ivLv n‡jv| wKš‧ Rvcvbxiv †h
†Kvbfv‡e wZbRb gymjgvb †bZv AvU‡Ki welqwU †R‡b †Mj| Rvcvbxiv
gymjgvb‡`i‡K ªZ †Q‡o †`Iqvi Rb¨ †ev ivb As †K wb‡`©k w`j| †m
Zv‡K †Q‡o w`‡Z eva¨ wQj|
Af~¨š—ixY mv¤cÖ`vwqK I ag©xq msNvZ ¶wYK mg‡qi Rb¨ AvivKvbx‡`i
AMÖhvÎv‡K evavMÖ¯— Ki‡jv| wKš‧ ax‡i ax‡i Zviv gvq~ DcØx‡c Xy‡K co‡jv
Ges eyw_WvDs I gvDs`vD kni A‡±ve‡ii g‡a¨ `Lj K‡i wbj| Rvcvbxiv
†mB GjvKvq A‡bK¸‡jv cÖwZi¶vg~jK Ae¯vb •Zwi Kij Ges k·`i
Ae¯v Rvbvi Rb¨ fviZxq mxgvš—eZ©x n‡jv| bvd b`xi cwðg †_‡K weªwUkiv
B‡Zvg‡a¨&B m‡i wM‡qwQj|
AvivKv‡b weªwUk‡`i cybtcÖ‡ek
weªwUkiv Av‡MB K·evRvi I †UKbv‡d Zv‡`i Dcwb‡ek cÖwZwôZ K‡iwQj|
wf-†dvm© (V-Force) wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ GKwU †Mv‡q›`v msMVb AvivKvb ¯vbxq
gymjgvb‡`i mgš‡q M‡o D‡VwQj| hw`I cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q Zviv wQj
cÖwk¶Ynxb| wKš‧ cieZ©x‡Z mvwe©K wf-†dvm© weªwUk‡`i †Mv‡q›`v KvVv‡gvi
GKwU MyiZ¡c~Y© I AZ¨š— g~j¨evb Ask wn‡m‡e M‡o D‡V| AvwKqve
Awfhv‡bi c~‡e© weªwUk Kg©KZ©viv Rvcvbx‡`i wbqwš¿Z GjvKvq cÖ‡ek Kivi
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 117
Rb¨ m¤¢eci mvg‡bi w`‡K AMÖmi nq| wf-‡dvm© Gi msM„nxZ Z‡_¨i Dci
wfwË K‡i Zviv cieZ©x‡Z ¶z`ª ¶z`ª Awfhvb Pvjvq| kZKiv 99 fvM
AvivKvbx gymjgvb weªwUk‡`i mv‡_ mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|KviY Rvcvbxiv wQj
Zv‡`i wPi ykgb gM‡`i eÜz| KwZcq Ggb gymjgvbI wQj hviv †Mvc‡b
Rvcvbx‡`i mv‡_ KvR Ki‡Zv|
1942 mv‡ji 16B wW‡m¤i †_‡K kyi K‡i weªwUk evwnbx gvq~ b`xi Dfq cvk
w`‡q AvwKqv‡ei GKwU †Rviv‡jv Awfhvb Pvjvq| hw`I ïi †_‡K g‡b
n‡qwQj †h, mewKQyB weªwUk‡`i fv‡jvi R‡b¨ Pj‡Q, Rvcvbx ev¼vi †_‡K
cÖPÊ cÖwZ‡iv‡ai m¤§yLxb nq weªwUk ‣mb¨iv| weªwUk evwnbx AveviI cÖ‡qvRbxq
cÖ¯‧wZ MÖnY Ki‡jv| 1943 mv‡j b‡f¤^‡ii g‡a¨ Zviv AvwKqv‡ei D‡Ï‡k¨
Awfhv‡bi Rb¨ cÖ¯‧wZ wbj| †mbv BwZnvm we‡klY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq 1944
mv‡ji cy‡iv eQiwU‡Z DËi AvivKv‡bi `y `j †mbvevwnbxi g‡a¨ m¤úK©Uv
LyeB b„ksm Ges ` yj©f| A‡bK RvqMvq weªwUk Ges Rvcvbx •mb¨iv m¤§yL hy‡×
wgwjZ n‡qwQj|
DËi cwðg fviZ-evg©v mxgvš— w`‡q AMÖmi nIqvi cvkvcvwk weªwUk evwnbx
AvivKv‡bi g‡a¨ Xy‡K c‡o Ges 1944 mv‡ji cÖvq †k‡li w`‡K AvwKqve,
wKqvKcy Ges mvb‡`v‡q `Lj K‡i| 1945 mv‡ji AvM‡ói c~‡e©B wbgœ evg©v‡K
Rvcvbx‡`i nvZ †_‡K gy³ Kiv nq| Gfv‡e evg©v AveviI kvwš—c~Y©fv‡e
weªwUk‡`i `L‡j P‡j hvq| 6 AvMó wn‡ivwkgvq me© cÖ_g cvigvbweK †evgv
wb‡¶c Kiv nq| 9 AvMó bvMvmvwK‡Z wØZxq cvigvbweK †evgv wb‡¶c Kiv
nq| 1945 mv‡ji 2iv †m‡Þ¤i Rvcvbxiv AvZœmgc©Y K‡i|
weªwUk‡`i wd‡i hvIqvi cieZ©x‡Z gymwjg we‡ivax `v½v Ges AvivKv‡b `ywU
e„nr kw³i jvMvZvi hy‡×i d‡j gymjgvb‡`i e¨vcK ¶wZ n‡qwQj| hv my`~i
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 118
cÖmvix cÖfve m„wó K‡iwQj| mv¤cÖ vwqK `v½vi Kvi‡Y AvivKv‡bi A‡bK
gymjgvb‡K DËiv‡j P‡j †h‡Z n‡qwQj| AvivKvb •mb¨evwnbx‡Z Kg©iZ
GKRb weªwUk Kg©KZ©v wj‡L‡Qbt
Òhy‡×i c~e© gymjgvb Ges †e․× Df‡qi Øviv AvivKvb cy‡ivcywifv‡e `Lj
n‡qwQj| Zvici 1941 mv‡j Dfq m¤úª`vq wejyß n‡q c‡o Ges ci¯úi
hy‡× wjß n‡q c‡o| †gvUvgywUfv‡e hy‡×i djvdj wQj †h- gMiv †`kwUi
`w¶Y Aa©vs‡ki KZ©„Z¡ MÖnY K‡iwQj Ges gymjgvbiv Dˇii evKx Aa©vs‡ki
KZ©„Z¡ wb‡qwQj|Ó
GKB †jLK wb‡gœv³ fvlvq Zv‡`i mvn‡mi cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb, ÒZviv wQj
K‡Vvi Ges cwikªgx gvbyl... Zviv wQj msMwVZ Ges cÖwkw¶Z| Av‡iv we¯—
vwiZ ej‡Z †M‡j ejv hvq Avwg Zv‡`i GKwU e¨vUvwjqv‡bi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q
hy× K‡iwQjvg| Zviv Avgvi mv‡_ Zv‡`i wbR¯ Awaevmx‡`i gZB &AvPiY
Ki‡jv| Avwg †`Ljvg †h Zviv `xN© w`b a‡i GKwU kÎfvevcbœ †`‡k evm
Ki‡Q| GZ`m‡Ë¡I Zviv GiB g‡a¨ †e u‡P Av‡Q| Zv‡`i‡K Bû`x‡`i mv‡_
Zzjbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i...Ó|
AvivKvbx gymjgvbiv LyeB wek¦¯ —Zvi mv‡_ weªwUk †mbv‡`i †mev K‡i|
weªwUk‡`i Rb¨ Zviv Rxe‡bi Sz uwK wb‡Zv, hy× Ki‡Zv Ges gvivI †hZ|
m¤¢eZ Zviv g‡b Ki‡Zv Zv‡`i fwel¨Z iwPZ n‡e weªwUk‡`i weR‡qi
gva¨‡gB | weªwUk‡`i mdjZvi Rb¨ Gme †jvK‡`i Amvgvb¨ Ae`v‡bi
wel‡q GKB ‡jLK Zvi Abyf~wZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb Gfv‡e t
ÒG mKj †jvK e¨ZxZ Avgiv AÜ Ges ewai _vKZvg| Zv‡`i mvnvh¨B
Avgv‡`i †PvL I Kvb Ly‡j w`‡q‡Q Ges Zv‡`i †_‡K Avgiv †c‡qwQ Pjgvb
we‡bv`b| Zviv my›`i g‡bi AwaKvix I `~i`„wóm¤úbœ Dcwb‡ewkK‡`i Rb¨
AvKl©Yxq me wRwbmcÎ •Zwi KiZ...| Zv‡`i fwel¨Z Avgv‡`i nv‡Z|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 119
Avgiv Zv‡`i‡K myLx gvbyl evwb‡qwQ Ges Zv‡`i Rb¨ AvivKv‡bi evB‡i
GKwU my›`i ivóª evwb‡qwQ| †h †Kvb †m․Rb¨, AbyMÖn Ges fv‡jvevmv nvRvi
evi Avgv‡`i‡K cÖ`vb Kiv n‡Zv|Ó
weªwUk‡`i Rb¨ Amvgvb¨ AvZœZ¨vM m‡Ë¡I †ivwn½viv cÖwZ`v‡b Kx ‡c‡qwQj Zv
AvR cwi®‥vi| Zv‡`i DËicyiliv †ivwn½v‡`i‡K AvivKv‡bi Rb¥MZ
Awaevmx wn‡m‡e ‡g‡b wb‡ZI A¯xK…wZ Rvbv‡Q|
evg©vi ¯vaxbZvi cÖv°v‡j AvivKvb
AvUjvw›UK mb` Abymv‡i evg©vi ¯^vaxbZv Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ weªwUkiv cÖwZÁve×
n‡qwQj| mb`wU Dcwb‡ewkK‡`i ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ cÖwZÁv K‡iwQj| hviv hy‡×
R‡qi Rb¨ wgÎ kw³‡K mvnvh¨ K‡iwQj| evgv©i RvZxq †bZv As mvb (Aung
San) whwb cÖ_‡g Zvi †`‡k Rvcvbx nvbv‡`i‡K mnvqZv K‡iwQ‡jb|
weªwUk‡`i evg©vq cybtcÖ‡e‡ki †kl w`‡b Zvi †`k wgÎ evwnbxi c‡¶ mnvqZv
eÜ K‡i w`‡qwQj| 1945 mv‡j Rvcvbx‡`i AvZœmgc©‡Yi ci Ges hy‡× wgÎ
evwnbxi weRq jv‡fi ci evg©vi ¯^vaxbZv Aby‡gv`‡bi Av‡jvPbv Lye
†Zvo‡Rv‡o cybivq ïi nq| 1947 mv‡ji 27 Rvbyqvix jʇb AvUwj-As mvb
Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nq| hv GK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv Aby‡gv`b K‡i| hv
Kbw÷Uz‡q›U G¨v‡m¤^jx MVb Ki‡Z Pvi gv‡mi g‡a¨ wbe©vP‡bi AbygwZ †`q|
`yf©vM¨RbKfv‡e gM ag©v܇`i †Muvov g‡bvfv‡ei Kvi‡Y AvivKv‡bi fvM¨
A‡bK w`b a‡i †gvnvw¼Z Ae¯vq _vK‡jv| AvivKvb †_‡K gymjgvb
RbMY‡K wbg~©j Kivi cÖwZ`v‡b Zviv B‡Zvg‡a¨B _vwKb‡`i nv‡Z AvivKv‡bi
¯^vaxbZv Ac©Y K‡iwQj| mv¤cÖ`vwqK `v½v `ywU fwMœcÖZxg m¤cÖ`v‡qi ga¨Kvi
`yiZ¡‡K Av‡iv evwo‡q w`‡qwQj| †kªYx wefv‡M ye©j n‡q AvivKv‡bi RbMY
fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ AMÖmi n‡Z cv‡i wb| hy× Pjv Kvjxb mg‡q Zv‡`i yÕ
fwMœcÖZxg m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ hw` GKZv _vK‡Zv, gM ‡e․ׇ`i †_‡K c„_K n‡Z
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 120
wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ GK‡Î kvwš—c~Y©fv‡e emevm Kivi hw` BQv _vK‡Zv Ges
gM‡`i hw` Aax‡b _vKvi BQv bv _vK‡Zv Zvn‡j AvivKv‡bi ¯^vaxbZv GKwU
¯^cœ wn‡m‡e Avi _vK‡Zv bv| wbwðZ GUv ev¯—‡e cwiYZ n‡Zv| A_ev
Kgc‡¶ cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q GUv ¯^vqZ¡ kvmb jvf Ki‡Zv Ges cieZ©x‡Z GUv
P~ovš— ¯^vaxbZvi w`‡K avweZ n‡Zv|
ax‡i ax‡i ¯^vaxbZv mwbœK‡U Avmv‡Z g~j evg©vi gymjgvb †bZviv fwel¨‡Z
AvivKv‡bi ivR‣bwZK †K․k‡ji e¨vcv‡i wfbœ gZ †cvlY Ki‡jv| 1945
mv‡ji 24 †_‡K 26 wW‡m¤^i wcb gvbvq GKwU Ôevg©v eg©xq gymwjg m‡¤§jbÕ
(All Barma Barmes Muslim Conferance) AbywôZ nq| m‡¤§j‡b mKj
eg©xq gymwjg msMVb¸‡jv‡K GKwU gvÎ msMV‡b iƒc †`qvi e¨vcv‡i wm×vš—
M„nxZ nq| †h msMVbwUi bvg n‡e The Barma Muslim Congress (BMC)|
evg©vq gymwjg cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix †Kvb wewQbœ msMV‡bi Rb¨ KvR bv Kivi
wm×vš— M„nxZ nq G m‡¤§j‡b| †Rbv‡ij KvDwÝj Ae evg©v gymwjg
G¨v‡mvwm‡qkb (we.wm.we.Gg.G) Gi cÖ —ve‡K gvÎ GK †fv‡U civwRZ
K‡i G wm×vš— M„nxZ nq| Rbve iv¾vK we. Gg. wmÕi mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ
n‡jb| we. G. wm As mv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ Gw›U d¨vwm÷ wccjm& wd«Wg jxM (G.
Gd. wc. Gd. Gj) G †hvM †`qvi wm×vš— wbj, †h‡nZz Zviv wek¦vm Ki‡Zv †h
Zviv eg©xq‡`i †_‡K Avjv`v bq| ïaygvÎ ag© e¨ZxZ HwZnvwmK welq¸‡jv‡Z
gZ cv_©K¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i| wKš‧ wR. wm. we. Gg. G Gi Avjv`v mv¤cÖ`vwqK
cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb Ae¨nZ ivL‡jv| AvivKv‡bi †ivwn½viv Zv‡`i
Avjv`v b„-ZvwË¡KZv, HwZnvwmK †cÖ¶vcU Ges AvivKv‡bi Pjgvb cwiw¯wZi
eY©bvi gva¨‡g weªwUk miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Zv‡`i Ae¯vb cwi®‥vi Ki‡jv| Zviv
weªwUk miKv‡ii Kv‡Q AvivKv‡bi gymjgvb‡`i‡K †e․× AvivKvbxq‡`i †_‡K
GKwU c„_K RvwZ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqvi `vex Rvbv‡jv| Ges Zv‡`i
AvÂwjK ¯vqZ¡ kvmb Aby‡gv`‡b Gi cÖwZcwË e¨envi Ki‡jv|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 121
Kv‡ib, KvwPb, mvb, Kvqvn cÖf„wZ m¤cÖ`v‡qi gZ AvivKv‡bi Ab¨ mKj
RvwZ eg©xq RbM‡Yi mv‡_ Zv‡`i AZx‡Zi wZ³ AwfÁZv‡K wemR©b w`‡q As
mvb †K evg©v BDwbq‡bi mv‡_ †hvM w`‡Z me©vZœK mg_©b Ki‡jv bv| Zviv c~Y©
¯^vaxbZv A_ev Zv‡`i ¯^ ¯^ GjvKvi ¯vbxq ¯^vqZ¡ kvmb `vex Ki‡jv| weªwUk
miKvi ¯vaxbZv Aby‡gv`‡bi c~e© kZ© wn‡m‡e As mvb‡K evg©vi mKj RvwZi
mvaviY m¤§wZ jvf Ki‡Z wb‡`©k w`j| As mvb mgMÖ †`‡k mdi Ki‡jb
Ges wewfbœ RvwZi †bZ…e„‡›`i mv‡_ K_v ej‡jb Ges Zv‡`i mv‡_ gZ wewbgq
Ki‡jb| wZwb Zv‡`i‡K c~Y© ¯^vaxbZvi Iqv`v Ki‡jb| Ges wbivcËvi
wbðqZv w`‡jb| Ges •ewP‡Î¨i HK¨ dg~©jvi Aax‡b Zv‡`i ms¯‥…wZ I ag©
msi¶‡Y cÖwZÁve× n‡jb | wKš‧ mxgvš—eZ©x RbMY G e¨vcv‡i D`vmxb
_vK‡jv| 1946 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m As mvb AvwKqve mdi Ki‡jb Ges †mLv‡b
wZwb gymjgvb †bZ…e„›`‡K ¯^vaxbZv DËi evg©vq Zv‡`i h_vh_ AwaKvi
msi¶‡Yi wbðqZv w`‡jb| BD As Rvb Iqvwn Ges myjZvb gvngy‡`i ‡bZ…‡Z¡
GKwU cÖwZwbwa `j wZwb gvDs`vD Ges eyw_WvDs GjvKvq cvVv‡jb| cÖwZwbwa
`‡ji KvR wQj †mLvbKvi gymjgvb‡`i‡K G. Gd. wc. Gd. Gj- G †hvM
w`‡Z msMwVZ Kiv| wKš‧ gymjgvbiv As mvb Gi G. Gd. wc. Gd. wc †Z
†hvM †`qv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡jv|
hvB †nvK, A‡bK RwUjZvmn As mvb ¯^vaxbZv DËi AvivKv‡b wewfbœ
m¤úª`v‡qi Ae¯v wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ cvs js G GKwU m‡¤§jb Av‡qvRb
Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb| HwZnvwmK cvs js m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq 1947
mv‡ji †deªqvix gv‡m| AvivKv‡b †ivwn½v e¨ZxZ mKj RvwZ‡K m‡¤§j‡b
Avgš¿b Rvbv‡bv n‡jv| Rbve iv¾v‡Ki `„wófw½i d‡j †ivwn½v‡`i‡K †nq
cÖwZcbœ Ki‡Z As mvb †K mvnm cÖ`vb Kiv n‡qwQj| Rbve iv¾vK evg©vi
mKj RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ `vex Ki‡jb| gM †e․× BD As Rvb IqvB
AvivKv‡bi mKj RbM‡Yi c¶ †_‡K m‡¤§j‡b cÖwZwbwaZ¡ KiwQ‡jb| ‡mLv‡b
mKj cÖwZwbwaivB Zv‡`i ¯^ ¯^ GjvKvi •ea ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi Av`v‡qi
Rb¨ h_vmva¨ †Póv Ki‡jv| wKš‧ AvivKv‡bi gM cÖwZwbwa bxie _vKj|
djvdj wQj †h AvivKvb eg©xq kvm‡bi Aax‡bB i‡q †Mj| ¯^vaxbZv DËi
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 122
evg©v †K›`ªxq miKvi KZ…©K wbqwš¿Z n‡Zv| †h‡nZz Zviv ivR‣bwZK c Öwµqv
n‡Z weZvwoZ wQj Ges weªwUk miKv‡ii c¶ †_‡K fv‡jv †Kvb wKQzB Zv‡`i
Rb¨ Avm‡Zv bv, d‡j †ivwn½viv ZLb Kv‡q`-B-Avhg gynv¤§` Avjx wRbœvni
wbKU GKwU cÖwZwbwa `j †cÖi‡Yi wm×vš— wbj| Rbve wRbœvn ZLb cvwK¯—v‡bi
¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ hy× KiwQ‡jb| gymwjg cÖwZwbwa `jwU gvDs`vD n‡Z †ei n‡q
co‡jv Ges 1947 mv‡j jv‡nv‡i Rbve wRbœvni mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡jv| Zviv
ZrKvjxb weªwUk fvi‡Zi msL¨v Mwiô wn‡m‡e `w¶Y AvivKvb‡K cvwK¯—v‡bi
g‡a¨ Aš—f©yw³i Rb¨ hy× Ki‡Z A_ev DËi AvivKv‡bi gymjgvb‡`i ¯vqZ¡
kvmb Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ eg©xq †bZv As mvb †K Pvc †`qvi Rb¨ Rbve wRbœvni
wbKU Av‡e`b Rvbv‡jv| wKš‧ cÖwZwbwa `j Rbve wRbœvni mv‡_ mivmwi
mv¶v‡Zi c~‡e© As mvb Gi we‡kl ivóª ~Z Rbve iwk` Zvi mv‡_ mv¶vZ
K‡ib| As mvb Gi c¶ †_‡K ivóª ~Z Rbve wRbœvn‡K Avk¦¯— Ki‡jb †h,
gymjgvb‡`i AwaKvimg~n mvsweavwbK fv‡e mymsnZ I cÖwZwôZ Kiv n‡e|
Gi Rev‡e Rbve wRbœvn cÖwZwbwa `j‡K Avk¦ — Ki‡jb †h Zv‡`i wPš—v Kivi
‡Kvb KviY †bB | †h‡nZz AvivKv‡bi gymjgvb‡`i fwel¨‡Zi e¨vcv‡i As
mvb †h cÖwZkÖwZ w`‡q‡Q Zv‡Z wZwb (wRbœvn) cwiZ…ß| Gfv‡e AvivKvbx
gymjgvb‡`i welqwU Ae‡njvq P‡j †Mj| evg©vq ¯vaxbZv Avmvi Rb¨
gymjgvbMY fq I k¼vi g‡a¨ cÖwZ¶v Ki‡Z jvM‡jv|
cvs As m‡¤§j‡bi ci Kbw÷Uy‡q›U G¨v‡m¤^jx Gi Rb¨ †`k e¨vcx cÖ_g
mvaviY wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq 1947 mv‡ji GwcÖj gv‡m| wKš‧ evg©vi cÖv‡`w©kK
miKvi wewfbœ †Luvov ARynv‡Z DËi AvivKv‡b wbe©vPb evavMÖ¯ — Ki‡jv| Gfv‡e
AvivKv‡bi gymjgvbiv evg©vi cÖ_g msweavb Lmov Ki‡Z AskMÖnY Kiv †_‡K
ev` c‡o †Mj| Ges wccjm fjv›Uvix AM©vbvB‡Rkb (wc. wf. I)
AvÊviMÖvD‡Ê P‡j †Mj| AvivKv‡b AwZ RvZxqZvev`x gM hviv weªwUk
cybtcÖ‡e‡ki ci AvÊvi MÖvD‡Ê P‡j wM‡qwQj Zviv AvivKv‡bi ¯vaxbZv jv‡fi
¯^cœ wb‡q GLb KwgDwb÷ Ges wc.wf.I †Z †hvM`vb Ki‡jv|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 123
Aóg Aa¨vq
AvivKvbxiv †Kb ÔivóªÕ AR©b Ki‡Z cvij bv?
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 124
c¨vs js Kbdv‡i‡Ý (Pang long Conference) iv‡óªi bv‡g AvÂwjK
¯^vqZ¡kvmb M„nxZ n‡qwQj †m¸‡jv n‡jv- kvb, KvwPb, Kv‡ib Ges Kvqvn|
G Qvov kvb Ges KvqvnÕi `k eQi ci Zv‡`i AcmviY AwaKvi M„nxZ
n‡qwQj| Pxb AÂj mg~n we‡kl wWwfkb gh©v`vq Aby‡gvw`Z n‡qwQj| Dc‡i
D‡jwLZ c`gh©v`v †h mKj ¸Yvejxi wfwˇZ cÖ`v‡bi wm×vš— M„nxZ n‡qwQj
†m¸‡jv wb‡gœ D‡jL Kiv n‡jv-
1. GKwU ¯^Q †f․‡MvwjK mxgv‡iLv _vKv|
2. eg©xq‡`i Zzjbvq Ab¨ Avjv`v GKwU fvlv _vKv|
3. GKwU ¯^Zš¿ HwZnvwmK †cÖ¶vcU _vKv|
4. GKwU Avjv`v mf¨Zv _vKv|
5. A_©‣bwZK fv‡e mg_©¨evb wkí‡`¨vM Ges A_©‣bwZK fv‡e AvZœ-
wbf©ikxj GKwU m¤cÖ`vq _vKv|
6. GKwU mymsMwVZ weivU Rbmgwó _vKv|
7. GKwU Avjv`v BDwbU wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU ¯^Zš¿ cwiwPwZ
†g‡b Pjvi AvMÖn _vKv|
Dc‡i ewY©Z ¸Yvejxi Av‡jv‡K Ges Dc‡i ewY©Z †`k¸‡jvi Zyjbvq
AvivKvbI †Kvb As‡k wcwQ‡q †bB| Ab¨ w`‡K AvivKvb Ôiv‡óªiÕ (State)
¸‡Y ¸YvwšZ nIqvi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨ iv‡óªi Zzjbvq Gi Av‡iv A‡bK BwZevPK I
cÖksmbxq welqvw` i‡q‡Q| wKš‧ AvivKvbxiv ivóª (State) cvIqv †_‡K ewÂZ
wQ‡jv, †Kbbv c¨vs js Kbdv‡i‡Ý Zv‡`i cÖwZwbwaiv GUvi Rb¨ `vexB
†Zv‡jwb| hv‡nvK, AvivKvb cÖwZwbwa‡`i c¶ †_‡K AvivKv‡bi Rb¨ GKwU
Avjv`v I ¯^Zš¿ ivóª MV‡bi `vex bv Kiv, AvivKv‡bi AwaKvsk RbM‡Yi
AvKv¶vi cÖwZdjb n‡Z cv‡i bv| evg©vi Rb¨ ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi ïi
†_‡KB AvivKvbx †e․×iv GKwU Avjv`v iv‡óªi `vex‡Z Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e GKUv
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 125
fv‡jv Ae¯v‡b wQj| A_ev Zviv G `vexUv h_vh_ †dviv‡g Dc¯vcb K‡i‡Q|
wKš‧ G wel‡q Zviv KLbI we‡klfv‡e wQj bv| jʇb AbywôZ Òevg©v
†Mvj‡Uwej m‡¤§j‡bÓ wg: Zzb As MvI (Mr. Tun Aung Gyan) Gi ‡bZ…‡Z¡
cwiPvwjZ AvivKvbx †e․× cÖwZwbwa‡`i AvivKv‡bi Rb¨ GKUv Avjv`v ivóª
`vex Kivi mKj my‡hvM wQj| hvB †nvK, eg©xq †Wwj‡MU‡`i cxovcxwo‡Z
Zviv bxie _vKj, wKš‧ Ab¨ w`‡K kvb Ges KvwPb cÖwZwbwa `‡ji m`m¨iv
Zv‡`i iv‡óªi Rb¨ †Rviv‡jv hyw&³ Dc¯vcb Kij|
e¯‧Z: A‡bK c~‡e©B As mvb Ges AvivKvbx †e․× †bZ…e„‡›`i g‡a¨ GKwU
†Mvcb Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z n‡qwQj| G g‡g© †h, AvivKv‡b gymjgvb mgm¨v
gxgvsmv Kiv ch©š— AvivKvbxiv ¯^Zš¿ iv‡óªi Rb¨ `vex Ki‡e bv Ges G mgm¨v
mgvav‡bi ciB †Kej eg©xqiv AvivKvb ivóª Aby‡gv`b Ki‡e|
AvivKv‡b gymwjg msL¨v Mwiô RbM‡Yi Dcw¯wZ AvivKvbx †e․× Ges eg©xq
Df‡qi wbKUB GKUv ev¯—e mgm¨v wn‡m‡e †`Lv w`‡qwQj| Zviv †f‡ewQj †h
AvivKvb hw` GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ivóª wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ cvq Zvn‡j GUv Zv‡`i ¯^v‡_©i
wec‡¶ hv‡e| ZvB †mLvb †_‡K gymjgvb RbMY‡K Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ me ai‡bi
c`‡¶c MÖn‡Yi wm×vš— M„nxZ n‡qwQj| Zviv GUv fv‡jv K‡iB Rvb‡Zv †h
eg©xq‡`i mg_©b Qvov ïay AvivKvbx †e․×iv G KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| mg‡qi
e¨eav‡b hLb Zv‡`i G j¶¨ AwR©Z n‡e ZLbB AvivKvb †e․×iv Zv‡`i
wbR¯ ivóª cv‡e| G bxj b·vi m~Î a‡iB 1942 mv‡j gymwjg we‡ivax
nZ¨vhÁ Pvjv‡bv n‡qwQj| Gi D‡Ïk¨ wQj AwaKvsk gymjgvb RbMY‡K bvd
b`xi Icv‡i Zvwo‡q †`qv| GKUv wba©vwiZ cwim‡i Zviv mdjKvgI
n‡qwQj| GK j¶ (1,00,000) wbnZ n‡qwQj Ges Kvjv`vb b`xi c~e©cv‡k¦©i
GjvKv gymwjg msL¨vjN y A‡j cwiYZ n‡qwQj| wKš‧ Zviv Zv‡`i Uv‡M©U
cy‡ivcywi AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i wb| gymjgvb‡`i‡K cybivq iv‡_Wvs Gi Icv‡i
Zvwo‡q †`qv hvqwb Ges wecyj msL¨K gymjgvb AvwKqve Øx‡c Ges gvq~
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 126
DcØx‡cI †_‡K wM‡qwQj| hy‡×i mgq e„wUk‡`i †_‡K cÖvß A¯¿ e‡j Zviv
ZLb Lye kw³kvjx n‡q D‡VwQj| ¯^vaxbZvi cÖvKKv‡j GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ÔivóªÕ `vex
Kivi cwiw¯wZUv AvivKvbx †e․ׇ`i wbKU fxwZKi g‡b n‡qwQj| myZivs
gymjgvb mgm¨v cy‡ivcywi mgvavb nIqv ch©š— hy× cieZx© mgq¸‡jv‡Z Zviv
eg©xq‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Aax‡b _vKv‡KB cQ›` Kij|
1962 mv‡ji g‡a¨ AvivKvbx‡`i cÖwZ GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ÔivóªÕ `vexi cwiw¯wZ
Av‡iv †ekx AbyK~j n‡jv, ZLb gyRvwn` we‡`ªvn B‡Zvg‡a¨B mg~‡j DrcvwUZ
n‡q‡Q Ges gM †e․×iv AvivKv‡bi Av_©-mvgvwRK, ‣kw¶K Ges ivR‣bwZK
†¶‡Î Av‡iv †ekx AMÖmi n‡qwQj| †h‡nZz gymjgvb‡`i weivU Ask GKwU
mxgvš—eZx© †mbv kvm‡bi Aax‡b e›`x wQj ZvB gymjgvb k¼v Avi †ekx ¯vqx
nqwb| BD b~ (U Nu) wm×vš— wb‡q‡Qb †h, GUv wQj AvivKvb †e․ׇ`i `xN©
cÖwZ¶xZ cÖwZÁvi cÖwZ m¤§vb †`Lv‡bvi mgq| wKš‧ bx DBb (Ne Win) Gi
†mbv Af~¨Ìvb Zv‡`i G `vex ev¯—evq‡bi cÖwµqv‡K Av‡iv wKQz mgq wejw¤^Z
K‡iwQj| evg©vi ¯^vaxbZvi cÖvKKv‡j AvivKv‡bi Rb¨ ¯^Zš¿ ÔivóªÕ AR©‡b
AvivKvb †e․× †bZv‡`i Abxnv m‡›`nvZxZ fv‡e cÖgvwYZ nq Ô AvivKv‡b ivóªÕ
Aby‡gv`b msµvš— msm`xq weZ‡K©| G wel‡q wb‡gœ Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv|
22 †deªqvix, 1956 mv‡j ivgix msm`xq Avm‡bi cÖwZwbwa BD ev wgqvs (U
Ba Myain) KZ©„K msm‡` `vwLj K…Z AvivKv‡b ivóª Aby‡gv`b msµvš—
msweavb ms‡kvab we‡ji Rev‡e miKv‡ii gš¿x †ev wLb gvDs †MBj (Bo
Khin Maung Gale) e‡j‡Qb Ò1947 mv‡j ewMIK As mvb Gi g„Zz¨i c~‡e©
wZwb ivLvBb wefv‡Mi ivLvBb RvwZi welq m¤ú‡K© we‡ePbv K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb
ivLvBb †bZ…e„›`‡K e‡jwQ‡jb, Zviv wb‡RivB G wel‡q wm×vš— wb‡Z cv‡i †h,
Zviv kvb Ges LvwP‡bi b¨vq ¯^Zš¿ ÔivóªÕ MÖnY Ki‡e bv wK e„nr evg©vi Aax‡b
_vK‡e| †mB mgqKvi ivLvBb †bZ…e„›` gvBIwQj wKqvI BD (Myochit Kyaw
U) Ges BD wcwbqv (U Pinnya) g‡b Ki‡Zb †m ivLvBb‡`i Rb¨ GKUv c„_K
ivóª _vKvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| ZvB Zviv AvivKvb‡K GKwU wefvM (Division)
K‡i ivLvi e¨vcv‡i me©m¤§wZ w`‡qwQ‡jb| Avi G m¤§wZ w`‡qwQj †m mg‡q
hLb msweavb Lmov nwQj|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 127
iv-Uv-bvqv (ivLvBb RvZxq hy³ msMVb) m`m¨ BD njv Uzb c Ö (U Hla Tun
Pru) 19 †deªqvix, 1958 mv‡j AvivKvb ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ msweavb
ms‡kvabx wej †ck Kivi mgq msm`‡K e‡j wQ‡jb †h Ò‡evwMIK As mvs
(Bogyoke Aung San) AvivKv‡bi Rb¨ ¯Zš¿ ivóª Aby‡gv`b w`‡Z m¤§Z
n‡q‡Qb|Ó Zvi G e³e¨ †cvbvwRqvb GjvKvi msm` m`m¨ BD c w_b (U Paw
Thin) KZ…©K mgw_©Z n‡qwQj| wZwb `vex Ki‡jb †h, †evwMIK As mvb
AvwKqv‡ei GKwU MÖvg wK‡qU wLb Uvb G AbywôZ GKwU wgwUs G e‡jwQ‡jb
†h, GKwU ¯Zš¿ ivóª jvf Kivi Rb¨ AvivKvbx‡`i me©‡gvU PviwU •ewkó¨
wQj| AvivKvb miKv‡ii wbKU GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ BD njv Uzb
(U Hla Tun) KZ…©K msweav‡bi cÖ¯—vweZ ms‡kvabxi Rev‡e gš¿x BD ev m (U
Ba Saw) msm`‡K e‡jwQ‡jb †h hLb wZwb KjKvZvq Rvcvb wec‡ei
welq¸‡jv wb‡q KvR KiwQ‡jb ZLb wZwb BD †_Bb †c gvB›U (U Thein Pe
Myent) Gi mv‡_ †`Lv K‡i AvivKvb A‡ji fwel¨r wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb Zvi mv‡_ Avjvc K‡iwQ‡jb †h AvivKv‡bi Rb¨ GKwU
¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ wbR¯ miKvi MÖnY Kiv wK †m A‡ji †jvKR‡bi Rb¨
me©mvKy‡j¨ Kj¨vYKi n‡e| Gi Rev‡e BD †_Bb †c gvB›U (U Thein Pe
Myent) ej‡jb †h, AvivKvb wefvR‡bi ci †_‡KB AvivKvbx RbMY
HwZnvwmKfv‡e Ges †f․‡MvwjK fv‡e GKwU Avjv`v ¯^Ë¡v wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ
n‡Q &Ges GKwU wb‡R‡`i miKvi `vex Kiv Zv‡`i •ea AwaKvi| hvB †nvK,
ïi †_‡KB ivLvBb RbMY Ges eg©xq RbMY G‡ZvUvB Avš—wiKZv mnKv‡i
KvR KiwQj †h Zviv my‡L `yt‡L evgv©i cÖwZ `vqe× wQj| G AwaKvi †fvM
Kivi gva¨‡g ivLvBbiv †ekx DcK…Z n‡Z cvi‡e bv Ges eZ©gvb mn‡hvwMZv
Ae¨vnZ ivLvi d‡j Zv‡`i ¯^vfvweK mdjZvI e¨vnZ n‡e| BD ev m (U Ba
Saw) Zvi Av‡jvPbv Pvwj‡q †M‡jb G e‡j †h, 1946-1947 mv‡j evgv©i
¯^vaxbZvi c~‡e© hLb msweavb Lmov Kiv nwQj ZLb wZwb iv-Zv-bvqvÕi
(Ra-Ta-Nya) mfvcwZ Ges Ggwc BD ev gvBqvs (U Ba Myaing) Gi mv‡_
mv¶vZ K‡ib| Zvi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ‡jb †h AvivKvb wefv‡Mi AMÖMwZ
I mdjZvi Rb¨ wKfv‡e msweavb iPbv Kiv hvq| Gi Rev‡e BD ev gvBs (U
Ba Myaing) BD †_Bb †c gvB›U Gi b¨vq GKB DËi w`‡jb| BD ev m Zvi
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 128
Av‡jvPbv Pvwj‡q †M‡jb †h, 1946-1947 mv‡j ivLvBb G Gd wc Gd Gj
(AFPFL) m`m¨ Ges iv½yb G emevmiZ ivLvBb eyw×Rxex‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU
mfv AbywôZ n‡qwQj| G mfvq G Av‡jvPbv n‡qwQj †h kvb, KvwPb Ges
Kv‡ib AÂj mg~‡ni RbMY GKwU ¯^Zš¿ iv‡óªi Rb¨ `vwe RvbvwQj|
Avgv‡`i ivLvBb‡`i Rb¨ eZ©gvb Ae¯vq _vKvB Kj¨vYKi n‡e, bv wK
¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ miKv‡ii Rb¨ `vex KivB Kj¨vYKi n‡e? Gi Rev‡e ZrKvjxb
Ggwc, BD †KqvI wgb (U Kyaw Min) e‡jb, GUv Kiv n‡j AvivKv‡bi wbR¯
†Kvb dvÊ _vK‡e bv| hw` Avw_©K †Kvb dvÊ bv _v‡K Zvn‡j †mLv‡b wKQzB
Kiv hv‡e bv| Dc‡iv‡jwLZ msm`xq weZK© †_‡K Avgiv mn‡RB G hewbKv
Uvb‡Z cvwi †h, †Kb AvivKvb GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ivóª ev (State) AR©b Ki‡Z
cvij bv|
hvB †nvK, evg©vi ¯^vaxbZvi ci †h‡nZz ivLvBb‡`i Ae vi w`b w`b DbœZ
nwQj ZLb Zviv AvivKv‡bi Rb¨ GKwU ¯^Zš¿ iv‡óªi `vex Kij| AvivKvb
ivóª AR©‡bi Rb¨ hLb msm‡`i evB‡i Av‡›`vjb ïi n‡jv ZLb DËi
AvivKv‡bi gymjgvb Gg.wcÕiv AvivKv‡b GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi wel‡q
gZ cv_©‡K¨ Rwo‡q coj|
beg Aa¨vq
¯vaxbZv cvieZ©x evg©vi Aax‡b AvivKvb
evgv©q ¯^vaxbZv Avmvi d‡j AvivKvbx RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ wgkª cÖwZwµqv m„wó
n‡qwQj| gymjgvb we‡ivax gM ‡e․×iv Lywk n‡qwQj| Zviv fvej †h Zv‡`i
†Nvi kÎ gymjgvb‡`i mv‡_ †gjv‡gkvi †¶‡Î Zviv DËg Ae¯v‡b i‡q‡Q|
Zviv wPš—v Kij †h, hv Zviv weªwUk Avg‡j Ki‡Z cv‡i wb GLb Zviv Zv
Aev‡a Pvwj‡q †h‡Z cvi‡e| Zviv G †e․×ev‡`i weRq Djvm e‡j we‡ePbv
KiZ| hvB †nvK, Zv‡`i ga¨Kvi GKwU †QvU `j, `ytL Abyfe Kij| †Kbbv
AvivKv‡bi ivRv Ges cÖRv meviB GKwU ¯^vaxb AvivKv‡bi `xN©w`‡bi ¯^cœ
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 129
Av‡Mi †P‡q Av‡iv civnZ n‡jv e‡j Abyf~Z n‡Q| Zviv Dcjwä Ki‡Z
cvij †h, Zviv GLb GKwU bZzb wKš‧ †Mvcb K‡jvbxi Aax‡b P‡j †Mj|
gyRvwn` we‡ ªvn
¯^vaxbZvi ¶wYK c‡iB Òd¨vwmev`x we‡ivax RbM‡Yi ¯vaxbZv msNÓ
(AFPFL) kvwmZ miKvi e¨e¯v GKwU weivU msL¨K gymjgvb Kg©KZ©v
Kg©Pvix‡K PvKixPz¨Z K‡i Ges Zv‡`i v‡b AvivKvbx †e․ׇ`i‡K wb‡qvM
‡`q, hviv µgea©gvb nv‡i gymjgvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi wei‡× •elg¨ m„wó K‡i
Zv‡`i‡K g‡bvKó w`‡Z jvMj| Zviv Zv‡`i eo‡`i‡K Dcnvm Ki‡Zv Ges
Zv‡`i mv‡_ ‣¯ivPvix AvPiY Ki‡Zv| wKš‧ †ivwn½v‡`i wei‡× fyj
ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ KZ…©c¶ Av‡`․ †Kvb c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡iwb| Bwg‡MÖkb
(Awfevmb) KZ „©c¶ gvDs`vI, (Maungdow) eyw_WvDs (Buthidaung) Ges
iv‡_WvDs (Rathedaung) AÂj n‡Z AvwKqve ch©š— gymjgvb‡`i ZrciZvi
Dci mxgve×Zv Av‡ivc K‡i| nvRvi nvRvi gymjgvb kiYv_©x hviv 1942
mv‡j fvi‡Z cjvqb Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQj Zviv †mLv‡b wd‡i hvevi AbygwZ
†cj bv| Zv‡`i ab-m¤úwË ev‡Rqvß Kiv n‡jv|
1942 mv‡ji nZ¨vh‡Á AvnZiv ZLbI my¯ n‡q I‡V wb, hLb eg©xq
gymjgvbMY wegvZv myjf AvPi‡Y AwZô n‡q eg©xq KZ…©K 1947 mv‡j
wefvwRZ n‡qwQj| DËß KovB †_‡K Av¸‡b wb‡¶c Kivi gZ Av‡iv bZzb
kvw — Ges b„ksmZv gymjgvb‡`i Dci Av‡ivc Kiv n‡qwQj| gymjgvbiv
Gfv‡e Av‡iv msL¨vjNy nwQj| GLb Zv‡`i Aw¯—Z¡ Ges wU‡K _vKv gnv
wec‡`i g‡a¨| R‣bK ‡gvnv¤§` Rvdi whwb KvIqvj Rvdi wn‡m‡e e¨vcK
cwiwPZ Ges whwb wQ‡jb Rvcvbx cÖwk¶YcÖvß GKRb †ivwn½v, wZwb RbMY‡K
msMwVZ Ki‡Z ïi Ki‡jb| wZwb fviZ-Dcgnv‡`kxq Kwe Avjvgv
BKev‡ji MxwZ KweZv †M‡q ‡M‡q gymjgvb Rbmvavi‡Yi †PZbv‡K D¾xweZ
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 130
K‡ib Ges wZwb Zv‡`i wek¦vm, m¤§vb Ges gvnvZ¡‡K i¶vi Rb¨ Zv‡`i Rxeb
I ab-m¤ú` DrmM© Ki‡Z AvnŸvb K‡ib| gymjgvbiv me©vZœKfv‡e Zvi G
Avnev‡b mvov †`q| Rvdi gymjgvb‡`i‡K Aš—f©~³ Ki‡Z I cÖwk¶Y w`‡Z
ïi Ki‡jb| wKš‧ 1949 mvj ch©š— gyRvwn`‡`i I miKvix evwnbxi g‡a¨
D‡jL‡hvM¨ †Zgb †Kvb msNl© nqwb|
1949 mv‡j evg©vi bZzb cÖkvmb ¯vbxq Awaevmx‡`i mgš‡q GKwU mxgvš—eZx©
wbivcËv evwnbx MVb K‡i, hv evg©v AvÂwjK evwnbx (BTF) bv‡g cwiwPZ|
AvivKv‡b wewUGd (BTF) Gi beŸB fvM MwVZ n‡qwQj AvivKvb †e․ׇ`i
wb‡q, we‡kl K‡i hviv gymjgvb‡`i wPi ykgb wQj| AvwKqve †Rjv cÖkvmK
wKqvI BD (Kyaw U) Gi wb‡`©kbvq wewUGd (BTF) mgMÖ DËi AvivKv‡b
GKwU mš¿vmx ivR¨ cÖwZ&ôv K‡i| †gwkb Mv‡bi ¸wj‡Z gymjgvb bi-bvix
wkïiv e¨vcK cwigv‡Y nZvnZ nq| nvRvi nvRvi eyw×Rxex, MÖvg cÖavb Ges
Ijvgv‡K KzKzi-Bu y‡ii gZ nZ¨v Kiv nq| cÖvq mKj gymjgvb MÖvg‡KB gvwUi
mv‡_ wgwk‡q †`qv nq| wewUGd b„ksmZv cÂvk nvRv‡iiI †ekx kiYv_x©‡K
ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯ —v‡b Awfevmb wb‡Z eva¨ K‡i|
gymjgvb‡`i `vexmg~n wQj AwePvi¸‡jv ms‡kvab Kiv| AvBb Abymv‡i
Zv‡`i‡K eg©xq bvMwiK wn‡m‡e emevm Kivi AbygwZ †`qv Ges •¯^ivPvix
Ges Ryjygkvnxi Aaxb Zv‡`i‡K civaxb bv Kiv| Zv‡`i G `vex¸‡jv
gyRvwn` we‡`ªvn‡K evavMÖ¯— K‡iwb eis Av‡iv `ªZ MwZkxjZv I cÖmviZv
†c‡qwQj| †K›`ªxq miKvi G we‡`ªvn `gb Kivi Rb¨ e¨¯— n‡q co‡jv, hv
evg©vi Ab¨vb¨ ¯v‡b cÖv`yf©ve n‡qwQj Ges GUv‡K evg©vq wb‡qvwRZ Kiv Am¤¢e
n‡qwQj|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 131
hvB †nvK miKvi ZLb we‡ ªvnx‡`i mv‡_ mg‡SvZv-Avjvc Ki‡Z †ek wKQz
c`‡¶c MÖnY Kij| miKv‡ii GKwU cÖwZwbwa `j Zv‡`i Kv‡Q G‡jv, Zv‡`i
`vex-`vIqvi K_v ïb‡jv wKš‧ G Av‡jvPbv cwi‡k‡l †Kvb djvdj e‡q wb‡q
G‡jv bv| 1949 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m BDwbqb wgwjUvix cywj‡ki 26Zg
e¨vUvwjqvb AvivKv‡b NuvwU ¯vcb K‡i we‡ ªvn †NvlYv Kij Ges Zviv
KwgDwbó I wcwfI‡`i mv‡_ K‡i wb‡q wKqvK wcD (Kyaukpyu) mv‡›`v‡q
(Sandoway) Ges G‡`i †Rjv m`i¸‡jvi cZb wb‡q Av‡m| Gfv‡e †Kej
AvwKqve e›`‡i miKvix wbqš¿Y n«vm †c‡qwQj| Ab¨w`‡K gyRvwn`iv mg¯—
DËi AvivKv‡bi AwaKvi wb‡qwQj| Ges AvivKvb †e․× we‡`ªvnx‡`i Aci
`j¸‡jv Ab¨vb¨ †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z Zv‡`i wbqš¿Y wb‡qwQj|
1951 mvj †_‡K 1954 mvj ch©š— miKvwi evwnbx¸‡jv gyRvwn`‡`i wei‡×
evrmwiKfv‡e wekvj Avw½‡K A‡bK Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡iwQj| kni Ges
cywjk duvwo †h¸‡jv gyRvwn`‡`i wbqš¿‡Y wQj, †m¸‡jv Avevi miKvwi
evwnbx‡`i Øviv cybi×vi n‡qwQj| G Awfhvb¸‡jv‡Z A‡bK msL¨K
†emvgwiK †jvK‡K •¯^iZvwš¿Kfv‡e AvUK Kiv n‡qwQj, Zv‡`i Dci wbh©vZb
Pvjv‡bv n‡qwQj Ges Zv‡`i‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡qwQj| we‡`ªvnx‡`i Av¯—vbv
m‡›`‡n A‡bK evox-Ni, R¡vwj‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q| †bZ…‡Z¡i cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Ges
`jMZ hy‡×i Kvi‡Y gyRvwn`iv wKQz mg‡qi Rb¨ †m GjvKvi Kvh©Ki wbqš¿Y
nviv‡jv| 1951 mv‡ji w`‡K gyRvwn`-B-Avhg Rvdi KvIqvj ivR‣bwZK
cÖwZwnsmvi ekeZx© n‡q wbg©gfv‡e wbnZ nb Ges cieZx©‡Z Rbve AveŸvm
bvgK GK e¨w³ ¶gZv `Lj K‡ib| Rvdi KvIqv‡ji Aax‡b Kg©iZ GKRb
¸iZ¡c~Y© †jd‡U‡b›U K‡Y©j iwk` †ei n‡q Av‡mb Ges eyw_WvDs Gi `w¶Y-
c~e© wdDBgvjx GjvKvq Zvi `j cÖwZôv K‡ib| Aci GKRb y`©vš— KgvÊvi
Kvwkg whwb cieZx©‡Z Kvwkg ivRv bv‡g e¨vcK cwiwPwZ jvf K‡ib wZwb
wb‡R‡K †NvlYv ‡`b| †mLv‡b miKvwi evwnbx Ges gyRvwn`‡`i wewfbœ `‡ji
g‡a¨ msNl© PjwQj| 1954 mv‡ji ci Kvwkg miKv‡ii Rb¨ GKwU ¸iZi
fxwZi KviY n‡q `vuovq| Ges gvIs`vI, eyw_WvDs Ges iv‡LWvDs Gi
AwaKvsk GjvKvq gyRvwn`iv Zv‡`i cÖvavb¨ cybtwe¯—vi K‡iwQj| mg‡qi g‡a¨
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 132
gyRvwn`‡`i mvaviY gymjgvb RbZv †_‡K c„_K Kivi Rb¨ miKvi GKwU
kw³kvjx ivR‣bwZK c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡ib| 25 †m‡Þ¤i, 1954 mvj, mܨv
8.00 Uvq evg©vi ZrKvjxb cÖavbgš¿x BD by (U Nu) Zvi †iwWI fvl‡Y
†ivwn½v‡K GKwU Avw` b„ZvwËK m¤cÖ`vq wn‡m‡e †NvlYv †`b| ¶z`ª cwim‡i
†ivwn½v‡`i †g․wjK AwaKvi¸‡jvi cybtcÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| miKvi gymjgvb
†bZ…e„›` Ges msm` m`m¨‡`i eySv‡Z †Póv Ki‡jb †h we‡ ªv‡n hvIqvUv wQj
GKUv e„_v cÖ‡Póv †h‡nZz †ivwn½v‡`i AwaKvi BwZg‡a¨B cybtcÖwZwôZ
n‡q‡Q| gyRvwn`‡`i g‡a¨ `jxq hy‡× e¨_© n‡q ivRbxwZwe`iv miKv‡ii Dci
hy‡× †Kvb weRq †`L‡Z e¨_© n‡jb| Ges gymjgvb‡`i ivR‣bwZK Kvg©Kv‡Ê
DbœwZ †`L‡Z †c‡jb d‡j Zviv RbMY‡K miKv‡ii c¶vej¤b Ki‡Z DØy×
Ki‡jb| Af¨š—ixY hy‡× wQbœ-wfbœ gyRvwn`‡`i c‡¶ Rb m¤§wZ jvf Kiv
KwVb n‡q coj| RbM‡Yi cÖwZ wek¦vm nvwi‡q Zviv wewfbœ ai‡bi AcKg©
Ges wb‡R‡`i †jvK‡`i Dci AwePvi Kij| gyRvwn`‡`i evovevwo †_‡K
wb‡R‡`i i¶v Kivi Rb¨ A‡bK MÖvgevmx kn‡i ¯vbvš—wiZ n‡jv|
G ai‡bi my‡hvM MÖnY K‡i 1954 mv‡ji b‡f¤i †_‡K miKvi gyRvwn`‡`i
bxwZgvjvi wei‡× Acv‡ikb gbmyb (Operation Monsoon) bv‡gi GKwU
we —…Z Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i| gyRvwn`‡`i ¸iZ¡c~Y© †K›`ª¸‡jv `Lj n‡q
hvq Ges Zv‡`i KwZcq †bZv wbnZ nq| Kvwkg ZLb c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b cvwj‡q
†Mj| gyRvwn` Afy¨Ìv‡bi †gi`Ê †f‡½ ‡Mj| Zv‡`i `jxq KvVv‡gv‡Z
wewQbœZv NUvi d‡j cieZx©‡Z gyRvwn` Av‡›`vjb Avev‡iv `ye©j n‡q coj|
wKš‧ GUv `xN©¯vqx n‡jv| miKvi evwg©R Avwg©iv hv‡`i‡K gyRvwn`‡`i wei‡×
e¨envi Ki‡Zv, †mB mKj gymjgvb‡`i mnvqZvq ¯vbxq gymjgvb‡`i mgš‡q
GKwU †¯^Qv‡mex evwnbx MVb K‡ib| gyRvwn`‡`i‡K Avev‡iv wewQbœ Kivi
D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖavbgš¿x BD by Ges cÖwZi¶v gš¿x BD ev my (U Ba Swe) 1959
mv‡j eyw_WvDs Ges gvDsWvI kni mdi K‡ib| Zviv †mB kni¸‡jv‡Z eo
eo ivR‣bwZK Rbmfv K‡ib, †mLv‡b Zviv kvb, KvwPb Ges Kv‡ib
m¤cÖ`v‡qi gZ †ivwn½v m¤cÖ`vq‡K evg©vi GKwU Avw` b„ZvwË¡K †Mvwó wn‡m‡e
D‡jL K‡ib| Zviv Zv‡`i‡K evg©vi bvMwiK‡`i mgvb AwaKvi cÖ`v‡biI
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 133
cÖwZÁv K‡ib| B‡Zvg‡a¨ gyRvwn` `j¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Avev‡iv wefvRb NU‡jv|
†h‡nZz DËi AvivKv‡b ¯vbxq ¯^vqË¡kvmb mnKv‡i GKwU Ògymjgvb RvZxq
GjvKvÓ (Muslim National Area) cÖwZôvq miKv‡ii cÖ¯—v‡ei wei‡× wfbœ
AwfgZ DwÌZ n‡jv| P~ovš—fv‡e gyRvwn`iv Zv‡`i A ¿ mgc©Y Ki‡Z wm×vš—
wb‡jv Ges 1961 mvj †kl nIqvi c~‡e©B AwaKvsk gyRvwn` miKv‡ii Kv‡Q
AvZœmgc©Y Ki‡jv|
msm`xq MYZš¿Kvjxb AvivKvbx‡`i ivR‣bwZK Kg©KvÊ (1948-
1962 Lªx)
Av‡MB D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q ÔKbw÷Uy‡q›U G¨v‡m¤^jx (Gwm) Gi Rb¨ gvDs`vD
Ges evw_WvDs Gi `ywU GjvKv ev‡` mgMÖ AvivKvb Ry‡o mvaviY wbe©vPb
AbywôZ nq| G wbe©vP‡b gymjgvb †fvUvi wQj- mgMÖ RbmsL¨vi 98 fvM|
hvB‡nvK, ¯^vaxbZvi ci ‡mLv‡b wbe©vPb AbywôZ n‡jv Ges Rbve myjZvb
Avn‡g` I Rbve Avãyj Mvd&dvi G yB wbe©vPbx GjvKv †_‡K msm` m`m¨
wbe©vwPZ n‡jb| G. wm. wbe©vPb †_‡K ïi K‡i 1960 mv‡ji †mbv Af~¨Ìvb
ch©š— Dfq msm‡`i Rb¨ wZbwU mvaviY wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq h_vµ‡g 1951,
1956 Ges 1960 mv‡j| 1951 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡b gymjgvbiv 5wU
Avm‡b weRqx nq| Gi g‡a¨ 3wU Avmb wbgœ nvD‡R Ges 1wU Avmb DP
nvD‡R wQj| G. Gd. wc. Gd. Gj. weRqx nq 3wU Avm‡b Ges evKx
Avmb¸‡jv `Lj K‡i †bq iv-Uv-bvqv ev ivLvBb RvZxq hy³ msN|
gymjgvb‡`i wbR¯ †Kvb ivR‣bwZK `j wQj bv| Zviv †Kvb †Kvb mgq ¯^Zš¿
wn‡m‡e uvwo‡q Avevi KL‡bv ev G. Gd. wc. Gd. Gj. Gi mv‡_ mg_©K `j
wn‡m‡e wbe©vP‡b Ask †bq| 1956 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡b DËi AvivKv‡bi
5wU AvmbB cybi×vi K‡i gymjgvbiv| iv-Uv-bvqv mvwe©K Avm‡bi gvÎ GK
Z…Zxqvsk Avm‡b weRqx nq Ges evKx Avmb¸‡jv `Lj K‡i †bq G. Gd. wc.
Gd. Gj.| 1956 mv‡ji msm` wbe©vP‡b †h mKj gymjgvb Ggwc wn‡m‡e
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 134
wbe©vwPZ n‡qwQ‡jb Zvivy n‡jb- Rbve myjZvb Avn‡g`, Rbve Aveyj Lv‡qi,
Rbve BRnvi wgqv, Rbve Aveyj evkvi Ges Rbve Avãyj Mvd&dvi| iv-Uv-
bvqvÕi wbe©vwPZ weL¨vZ m`m¨iv n‡jb, BD wKqvI wgb (U Kyaw Min), BD
gvDs wKqvI Rvb (U Maung Kyawa Zan), BD njv Zzb cÖ (U Hla Tun Pru),
BD mvb Zzb w_b (U San Tun Khaine), BD ev †mBb (U Ba Sein), BD
As wKqvI LvBb (U Aung Kyaw Khine), BD c †_Bb (U Paw Thein) cÖgyL|
1957 mv‡j eyw_WvDs DËi wbe©vPbx GjvKvi Rb¨ GKwU Dcwbe©vPb AbywôZ
nq, †h‡nZz Rbve BRnvi wgqvi wbe©vPb evwZj K‡i Zvi wei‡× ivq cÖ`vb
Kiv nq| mv‡eK msm`xq †m‡µUvix Rbve myjZvb gvngy weªwUk-fviZ AvBb
mfvq m`m¨ wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ nb Ges wZwb BD by (U Nu) gš¿x cwil‡`i
¯^v¯¨gš¿x wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡fvi MÖnY K‡ib|
cvj©v‡g‡›Ui ivLvBb (†e․×) m`m¨iv Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ ¯^vaxb AvivKvbx
ms‡kvaxq `j (IAPG) bv‡gi GKwU msMVb Kv‡qg Ki‡jv| Zviv AvivKv‡bi
Rb¨ GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ cvj©v‡g‡›U `vex †ck K‡i| cÖv_wgK
ch©v‡q Zviv †ekx g‡bv‡hvMx wQj bv| wewfbœ GjvKvq ¯^Zš¿ ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi
wel‡q cix¶v-wbix¶v Kivi Rb¨ 1947 mv‡j ixR DBwjqvgm& Kwgkb ¯vwcZ
n‡qwQj| B‡Zvc~‡e© AvivKv‡bi ivóªZ¡ Aby‡gv`‡bi cÖkœ `y‡i ivLv n‡qwQj|
Av‡iv wZbwU AvÂwjK kvqZ¡kvwmZ Kwgkb AvivKv‡b ¯^Zš¿ ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi
wel‡q cix¶v-wbix¶v K‡iwQj | †m wZbwU Kwgkb n‡jv 1948 mv‡j MwVZ
gwš¿ BD bvBI (U Nyo) Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ AvÂwjK ¯^vqZ¡kvmb Kwgkb, 1948
mv‡ji A‡±ve‡i MwVZ m¨vi ev I (Sir Ba Oo) Kwgkb Ges 1950 mv‡j
MwVZ †K‡jBm Kwgkb|
gwš¿ BD bvBI Zzb (U Nyo Tun) Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ AvÂwjK ¯^vqZ¡kvmb
Kwgk‡bi Aci wZb m`m¨ n‡jb G¨vKvD›U¨v›U †Rbv‡ij BD wKqvI wgb ( U
Kyaw Min) BD wZb (U Tin) Ges BD Zwb †dZ (U Tin Phet)| AvÂwjK
¯^vqZ¡kvm‡bi Rb¨ Z_¨ AbymÜvb Kivi cwie‡Z© D³ Kwgkb AvivKv‡bi Rb¨
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 135
wb‡gœv³ Zvr¶wYK c`‡¶c¸‡jvi civgk© w`‡q miKv‡ii wbKU GKwU ga¨eZx©
wi‡cvU© †ck Kij|
1. A‣ea Awfevmb Kvh©Ki fv‡e `gb Kivi Rb¨ AvwKqv‡e cvwK¯—vbx
Kbmy ‡jU `ßi Ges cwðg cvwK¯ —v‡b evwg©R Kbmy¨‡jU `ßi
†Lvjv|
2. Av‡iv AwaK Kvh©Kvifv‡e we‡`ªvn `gb Kiv|
3. AvivKvb cwiw¯wZi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM †`qv|
4. miKvwi `yb©xwZ civqb Kg©KZ©v‡`i wei‡× Kvh©Kix c`‡¶c MÖnY
Kiv|
5. AvUKZK…‡`i cvewjK j GÊ AW©vi Gi 5 Gi Ab y‡Q‡`i AvIZvq
G‡b cybt cix¶v-wbix¶v Kiv Ges hviv gyw³ cvIqvi †hvM¨
Zv‡`i‡K †Q‡o †`qv |
6. ZrKvjxb cÖavb wePvicwZ m¨vi ev I (Sir Ba Oo)Õi mfvcwZ‡Z¡
1948 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m cÖavbgš¿x BD by (U Nu) KZ…©K m¨vi ev I
Kwgkb MwVZ nq| G Kwgk‡bi Aax‡b wZbwU Dc-KwgwU MwVZ
n‡qwQj| G¸‡jvi KvR wQj h_vµ‡g Kv‡ib, †gvb Ges AvivKv‡bi
RvZxq welqvw` wb‡q Z`viKx Kiv|
cÖ‡Z¨K Dc-KwgwU MwVZ n‡qwQj GKRb ivóªxq cÖwZwbwa, wZbRb cÖwZwbwa
Ges PviRb mswkó GjvKvi cÖwZwbwa wb‡q| Pvi m`m¨ wewkó AvivKv‡bi
RvZxq cÖwZwbwaiv n‡jv BD wKqvI Bb (U Kyaw Yin), BD mvb Zzb As (U
San Tun Aung), BD _v Zzb (U Tha Tun) Ges Rbve myjZvb Avn‡g`|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 136
Zviv 1948 mv‡ji 29 †k A‡±vei Zv‡`i wbR¯ gZvgZ †ck K‡iwQ‡jb hv
wb‡gœ Dc vcb Kiv n‡jv|
1. AvivKvb welqK GKRb gwš¿ wb‡qvM †`qv Ges GUv‡K msweav‡bi
AvBb wn‡m‡e Aš—f©y³ Kiv|
2. AvivKvb welqK gš¿x‡K mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ GKwU AvivKvb welqK
KvDwÝj MVb Kiv Ges GUv‡K msweav‡b AvBb wn‡m‡e Aš—fy©³
Kiv|
3. msweav‡bi 12 Aby‡Q` Abyhvqx, AvivKvb RbM‡Yi BQvbymv‡i
AvivKvbx welqK gš¿Yvjq I AvivKvb welqK KvDwÝj KZ„©K
AvivKvb GjvKvi hveZqx Kg©KvÊ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq weavb
I AvBb Kvbyb •Zwi Kiv|
4. cuvP eQi ci G Kg© cwiKíbvi djvd‡ji Dci wbf©i K‡i
AvivKvbx RbM‡Yi BQvbyhvqx GUv cybivq cix¶v-bxix¶v Ges
ms‡kvab Kiv n‡e| A_ev GUv cy‡ivc ywi evwZj Ki‡Z n‡e|
D³ KwgwUi AvivKvbx (ivLvBb) cÖwZwbwa BD k bvI (U Shwe Baw) wb‡gœv³
cÖ —ve¸‡jv †ck K‡ib|
1. AvivKv‡bi cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`¸‡jv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv Ges wkí
KviLvbvi Dbœqb NUv‡bv|
2. AvivKv‡bi Rbc_, jc_ Ges †ijc‡_i Dbœqb NUv‡bv|
3. DP wk¶v I KvwiMix wk¶vmn AvivKv‡bi gvbm¤§Z wk¶ve¨e¯vi
Av‡iv DbœwZ mvab Kiv|
4. ¯^v¯¨ I wPwKrmv e¨e¯vi DbœwZ Kiv |
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 137
5. K…wl Ges evwYR¨ cÖwZôv‡bi Dbœqb Kiv |
6. evg©vi DËi cwðg mxgv‡š— †h †Kvb mgm¨v mgvav‡bi j‡¶¨ Ges
AvBb k„Ljv cwiw¯wZ wVK ivL‡Z GK A_ev `yÕ e¨vUvwjqvb ivLvBb
Avwg©‡K ¯vqx •mb¨ evwnbx‡Z †gvZv‡qb ‡`qv|
7. †evgvs †÷U (PÆMÖvg cvnvox GjvKv) Ges AvIqv wKDb (my›`ieb)
GjvKvq emevmiZ ivLvBb RvwZ‡K cybev©m‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
¶gZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
8. AvBb cÖYqb I ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi ¶gZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
9. AvivKvb wefv‡Mi cÖ‡Z¨KwU wel‡q ¯^vqZ¡ kvmb Aby‡gv`b Kiv|
KwgwUi eg©xq m`m¨iv Avjv`v iv‡óªi aviYv‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kij| wKš‧ Zviv
mycvik Ki‡jb †h, ¯^vqZ¡kvmbmn AvivKvb‡K evg©vi Aax‡b GKwU wefvM
evbv‡bv DwPZ| AvivKvb welqK gwš¿ wb‡qvM †`qvi cwie‡Z© ïay RvZxq
cvj©v‡g‡›U Avwg© MV‡bi ¶gZv †`qv Ges †m ai‡bi AvivKvb wefvMxq
KvDwÝj MVb Kiv DwPZ hv n‡e Av‡iv †ekx Kvh©Ki|
Z`‡š—i Pvi eQi ci 1952 mv‡j m¨vi ev I (Sir Ba Oo) Kwgkb hw`I
Kv‡ib Ges gb wi‡cvU© †ck Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv ZeyI Zv‡`i Rvbv g‡Z ¸iZ¡c~Y©
Kvi‡Yi Rb¨B AvivKvb welqK wi‡cvU© †ck Kiv nqwb|
1950 mv‡ji 26 †k RyjvB AvivKvb wefvMxq Kwgkbvi wg. †Kjxi
mfvcwZ‡Z¡ †Kjx (Kelly) Kwgkb MwVZ n‡qwQj g~jZ AvivKv‡b ¯^Zš¿ ÔivóªÕ
Aby‡gv`‡bi m¤¢ve¨Zv AbymÜvb Kivi Rb¨| G wel‡q AbymÜvb Ges Z`š—
Kiv n‡jv| wKš‧ †Kjx Kwgk‡bi wi‡cvU© miKvixfv‡e †NvlYv Kiv n‡jv bv|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 138
myZivs AvivKv‡b ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi wel‡q P~ovš— wm×v‡š— Avmvi cwie‡Z© `xN©
m~wÎZvq wbcwZZ n‡jv|
cy‡iv msm`xq †gqv` a‡iB Uv-bvqv (Ta-Naya) m`m¨iv †ivwn½v‡`i wei‡×
kÎfvevcbœ AvPiY K‡i‡Q| Zviv †ivwn½v‡`i‡K KvjvP (Kalas) ÔPvUMvBq¨vÕ
e‡j Acev` w`‡Zv Ges Zviv †ivwn½v‡`i‡K Zv‡`i mgK¶ e‡j ¯^xK…wZ w`Z
bv| Zviv me©`v †ivwn½v‡`i fveg~wZ© weK…Z Ki‡Z †Póv Ki‡Zv| GgbwK Zviv
gymjgvb Ggwc †`i‡K Awfhy³ Ki‡Zv| Zviv wbe©vP‡b weRqx nIqvi Rb¨ G
Gd wc Gd Gj Gi †g․b Aby‡gv`b wb‡q e¨vcK msL¨K PÆMÖvgevmx‡K A‣ea
fv‡e AvivKv‡b cvVv‡bvi cwiKíbv K‡iwQj| Zviv †ivwn½v‡`i‡K bvMwiKZ¡
†`qvi e¨vcv‡i weiƒc g‡bvfve †cvlY Ki‡Zv| Zviv †e․× wf¶z‡`i‡K gyRvwn`
Af~¨Ìv‡bi wei‡× Abkb ag©NU cvjb Ki‡Z cÖ‡ivwPZ Ki‡Zv| Ges GKwU
wn›`y ag© wfwËK ivóª cÖwZôvi Rb¨ Zviv gymjgvb Ggwc‡`i wei‡× Pvc cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡Zv| †ivwn½v‡`i cÖwZ iv-Uv-bvqv m`m¨‡`i Giƒc we‡Ølc~Y© g‡bvfv‡ei
Kvi‡YB eg©xq ivRbxwZwe`iv gymjgvb Ggwc‡`i †_‡K Zv‡`i mvnvh¨
mn‡hvwMZv ~‡i mwi‡q wb‡jv| 1958 mv‡j ÔGd wc Gd GjÕ hLb `yÕwU MÖ‡c
wef³ n‡q coj, ZLb AvivKvb ivóª AR©‡bi m¤¢vebv A‡bKUv D¾¡j n‡q
DV‡jv| cÖavbgš¿x BD by (U Nu) †NvlYv Ki‡jv †h hw` 1960 mv‡ji mvaviY
wbe©vP‡b weRqx n‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j †m AvivKvbivóª‡K Aby‡gv`b w`‡e| G Gd
wc Gd Gj Gi Dfq MÖ‡cB Zv‡`i ¯^ ¯^ w`‡K AvB G wc wR (IAPG) ‡`i
mg_©b jv‡fi †Póv Kij| wKš‧ iv-Uv-bvqv (Ra-Ta-Naya) BD by Gi Iqv`v
cvIqvi ci Zv‡KB mg_©b †`qvi wm×vš— wb‡jv| AvivKv‡b ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi
welqwU AwaKvsk gymjgvbB Lye ¸iZ¡ mnKv‡i wb‡qwQj, †h‡nZz Zviv AvksKv
†eva Ki‡Zv †h gNiv hw` AvivKv‡bi ¶gZvq Av‡m Zvn‡j Zviv 1942
mv‡ji b¨vq Av‡iKwU fxwZKi cwiw wZ •Zwi Ki‡e| GiB mg_©‡b DËi
AvivKv‡bi gymjgvbiv Zv‡`i Rb¨ GKwU ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ iv‡óªi `vex Rvbv‡jv|
†h GjvKvwU n‡e gN Kg©KZ ©v ev Zv‡`i cÖfvewenxb iv½yb †K›`ªxq miKvi
KZ…©K mivmwi wbqwš¿Z| Zv‡`i by¨bZg `vex wQj ‡K›`ªxq miKvi kvwmZ
GKwU ¯Zš¿ †Rjv •Zwi Kiv| gymjgvb GgwcivI cvj©v‡g‡›U Ges MYgva¨‡g
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 139
GKB `vex Dc¯vcb K‡iwQj| gymjgvb gh©v`vi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L A‡bK
†ivwn½v mvgvwRK mvs¯‥…wZK msMVb w¶ß I D‡ËRbvKi Kg©KvÊ Pvjy
K‡iwQj|
wbe©vP‡b weRqx nIqvi ci BD by AvivKvb welqK mKj mgm¨vi Z`š— Kivi
Rb¨ GKRb Z`š— Kwgkb wb‡qvM w`‡qwQ‡jb| †ivwn½v RvwgqvZzj Djvgv G
Z`š— Kwgk‡bi wbKU AvivKv‡bi gymjgvb‡`i Ae¯vi Dci GKwU my`xN© I
mywe —…Z ¯§viKwjwc †ck K‡iwQj| Zviv GKwU Avjv`v †Rjv cÖwZôvi Rb¨
`vex Rvwb‡qwQj hvi GKwU wbR¯ †Rjv cwil` Ges ¯vbxq ¯^vqZ¡kvmb
_vK‡e| mg‡SvZv mgvavb ¯^iƒc ¯§viKwjwci †jLKMY G k‡Z© m¤§Z n‡jv
†h †RjvUv n‡e AvivKvb iv‡R¨iB GKwU Ask| hvB‡nvK Zviv cxovcxwo
K‡iwQj †h †Rjvi mswkó welq I Zvi mgm¨vejx Ges Kg©KZv©-Kg©Pvix
wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î ivóª cÖavb‡K mwVK civgk© w`‡eb mswkó KvDwÝj|
†ivwn½v hye msMVb 1961 mv‡ji 31 RyjvB AbywôZ GKwU wgwUs Gi wm×v‡š—
miKv‡ii cÖwZ Avnevb Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb AvivKv‡b ¯^vqZ¡ kvwmZ iv‡óªi Aby‡gv`b
bv †`qvi Rb¨| KviY 1942 mv‡ji `v½vi ci †_‡K gymjgvb I †e․ׇ`i
g‡a¨ mv¤cÖ vwqK Am‡š—vl GLbI weivR Ki‡Q| evowZ mZK©Zv mnKv‡i
†ivwn½v QvÎ mOMVbI Abyiƒc wmÜvš— wb‡qwQj| Zviv mZK© K‡iwQj †h mKj
cÖwZev` m‡Ë¡I hw` ivóª cÖwZôvi e¨cv‡i wm×vš— nq Zvn‡j GUvi Rb¨
AvivKv‡bi wefvRb cÖ‡qvRb n‡e Ges gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ Avjv`v ¯^vqZ¡kvmb
wb®úwË n‡e|
cvjv©‡g‡›Ui gymjgvb m`m¨iv GKB fv‡e miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Ges Z`š— KwgwUi
Kv‡Q Av‡e`b Ki‡jv Aš—fy©³ bv Kivi Rb¨| G ai‡bi ivóª •Zwii e¨vcv‡i
Zv‡`i ‡Kvb AvcwË †bB| wKš‧ ïaygvÎ eyw_WvDs gvDs`vI Ges iv‡_WvDs
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 140
†Rjvi Ask e¨ZxZ †hLv‡b gymjgvbiv wQj msL¨vMwiô| †ivwn½v‡`i Aw¯—Z¡
wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨B G †Rjv¸‡jv‡K Aek¨B GKwU c„_K BDwbU wn‡m‡e MVb
Ki‡Z n‡e| AvivKvbx‡`i Dci Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i GKK ivóª MVb Kiv m¤¢eZ
ivóªwU‡K Avev‡iv bZzb i³cv‡Zi w`‡K avweZ Ki‡e|
wKš‧ AvivKvb gymjgvb‡`i msMVb (G Gg I)I AvivKv‡b ¯^Zš¿ ivó ª
Aby‡gv`‡bi wel‡q wfbœ gZ †cvlY K‡ib| Z`š— KwgwUi wbKU †ck K…Z
GKwU ¯§viK wjwc‡Z G Gg IÕi mfvcwZ myjZvb gvngy` Ggwc we¯ —vwiZ
D‡jL K‡ib †h, Zviv †Kej gvÎ `ywU k‡Z© AvivKvb ivóª‡K mg_©b w`‡e| hw`
AviKvbx †e․×iv Zv‡`i `vex¸‡jv‡K mg_©b †`q hw` iv‡óªi msweavb hw`
gymjgvb‡`i agx©q mvs¯‥…wZK A_©‣bwZK, ivR‣bwZK, c ÖkvmwbK Ges wk¶vMZ
wbðqZv Aš—fy©³ K‡i| bZzb AvivKvb iv‡óªi cÖavbMY ch©vqµ‡g `vwqZ¡ cvjb
Ki‡e| ivóª cªavb gymjgvb n‡j †÷U KvDw݇ji w¯úKvi n‡e GKRb
Agymjgvb Ges Zvi mnKvix n‡e Av‡iK Rb gymjgvb| Gfv‡e
avivevwnKfv‡e ch©vqµg AbymiY Kiv n‡e| GKB ai‡bi e¨e¯vcbv Kvh©Ki
n‡e wewfbœ ai‡bi wb‡qvM, KwgwU Ges msMV‡bi †ejv‡ZI| GK-Z…Zxqvs‡ki
Kg iv‡óªi gš¿x gymjgvb n‡e bv| gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ Kvh©Ki †Kvb AvBbB cvk
n‡e bv hw` bv Ges hZ¶Y bv KvDw݇ji msL¨vMwiô gymjgvbiv GUvi Rb¨
‡fvU w`‡e| gymjgvb GjvKvq PvKzixi wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î ivóª cÖavb Zvi
gwš¿mfvi gymjgvb m`m¨‡`i civgk© AbyhvqxB KvR Ki‡e| mKj miKvwi
c`, cvewjK mvwf©m, †c․imfvi c` Ges Ab¨vb¨ mKj c`¸‡jv‡Z wb‡qv‡Mi
†ejvq gymjgvbiv Zv‡`i RbmsL¨vi kZKiv nvi Abyhvqx GKwU we‡kl
As‡ki myweav †fvM Ki‡e| gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ eivÏK…Z †cvó¸‡jv‡Z wb‡qvM
cvIqvi Rb¨ gymjgvb cÖwZ‡hvMxiv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨B cÖwZØw›ØZv Ki‡e| miKvi
Lye g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i gymjgvb‡`i wk¶vMZ I A_©‣bwZK cÖ‡qvRb¸‡jv cyiY
Ki‡e| †Kvb wk¶v_©x‡KB Zvi ¯^xq ag© e¨ZxZ Ab¨ a‡g©i K¬v‡m Ask MÖnY
Ki‡Z eva¨ Kiv n‡e bv| cÖ‡Z¨K ag©xq †MvôxB mKj wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b Zv‡`i
¯^ ¯^ ag© Abykxjb Kivi AbygwZ cv‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K Ges †h †Kvb ag©xq †Mvôx
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 141
PvB‡j Zvi wbR¯ agx©q cÖwZóvb ¯vcb Kivi AbygwZ cv‡e Z‡e Zv miKvi
KZ…©K Aby‡gv`b Kwi‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
gymjgvbiv Zv‡`i wbR¯ we‡kl †ivwn½v fvlv Ges ms¯‥…wZ Dbœqb Kivi
e¨vcv‡i Ges Zv‡`i ag© m¤cÖmviY Ki‡Z m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxb n‡e| gymjgvb‡`i
welq¸‡jvi Rb¨ GKRb we‡kl Kg©KZv© wb‡qvM Kiv n‡e hvi KvR n‡e
gymjgvb‡`i Awf‡hvM Ges mgm¨v¸‡jv Z`š— Kiv Ges †m¸‡jvi wel‡q ivóª
cÖav‡bi Kv‡Q wi‡cvU© Kiv| AvivKvb ivóª cÖwZôvi cieZ©x 10 eQ‡ii Rb¨
ivóª n‡Z m‡i wM‡q cÖ‡Z¨K †Rjvq- we‡kl K‡i DËi AvivKv‡bi †Rjv¸‡jvq
AwaKvimg~n ¯wMZ K‡i ivLv n‡e Ges iv½y‡b †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii mivmwi
wePvi e¨e¯vq cwiewZ©Z n‡e|
`xN© w`b ci miKvi gvDs`vI, eyw_WvDs cÖ‡`k Ges iv‡_WvDs cÖ‡`‡ki
cwðgvs‡k GKwU we‡kl gvq~ mxgvš—eZ©x cÖkvmb (MFA) cÖwZôv Kivi †NvlYv
w`‡jb| †hUv mivmwi †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii wbqš¿‡Y cwiPvwjZ n‡e| †mbv
Kg©KZv©MY KZ©„K kvwmZ nIqvi Rb¨ GUvi ¯^vqZ¡ kvmb wQj bv| hw` GUv
AvivKv‡bi wePvi e¨e¯vi Aaxb bv n‡Zv Zvn‡j bZzb G e¨e¯vcbv †ivwn½v
†bZ…e„‡›`i mg_©b jvf Ki‡Z m¶g n‡Zv| G cÖkvm‡bi cÖK…Z ev¯—evqb Ges
Kvh©KvwiZv ïi nq 31 gvP©, 1961 mvj †_‡K| vbxq gymjgvb‡`i Aš—
fy©w³‡Z GKwU we‡kl cywjk evwnbx- hv Ôgvq~ B‡qÕ (Mayu Ye) bv‡g cwiwPZ-
M‡o I‡V Ges AvBb k„Ljv cwiw¯wZi DbœwZ n‡Z ïi K‡i| 1962 mv‡ji
ïi‡ZB miKvi AvivKvb ÔivóªÕ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ GKUv Lmov AvBb cÖ¯‧Z K‡i|
gymjgvb‡`i `vexi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L gvq~ †Rjv ev` iv‡L| †mbv wece
msNwUZ nq 1962 mv‡j| bZzb G miKvi AvivKv‡b ivóª cÖwZôvi cwiKíbv
evwZj K‡ib| wKš‧ gvq~ †Rjv ZLbI we‡kl kvmbvax‡b †_‡K hvq, hv 1964
mv‡ji 1jv †deªqvix ¯^ivóª welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b cÖwZôv Kiv n‡qwQj|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 142
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 143
`kg Aa¨vq
†mbv kvm‡bi Aax‡b AvivKvb
AvivKv‡b †mbv Af~¨Ìv‡bi cÖfve
2iv gvP©, 1962 mvj, ZrKvjxb evgx©R †mbv cÖavb †Rbv‡ij wb DBb (Ne
Win) GKwU i³cvZnxb †mbv Af~¨Ìv‡bi gva¨‡g ¶gZv `Lj K‡ib| wZwb
msweavb wejyß K‡ib Ges msm`xq e¨e¯v †f‡½ †`b| iv‡óªi mKj ¶gZv-
AvBb, wePvi Ges wbe©vnx- ¯^qswµqfv‡e Zvi †bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ wecex KvDwÝj
(RC) Gi wbqš¿bvax‡b P‡j hvq| Avi. wm bZzb GKwU ivR‣bwZK `‡ji
†NvlYv †`q hv evg©v †mvmvwj÷ †cÖvMÖvg cvwU© ev (BSPP) bv‡g cwiwPZ|
GQvov Ab¨vb¨ mKj ivR‣bwZK `j¸‡jv‡K wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv nq| we. Gm.
wc. wc mgMÖ‡`k e¨vcx Gi kvLv-cÖkvLv cÖwZôv K‡i| AvivKv‡b †KejgvÎ
AvivKvbxq †e․×ivB (ivLvBb) bZzb G ivR‣bwZK `‡j Aš—f©~w³ †c‡qwQj|
Avi. wmÕi Dci ¶gZv cwiewZ©Z nIqvq Avi, wm AvivKv‡b ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi
e¨vcv‡i cÖwZÁv Ki‡jv Ges AvivKv‡bi AwbðqZv ax‡i ax‡i †K‡U †Mj|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 144
1963 mv‡ji †deªqvix gv‡m Avi,wm miKvi †`‡ki mgMÖ e¨vsK Ges
e¨emvwqK cÖwZôvb‡K RvZxqKiY Kij| AvivKv‡b AwaKvsk evwYwR¨K
¯vcbv wQj gymjgvb‡`i Aax‡b| G bZzb miKv‡ii Avg‡j gymjgvbMY
e¨vcK A_©‣bwZK wech©‡qi gy‡L c‡o| Ab¨w`‡K, AvivKv‡bi Aci cÖv‡š— ¶z`ª
cwim‡i e¨emv-evwYR¨ cÖmvi jvf K‡iwQj| AvivKv‡b mKj evwYwR¨K
cÖwZôvb-¯vcbv †QvU ev eo GgbwK gyw` I Pv‡ji †`vKvb †_‡K ïi K‡i
wWcvU‡g›U †÷vi meB gymjgvb‡`i gvwjKvbvaxb wQj| G¸‡jvi meB
RvZxqKiY K‡i Avi,wm miKvi|
¶gZvq myiw¶Z wb DBb (Ne Win) Zvi cy‡iv‡bv P¶zïj AvivKv‡bi †ivwn½v
gymjgvb‡`i wei‡× cÖwZ‡kva wb‡Z ïi Kij| gymjgvb‡`i PjvP‡ji Dci
mxgve×Zv Av‡ivc Ki‡Z Avi, wm miKvi AvivKvb wefvMxq KZ…©c‡¶i Kv‡Q
GKwU cÖÁvcb †cÖiY K‡i| ivóª wbqwš¿q MYgva¨g (wgwWqv) †ivwn½v
gymjgvb‡`i‡K weRvZxq e‡j cÖPvi Ki‡Z jvM‡jv| wb DBb wb‡RB hLb
wZwb msev` Kg©x‡`i mv‡_ K_v ej‡Zb ZLb wZwb †ivwn½v gymjgvb‡`i
wec‡¶ we ªcvZœK fvlv e¨envi Ki‡Z| wZwb AwfgZ †`b †h, AvivKvbx
†e․ׇ`i DwPZ G mKj ÔKvjvmÕ (Kalas) †`i wei‡× h_vh_ c`‡¶c MÖnY
Kiv|
wb DBb KZ…©K wØZxq c`‡¶cwU wQj AvivKvb cÖkvmb‡K †e․×xqKiY Kiv|
†h me gymjgvb cywjm m`m¨ cÖvwš—K cÖkvm‡bi mgq wb‡qvM cÖvß n‡qwQj
Zv‡`i mevB‡K ewn®‥vi Kiv n‡qwQj bZzev evg©vi ga¨eZx© A‡ji A‡bK
`~‡i cÖvwš—K mxgv‡š— Zv‡`i‡K e`jx Kiv n‡qwQj| Ab¨vb¨ DP c`¯ gymjgvb
Kg©KZ©v‡`i‡K nq †Rvi c~e©K Aemi wb‡Z eva¨ Kiv n‡qwQj bZzev Zv‡`i‡K
DËi AvivKvb n‡Z ¯vbvš—wiZ Kiv n‡qwQj| KwZcq miKvwi Awd‡mi
†Kivbx Ges wKQz wk¶K e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ mKj †cvó c~iY Kiv n‡qwQj eg©xq
A_ev gM‡`i Øviv, hv‡`i ga¨ n‡Z wKQz msL¨K c~e© cvwK¯—vb n‡Z m‡e gvÎ
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 145
Awfevmb K‡i‡Q| 1964 mv‡j Avi,wm cÖkvmb we‡kl gvq~ cÖvwš—K cÖkvmb
(Gg Gd G) wejyß K‡i †`q Ges †m GjvKvq ¯^ivóª gš¿Yvjq wbqš¿Yvaxb
AvwKqve †Rjvi wePvi e¨e¯v Avev‡iv Pvj~ K‡i| 1964 mv‡j AvivKv‡bi
mKj mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK msMVb¸‡jv wbwl× Kiv nq| G mKj
msMVb¸‡jv n‡jv- 1956 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ BDbvB‡UW †ivwn½v msMVb (URO),
1960 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ †ivwn½v hye msMVb (RYO), iv½yb wek¦we`¨vjq †ivwn½v
QvÎ msMVb (RURSA) †ivwn½v Rv‡gqvZzj D‡jgv (RJU) AvivKvb RvZxq
gymwjg msMVb (ANMO) Ges AvivKvb gymwjg hye msN (ARMY)| †ivwn½v
†j½y‡qR †cÖvMÖvg- hv evg©v eªWKvwós mvwf©m (BBS), iv½yb n‡Z m¤cÖPvi Kiv
n‡Zv- 1956 mv‡ji A‡±ve‡i evwZj †NvlYv Kiv nq|
17 †g, 1964 mv‡j 50 I 100 wKqv‡Ui mKj e¨vsK †bv‡Ui gy`ªv g~j¨ iwnZ
Kiv n‡qwQj, hv cÖavbZt AvivKv‡bi †ivwn½v gymjgvb‡`i Dci e¨vcK cÖfve
†d‡jwQj|
hvB †nvK, AvivKvbx †e․×iv Zv‡`i AbyMZ Kg©KZv©‡`i I ¯vbxq we. Gm. wc.
wc m`m¨‡`i mnvqZvq mÂq K…Z mKj A‡_©i g~j¨ Av`vq Ki‡Z m¶g
n‡qwQj| †`vKvb-cvU RvZxqKiY, gy`ªvg~j¨iwnZKiY Ges gymjgvb‡`i
Pjv‡divi Dci mxgve×Zv Av‡iv‡ci ci †ivwn½v‡`i A_©‣bwZK †gi`Ê
†f‡½ co‡jv| AvvKvb †e․×iv RbM‡Yi †`vKvb †_‡K †fvM¨ cY¨ Lye m¯—v
`v‡g G‡b Ges †m¸‡jv Kv‡jvevRv‡i wewµ Kivi gva¨‡g AwZ mn‡RB gybvdv
nvwZ‡q wb‡jv| c~‡e© kn‡ii †h mKj Af¨š—ixY e¨emv-evwYR¨ gymjgvb
e¨emvwqKMY KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv, GLb Zvi meB P‡j †M‡Q †e․ׇ`i
nv‡Z| mvgvb¨ K‡qKRb miKvwi PvKzix Rxex e¨ZxZ †Kvb gymjgvbB miKvwi
fvZv weZiY wbq‡gi my‡hvM-myweavi AwaKvix n‡Zv bv| Ab¨w`‡K mKj †e․×
GUv †_‡K my‡hvM-myweav †fvM Ki‡Zv| mxgvš— e¨vwc e¨emv-evwYR¨ ZLb
GK‡PwUqv wbqwš¿Z n‡Z jvM‡jv AvivKvbx †e․× I miKvwi ms¯v¸‡jv Øviv|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 146
wKQz msL¨K gymjgvb e¨emvqx hviv Zv‡`i Rxeb evwR †i‡L e¨emv-evwYR¨
cwiPvjbv KiwQj, Zv‡`i‡K Zv‡`i jv‡fi meUzKzB Zv‡`i e¨emvi
myweav‡fvMx †e․× Askx`vi‡`i Rb¨ †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡qwQj| †mbv miKvi
AvivKvbx †e․ׇ`i DcvR©‡bi mvwe©K my‡hvM-myweav •Zwi K‡i w`‡qwQj|
†mbv kvmb ax‡i ax‡i AMÖmi n‡Z jvMj Ges we. Gm. wc. wc Av‡iv †ekx
kw³kvjx n‡jv| A‡bK `wi ª AvivKvbx †e․× gymjgvb‡`i m¤ú‡` ivZvivwZ
abx n‡q †Mj, evg©vi wewfbœ b„-ZvwË¡K †Mvôxi Aš—M©Z cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³ hLb
N„wbZ we. Gm. wc. wc kvm‡bi Aax‡b `vwi‡ ªi KkvNv‡Z wePwjZ ZLb †Kej
AvivKvbx †e․×iv G kvmb †_‡K myweav †fvM KiwQj| we. Gm. wc. wc c Ökvmb
cy‡ivcywifv‡e ZvivB wbqš¿Y Ki‡Zv, gymjgvbiv G‡Z AskMÖnY Ki‡Z AbygwZ
†cZ bv|
1967 mv‡j iv½y‡b Pvj Ges Ab¨vb¨ †g․wjK Lv`¨ mvgMÖxi gvivZœK msKU
†`Lv w`j| AvivKv‡b Drcvw`Z e¨vcK cwigvY Pvj evg©vq cvwV‡q †`qv
n‡qwQj | d‡j AvivKv‡b Pvj msK‡Ui m„wó n‡qwQj| G Kvi‡YB AvwKqv‡e
†mbv miKv‡ii wei‡× `v½v †Rvi`vi n‡qwQj| †mbv Rvš—viv AZ¨š— K‡Vvi
nv‡Z G `v½v `gb Ki‡jv| G‡Z A‡bK †jvK gviv †Mj| 1967 mv‡ji gnv
msK‡Ui mgq A‡bK gymjgvb ~wf©‡¶ gviv wM‡qwQj|
hvB †nvK, †mbv miKvi KZ©„K AvivKvbx gymjgvb‡`i gvbweK AwaKvi
jN‡bi aviv jvMvgnxb fv‡e Pj‡Z _v‡K| †mbv Kg©KZ©vMY KZ©„K iv‡Zi
†kl cÖn‡i †Kvb Iqv‡i›U QvovB cÖfvekvjx- cÖL¨vZ gymjgvb‡`i‡K †MÖdZvi
Kiv, Zv‡`i Dci AgvbweK wbh©vZb Pvjv‡bv Ges Puv`v Av`v‡qi ci Zv‡`i‡K
†Q‡o †`qv ZLbKvi w`‡b GKUv wbZ¨‣bwgwË&K Kg©m~Px‡Z cwiYZ n‡qwQj|
AvBb cÖ‡qvMKvix ms¯v¸‡jv‡K Ges wePviK‡`i‡K gymjgvb‡`i Dci wbh©vZb
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 147
Pvjv‡bvi w`Kwb‡ ©kbv ‡`qv n‡qwQj Ges Zv‡`i‡K b¨vq wePvi cvevi
AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ Kiv n‡qwQj|
AvZœcÖZ¨qx gM †e․×iv cÖ‡Z¨K RvqMvq gymjgvb‡`i‡K AvµgY Ki‡Z jvMj,
Zviv Zv‡`i‡K cÖnvi Ki‡Zv& Ges Zv‡`i ab m¤ú` jyU K‡i wbZ| hLb
gymjgvbiv Zv‡`i G `ytL y`©kvi wel‡q cywjk duvwo¸‡jv‡Z Awf‡hvM Ki‡Zv
ZLb Awfhy³ `y®K…wZKvix‡`i wei‡× e¨e¯v MÖn‡Yi cwie‡Z© wewfbœ wg_¨v
Awf‡hv‡Mi ARynv‡Z gymjgvb‡`i‡K `wÊZ Ki‡Zv| cywjk KZ©„K G ai‡bi
AvPiY gymjgvb‡`i‡K AvZw¼Z K‡i Zzj‡jv, GgbwK Zviv b¨vq wePvi cÖv_©bv
Ki‡ZI fq †c‡q †Mj| †mbv miKvi Zvi ¶gZv MÖn‡Yi ci †_‡KB Av‡iv
wbg©gZvi mv‡_ Z_vKw_Z ÔAwfevmb Z`š— AwfhvbÕ Ae¨vnZ †i‡LwQj|
kvixwiK wbh©vZb, bvix‡`i DZ¨³ Kiv, Ges Pv`vevwRi Awf‡hvM e¨ZxZ
A‣ea Awfevmx nIqvi Kvi‡Y A‡bK wbiciva †ivwn½v‡K †Rj kvw — eiY
Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| wKqvKZvI (Kyawktaw), gªynvDs (Mrohaung), cvD³vI
(Pauktaw), †geb (Myebon), wgbevqv (Minbya) cÖf„wZ kn‡ii nvRvi nvRvi
†jvK‡K Zv‡`i Nievox n‡Z †Rvic~e©K Zvwo‡q †`qv n‡qwQj| cwiw¯wZi
wkKvi n‡q G me †jv‡Ki A‡b‡KB c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b Awfevmb wb‡qwQj| 1987
mv‡j ÔG¨vg‡bw÷ B›Uvib¨vkbv‡jiÕ GKwU cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Askwe‡kl GLv‡b
D‡jL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡it evg©vq A‣ea AbycÖ‡e‡ki Awf‡hv‡M 1956 mv‡j
A_ev cieZ©x eQi¸‡jv‡Z 34 Rb ev½vjx es‡kv™¢~Z gymjgvb‡K AvUK Kivi
NUbvq G¨vg‡bw÷ B›Uvib¨vkbvj Mfxi D‡ØM cÖKvk K‡i| wewfbœ Awf‡hvM
_vKv m‡Ë¡I G¨vg‡bw÷ B›Uvib¨vkbv‡ji D‡ØM wQj †h Zviv (ev½vjx)
ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯ —vb n‡Z A‣eafv‡e evg©vq cÖ‡ek K‡iwQj, Zviv
cÖK…Zc‡¶ ivLvBb iv‡óªi RvZK evgx©R bvMwiK, Ges Zviv Zv‡`i msL¨vjNy
b„-ZvwË¡K esk I a‡g©i Kvi‡Y ¯vbxq KZ…©c¶ KZ…©K AvUK n‡qwQj| Zv‡`i
A‡bK‡KB Awf‡hvM ev wePvi QvovB m‡›`n ekZ AvUK Kiv n‡qwQj, Zv‡`i
AvU‡Ki ci †_‡K Zv‡`i‡K Ges Av‡iv A‡bK‡K †R‡j e›`x K‡i ivLv
n‡qwQj| hw`I Zv‡`i wec‡¶ ivq †NvlYv Kiv n‡qwQj Ges hv weeiY
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 148
Abyhvqx GK w`b n‡Z K‡qK gvm ch©š— e„w× Kiv n‡qwQj Ges Zv eûhyM
Av‡MB AwZevwnZ n‡qwQj|
†e․× wbôziZv gymjgvb‡`i Rxeb‡K AwZó K‡i Zzj‡jv| cÖavbZ wek¦we`¨vj‡q
wWMÖx avix I måvš—‡`i mgš‡q †ivwn½v eyw×Rxex‡`i GKwU `j †Mvc‡b GKwU
cÖwZ‡iva msMV‡bi Av‡qvRb Ki‡jv| hvi bvg †ivwn½v ¯^vaxbZv evwnbx
(RIF)| G msMV‡bi D‡Ï&k¨ wQj evwg©R •¯^ikvm‡bi Kej n‡Z Zv‡`i
RbMY‡K gy³ Kiv| Avi. AvB. Gd. DËi AvivKv‡bi kni I MÖvg¸‡jv‡K
Ges g~j evg©vq emevmiZ †ivwn½v‡`i g‡a¨ KwZcq mvsMVwbK †mj cÖwZôv
Ki‡jv| G msMVb¸‡jv Zv‡`i msMÖvg-Av‡›`vj‡b †Rviv‡jv mg_©b cvIqvi
Rb¨ we‡`‡ki mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM ïi Ki‡jv| hrmvgvb¨ cyivZb gyRvwn`
`j¸‡jvi mv‡_I G msMVb¸‡jv †hvMm~Î vcb Ki‡jv| gyRvwn` msMVb¸‡jv
wKQz A¯¿-k ¿mn AvivKv‡bi R½j¸‡jv‡Z †Kvb g‡Z wU‡K wQj|
1967 mv‡j †ivwn½v gymjgvb‡`i GKwU weivU msL¨v‡K D‡jwLZ kni¸‡jv
†_‡K ewn®‥vi Kiv n‡qwQj Ges Zv‡`i‡K ‡b․Kvq K‡i eyw_WvDs G P‡j †h‡Z
eva¨ Kiv n‡qwQj| †mLvb †_‡K Zviv gvDs`vI G †c․Q‡jv Ges †mLv‡b `xN©
w`b Zviv †Lvjv AvKv‡ki bx‡P w`b AwZevwnZ Ki‡jv| ¯vbxq †jvKRb
Zv‡`i Rb¨ Lv`¨ mieivn Ki‡Zv| Awfevmb KZ©„c¶ Zv‡`i‡K bvd b`x
w`‡q cvwK¯—v‡b AbycÖ‡e‡ki †Póv K‡iwQj| G mKj wbivciva gymjgvb‡`i
cÖwZ AgvbweK AvPi‡Y AwZô n‡q gvDs`vI Gi gymjgvbiv Avi. AvB. Gd
†bZv Rbve myjZv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ miKv‡ii Kg©Kv‡Êi wei‡× cªwZev` K‡i Ges
GK ch©v‡q GKRb Awfevmb Kg©KZ©v cÖüZI nq| Zr¶Yvr KwZcq Avi.
AvB. Gd mg_©K †MÖdZvi n‡q †R‡j e›`x nq| †MÖdZvix Gov‡Z Rbve
myjZvb c~e© cvwK¯ —v‡b cvwj‡q hvb| myjZvb cvwK —v‡b _vKv Ae¯vq Zvi
we‡`k welqK †m‡µUvix Rbve †gvnv¤§` Rvdi, whwb we.G Rvdi wn‡m‡e
†ekx cwiwPZ, Zv‡K ewn®‥vi Kiv nq| hLb Rbve †gvnv¤§` Rvdi Avi. AvB.
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 149
Gd Gi †bZ…‡Z¡i `vwqZ¡fvi MÖnY Ki‡jb| ZLb Rbve myjZvb 1970 mv‡j
evg©v KZ©„c‡¶i Kv‡Q AvZœmgc©Y Ki‡jb| c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vjb
ïi n‡jv| Rbve Rvdi whwb cvwK¯—vbx •mb¨evwnbxi mv‡_ †hvM mv‡hvk _vKvi
Kvi‡Y we‡kl cwiwPZ wQ‡jb, c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b Ae¯vb Kivi e¨vcv‡i Lye fxwZi
g‡a¨ wQ‡jb| wZwb Rvdi _vbxi †bZ…‡Z¡ cyivZb gyRvwn` evwnbxi mv‡_ m¤úK©
¯vcb Ki‡jb Ges fvBm †cÖwm‡W›U wn‡m‡e Zvi `‡j †hvM `vb Ki‡jb|
hy×Kvjxb mg‡q Ges hy× cieZx© mg‡q ARm&ª cwigvY AZ¨vaywbK A ¿-k¯¿
evsjv‡`‡k Avmv ïi Ki‡jv| Rvdi _vbx e¨vcK cwigvY A ¿ msMÖn Ki‡jv|
Ges Zvi kw³ `ªZ e„w× †cj| K‡qK eQ‡ii Rb¨ evg©xR miKvi M‡elYv
K‡i †`L‡jv †h, mxgvš—eZx© GjvKvq Kx NUwQj| Ges Zvi (Rvdi _vbx)
Kvh©µ‡gi cÖwZ AÜfv‡e `„wó †dj‡jv| hvB †nvK AvivKvb †e․ׇ`i Aš—‡i
GKUv Pvcv AvZ¼ weivR KiwQj| kÎi wei‡× hy× Kivi cwie‡Z© Rvdi
_vbx Zvi wb‡Ri †jvKR‡bi g‡a¨ jyU ZivR ïi Ki‡jb Ges wb‡Ri fvM¨
iPbvi Kv‡R e¨¯— _vK‡jb| 1973 mv‡j Rvd‡ii wei‡× AvµgYvZ¥K ‡ekxi
fvM evgx©R •mb¨ Zv‡K Zvi mKj `~M© Z¨vM Ki‡Z Ges evg©v-evsjv‡`k mxgvš—
n‡Z cvwj‡q †h‡Z eva¨ Ki‡jv| Rvd‡ii ab m¤úwË Ges Zvi ¯¿xMY evgx©R
•mb¨ KZ…©K AvUK n‡jv| †m mgq mxgv‡š— Zvi j¨vd‡Ub¨v›U we.G Rvdi _vB
AwaKvsk Rbej‡K evsjv‡`‡ki gvwU‡Z wbivcËv †`qvi wewbg‡q Zv‡`i‡K
we.wW.Avi. Gi wbKU AvZœmgc©Y Kiv‡Z cwiKíbv Ki‡jb| Rbve we.G
Rvdi ZLb PÆMÖv‡g wd‡i ‡M‡jb| †mLv‡b wZwb GKwU ¯vbxq †nv‡U‡ji
e¨e¯vcK wn‡m‡e KvR ïi Ki‡jb| wKš‧ wZwb wKQz cÖexb gyRvwn`‡`i mv‡_
†hvM mvRkI Ae¨vnZ iL‡jb, hviv ZLbI Zv‡`i A ¿¸‡jv Rgv †`qwb|
we. Gm. wc. wc miKvi KZ…©K AvivKv‡b ivóª Aby‡gv`b
1974 mv‡j we. Gm. wc. wc me© cÖ_g Òwccjm Ks‡MÖmÓ Avnevb Ki‡jv Ges
hv we. Gm. wc. wc KZ©„K DÌvwcZ msweavb Aby‡gv`b Ki‡jv| bZzb G
msweavb mve©Rbxb KvVv‡gv‡Z AvivKv‡b ivóª Aby‡gv`b Ki‡jv| bZzb
AvivKvb iv‡óª kZfvM †e․× KZ…©c¶ wb‡qvM †`qv n‡qwQj| eg©xq‡`i‡K DP&
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 150
c‡` Ges vbxq AvivKvbx †e․ׇ`i‡K cÖkvm‡bi wb‡gœi c`¸‡jv‡Z wb‡qvM
†`qv n‡qwQj| ÔAvivKvb †÷U KvDwÝjÕ wQj evg©v mg_©K AvivKvbx †e․ׇ`i
wbqš¿Yvax‡b| Zviv †ivwn½v‡`i wei‡× Avev‡iv lohš¿ †Rvi`vi K‡i|
Z_vKw_Z Awfevmb Z`‡š—i bv‡g mk ¿ Awfhvb Pj‡Z _v‡K| gymjgvb‡`i
Dci wbh©vZ‡bi gvÎv GK fqsKi iƒc aviY K‡i| wkw¶Z †ivwn½v hyeKiv
jvwÃZ n‡Z _v‡K Ges Zv‡`i‡K miKvwi PvKzix‡Z wb‡qvM w`‡Z A¯xK…wZ
Rvbv‡bv nq| †ivwn½v‡`i Rb¨ e¨emv-evwYR¨ cÖvq eÜB K‡i ‡`qv nq|
gymjgvb •elg¨ Ges gvivZœK †eKvi‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y m„ó Rvbgv‡ji wbivcËvi
Afve A‡bK gymjgvb‡K evsjv‡`‡ki mxgv‡š— Awfevmb MÖnY Ki‡Z ZvwoZ
K‡iwQj| A‡b‡K Avevi evgx©R Kg©KZ©v‡`i‡K Dr‡KvP cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g g~j
evg©vq AbycÖ‡ek K‡iwQj| gymjgvb‡`i G cÖevnUv e„w× †cj †h‡nZz we. Gm.
wc. wc miKv‡ii mgqKvj `xN©vwqZ Kiv n‡qwQj| we. Gm. wc. wc kvmb
Avg‡j wb BDb (Ue Win) GKevi mdi K‡iwQ‡jb| AvwKqve wegvb e›`‡ii
evwni †M‡U Aew¯Z GKwU my›`i gmwR` †`‡L wZwb LyeB ¶zä n‡qwQ‡jb|
hLb †e․× †bZ…e„›` AvivKv‡bi A_©‣bwZK mdjZv m¤ú‡K© Zv‡K AewnZ
Ki‡jb ZLb wZwb Zv‡`i‡K ej‡jb †h Kvjv‡`i m¤§y‡L G ai‡bi cÖ‡R±
MÖnY Kiv wQj AcÖ‡qvRbxq| ZrKvjxb cvðvZ¨ †mbvevwnbxi KgvÊvi
†Rbv‡ij wZb I (Tin Oo), cieZx©‡Z whwb Avwg© cÖavb n‡qwQ‡jb Ges
eZ©gv‡b b¨vkbvj wjM di †W‡gv‡µmx (N.L.D) Gi †Pqvig¨vb wn‡m‡e †R‡j
wQ‡jb, AvivKvb iv‡óªi †M‡RUavix c`¯ Kg©KZ©v‡`i GK mfvq wZwb
e‡jwQ‡jb †h miKvi AvivKv‡b D`xqgvb Kvjv mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨
20 eQi †gqv`x GKwU cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
gymjgvb‡`i‡K AvivKvb †Q‡o P‡j †h‡Z eva¨ Kiv‡Z AvivKvbx †e․×iv we.
Gm. wc. wc miKv‡ii c¶ †_‡K D¯‥vbx †c‡qwQj| Zviv AwaK gvÎvq
AvµgYvZœK n‡q DV‡jv, †h‡nZz gymjgvb‡`i mv‡_ †jb‡`b ev AvPvi-AvPiY
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 151
Ki‡Z Zv‡`i‡K c~Y© ¯^vaxb ¶gZv †`qv n‡qwQj| gymjgvbiv µgea©gvb nv‡i
c‡_ Nv‡U, nv‡U-evRv‡i Ges Kg©‡¶‡Î Zv‡`i Avµg‡Yi wkKvi n‡Z jvMj|
AvwKqve kn‡i A‡bK¸‡jv ‡Mvcb ea¨f~wgi Lei mÜvb cvIqv wM‡qwQj|
†mLv‡b DØv ‧ wkï‡`i Ges wewQbœ †jvK‡`i AcniY K‡i wb‡q wM‡q nZ¨v
Kiv nq| gymjgvb‡`i agx©q Kvh©vejx nvwm Zvgvmvi wel‡q cwiYZ n‡jv|
AvwKqv‡ei kZ eQ‡ii cy‡iv‡bv Rv‡g gmwR` msjMœ IqvK‡di Rwg ev‡Rqvß
Kiv n‡jv Ges †mLv‡b mvwi mvwi †`vKvb cvU wbg©vY Kiv n‡jv, Avi Gme
†`vKv‡b cÖKv‡k¨ ïKz‡ii gvsm wewµ Kiv n‡Zv| gmwR‡`i cÖ‡ek Øv‡i GKwU
weivU Wv÷web ¯vcb Kiv n‡qwQj| hLb gmwR‡`i wfZ‡i bvgvR Pj‡Zv
ZLb gmwR‡`i w`‡K †bvsiv wRwbm cÎ Ges cv_i Quz‡o gviv n‡Zv| avwg©K
†jvK‡`i‡K Acgvb Ac`¯ Kiv n‡Zv, Zv‡`i `vwo gyÊb K‡i †`qv n‡Zv
Ges Zv‡`i Uzwc †K‡o ‡bqv n‡Zv| gmwR‡` Ges gmwR‡`i Avw½Yvq ïKi
XywK‡q †`qv n‡Zv| Kei ¯vb mg~n D‡Q` K‡i †mLv‡b cvqLvbv, evm
Uvwg©bvj Ges d‡ji evMvb wbg©vY Kiv n‡Zv| gmwR` gv`ªvmv Ges cweÎ
¯vcbv¸‡jv Aev‡a aŸsm Kiv n‡Zv| •mb¨iv gv‡S gv‡S RyZv mnKv‡i gmwR`
gv`ªvmvq cÖ‡ek Ki‡Zv Ges †mLv‡b gvZvj Ae¯vq c‡o _vK‡Zv|
†ivwn½v‡`i Dci Ryjyg wbh©vZb Ae¨vnZ _vKvi d‡j Zv‡`i RgvUe uvav
wbôziZvi ewntcÖKvk NU‡jv| cyivZb Avi. AvB. Gd Kg©xe„›`mn GK`j
hyeK, AvBbRxexmn wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wWwMÖavixiv, Wv³vi Ges nvB ¯‥zj
wk¶v_x©iv 1975 mv‡ji †k‡li w`‡K AvÊvi MÖvD‡Ê P‡j †Mj| we.G Rvd‡ii
†bZ…‡Z¡ Zviv mevB Ô†ivwn½v †c‡Uªv‡qwUK d«›UÕ G †hvM w`j| we. G Rvdi c~e©
†_‡KB PÆMÖv‡g KvR KiwQj| cyivZb gyRvwn` `j¸‡jvi evKxiv Avi. wc.
Gd. Gi mv‡_ wg‡k †Mj| GLb Avi.wc.Gd AvivKvb n‡Z Av‡iv A‡bK
bZzb hyeK‡K Aš—fy©³ Ki‡Z jvM‡jv Ges Zv‡`i‡K wewfbœ e¨v‡P wgwjUvix
cÖwk¶Y w`j|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 152
wKs WªvMb Awfhvb (1978)
20 eQi †gqv`x †ivwn½v wbg©~j cwiKíbvi Afxó j‡¶¨ †cu․Qvi Rb¨ AvivKvb
ivóª KZ©„c¶ iv‡óªi m‡e© wbe©vnx wefvM †÷U KvDw݇ji mivmwi ZË¡veav‡b
b¨vMvwgb ev wKs WªvMb Acv‡ikb bv‡g gymjgvb RvwZ-†Mvôx wbg~©j Awfhvb
cwiPvjbv Ki‡jv| G Awfhv‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wQj gymjgvb‡`i‡K fxZ-mš¿ — K‡i
†Zvjv Ges Zv‡`i‡K AvivKvb Z¨v‡M eva¨ Kiv| G AwfhvbwU ïi n‡qwQj
1978 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡mi AvwKqv‡ei me© e„nr gymwjg MÖvg mvwKdviv n‡Z
Ges hv AwZ Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ mg¯— GjvKvq Qwo‡q c‡o| AvivKv‡b
gymjgvb bvix,cyil, hyeK, e„× wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji MY †MÖdZvi, wbh©vZb, al©Y
Ges nZ¨vi Lei DËi AvivKv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ kni¸‡jvi gymjgvb‡`i‡K fxlY
fv‡e nZvk Ki‡jv| cywjk, †mbvevwnbx Ges Awfevmb Kg©KZ©v‡`i wb‡q
MwVZ b¨vMvwgb evwnbx Lye `ªZ eyw_WvDs GjvKvq †c․‡Q †Mj Ges †mLv‡b
Zviv Îv‡mi ivRZ¡ Kv‡qg Ki‡jv| eyw_WvDs b¨vMvwgb nZ¨vh‡Ái me© wbK…ó
`„‡k¨ cwiYZ n‡jv| nvRvi nvRvi gymjgvb bi-bvix‡K †R‡j wb‡¶c Kiv
n‡jv, Zv‡`i A‡bK‡‡K Avevi wbh©vZb K‡i nZ¨v Kiv n‡jv| AvUK
†K›`ª¸‡jv‡Z gymjgvb igYx‡`i‡K Aev‡a al©Y Kiv n‡Zv| Awfhv‡bi
wbôziZvq fxZ mš¿ — n‡q Ges Rvb gv‡ji wbivcËv, m¤§vb gh©v`vi cy‡iv
AwbðqZv †`L‡Z †c‡q weivU msL¨K gymjgvb Zv‡`i Ni evox †Q‡o P‡j
†h‡Z jvM‡jv Ges Zviv K¬vš—-cwikªvš— n‡q `yM©g cvnvox c_ Ges b`x bvjv
cvo n‡q G‡m evsjv‡`‡ki mxgv‡š— VuvB Rgv‡jv| cw_g‡a¨ †jvjyc gM †e․×
Ges wbivcËv Kgxiv Zv‡`i wRwbmcÎ Ges A_©Kwo †Rvi K‡i wQwb‡q wb‡jv|
A‡bK kiYv_x©‡K ¸wj K‡i nZ¨v Kiv n‡jv Ges A‡bK‡K fvix †evSv
mnKv‡i †b․Kvq cvi nIqvi mgq Li‡mªvZv bvd b`x‡Z Wywe‡q gviv n‡jv| †h
mKj MÖv‡gi evwm›`viv hLbB Zv‡`i MÖvg †Q‡o P‡j †Mj ZLbB ¯vbxq gMiv
Zv‡`i Ni evox‡Z jyÉb ïi Ki‡jv, †m¸‡jv‡K Av¸‡b wb‡¶c Ki‡jv Ges
Mevw`c︇jv‡K wb‡q ‡Mj| GK gv‡mi g‡a¨ kiYv_x‡`i msL¨v wZb jvL
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 153
(3,00,000) Qvwo‡q ‡Mj Ges Zviv mevB evsjv‡`kx KZ©„c¶ KZ…©K wbwg©Z
A vqx K¨v¤ú¸‡jv‡Z Avkªq wb‡jv|
evsjv‡`k miKvi Awfhvb _vgv‡Z eg©xq miKvi‡K Zvobv w`‡Z e¨_© †Póv
Kij| evgx©R miKvi †h †Kvb fyj KvR Ki‡Z cy‡ivcywi A¯xK…wZ Rvbvb|
Ges Zviv †NvlYv Kij †h gvgjvi f‡q A‡bK ev½vjx A‣ea Awfevmx †`k
†Q‡o cvwj‡q †Mj| †mmgq †`‡k miKvwi Av`g ïgvix PjwQj|
RvwZmsN kiYv_x© welqK nvB Kwgkb (UNHCR) Zvr¶wYKfv‡e AwbwðZ wQj
†h G mKj cjvZK‡`i‡K kiYv_x© wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡e wKbv| wd«j¨vÝ
mvsevw`K d«vb‡KvBm nUvi (Francois Haughter) Zvi GKwU cÖZ¨¶`k©x
cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g G m‡›`‡ni Aemvb NUv‡jb| wZwb Zvi cÖwZ‡e`‡b
D‡jL K‡ib †h- G mKj gymjgvb kiYv_x©iv evg©xR •mb¨‡`i A‡¯¿i gy‡L
Zv‡`i †`k Z¨vM Ki‡Z eva¨ nq|
UNHCR P~ovš—fv‡e Zv‡`i‡K cÖK…Z kiYv_©x wn‡m‡e mbv³ K‡ib Ges Zv‡`i
Rb¨ ÎvY Kg©myPx ïi K‡ib| wekvj msL¨K gymjgvb kiYv_©x‡`i Dcw wZ
we‡k¦i we‡kl K‡i gymjgvb ivóª ‡jvi g‡bv‡hvM AvKl ©Y Ki‡Z m¶g nq|
hw`I evg©v cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q Zvi RbMY‡K wdwi‡q wb‡Z A¯xK…wZ Rvbvq,
cieZ©x‡Z Avš—Rv©wZK Pv‡c bZRvby nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki gvwU‡Z 9 gv‡mi AwaK mgq kiYv_x©‡`i Ae¯v‡bi ci, Zv‡`i
wdwi‡q †bqvi c_ cÖk¯— Ki‡Z 1979 mv‡j Dfq †`‡ki g‡a¨ GKwU wØ-
cvw¶K Pzw³ mv¶wiZ nq| UNHCR Gi cwimsL¨vb Abyhvqx `yÕ jvL
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 154
(2,00,000) †jvK Zv‡`i evox N‡i wd‡i hvq| Ab¨w`‡K Pwjk nvRvi ‡jvK
kiYv_©x wkwei¸‡jv‡Z gviv hvq Ges evKxiv evsjv‡`k mgv‡R Qwo‡q wQwU‡q
hvq| `yf©vM¨ekZ wØcvw¶K Pzw³‡Z †ivwn½v‡`i emev‡mi welqwU wQjbv|
d‡j fwel¨‡Z evg©vq emevm Kiv Zv‡`i Rb¨ m¤ú~Y© AwbwðZ n‡q co‡jv|
wb DBb Gi bZzb bvMwiKZ¡ AvBb
1979 mv‡j kiYv_x© cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi d‡j bZzb bvMwiKZ¡ AvBb Kvh©Ki nq
1982 mv‡j| bZzb G AvBb bvMwiK‡`i‡K wZbwU K¨vUMwi‡Z web¨¯— K‡i|
G¸‡jv n‡jv- RvZxq (National), mn‡hvMx (Associate) Ges wfb †`k
n‡Z G‡m bvMwiK (Naturalised)| AvBb Gi wØZxq Aa¨v‡qi (bvMwiKZ¡)
wZb Gi Aby‡Q` Abyhvqx 1823 mv‡ji weªwUk `L‡ji c~‡e© †h mKj b„-
ZvwË¡K †Mvôx evg©vq emwZ ¯vcb K‡iwQj Zv‡`i mevB‡K RvZxq
(National) K¨vUvMwi‡Z ‡djv n‡q‡Q| weªwUk kvmbvg‡j †h mKj †jvK
evg©vq AbycÖ‡ek K‡iwQj ZvivB mn‡hvMx (Associate) Ges Naturalised
bvMwiK| `yÕ bvMwiK K¨vUvMwii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ n‡Q- †h mn‡hvMx bvMwiKMY
BDwbqb wmwU‡Rbwkc G¨v±-1948 Abyhvqx `iLv‡¯—i gva¨‡g Zv‡`i bvMwiKZ¡
Aby‡gv`b Kwi‡q wb‡qwQj| Ab¨w`‡K hviv B‡Zvc~‡e© Zv‡`i bvMwiKZ¡
Aby‡gv`b Kwi‡q †bqvi Rb¨ Av‡e`b K‡i wb GLb Zv‡`i‡K Abyiƒc
Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i| Avi G‡`i‡KB Naturalised bvMwiK
wn‡m‡e ‡kªYx web¨vm Kiv n‡q‡Q| †m †`‡ki AvBb mn‡hvMx I Naturalised
bvMwiK‡`i‡K m¤ú‡`i gvwjK nIqv I ivR‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ê Ask MÖnY Ki‡Z
wb‡lavÁv Rvwi K‡i‡Q| AvB‡bi 4 Aby‡Q‡`i wm×vš— Abyhvqx †h †Kvb b„-
ZvwË¡K †Mvôx- †mUv RvZxq †nvK A_ev bv †nvK- AvB‡bi Av`vj‡Zi Dci
wbf©i Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Ges †÷U KvDw݇ji wm×vš— Abyhvqx we‡kl Ae¯vq
_v‡K| miKvi •¯^iZvwš¿K fv‡e ‡ivwn½v‡`i‡K RvZxq bvMwiK‡`i ZvwjKv
†_‡K ev` w`‡qwQj| miKvi G fvb a‡i wQj †h, Zviv wQj AvivKvb ¯vcbvi
Zv‡`i kZvwã cÖvPxb BwZnv‡mi Pig D‡cw¶Z 1823 DËi Awaevmx|
†ivwn½v‡`i‡K ivówenxb RbM‡Y cwiYZ Kivi K~U †K․kj mnKv‡i wb DBb G
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 155
c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡iwQj| Zvi D‡Ïk¨ wQj †ivwn½v‡`i‡K AwZ mn‡R †`k
†_‡K Zvwo‡q †`qv|
bZzb bvMwiKZ¡ AvBb Pvjy nIqvi d‡j Ges †ivwn½viv weRvZxq wn‡m‡e
AvL¨vwqZ nIqvi d‡j gymjgvb‡`i Ae¯v Av‡iv †kvPbxq n‡q co‡jv|
BwZg‡a¨ miKvi mgMÖ AvivKvb e¨vcx gymjgvb we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb I `v½vq
cÖKvk¨ fv‡e c„ô‡cvlKZv Ki‡jv| `w¶Y AvivKv‡bi †ivwn½viv- hviv †mLv‡b
msL¨v jNy wQ‡jb- gvivZœK fv‡e 1982 DËi `v½vi Ke‡j c‡o| mvb‡`v‡q,
U½yc, ¸qv, wKqvKwcD, ivgix Ges †Q`yev kniZjx¸‡jvi A‡bK gymjgvb
Aa~¨wlZ MÖvg‡K gmwR` mnKv‡i D‡Q` K‡i †`qv A_ev ¸wo‡q ‡`qv nq
A_ev R¡vwj‡q †`qv nq| DËi AvivKv‡b AvwKqve †Rjvq A‡bK MÖvg
†Rvic~e©K Lvwj K‡i †djv nq Ges †Rvi c~e©K ¯vbvš—i Kg©m~Pxi AvIZvq
kZvãx cÖvPxb A‡bK gmwR`‡K ¸uwo‡q †`qv nq| †ivwn½v‡`i †_‡K
†Rvic~e©K Av`vqK…Z cwikªg GLb KzrwmZ K„Z`v‡mi cwikª‡g cwiYZ
n‡qwQj| †hLv‡b f~³‡fvMxiv gvbyl e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡Zv bv Ges Zv‡`i mv‡_
†h †Kvb ai‡bi AvPiY Kiv n‡Zv| G mKj bi cïiv Pig wbôziZv, wbh©vZb
Ges nZ¨vKv‡Êi †nvZv wQj| AvivKvb n‡Z g~j evg©v ch©š— †ivwn½v‡`i
Av‡›`vjb cyivcywifv‡e wbwl× Kiv n‡qwQj| `xN©w`b †_‡KB †ivwn½viv g~j
evg©vq emevm K‡i AvmwQj| Zviv Awfevmb KZ…©c¶ KZ…„©K †MÖdZvi
n‡qwQ‡jb Ges Zv‡`i‡K AvivKv‡b cvwV‡q †`qv n‡qwQj| ïaygvÎ hviv
KZ©„c¶‡K Dr†KvP w`‡Z ‡c‡iwQj ZvivB †mLv‡b emevm Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z
†c‡iwQj|
RbmsL¨v ZvwË¡K wPÎ cwieZ©‡bi j‡¶¨, AvivKvb ivóª KZ„©c¶ B‡Zvg‡a¨ mgMÖ
DËi AvivKv‡bi AÂj¸‡jv‡Z †e․× MÖvg wbg©v‡Yi GK gnvcwiKíbv MÖnY
Kij| cvnvox DcRvwZ gyis, PvKgv Ges QvK- hviv cvnvox GjvKvq emevm
Ki‡Z mPvivPi myL Abyfe Ki‡Zv- Zv‡`i‡K wbgœf~wgi w`‡K Avm‡Z wb‡ ©k
†`qv n‡jv gymjgvb‡`i †_‡K wQwb‡q †bqv mgZj f~wg‡Z Zv‡`i‡K emwZ
¯vcb Ki‡Z ejv n‡jv| A‡bK †e․× gM AvivKv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ Ask †_‡K Ges
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 156
evsjv‡`k †_‡K G‡m gymjgvb Aa~¨wlZ GjvKvq emwZ ¯vcb Ki‡jv| bZzb
MÖvg¸‡jv‡Z AmsL¨ c¨v‡MvWv I gywZ© wbg©vY Kiv n‡jv, hv Kvh©Z DËi
AvivKv‡bi †Pnviv cwieZ©b K‡i w`j| bZzb evwm›`v‡`i AZ¨vPv‡i gymjgvbiv
G‡ZvB AwZô n‡q DV‡jv †h Zviv e¨vcK msL¨vq AvivKv‡bi evB‡i P‡j
†h‡Z D`¨Z n‡jv|
B‡Zvg‡a¨ Af¨š—ixY `jxq †Kv›`‡j Avi. wc. Gd †bZ…‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ cÖwZ‡iva
Av‡›`vjb wØav wef³ n‡q co‡jv| KviY 1978 mv‡ji kiYv_©x msKU †_‡K
Avmv my‡hvM myweav¸‡jv‡K h_vh_ Kv‡R jvMv‡Z Avi. wc. Gd †bZ…e„›` e¨_©
n‡qwQj| KwZcq Avi. wc. Gd cÖwZôvZv m`m¨ wSwg‡q cov cÖwZ‡iva
Av‡›`vjb‡K 1982 mv‡j cybivq mÄxweZ K‡i Zzj‡jv| G D‡Ï‡k¨ Zviv
†ivwn½v mwjWvwiwU AiMvbvB‡Rkb (RSO) Gi bv‡g Av`wk©K †PZbv, K‡Vvi
Kg©m~Px Ges cwiPvjbvi Abyf~wZ‡K †Rvi`vi K‡iwQj| RSO Gi †bZ…‡Z¡
†ivwn½v cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb cybR©xeb jvf Ki‡jv| RSO eZ©gv‡b G
Av‡›`vjb‡K P~ovš— j‡¶¨ wb‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ kZfvM mg_©b †RvMv‡jv|
†h‡nZz Z…Zxq hy‡Mi P~ovš— eQi¸‡jv‡Z GK `jxq ‣¯iZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯v
AbycÖ‡ek K‡iwQj †m‡nZz †`kwUi A_©bxwZ Lye `ªZ aŸs‡mi w`‡K avweZ
nwQj| evg©v ZLb GKwU ¯^‡ívbœZ †`‡k (LDC) cwiYZ n‡jv| KwZcq
myweav‡fvMx †mbvm`m¨ e¨ZxZ mgMÖ †`‡ki RbMY `vwi‡`ªi KkvNv‡Z
wb‡®úwlZ nwQj| wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨ mvgMÖxi gvivZœK msKU †`Lv w`j|
wRwbmcÎ we‡kl K‡i Pv‡ji g~j¨ e„w×i d‡j AvivKv‡bi mvaviY RbM‡Yi
g‡a¨ Am‡š—vl `vbv †eu‡a DV‡jv|
1987 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤i gv‡mi 25, 35 I 75 wKqv‡Ui e¨vsK †bvU iwnZ
Kivi d‡j RbMY gnv we‡ùvi‡Y †d‡U co‡jv| 1988 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 157
iv½yb cÖ‡K․kj Bbw÷wUDU (RIT) Gi wbKU GKwU †QvU Pv‡qi †`vKvbI G
Av‡›`vj‡b Rwo‡q) †M‡jv Ges Av‡›`vj‡bi P~ovš— cwiYwZ nUv‡bvi Rb¨
c Ö‡qvRbxq Kvh©µg m¤úbœ Ki‡jv | eû `jxq MYZš¿ cªwZôv I we. Gm. wc.
wc kvmb we‡jv‡ci `vex‡Z AvivKvbmn mgMª †`‡k Pjgvb GK`jxq
mgvRZvwš¿K kvm‡bi wei‡× Av‡›`vjb µ‡gB †Rvi`vi n‡q DV‡jv| cÖ_g
w`‡K G Av‡›`vjb wk¶v_©xMY KZ©„K ïi nq| Ges cieZ©x‡Z MY Av‡›`vj‡b
cwiYZ nq| †h‡nZz Av‡›`vjb¸‡jv‡K wbôzifv‡e `gb Kiv n‡jv †m‡nZz
cieZ©x‡Z miKvwi Kg©KZ©v, Kg©Pvix I †mbvm`m¨‡`i Ask MÖn‡Y Av‡›`vjb
Av‡iv †Rvi`vi n‡jv| wb DBb hLb †`L‡Z †c‡jb †h, cwiw wZ ax‡i ax‡i
wbqš¿‡Yi evB‡i P‡j hv‡Q ZLb wZwb Zvi ¶gZv i¶vi Rb¨ GKwU PvZzix
†K․k‡ji gva¨‡g K‡qK gv‡mi g‡a¨B iv‡óªi kxl©¯vbxq e¨w³‡`i‡K cwieZ©b
K‡i †dj‡jb| Zvici gvs gvs (Maung Maung) †K emvgwiK ivóªcwZ wn‡m‡e
wb‡qvM w`‡jb| wZwb ¶gZvq G‡m mvgwiK AvBb Zz‡j w`‡jb| wKš‧ RbMY
Zvi G wb‡qvM‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡jv Ges Zviv GKwU Aš—e©Z©x miKvi MV‡bi
`vex Rvbv‡jv| GKB mv‡_ Zviv we. Gm. wc. wc Gi wejywß `vex Ki‡jv|
Zv‡`i G MY Av‡›`vjb Ae¨vnZ fv‡e Pj‡Z _vK‡jv|
mv¤cÖ vwqK Ø›Ø Ges cy‡iv‡bv kÎZv mevB fy‡j †Mj Ges m¤¢eZ cÖ_gev‡ii
gZ mgMÖ †`‡ki RvZxq ivR‣bwZK `j¸‡jv GKwU mvaviY wel‡q Av‡›`vjb
Kivi Rb¨ GKwÎZ n‡jv| AvivKv‡b gymjgvb I †e․ׇ`i g‡a¨ `xN© w`b a‡i
k¼v I kÎZv weivR KiwQj| wKš‧ G `ywU agx©q `jI nv‡Z nvZ wgwj‡q
miKv‡ii wei‡× † vMvb †`qv ïi Kij| †iWµm wPý mn Bmjv‡gi meyR
cZvKv †e․×ev‡`i njy` e¨vbv‡ii cv‡k †kvfv cvwQj| ivRavbx AvwKqv‡e
Ges gymjgvb wbqwš¿Z Ab¨vb¨ kni- gvDsWvD, eyw_WvDs Ges iv‡_WvDs G
Rbmgv‡ek Ges cÖwZev` mgv‡ek AbywôZ n‡jv| G mgv‡ek Ges cÖwZev`
mfv¸‡jv‡Z gymjgvb I ‡e․× Avcvgi RbZv Ges †e․×wf¶z I gymjgvb
Djvgv mK‡jB MYZš¿ DËi wec‡ei mdjZvi Rb¨ GK‡hv‡M Ask MÖnY
Ki‡jv|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 158
AvivKv‡b Gm. Gj. I. Avi. wm Gi wbh©vZb
1988 mv‡ji 18B †m‡Þ¤i NUbvi bvUKxq cwieZ©‡bi ga¨w`‡q R‣bK wb
DBb Z_vKw_Z †mbv Af~¨Ìv‡bi myi ms‡hvRb K‡ib| Zvi mg_©‡b †emvgwiK
gvs gvs‡K DrLvZ Kiv nq| †mbv m`m¨iv †÷U j GÊ AW©vi †i‡÷v‡ikb
KvDwÝj (S.L.O.R.C)-Gi bv‡g †mbvcÖavb †Rbv‡ij m gvs (Saw Maung) Gi
†bZ…‡Z¡ ¶gZv `Lj K‡i| cwiw¯wZ cy‡ivcywi wbqš¿Y jv‡fi c~‡e© S.L.O.R.C
wZb nvRv‡iiI AwaK MbZš¿ cwš Av‡›`vjbKvix‡K nZ¨v K‡i| QvÎ Ges
ivR‣bwZK Kg©x‡`i‡K AvUK Kiv nq| Zv‡`i‡K wbh©vZb ‡m‡j wb‡¶c Kiv
nq A_ev nZ¨v Kiv nq| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †_‡K GKwU wekvj msL¨K †jvK mxgvš—
AwZµg K‡i cÖwZ‡ekx †`k¸‡jv‡Z cvwj‡q hvq A_ev mxgvš—eZx© GjvKvq
miKvi we‡ivax wecex `j¸‡jvi mv‡_ †hvM †`q|
AvivKv‡b gymjgvb‡`i‡K S.L.O.R.C m`m¨‡`i †ivlvb‡j co‡Z nq|
S.L.O.R.C gymjgvb‡`i Dci cªwZ‡kva wb‡Z kyi K‡i| wbivcËv evwnbxi
m`m¨MY N„Yvf‡i gymjgvb‡`i cÖwZ wPrKvi K‡i e‡j- Ô†Zviv Kvjv| †Zv‡`i
Av‡›`vjb Kivi †Kvb AwaKvi †bB| GUv †Kej †e․ׇ`i AwaKvi|Õ ¶wY‡Ki
g‡a¨B weivU msL¨K MYZš¿cšx Av‡›`vjbKvix‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv nq| Zv‡`i
Dci wbh©vZb Pvjv‡bv nq| †R‡j Zv‡`i‡K KwVb kvw¯— cÖ`vb Kiv nq| ¯‥zj,
K‡jR, Ges wek¦we`¨vj‡qi A‡bK QvÎ Ges hyeK mxgvš— AwZµg K‡i
evsjv‡`‡k cvwj‡q hvq| A_ev Zviv wecex `j¸‡jv‡Z †hvM ‡`q|
S.L.O.R.C ZLb Z_vKw_Z A_©‣bwZK we‡`ªv‡n cwZZ n‡jv| A‡bK gymjgvb
¶z`ª e¨emvqx‡K AvUK Kiv n‡jv, Zv‡`i Dci wbh©vZb Pvjv‡bv n‡jv Ges
Zv‡`i‡K `xN© †gqv‡`i Rb¨ †R‡j cvVv‡bv n‡jv| Zv‡`i wKQz msL¨K
†jvK‡K LwY cwi®‥viKvix wn‡m‡e A_ev Kzwj wn‡m‡e `w¶Y AvivKv‡b
wgwjUvix d«›U jvB‡b cvwV‡q †`qv n‡jv Ges Zv‡`i evwYwR¨K ¯vcbvmg~n
ev‡Rqvß Kiv n‡jv|
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 159
AvKw¯§K fv‡e S.L.O.R.C Gi †bZ…e„›` †NvlYv Ki‡jv †h Zviv ¯^vaxb Ges
my›`i eû`jxq wbe©vPb Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb Ki‡Z hv‡Q| 27 †m‡Þ¤^i
S.L.O.R.C ivR‣bwZK `j †iwR‡÷ªkb AvBb Rvix Ki‡jv| AvivKv‡bi
gymjgvbiv Zv‡`i ivR‣bwZK `j¸‡jvi †iwR‡÷ªkb Ki‡Z Aby‡gv`b †cj|
wKš‧ wbe©vPb Kwgkb †Kvb `‡ji bv‡gi mv‡_ †ivwn½v kãwU MÖnY Ki‡jv bv|
d‡j gymjgvb‡`i‡K Zv‡`i ivR‣bwZK `j¸‡jvi bvg †ivwn½v e¨ZxZ Ab¨
bv‡g ivL‡Z n‡jv| 1990 mv‡ji †g gv‡m mvaviY wbe©vPb Abyôv‡bi wVK c~e©
gyn~‡Z© AvwKqv‡ei †Kvb GK wbe©vPbx GjvKv †_‡K Ôb¨vkbvj †W‡gv‡µwUK
cvwU© di wnDg¨vb ivBUmÕ (NDPHR) `‡ji gymjgvb cÖv_©x Rbve Kvwkg‡K
MYZš¿cšx Af~¨Ìv‡bi mgq AvivKv‡b †Rj fv½‡Z cÖ‡ivwPZ Kivi wg_¨v
Awf‡hv‡M †MÖdZvi Kiv nq| S.L.O.R.C KZ©„c¶ Zv‡K 14 eQi Kviv`‡Êi
ivq †`b| wbe©vP‡bi c~‡e© Zvi AvU‡K AvwKqv‡ei Dfq Avm‡b gymjgvb‡`i
weR‡q cÖwZeÜK wn‡m‡e lohš¿ Kiv nq| 1990 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡b
gymjgvbiv AvwKqv‡ei GKwU Avm‡b Ges gvDs`vD I eyw_WvDs wbe©vPbx
GjvKvi 4wU Avm‡b weRqx nq| RbmsL¨vi wfwˇZ hw` wbe©vPbx GjvKv MVb
Kiv n‡Zv Zvn‡j gymjgvbiv Av‡iv †ekx Avm‡b weRqx n‡Z cvi‡Zv|
AvivKvb jxM di †W‡gv‡µmx (ALFD) †ekxi fvM Avm‡b weRqx nj| Ab¨
w`‡K NLD AvivKv‡bi 10wU Avmb jvf Ki‡jv|
hvB‡nvK, S.L.O.R.C KZ…©c¶ wbe©vP‡bi djvdj‡K ¯^xK…wZ Rvbv‡Z A¯xK…wZ
Rvbv‡jv| S.L.O.R.C KZ©„c¶ ¶gZv n¯—vš—i Ki‡Z A¯xK…wZ Rvbv‡bvi d‡j
mvaviY RbMY we¶zä n‡Z ïi Ki‡jv| ZLb S.L.O.R.C KZ©„c¶ wKQz bZzb
mgm¨v m„wói gva¨‡g cÖK…Z ¸iZ¡c~Y© Bmy¨ n‡Z Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡bv‡hvM mwi‡q
wb‡Z cyivZb †K․kj Aej¤^b Ki‡jv| S.L.O.R.C evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ GKwU
mxgvš— mgm¨v m„wói wm×vš— wbj, †h‡nZ yGUv fvj K‡iB Rvbv wQj †h, Zv‡`i
loh‡š¿i mgywPZ Reve †`qvi gZ †Rviv‡jv ‡Kvb Ae¯vb evsjv‡`‡ki wQj
bv| Avš—R©vwZK mxgv‡iLv AwZµg K‡i evg©xR †mbviv evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 160
mxgv‡š—i AvDU †cv‡ó AvNvZ nvb‡jv| wKQz •mb¨‡K nZ¨v Ki‡jv Ges mKj
A ¿-k ¿ I †Mvjvevi` wQwb‡q wb‡q †Mj| webv D¯‥vwb‡Z Avµg‡Yi †Ri a‡i
mgMÖ mxgvš— Ry‡o c~Y©gvÎvq k¼v I D‡ØM weivR Ki‡jv| GiB my‡hv‡M
S.L.O.R.C KZ…©c¶ †ivwn½v gymjgvb‡`i Dci ee©‡ivwPZ wbh©vZ‡bi gvÎv
eû¸‡Y evwo‡q w`j| Zviv gymjgvb‡`i MÖvg¸‡jv‡K D‡Q` Ki‡jv, Zv‡`i
gmwR`, gv`ªvmv‡K ¸wo‡q w`j| MY‡MÖdZv‡i gË n‡q DV‡jv| GQvovI
cÖnvi, wbh©vZb, nZ¨v, MYal©Y, K‡q`kªg, Av‡›`vj‡b c~Y© wb‡lavÁv Ges †Rvi
c~e©K D‡Q‡`i †bkvq Zviv cvMj n‡q DV‡jv| nvRvi nvRvi kiYv_x©
evsjv‡`‡k Avkªq MÖnY Ki‡Z ïi Ki‡jv| Dfq †`‡ki ARmª †mbvevwnbx
cy‡iv mxgvš—eZ©x GjvKvq hy‡×i cwiw¯wZ •Zwi Ki‡jv| 1992 mv‡ji GwcÖj
gv‡mi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡k kibv_©x‡`i msL¨v wZb jv‡Li (3,000000) AwaK
Qvwo‡q †Mj| B‡Zvg‡a¨ S.L.O.R.C cÖkvmb ‡ivwn½v‡`i wei‡× e¨vcK wg_¨v
cÖPviYv ïi Ki‡jv Ges miKvi we‡ivax we‡`ªvnx‡`i Avkªq †`qvi Rb¨ Zviv
evsjv‡`k miKvi‡K Awfhy³ Ki‡jv| mxgvš— mgm¨v m„wó Kivi gva¨‡g
S.L.O.R.C cÖkvmb Kgc‡¶ ¶wYK mg‡qi Rb¨ n‡jI eg©xq Rbmvavi‡Yi
†¶vf Dckg Ki‡Z mdj n‡qwQj| hvB‡nvK, GK Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi
ga¨w`‡q `yÕ miKviB Zv‡`i cvi¯úwiK ¯^v‡_©i Rb¨ mxgvš— D‡ËRbv wbim‡b
m¤§Z n‡qwQj Ges kiYv_©x mgm¨vmn mKj ¸iZ¡c~Y© mgm¨v¸‡jvi mgvavY
Ki‡jv| 1992 mv‡ji GwcÖ‡j Dfq †`‡ki g‡a¨ GKwU wØ-cvw¶K mg‡SvZv
Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ n‡qwQj| 1979 mv‡j Abyiƒc Av‡iKwU Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ n‡qwQj
hvi d‡j kiYv_©xiv wbivc‡` Ges †¯^Qvq Zv‡`i †`‡k cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi my‡hvM
†c‡qwQj|
hw`I eg©xq miKvi †ivwn½v‡`i cÖwZ my›`i AvPi‡Yi e¨vcv‡i evsjv‡`k
miKvi‡K A‡bK cÖwZkªywZ w`‡qwQj| wKš‧ AvivKv‡bi wfZiKvi Ae¯vi
Av‡`․B †Kvb Dbœqb N‡U bvB| eis w`‡bi ci w`b Gi Ae¯v Av‡iv bvRyK
n‡q c‡owQj| AvivKv‡b Aiw¶Z cwiw wZ weivR Kivi d‡j AwaKvsk
kiYv_x© †mLv‡b wd‡i A¯xK…wZ Rvbv‡jv| Zviv `vex Ki‡jv †h BDbvB‡UW
b¨vkbm nvBKwgkb di wiwdDwR (UNHCR) KZ©„K AvivKvb mxgv‡š— GKwU
AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 161
†K›`ª ¯vcb Kiv n‡jv| †h †K‡›`ªi KvR n‡e kiYv_©x ¶wZcyiY I cybe©vmb
cÖwµqvq Z`viwK Kiv| Avš—R©vwZK Pvc e„w× cvIqv m‡Ë¡I S.L.O.R.C GKwU
mg‡SvZv ¯§viK ¯^v¶i K‡i| †hUv mv‡eK‡`i‡K AvivKv‡bi Af¨š—‡i KvR
Ki‡Z AbygwZ †`q| UNHCR Kg©KZ©v‡`i g‡Z, G mg‡SvZv ¯§viKwU
†ivwn½v‡`i Dci Av‡ivwcZ mKj Kv‡jv AvBb Acmvib Ki‡Z Ges Zv‡`i‡K
eg©xq bvMwiK wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ w`‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| wKš‧ S.L.O.R.C KZ©„c‡¶i
AZxZ fÊvwgc~Y© †iKW© Ges †ivwn½v‡`i Dci Zv‡`i Pjgvb ee©‡ivwPZ
wbh©vZ‡bi d‡j Zv‡`i fwel¨Z wPiZ‡ii Rb¨ AwbwðZ †_‡K †Mj|
mgvß