TECHNICAL DATA SHEET

A guide of good practices for regions without Flavescence Dorée

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Guide of good practices in FD

Epidemiology - a brief scientific overviewFlavescence dorée is a quarantine grapevine di-sease indexed on A2 EPPO list1 (2000/29/EC) and present in numerous winegrowing regions of Europe with a tenden-cy of further spreading. Flavescence dorée (hereafter: FD) is a complex disease that integrates three essential elements present either in a vineyard or in the surrounding environ-ment: causal agent – phytoplasma Ca. Phytoplasma vitis (hereafter: FDp), insect vectors that transmit the di-sease among host plants (Scaphoideus titanus, Dictyophara europaea, Oncopsis alni, Orientus ishidae) and host plants that serve as a phytoplasma reservoir (Vitis spp., Alnus gluti-nosa, Clematis vitalba) (Fig. 1) (Schvester et al., 1963; Caud-well et al. 1994; Maixner et al., 2000; Filippin et al., 2009;

Lessio et al., 2016). The number of newly infected vines in a current year may be significantly different as a result of the vector-host specimen present in the winegrowing area and not all previously listed vectors and hosts plants are able to induce FD outbreaks according to EFSA evaluation (EFSA PHL, 2016).

FD phytoplasma may be transmitted from several host plants on grapevine with vectors other than S. titanus, that are pre-sent in the surrounding environment but these transmissions are not relevant for FD outbreaks. Why other vectors and hosts are not involved in epidemic spread? The frequency of FDp transmission from Alnus glutinosa, Clematis vitalba, with vector species Dictyophara europaea and Oncopsis alni to grapevine is low and occasional because these vectors are not as frequent feeders on grapevine as S. titanus (Maixner et al., 2000; Ar-

1 Directive 2000/29/EC will be repealed on 14 December 2019 and will be replaced by Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning protective measures against pests of plants.

Figure 1: FD epidemiology – vectors and host plants. (Graphics: K. Diklić, IPTPO).

naud et al., 2007; Filippin et al., 2009). The first introduction of FDp in the vineyard with one of the listed ‘secondary’ vec-tors, in winegrowing areas where previous FD established on grapevine were not recorded, may be the first step of further epidemical FD spread by S. titanus (Fig. 2). Interaction grapevine – FDp – S. titanus is essential for FD outbreaks, why? Outbreaks of FD in producing vineyards are related to the presence of both FDp in Vitis spp. and high populations of vector S. titanus. The insect vector S. titanus has a feeding preference for Vitis species where may be present from nymph (May) to adult development stage (October) and transmit the FDp by feeding from larval L4 to

adult development stage (Chuche et al., 2014) (Fig. 2). Cur-rent experiences with FD management indicate that an in-crease in disease incidence from 10-fold (Smith et al., 1997) up to 40-fold (Prezelj et al., 2012) may occur if no control measures had been implemented in S. titanus control. Other potential vectors in FD outbreaks? Lately it has been evidenced that Orientus ishidae is rapidly spreading in Europe (Lessio et al., 2016) and a hypothesis that it may have a potential impact on FD outbreaks in some areas is introduced but more profound scientific data are required.

2- In summer

Distribution in Europe according to EFSAFlavescence dorée phytoplasma is widely present in wine-growing regions of France, Italy, Slovenia and Serbia. Res-tricted FD distribution is present in Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland (Fig. 3).

The FD vector, Scaphoideus titanus is an invasive leafhopper which was introduced from North America and is associated xith Vitis spp. Distribution of S. titanus in Europe is wider than the phytoplasma, and even overlaps with some of the EU protected zones from phytoplasma (For example in France protected zone from FDp are Alsace, Champagne-Ardennes; in Italy, Apulia, Basilicata and Sardinia, the Czech Republic).

Figure 2: Scaphoideus titanus and FDp – inoculation and transmission (Year n – Inoculation of FDp and lack of visible symptoms; Year n+1 – symptoms development and potential transmission of FDp to new vines). (Chuche, 2010)

Figure 3: Flavescence Dorée and its vector distribution in Europe (EFSA, 2016)

Guide of good practices in FD

SymptomsKey symptoms are described according to experiences from Piemonte region (Italy- www.regione-piemonte.it) and Is-tria region (Croatia). Monitoring of symptoms development may be conducted during different parts of vegetation but later in summer, typical symptoms are more easily visible. Symptom monitoring and labelling of symptomatic vines needs to be done prior harvest, since grapes and leaves in bunch zone are removed during this operation. In the first years of FD establishment in a new area wine-growers misinterpret FD symptoms, but significant yield losses (Fig. 15) are always a sign that actions must be taken!

1- In spring

• Shoots on the fruiting cane have a reduced growth (re-duced number of internodes) (Fig. 4),

• Shoots on the fruiting cane develop shortened interno-des with zig-zag growth,

• Leaf surface is reduced (Fig. 4),

• Blistering of leaf blade as a consequence of reduced leaf veins development,

• Desiccations development on shoots from apical toward basal part (Fig. 5),

• Slight leaf roll downwards (Fig. 5),

• Insertion of leaf blade on petiole is more ‘sharp’,

• Premature leaf fall,

• Browning of the inner part of the cortex on symptomatic fruiting canes of diseased vines.

Figure 4: Reduced shoot and leaf area growth (A, B) and leaf yellowing (C) on cv Istrian Malvasia (K. Diklić, IPTPO)

Figure 5: Symptomatic shoots of cv Cortese (A) (Daniele Eberle), apical shoot necrosis (B) and leaf colour aberration on cv Istrian Malvasia (C) (K. Diklić, IPTPO)

A B C

A B C

2- In summer

a) Early summer

• Shoots with reduced growth (stunted growth during spring),

• Leaf colour aberrations – reddening (red varieties) or yellowing (white varieties) : near leaf veins, leaf sections delimitated by veins or complete leaf chlorosis (Fig. 6),

• Leaf roll downwards (visible only in some cultivars, exa-mple Chardonnay),

• Premature leaf fall (‘defoliation’ caused by FDp) due to leaf detachment from petiole (detachment of leaf blade without petiole, the petioles sometimes remain on the shoot) (Fig. 6),

• Desiccation of inflorescences approximately after flowe-ring,

• Desiccation of berries approximately after fruit set or la-ter during berry softening (Fig. 6),

• Complete lack of grape bunches on grapevine (100% yield loss).

b) Late summer

• Shoot gummosis and lack of lignification on several/all shoots developed on the fruiting cane (Fig. 6),

• Shoot growth is not straight due to gummosis consisten-cy, vines assemble “umbrella-like” growth,

• Thickening of leaf blade due to sugar accumulation

• Symptomatic leaf is brittle and cracks when folded in hand.

Figure 6: Symptoms on Istrian Malvasia: lack of cane lignification, grape bunches desiccation at fruit set, leaves yellowing and ‘defoliation’ caused by FDp. (K. Diklić, IPTPO)

Guide of good practices in FD

A B C

Figure 8: Leaf symptoms on different varieties: A, B – Istrian Malvasia (K. Diklić, IPTPO), C - Sauvignon blanc (IFV, South-West)

A B C

Figure 9: Leaf symptoms Moscato (M. Gily, SIVE), B, C – premature leaf fall, D – premature leaf fall on a shoot (K. Diklić, IPTPO)

Figure 7: Leaf symptoms on different varieties: A – Chardonnay (K. Diklić, IPTPO), B – Chardonnay (IFV, South-West), C – Pinot blanc (K. Diklić, IPTPO)

B

Leaf symptoms - Withe grapevine varieties

A C

Leaf symptoms: Red grapevine varieties

A B C

Figure 10: Leaf symptoms on varieties: A – Cabernet Sauvignon (K. Diklić,IPTPO),B – Duras (IFV, Sou-th-West),C – Plavina (K. Diklić,IPTPO)

Figure 11: Different colour aberrations on leaves of variety Teran (K. Diklić, IPTPO)

Figure 12: Leaf symptoms on varieties: A – Barbera (M. Gily, SIVE), B – Fer Servadou (IFV, South-West), C – Grignolino (M. Gily, SIVE)

A B C

Symptoms on grapevine infloresences and berries

Figure 13: Desiccation of grapevine inflorescence on cv Istrian Malvasia (A, B) (K. Diklić, IPTPO), desicca-tion of grapevine bunch post verasion (C) (IFV South-West)

A B C

Figure 14: Desiccation of grapevine bunch: after fruit setting (A, B), after verasion (C, D) on cv Istrian Mal-vasia (K. Diklić, IPTPO; M. Gily, SIVE)

A B C D

Guide of good practices in FD

Figure 16: Symptoms on fruiting canes of different varieties: A – not lignified cane, - B black pustules on cane, C - ‘curled’ cane growth due to cane gummosis consistence, D – not lignified canes (K. Diklić, IPTPO)

A B C D

Fruiting cane symptoms

Shoots reduced growth in spring may be a consequence of early spring eriophid bud mite activity, which is more usual in colder springs when vegetation is developing slower than usual. If shoot growth is reduced due to mite activity, there are visible scare tissues on shoots and leaves. Shoot growth

may be reduced also as a result of vine imbalance (over cropping), boron or zinc deficiency, frost damage, poor her-bicide application (Walton et al., 2009).

Symptoms similar to Flavescence Dorée

1- In spring

Figure 17: Eriophid bud mites damage: A – B stunted shoot growth in spring; C – symptom similar to leaf blistering caused by FDp, but in the case of mites on the leaf underside (below the blistering) there are white mite colonies (K. Diklić, IPTPO)

A B C

Figure 18: A, B- Herbicide applications during late autumn or early spring may cause leaves distortions and stunted shoot growth if the treatment is not applied correctly (K. Diklić, IPTPO), C- Leaves discoloration on variety Barbera due to frost damage during spring. (M. Gily, SIVE)

A B C

2- In summer

Figure 19: Magnesium deficiency on cv Chardonnay (A) and Istrian Malvasia (B), iron deficiency on cv Is-trian Malvasia (C) may be confused with foliar discolorations caused by FDp. (K. Diklić, IPTPO)

A B C

Figure 21: Leaf symptoms of grapevine viruses that belong to the complex of Grapevine leafroll (A – B red varieties,) , C- distorting virus strain on cv Pagadebit (K. Diklić, IPTPO)

Symptoms of Flavescence Dorée on other hosts

Figure 22: A - FD symptomatic (left) and asymptomatic rootstock leaves (K. Diklić, IPTPO), B – FD infected and symptomatic rootstock (K. Diklić, IPTPO), C - SO4 rootstock with symptoms (IFV, South-West)

A B C

A B C

Guide of good practices in FD

Figure 20: Grapevine bunch – physiological disorders on inflorescences of different varieties: poor fruit set due to unfavourable conditions during flowering (K. Diklić, IPTPO)

Symptoms similar to Flavescene Dorée - summer

The vector: Scaphoideus titanus

Vector S. titanus induces no significant symptoms on grape-vine when feeding on leaves, therefore vector presence is observed by monitoring nymphs on the downside part of grapevine leaves or adult stages on yellow sticky traps posi-tioned within the vineyard.

S. titanus nymphs have five development stages of a size range from 1.8 (L1) to 5.2 mm (L5) and they are mainly located on basal shoot leaves on the fruiting canes or leaves of trunk suckers (Cara et al., 2013; Trivellone et al., 2015). Distribution of S. titanus at larval stages is observed predo-minantly in grapevine canopy and inter-row vegetation with different density populations during the vegetative season,

but different plant species present in the inter-row area or area close to the vineyard plot may influence the larval spa-tio-temporal distribution (Trivellone et al., 2013). Nymphs don’t have wings and presumably are not able to disperse on long distances like adults, while according to some researches adult development stages of S. titanus dis-perse from wild grapevines to vineyards mainly within 30m, there are also evidences of adult dispersal up to 330 m from areas where wild vines are present (Lessio et al., 2014).

Figure 23 S. titanus nymphs monitoring: A - S. titanus nymph at development stage L1 (IFV South-West), B - S. titanus nymph (N. Burghardt, EKU Eger), C - S. titanus nymphs (P. Rózsahegyi, EKU Eger)

A B C

A B C

Figure 24: S. titanus adult monitoring: A – Analysis of captured S. titanus on the yellow sticky trap (K. Diklić, IPTPO), B – S. titanus on yellow sticky trap (N. Burghardt, EKU Eger), C – monitoring with ento-mological net (N. Burghardt, EKU Eger)

Crucial practices in FD prevention

Activities in areas without FD

Nursery producers

Production of planting material according to EPPO recommen-dations (for further information see: EPPO – PP2/023(1) Grapevine) in nursery production with special focus on:

1. Control of symptoms development in mother plants (remember: rootstocks mainly don’t develop FD symp-toms),

2. Implementation of diagnostic tools to control potential FDp infections (for further information see: EPPO4 - PM 7/079 (2) Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma),

3. Import of scion and rootstock material from areas with present FDp for production of planting material must be avoided or when realized additional measures like Hot water treatment are advised,

4. Implementation of Hot water treatment protocols that limit the spread of FDp (EPPO4 – PM10/018 (1) Hot water treatment of grapevine to control Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma),

5. Monitoring and control of Scaphoideus titanus nymphs and adults is fundamental as a preventive mea-sure even in areas where FDp is not present,.

Winegrowers

Implementation of practices in viticultural production in or-der to avoid FDp introduction needs to be oriented especially on (EPPO – PP2/023(1) Grapevine; EPPO – Data sheet on Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma4):

1. Planting certified (healthy) planting material,

2. Control of symptoms development in Vitis vinifera varieties (remember: rootstocks mainly don’t develop FD symptoms) with further molecular analysis of planting material for FDp presence,

3. Monitoring and control of Scaphoideus titanus nymphs and adults is fundamental as a preventive mea-sure even in areas where FDp is not present and highly significant in areas approximate to winegrowing regions with confirmed FDp presence.

Why prevention is crucial ?

According to EFSA PHL (2016) there are three mechanisms of FDp spreading: (1) trade and movement of infected pro-pagative material, (2) infected vectors flying from adjacent spatial units, transported on plants for planting or hitchhiking in vehicles, (3) transfer from the wild compartment. Further-more, experts evaluated that infected planting material and S. titanus are significant for introduction of FDp in new areas (EFSA PHL, 2016) and the previously listed practices are crucial in preventive disease management and limitation of further FD spread.

Guide of good practices in FD

IFV South-West

Proceeding in case of FD introduction

Winegrowers and nursery producers

In cases of FD introduction in new areas, previously marked as uninfected, control and eradication measures are applied in correspondence with European and National and/or re-gional laws. Report of symptomatic plants potentially infec-ted with FDp is obligatory in the winegrowing regions of EU as a result of FD quarantine status.

What should be done in the case of suspected in-troduction of FD in a new area?

1. Notification of potential introduction of FDp in new areas needs to be communicated to national or regional institutions included in the winegrowing sector:

a) Phytosanitary services,

b) Regional advisory services,

c) Research and/or technical institutes,

d) Organizations of winegrowers, etc.

2. Collection and analysis of grapevine samples for FDp identification in collaboration with the national or regio-nal authorized organization.

3. Information of local producers in case of FD out-break in a new area in order to signal all potential foci in the area and organize synchronized disease eradication is implemented by official organizations.

4. Education of wine industry stakeholders. Request of in-formation on measures obligatory to implement in case of FD outbreak in a new area (defined by national or regional law) in order to eradicate the disease and prevent the further spread.

Figure 27: Organization of local workshops in Istria, Croatia (K. Diklić, IPTPO)

Figure 25: Vineyard affected by FD in South-West, France (IFV South-West)

Figure 26: Preventive symptoms monitoring and sample collection (IPTPO)

A

B

C

Winegrowers: activities implemented in areas with FD

Collective disease management

1. Monitoring of leafhopper S. titanus nymphs during May – June is fundamental if regional recommendations for S. titanus insecticide treatments are not available.

Monitoring for determination of nymph stage (L1 – L5) and distribution of S. titanus in vineyard needs to be oriented to (Fig. A):

a) Vector monitoring with the beating tray or visual control of leaves underside positioned on basal grapevine shoots internodes (shoots that develop from fruiting canes) – ap-proximately 100 leaves/ha,

b) Visual control of leaves underside located on grapevine suckers (basal shoots on the trunk).

2. Activities prior insecticide treatments:

a) Removal of grapevine suckers prior insecticide treat-ment is needed because if not implemented, insecticide treatments need to cover the surface of grapevine suckers since S. titanus nymphs are found there also, (Fig.B)

b) Mulching of cover-crops if plants are flowering in order to prevent bees poisoning,

c) Notification of bee keepers or associations prior insecti-cide applications in order to prevent bees poisoning.

3. Insecticide treatment for S. titanus control (oriented to nymphs) prior potential FDp transmission (to be implemented in both infected and « buffer » zones):

a) Organic production: (1) treatment of L1-L2 nymphs in the beginning of June (prior flowering), (2) treatment of L3 nymphs in mid-June (post flowering),

b) Integrated production : (1) treatment of L3 nymphs in mid-June (post flowering), (2) treatment 2-3 weeks after (adaptation according to national regulations is needed).

Beware of pollinators’ populations by not applying insecti-cide treatments during flowering and postponing insecticide treatments later in the evening!

Guide of good practices in FD

D

E

F

G

4. In the period from July to harvest (after the first treat-ment oriented to larval development stages) elimination of symptomatic vines may be applied to prevent potential transmission of FDp to new vines in eventual remaining vec-tor populations:

a) removal of shoots (Fig. C),b) basal cut on the trunk.

Complete vine rouging usually is implemented post-harvest or during winter. If this approach is not applicable, marking symptomatic vines with spray or highly-visual tapes is pos-sible in order to recognize infected vines during winter.

5. Monitoring of S. titanus adults with yellow sticky traps (YST) from July until harvest to verify if there are remaining vector populations. If adults of S. titanus are recorded, an additional third insecticide treatment may be applied (Fig. D, E). Consider possible differences in the population level of S. titanus on vineyard border and in the central part of the vineyard (Fig F).

6. Application of a third insecticide treatment when required (adults of S. titanus identified on YST), approxima-tely 2 – 3 weeks after the second treatment, is later in the season and potential residues in wine need to be considered and avoided. Application of the last treatment needs to be done according to the PPPs recommendations.

7. Monitoring for eventual outbreaks of grapevine mites (visual leaf monitoring) that may be present as a result of imbalance due to broad spectrum insecticide treatments.

8. Activities in the period between post-harvest (Sep-tember/October) and May:

a) Rouging of singular symptomatic vines with root to prevent infected (and prevalently asymptomatic) rootstock re-growth (less than 20% symptomatic vines) (Fig. G),

b) Complete extirpation of symptomatic vineyards (more than 20% symptomatic vines),

c) Pruning debris management (mulching, etc.) in order to reduce vector populations: vector S. titanus deposits eggs under the bark of the 2-year-old cane (egg hatching occurs usually not prior May and this procedure may be imple-mented in any period prior that).

REMEMBER: Registration of applied insecticide treatments and recycling PPPs containers is obligatory.

INSECTICIDE CHOICE: verify PPPs available on the natio-nal level for S. titanus management in integrated or orga-nic grapevine production. Some PPPs applied for S. titanus control are also efficient for Lobesia botrana control.

COLLABORATION AND COMMITMENT ARE ESSENTIAL IN EFFECTIVE DISEASE MANAGEMENT !

Scientific litterature

Arnaud G., Malembic-Maher S., Salar P., Bonnet P., Maixner M., Marcone C., Boudon-Padieu E., Foissac X. (2007). Multilocus sequence typing confirms the close genetic inter-relatedness between three distinct flavescence dorée phytoplasma strain clus-ters and group 16SrV phytoplasmas infecting grapevine and alder in Europe. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73, 4001-4010.

Cara C., Trivellone V., Linder C., Junkert J., Jermini M. (2013). Influence de la gestion des repousses du tronc et du bois de taille sur les densités de Scaphoideus titanus. Revue Suisse Viticulture, Arboriculture, Horticulture, 45(2), 114-119.

Caudwell A., Larrue J., Tassart V. (1994). Ability of grapevine rootstocks varieties to transmit flavescence doree. Study of the case of 3309 C and Fercal. Agronomie (France).

Chuche J. (2010). Comportement de Scaphoideus titanus, consé-quences spatiales et démographiques. Doctoral dissertation, Bor-deaux 2, France.

Chuche J., Thiéry D. (2014). Biology and ecology of the Flaves-cence dorée vector Scaphoideus titanus: a review. Agron. Sustain. Dev., 34, 381-403.

EFSA PHL (2016). Jeger M, Bragard C, Caffier D, Candresse T, Chatzivassiliou E, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Gilioli G, Jaques Miret JA, MacLeod A, Navajas Navarro M, Niere B, Parnell S, Potting R, Ra-foss T, Urek G, Rossi V, Van Bruggen A, Van Der Werf W, West J, Winter S, Bosco D, Foissac X, Strauss G, Hollo G, Mosbach-Schulz O and Grégoire J-C. Scientific opinion on the risk to plant health of Flavescence dorée for the EU territory. EFSA Journal, 14(12):4603, 83 pp.

Filippin L., Jović J., Cvrković T., Forte V., Clair D. Toševski I., Bou-don-Padieu E., Borgo M., Angelini E. (2009). Molecular charac-teristics of phytoplasmas associated with Flavescence doree in clematis and grapevine and preliminary results on the role of Dic-tyophara europaea as a vector. Plant Pathology, 58, 826–837.

Lessio F., Tota F., Alma A. (2014). Tracking the dispersion of Scaphoideus titanus Ball (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) from wild to cultivated grapevine: use of a novel mark-capture technique. Bul-letin of Entomological Research, 104, 432-443.

Lessio F., Picciau L., Gonella E., Mandrioli M., Tota F., Alma A. (2016). The mosaic leafhopper Orientus ishidae: host plants, spa-tial distribution, infectivity, and transmission of 16SrV phytoplasma to vines. Bulletin of Insectology, 69, 277-289.

Maixner M., Reinert W., Darimont H. (2000). Transmission of grapevine yellows by Oncopsis alni (Schrank) (Auchenorrhyncha: Macropsinae). Vitis, 39, 83–84.

Papura D., Burban C., van Helden M., Giresse X., Nusillard B., Guillemaud T., Kerdelhue C. (2012). Microsatellite and mitochon-drial Data Provide Evidence for a Single Major Introduction for the Neartic Leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus in Europe. PLoS ONE, 7(5), e36882.

Prezelj N., Nikolić P., Gruden K., Ravnikar M., Dermastia M. (2012). Spatiotemporal distribution of flavescence dorée phytoplasma in grapevine. Plant pathology, 62:4, 760-766.

Schvester D., Carle P., Moutous G. (1963). Transmission de la flavescence dorée de la vigne par Scaphoideus littoralis Ball. An-nales des Epiphyties, 14, 175–198.

Smith I.M., McNamara D.G., Scott P.R., Holderness M., eds. (1997). Quarantine Pests for Europe, 2nd edition. CAB Internatio-nal, Wallingford, UK, pp. 1013–1021.

Steffek R., Reisenzein H., Zeisner N. (2007). Analysis of the pest risk from Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma to Austrian viticulture. Bulletin EPPO 37, 191-203.

Trivellone V., Corrado C., Jermini M. (2015). Répartition spa-tio-temporelle de la cicadelle Scaphoideus titanus Ball dans l’agroécosystème viticole. Revue suisse Viticulture, Arboriculture, Horticulture, 47(4), 216-222.

Trivellone V., Jermini M., Linder C., Cara C., Delabays N., Baumgärtner J. (2013). Rôle de la flore du vignoble sur la distri-bution de Scaphoideus titanus. Revue suisse Viticulture, Arboricul-ture, Horticulture, 45(4), 222-228.

Walton V., Skinkis P., Dreves A., Kaiser C., Renquist S., Castagno-li S., Hilton R. (2009). Grapevine growth distortions. A guide to identifying symptoms. https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/em8975.pdf

Source of information

Guide of good practices in FD

Work realized in common by the facilitators agents of Winetwork project. Data came from practice, through the help of 219 interviews and from a review of scientific litterature.

Thanks to Dr. Julien Chuche, Dr. Mauro Jermi-ni and Dr. Sylvie Malembic-Mayer who parti-cipated to the development of this datasheet.

More informationWebsites

http://agroambiente.info.arsia.toscana.it/arsia/arsia14?ae5Dia-gnosi=si&IDColtura=2&IDSchedaFito=1

http://www.ersa.fvg.it/istituzionale/servizio-fitosanitario-regio-nale/organismi/flavescenza-dorata-e-altri-giallumi-della-vite/plonearticlemultipage.2007-05-30.4633965054/cicalina-bufa-lo-stictocephala-bisonia

http://www.ersa.fvg.it/prova/guida-alla-diagnosi/flavescenza-do-rata-e-altri-giallumi-della-vite/sintomi-specifici-per-singola-varie-ta/vitigni-neri/plonearticlemultipage.2007-06-05.2647684871/sintomi-sulle-foglie

http://www.regione.piemonte.it/agri/area_tecnico_scientifica/settore_fitosanitario/vigilanza/flavescenza.htm

http://www.terraevita.it/vite-proteggere-il-grappolo/

EPPO

PM1/002(25) EPPO A1 and A2 Lists of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests (2016)

PM10/018(1) Hot water treatment of grapevine to control Grape-vine flavescence dorée phytoplasma

PM4/008(2) Pathogen-tested material of grapevine varieties and rootstocks

PM7/079(2) Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma

PP2/023(1) Grapevine

www.winetwork-data.eu

Technical datasheets:

• Hot Water treatment

• How to manage with more precision FD ?

Video seminars:

• State of the art of scientific research on Flavescence Do-rée (François-Michel Bernard, IFV)

• Experiences of collective management of FD in France (François-Michel Bernard, IFV)