a habitat oflithospermum erythrorhizon sieb. et zucc ... · a habitat oflithospermum erythrorhizon...

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Bull. Kitakyushu Mas. Nat. Hist., 14: 99-111, March 30, 1995 A Habitat of Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc. (Boraginaceae), a Threatened Plant, in Hirao-dai Limestone Plateau, Kyushu Kazuaki Naito1, Tohru Manabe2 and Nobukazu Nakagoshi1 'Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739, Japan 2Kitakyushu Museumand Institute of Natural History, Kitakyushu 805, Japan (Received December 7, 1994) Abstract A population of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, a threatened plant in secondary grassland, was censused in a limestone grassland in northern Kyushu, Japan. Spatial distribution and size structure of the population were recorded. Plant species composi tion and vegetation structure in the habitat of L. erythrorhizon were also investigated. Annual control burning was conducive to establishment of L. erythrorhizon population, and limestone pinnacles affected the spatial distribution of the population. These two should be viewed as crucial factors in maintenance of L. erythrorhizon population in the study area. Introduction In recent years, extinction of plants has been one of the environmental problems in many countries. The Japanese red data book, which was compiled in 1989, revealed that 17% of Japanese flora are threatened with extinction (The Investiga tion Committee for Important Plant Species and Communities for Conservation in Japan, 1989). In the temperate region, most area were used for agriculture and/or forestry in potentially sustainable methods: grazing, mowing, coppicing, and so on (Birks et a/., 1991; Kamada et al., 1991). These human managed areas once provided favorable habitats for many plant species. In Japan, these traditional management regimes have drastically changed after the fuel-fertilizer revolution in 1960's. Especially, the secondary grassland once periodically maintained by mowing and burning, was diminished rapidly owing to the land abandonment. Nowadays, number of plants growing in grasslands are decreased and some species are threatened with extinction. The abandonment of traditional land use, therefore, is one of major factors which makes species become rare. To clarify the effect of management regime on the plant community and/or endangered plant species, we selected Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc. (Boraginaceae) and made surveys on the secondary grassland where have been maintained by management for a long time.

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Page 1: A Habitat ofLithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc ... · A Habitat ofLithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc. (Boraginaceae), a Threatened Plant, in Hirao-dai Limestone Plateau,

Bull. Kitakyushu Mas. Nat. Hist., 14: 99-111, March 30, 1995

A Habitat of Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc.(Boraginaceae), a Threatened Plant, in Hirao-dai

Limestone Plateau, Kyushu

Kazuaki Naito1, Tohru Manabe2 and Nobukazu Nakagoshi1

'Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University,Higashi-Hiroshima 739, Japan

2Kitakyushu Museum and Institute of Natural History,Kitakyushu 805, Japan

(Received December 7, 1994)

Abstract A population of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, a threatened plant in secondarygrassland, was censused in a limestone grassland in northern Kyushu, Japan. Spatialdistribution and size structure of the population were recorded. Plant species composition and vegetation structure in the habitat of L. erythrorhizon were also investigated.Annual control burning was conducive to establishment of L. erythrorhizon population,and limestone pinnacles affected the spatial distribution of the population. These twoshould be viewed as crucial factors in maintenance of L. erythrorhizon population in the

study area.

Introduction

In recent years, extinction of plants has been one of the environmental problemsin many countries. The Japanese red data book, which was compiled in 1989,revealed that 17% of Japanese flora are threatened with extinction (The Investigation Committee for Important Plant Species and Communities for Conservation

in Japan, 1989).

In the temperate region, most area were used for agriculture and/or forestry inpotentially sustainable methods: grazing, mowing, coppicing, and so on (Birks et a/.,1991; Kamada et al., 1991). These human managed areas once provided favorablehabitats for many plant species. In Japan, these traditional management regimeshave drastically changed after the fuel-fertilizer revolution in 1960's. Especially, thesecondary grassland once periodically maintained by mowing and burning, wasdiminished rapidly owing to the land abandonment. Nowadays, number of plantsgrowing in grasslands are decreased and some species are threatened with extinction.The abandonment of traditional land use, therefore, is one of major factors whichmakes species become rare. To clarify the effect of management regime on the plantcommunity and/or endangered plant species, we selected Lithospermum erythrorhizonSieb. et Zucc. (Boraginaceae) and made surveys on the secondary grassland wherehave been maintained by management for a long time.

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100 Kazuaki Naito, Tohru Manabe and Nobukazu Nakagoshi

L. erythrorhizon, is a perennial herb, occurs in grasslands in Japan, Korea andChina. The root of this herb had been used for a traditional purple dye in theseregions. Recently, this species has been threatened because of decreasing of habitatsby the land exploitation or the land abandonment in Japan (The InvestigationCommittee for Important Plant Species and Communities for Conservation in

Japan, 1989). However, the secondary grassland, which is one of crucial habitatsfor L. erythrorhizon, is still maintained in Hirao-dai limestone plateau.

To obtain the information on the conservation of L. erythrorhizon, one of itspopulationswas censused in detail. The distribution and structure of the populationwere recorded, and factors affecting the spatial distribution were also analyzed inrelation to biotic and abiotic environments. We report a preliminary result ofsurveys about the species composition and vegetation structure in the habitat of L.erythrorhizon.

Study site and methods

Hirao-dai, the study area, locates in Fukuoka Prefecture, northern Kyushu(130°53'E, 33°46'N). It isoneof the largest limestone plateau inJapan. Most partof Hirao-dai is covered by the secondary grassland dominated by Miscanthus sinensis,Pleioblastus chino var. viridis and the other herbaceous plants (Suzuki, 1973). Thisgrassland has been maintained by annual control burning in spring. Most of speciesgrowing in this species-rich grassland are not calcicole plants because of slightly acidsoil (Hatanaka et al., 1973) which is a salient feature of the limestone areas in the

warm-temperate region with heavy precipitation in Japan (Yamanaka, 1979).A 40 mX40 m plot was set up at about the center of a population of Lithospermum

erythrorhizon at Chagatoko (430 m, altitude) in Hirao-dai. The plot lays in a gentleslope facing south to east with many limestone pinnacles. All vascular plant specieswere recorded in the plot in 1993 and 1994. In order to estimate the vegetationstructure, we set up six of 2 m X 2 m quadrats within the plot. Among the six

quadrats, five contained L. erythrorhizon, and one did not. The phytosociologicalreleves were obtained in every quadrat by the methodology of the ZM school

(Braun-Blanquet, 1964). Maximum height and coverage of every species were alsorecorded in the quadrats. All L. erythrorhizon individuals within the plot weremarked and mapped. To confirm population structure, the stem length was measured at each plant in October 1993, when annual growth was almost ceased.Reproductive stems were also recorded. The distance from each individual of thespecies to the nearest limestone pinnacle was measured. There were no significantdifferences in vegetation structures between 1993 and 1994 in the plot.

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A Habitat of Lithospermum erythrorhizon 101

Results

Plant species in a 40 mX40 m plotTotally 90species with two varieties belonging to 38 families were identified in a

40mX40m plot (c.f. appendix). Most of species were herbaceous plants, andnumber of woody species was only 8 including a tree species Celtis sinensis var.japonica. More than half ofspecies were hemicryptophytes in life-form. All speciesfound in the plot were recorded in the previous flora ofvascular plants in Hirao-dai(Hatanaka et al., 1973).

Among these species, several are noteworthy for plant conservation. For example, Pulsatilla cernua is designated as a threatened plant as well as Lithospermumerythrorhizon by the habitat loss in grassland and steal by collection for horticulture(The Investigation Committee for Important Plant Species and Communitiesfor Conservation in Japan, 1989). Some species such as Epipactis thunbergii,Gentiana scabra var. buergeri and Platycodon grandifiorum are the designated plants ascharacter species of visual landscape in national and quasi-national parks (TheEnvironment Agency, 1984).

Vegetation structure in the quadratsThe species compositions of the quadrats are shown in Table 1. Number of

species in the quadrat was the largest at L5 (31 species), and smaller at L4 (30species), L2 (29 species) and L3 (29species). The small number ofspecies at LI (26species) was attributable to the large presence of limestone pinnacles. No limestonepinnacles are on the ground at S, however, number of species was also small (26species). Several species such as Artemisia japonica, Pueraria lobata, Plectranthus inflexus

100 f Ms

glOFCO

L3 L4

Ms «Ms

L5

Species sequences

Fig. 1. Dominance-diversity curves at six 2 m X 2 m quadrats according to SDR2 (summeddominance ratio). Abbreviation of species names, Ms: Miscanthus sinensis, Le: Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Af: Artemisia feddei, Sa: Solidago altissima.

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102 Kazuaki Naito, Tohru Manabe and Nobukazu Nakagoshi

Table 1. Species composition of 2mX2m quadrats in the 40mX40m plot. L1-L5:Quadrats contained Lithospermum erythrorhizon. S: Quadrat without Lithospermumerythrorhizon and contained Solidago altissima. Values are dominance and sociability inthe ZM school

Quadrat No. LI L2 L3 L4 L5 S

Coverage of limestone pinnacles (%) 60 45 20 20 20 0

Coverage of plants (%) 45 80 55 65 85 100

Number of species 26 29 29 30 31 26

Species

Lithospermum erythrorhizon + + + + +

Thalictrum minus var. hypoleucum 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2

Arundinella hirta 1-2 11 1-2 1-2 11

Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii 1-1 11 1-1 11 1-2

Lespedeza cyrtobotrya 1-1 + 2-2 1-2 1-2

Trisetum bifidum + 1-2 1-2 1-2 +

Bupleurum scorzoneraefolium var. stenophyllum + + 1-2 1-2 +

Bothriochloa parviflora 2-2 2-2 1-2 1-1

Themeda japonica 1•1 2-2 1-2 +

Saussurea pulchella forma subintegra 1-2 1-2 + 1-2

Heteropappus hispidus + 1-2 1-1 +

Paederia scandens var. mairei + 1-1 1-2 +

Viola grypoceras + 11 +•2 +

Artemisiaprinceps 1 2 1-1 11

Platycodon grandifiorum + 1-1 +

Smilax china 1-2 1-2

Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum 1 1 1-2

Wisteria brachybotrys 1-2 11

Leptogramma pozoi subsp. mollissima + +

Ficus erecta 11

Chrysanthemum indicum 11

Indigo/era pseudo-tinctoria 1-1

Polygala japonica 1-1

Carex nervata 11

Solidago virga-aurea var. asialica +

Cocculus orbiculatus +

Cirsium lineare +

Miscanthus sinensis 1 2 2-2 3-2 3-3 2-2 4-4

Artemisiajaponica 1 2 1-2 2-2 1-2 1-2 1-2

Pueraria lobata 1 2 1-2 1-1 1-2 11 1-2

Plectranthus inflexus + •2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2

Aster scaber r 1-1 11 11 1-2 +

Carex breviculmis 2 3 3-3 3-3 3-3 1-2

Pleioblastus chino var. viridis h 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2

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A Habitat of Lithospermum erythrorhizon 103

Adenophora triphylla + + 11 1-2 +

Lysimachia clethroides + + + -i 1-2

Polygonatum odoratum var. plurijbrum + + + + +

Youngia denticulata 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2

Potenlilla discolor -\ 1-2 + +

Leibnitzia anandria ^ + + +

Rubus parvifolius ^ 1-1 +

Potentilla fragarioides var. major + + 1-2

Potentilla freyniana +•2 + +

Centella asiatica + + +

Picris hieracioides var. glabrescens + +-2

Eupatorium chinense var. simplicifolium + +

Artemisiafeddei 3-3

Rhynchosia acuminatifolia 1-2

Solidago altissima 1-2

Plantago asiatica 11

Phtheirospermum japonicum +

Hydrocotyle siblhorpioides +

Dioscorea japonica +

were common in all quadrats. Tkalictrum minus var. hypoleucum, Arundinella hirta,Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii were also found at all quadrats withlimestone pinnacles. On the other hand, species such as Artemisia feddei, Rhynchosiaacuminatifolia, Solidago altissima were found only at S. Dominance-diversity curvesaccording to SDR2 (summed dominance ratio, Numata and Yoda, 1957) at thequadrats are shown in Fig. 1. In all quadrats except L5, Miscanthus sinensis dominated as the leading species. Lithospermum erythrorhizon was always appeared in themid order. In S, A.feddei and S. altissima were appeared second and third species inorder, respectively.

Population structureIn October 1993, a total of 159 individuals of Lithospermum erythrorhizon were

recorded in a 40 m X40 m plot. All individuals are shown in the distribution map

associated with distribution of the limestone pinnacles (Fig. 2). It will be possible todeduce from that the individuals distribute on and around the limestone pinnacles.So, the distance from each individual to the nearest limestone pinnacle was analyzed(Fig. 3). The distance ranged from 1 cm to 68 cm, with the distribution skewedtowards individuals growing near the pinnacles. Further, 25 individuals were found

on the limestone pinnacles. These were mostly found on cracks and depressions onthe limestone rock. Thus, the individuals of L. erythrorhizon occur definitely in close

vicinity to the limestone pinnacles.The stems of 19 individuals had been broken down and it was not possible to

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104 Kazuaki Naito, Tohru Manabe and Nobukazu Nakagoshi

Fig.2. Distribution map of a Lithospermum erythrorhizon population (dots) and the limestonepinnacles (shaded portion). Rectangular shows the studied 40 mX40 m plot.

measure correct stem length, so we neglected these individuals from analysis of sizestructure of the population. Size distribution of L. erythrorhizon indicated by stemlength is shown in Fig.4. Many plants had a single stem, and some had a coupleand triple stems. Size structure of reproductive stems with flowers of the speciesshowed a unimodal distribution. There were several vegetative stems, and theywere smaller than reproductive stems. Median, minimum and maximum of thestem length were 51.0cm, 11.2 cm and 92.5 cm, respectively. The ratio of floweringindividuals to all individuals was 84.3%.

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40 r

20-

<f>

FQ) 0w20o

(I)-O

b3 0

-^20

80 r0)

•g

•5 40

-Q

E=3

0

A Habitat of Lithospermum erythrorhizon 105

0 50Distance (cm)

Fig. 3. Distribution of Lithospermum erythrorhizon individuals in distance class from thelimestone pinnacles. Individuals on the limestone rock are shown by the open bar in

the left end.

Single stem

mm$MM

A couple

.iSMii,a:

Triple

| Vegetative

Reproductive

'0 20 40 60 80Length of stem (cm)

100

Fig. 4. Population structure of Lithospermum erythrorhizon according to stem length in a 40mX40 m plot in 1993. Top; single-stem individuals, middle; a couple-stem individuals,bottom; triple-stem individuals.

Discussion

There were many species in a 40mX40m plot. Most of the species found inthe plot arc common species in secondary grasslands in Japan. Suppression ofgrassland productivity leads large species richness in grassland community (Grime,1973; Huston, 1979; Goldberg and Miller, 1990). Actually, species diversity islow in productive grassland, because accumulated litter and shade condition inhibit

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106 Kazuaki Naito, Tohru Manabe and Nobukazu Nakagoshi

seed germination and/or seedling establishment (Tilman, 1993). In the study area,the control burning was practiced in every spring. This periodical burning regulateslitter accumulation above mineral soil. Further, few woody species were survivedagainst repeating burning. Then, the control burning was conducive to the establishment of Lithospermum erythrorhizon as well as the other herbaceous species in thisgrassland.

Dominance-diversity curves at the quadrats LI and L2 where the large presenceof the limestone pinnacles were scattered showed relatively small inclinations, indicating that high species diversity compared with those at L3, L4 and L5. Dominance-diversity curves at S, where no limestone pinnacles were, showed a steepinclination, indicating that small speciesdiversity. These trends of inclination implythat the limestone pinnacles suppress the interspecific competition among plants.Miscanthus sinensis, which is the dominant grass in the plot, may be the strongestcompetitor to L. erythrorhizon. Thus, in this grassland, the limestone pinnaclesshould offer micro-environmental heterogeneity, which is one of the important factorsto maintain high species diversity. Species in mid order in dominance-diversitycurves, including L. erythrorhizon, must have advantages at the habitats with the

limestone pinnacles. In fact, number of species at L2, L3, L4 and L5 are more thanat S. Species diversity per unit area at LI is also larger than that at S considering

that the 60% of the total area at LI was occupied by the limestone pinnacles. Thus,L. erythrorhizon can maintain its population in Hirao-dai plateau owing to both humanand physical factors; the control burning and existence of the limestone pinnacles.

Most of the individuals of L. erythrorhizon, which occurred in the close vicinity ofthe limestone pinnacles, were at reproductive stage in the life history. We can notconfirm eco-physiological factors to explain this distribution pattern, but it is true L.erythrorhizon is not corresponded to the carousel model in the sense of van derMaarel (1993). There are several possibilities to explain the reasons which makethis kind of distribution. At first, light condition is preferable on and around thelimestone pinnacles where they are free from shade tall dense tussock of Miscanthussinensis. Secondly, soil is easily drained on and around the limestone pinnacles,because the soil depth is very thin and contains many fragments of the limestone. IfL. erythrorhizon prefers drained soil condition, it will give good condition for survival.Finally, seeds of L. erythrorhizon might have no tolerance against fire, although theseeds have very hard seed coat. Then, the seeds would survive near the limestonepinnacles, for soil temperatures at those micro-sites after burning are relatively lowowing to poor accumulation of organic matter. From these observation, it needsmore experimental studies on the conservation of L. erythrorhizon population inHirao-dai plateau.

Acknowledgments

We would like to express our gratitude to Dr. Masamichi Ota, the Director of

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A Habitat of Lithospermum erythrorhizon 107

the Kitakyushu Museum and Institute of Natural History for his guidance andencouragement through the work. We also wish to extend our gratitude to themember of the Botanical Section in Kitakyushu Natural History Society for their kindfield assistance.

References

Birks, H. H., H. J. B. Birks, P. E. Kaland and D. Moe. 1991. The cultural landscape, past, present andfuture, 519 pp., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Braun-Blanquet, J. 1964. Pflanzensoziologie, Grundzuge der Vegetationskunde. 3 Aufl, 865 pp., Springer, Wien.

The Environment Agency. 1984. The fiora of designated plant species -Issue of Chugoku and NorthernShikoku-, 450 pp., The Environment Agency, Tokyo (in Japanese).

Goldberg, D. E. and T. E. Miller. 1990. Effects of different resource additions on species diversity

in an annual plant community. Ecology, 71: 213-225.Grime, J. P. 1973. Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation. Nature, 242: 344—347.Hatanaka, K., K. Oota, and Y. Shinriki. 1973. Flora of vascular plant on Hirao-dai limestone

plateau. In Flora andvegetation on Hirao-dai limestone plateau, pp. 3-45. The Kitakyushu Municipal Education Board, Kitakyushu (in Japanese).

Huston, M. A. 1979. A general hypothesis of species diversity. American Naturalist, 113: 81-101.

The Investigation Committee for Important Plant Species and Communities for Conservation

in Japan. 1989. Present status of important plant speciesfor conservation inJapan, 320 pp., The NatureConservation Society ofJapan, Tokyo (in Japanese).

Kamada, M., N. Nakagoshi and K. Nehira. 1991. Pine forest ecology and landscape management:a comparative study inJapan and Korea. In Nakagoshi, N. and F. B. Golley (eds.), Coniferousforest ecology, from an international perspective, pp. 43-76, SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague.

Kurata, S. and T. Nakaike. 1979-1990. Illustrations of pteridophytes of Japan. 1-6, University ofTokyo Press, Tokyo (in Japanese).

Nakagoshi, N. 1985. Buried viable seeds in temperate forests. In White, J. (ed.), The populationstructure of vegetation, pp. 551-570, Dr W. Junk Publisher, Dordrecht.

Numata, M. and K. Yoda. 1957. The community structure and succession of artificial grassland I.Jpn. Soc. Herb. Crops and Grassl. Farm., 3: 4-11 (in Japanese with English summary).

Ohwi, J. and M. Kitagawa. 1983. Newfiora ofJapan. 1713 pp., Shibundo, Tokyo (in Japanese).Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The lifeforms ofplants and statistical plant geography, 632 pp., Clarendon, Oxford.Shiomi, T., S. Anno and H. Nakamura. 1992. The vascular plants in the Akiyoshi-dai National

Park. Bulletin of the Akiyoshi-dai Museum of Natural History, 27: 23-77.Suzuki, K. 1973. Grassland vegetation on Hirao-dai limestone plateau. In Flora and vegetation on

Hirao-dai limestone plateau, pp. 67-76, The Kitakyushu Municipal Education Board, Kitakyushu(in Japanese).

Tagawa, M. 1959. Coloured illustrations of the Japanese Pteridophyta, 270 pp., Hoikusha, Osaka (inJapanese).

Tilman, D. 1993. Species richness of experimetal productivity gradients: how important is colonization limitation? Ecology, 74: 2179-2191.

van der Maarel, E. 1993. Small-scale plant species turnover in a limestone grassland: the carouselmodel and some comments on the niche concept. Journal of Vegetation Science, 4: 179-188.

Yamanaka, T. 1979. Forest Vegetation inJapan, 219 pp., Tsukiji-shokan, Tokyo (in Japanese).

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108 Kazuaki Naito, Tohru Manabe and Nobukazu Nakagoshi

Appendix. The list of vascular plants in the study plot.

Legends

1. The order and names of species were referred to Tagawa (1959) and Kurataand Nakaike (1979-1990) for Pteridophytes and Ohwi and Kitagawa (1983)for Spermatophytes.

2. The keys placed after name are life-form after Raunkiaer (1934) and Nakagoshi(1985).

3. Abbreviation of life-form; Th: therophytes, H: hemicryptophytes, G: geophytes,Ch: chamaephytes, N: nanophanerophytes, M: microphanerophytes, MM: mega-and mesophanerophytes, L: lianas (vines).

PTERIDOPHYTA

Schizaeaceae

Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw., Kanikusa, GPteridaceae

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusculum (Desv.) Und. ex Heller, Warabi, GAspidiaceae

Leptogramma pozoi subsp. mollissima (Kunze.) Nakaike, Mizoshida, H

SPERMATOPHYTA

MONOCOTYLEDONEAE

Gramineae

Pleioblastus chino (Franch. et Savat.) Makino var. viridis (Makino) S. Suzuki

Nezasa, N

Trisetum bifidum (Thunb.) Ohwi, Kanitsurigusa, HArundinella hirta (Thunb.) C. Tanaka, Todashiba, H

Imperata cylindrica (Linn.) Beauv. var. koenigii (Retz.) Durand et SchinzChigaya, G

Miscanthus sinensis Anderss., Susuki, H

Bothriochloa parviflora (R. Br.) Ohwi, Himeaburasusuki, HCymbopogon tortilis (Presl) A. Camus var. goeringii (Steud.) Hand.-Mazz.

Ogarukaya, H

Themeda japonica (Willd.) C. Tanaka, Megarukaya, H

CyperaceaeCarex nervata Franch. et Savat., Shibasuge, HCarex breviculmis R. Br., Aosuge, HLiliaceae

Lilium callosum Sieb. et Zucc, Nohimeyuri, G

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A Habitat of Lithospermum erythrorhizon 109

Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce var. pluriflorum (Miq.) Ohwi, Amadokoro, GPolygonatum falcatum A. Gray, Narukoyuri, GSmilax china Linn., Sarutoriibara, L(N)AmaryllidaceaeHypoxis aurea Lour., Kokinbaizasa, GDioscoreaceae

Dioscorea japonica Thunb., Yamanoimo, L(G)Iridaceae

Belamcanda chinensis (Linn.) DC., Hiougi, H

Orchidaceae

Epipactis thunbergii A. Gray, Kakiran, G

DICOTYLEDONEAE

CHORIPETALAE

Ulmaceae

Celtis sinensis Pers. var. japonica (Planch.) Nakai, Enoki, MM

Moraceae

Ficus erecta Thunberg, Inubiwa, M

Santalaceae

Thesium chinense Turcz., Kanabikisou, H

Ranunculaceae

Clematis terniflora DC, Senninsou, HPulsatilla cernua (Thunb.) Spreng., Okinagusa, HRanunculus cantoniensis DC, Kekitsunenobotan, H

Thalictrum minus Linn. var. hypoleucum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Miq., Akikaramatsu, HMenispermaceae

Cocculus orbiculatus (Linn.) Forman, Aotsuzurafuji, L(N)

Saxifragaceae

Deutzia crenala Sieb. et Zucc, Utsugi, NRosaceae

Potentilla discolor Bunge, Tsuchiguri, HPotentilla fragarioides Linn. var. major Maxim., Kijimushiro, HPotentilla freyniana Bornm., Mitsubatsuchiguri, H

Rubus parvifolius Linn., Nawashiroichigo, N

Rosa multifbra Thunb., Noibara, NLeguminosae

Albiziajulibrissin Durazz., Nemunoki, M

Lespedeza cyrtobotrya Miq., Marubahagi, NRhynchosia acuminatifolia Makino, Oobatankirimame, G

Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, Kuzu, L(M)

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HO Kazuaki Naito, Tohru Manabe and Nobukazu Nakagoshi

Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria Matsum., Komatsunagi, NWisteria brachybotrys Sieb. et Zucc, Yamafuji, L(MM)Lotus corniculatus Linn. var. japonicus Regel, Miyakogusa, HLinaceae

Linum stelleroides Planch., Matsubaninjin, ThRutaceae

Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb. et Zucc, Inuzansho, NPolygalaceaePolygala japonica Houtt., Himehagi, H

Anacardiaceae

Rhus javanica Linn., pro p., Nurude, M

Celastraceae

Euonymus japonicus Thunb., Masaki, N

Guttiferae

Hypericum erectum Thunb., Otogirisou, HViolaceae

Viola mandshurica W. Becker, Sumire, H

Viola grypoceras A. Gray, Tachitsubosumire, H

HaloragidaceaeHaloragis micrantha (Thunb.) R. Br., Arinotougusa, ChUmbelliferae

Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam., Chidomegusa, HCentella asiatica (Linn.) Urban, Tsubokusa, HBupleurum scorzoneraefolium Willd. var. stenophyllum Nakai, Mishimasaiko, H

GAMOPETALAE

Primulaceae

Lysimachia clethroides Duby, Okatoranoo, HGentianaceae

Gentiana scabra Bunge var. buergeri (Miq.) Maxim., Rindou, HAsclepiadaceaeCynanchum atratum Bunge, Funabarasou, GBoraginaceaeLithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc, Murasaki, HBuglossoides zollingeri (DC) Johnston, Hotarukazura, HLabiatae

Prunella vulgaris Linn. var. lilacina (Nakai) Nakai, Utsubogusa, HLeonurus macranthus Maxim., Kisewata, H

Plectranthus inflexus (Thunb.) Vahl ex Benth., Yamahakka, GScrophulariaceae

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A Habitat of Lithospermum erythrorhizon 111

Phtheirospermum japonicum (Thunb.) Kanitz, Koshiogama, Th

PlantaginaceaePlantago asiatica Linn., Oobako, H

Rubiaceae

Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merrill var. mairei (Leveille) Hara, Hekusokazura, L(N)Valerianaceae

Patrinia villosa (Thunb.) Juss., Otokoeshi, HPatrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch., Ominaeshi, H

CampanulaceaeAdenophora triphylla (Thunb.) A. DC, Saiyoushajin, HPlatycodon grandifiorum (Jacq.) A. DC, Kikyou, GCompositaeLeibnitzia anandria (Linn.) Turcz., Senbonyari, H

Eupatorium chinense Linn. var. simplicifolium (Makino) Kitam., Hiyodoribana, HSolidago virga-aurea Linn. var. asiatica Nakai, Akinokirinsou, HSolidago altissima Linn., Seitakaawadachisou, GHeteropappus hispidus (Thunb.) Less., Arenonogiku, ThErigeron annuus (Linn.) Pers., Himejoon, ThAster scaber Thunb., Shirayamagiku, HSenecio integrifolius (Linn.) Clairville var. spathulatus (Miquel) Hara, Okaoguruma,

H

Syneilesis palmata (Thunb.) Maxim., Yaburegasa, GChrysanthemum indicum Linn., Shimakangiku, HArtemisia japonica Thunb., Otokoyomogi, HArtemisia feddei Lev. et Van., Himeyomogi, HArtemisia princeps Pampan., Yomogi, HCirsium lineare (Thunb.) Schultz Bip., Yanagiazami, HCirsium lineare (Thunb.) Schultz Bip. var. discolor Nakai, Urajiroyanagiazami, HSaussurea pulchella Fisch. ex DC. forma subintegra (Regel) Kitag., Himehigotai, ThSynurus excelsus (Makino) Kitam., Habayamabokuchi, HPicris hieracioides Linn. var. glabrescens (Regel) Ohwi, Kouzorina, ThIxeris dentata (Thunb.) Nakai, Nigana, HIxeris chinensis (Thunb.) Nakai var. strigosa (Lev. et Van.) Ohwi, Takasagosou, HYoungia japonica (Linn.) DC, Onitabirako, ThYoungia denticulata (Houtt.) Kitam., Yakushisou, Th