a great place highlands: cooler great rift valley fertile soil many lakes adequate rainfall
TRANSCRIPT
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A Great PlaceA Great Place•Highlands:
cooler•Great Rift
Valley•Fertile Soil•Many Lakes •Adequate
Rainfall
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The People and The People and EnvironmentEnvironment
• First: HUTUs• Short, Stocky, Dark
Skinned, farmers
• From North: TUTSIs• Tall, slender, light
skinned, cattle herders
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The 8 Stages The 8 Stages of Genocideof Genocide
According to Gregory H. Stanton
with Genocide Watch
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1. Classification1. Classification•Distinguish b/w “us & them”
–Ethnicity, race, religion, nationality–Occurs in all cultures
•Societies w/ no mixed categories have greater chance of genocide
**Must actively endorse understanding & tolerance, search for a common ground
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2. Symbolization2. Symbolization•Applying
names/symbols/colors/dress to members of grps.
–Yellow star for Jews–Blue scarf for Eastern Cambodians
•Stages 1 & 2 are almost natural problem comes when combined w/ hatred
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Symbolism cont’dSymbolism cont’d**Make hate symbols/speech illegal
–Bulgaria refused the yellow star 80% of Jews went w/o it lost its significance
**BUT…the ban has to be widely supported–“Hutu” & “Tutsi” were banned in Burundi, but code words just replaced them
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3. Dehumanization3. Dehumanization• Members of grp. are not seen as
human (rather animals, insects, disease)– Tutsis were referred to as cockroaches
• Hate propaganda takes over (radios, posters, news)–Not protected as free speech under true
democratic constitutions
**Must be put down promptly! (shut down radio signals)
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4. Organization4. Organization•ALWAYS organized
–State often uses militias (Janjaweed in Sudan) •Used as scapegoats (deny responsibility)
–Well-trained militants can also form mobs or terrorist grps.
**Militias must be forbidden, leaders denied rights, arms embargoes enacted
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5. Polarization5. Polarization• Grps. ripped apart by extremists
– Hate propaganda broadcasts separation; sometimes makes interaction illegal
– Silences/intimidates moderates•They stand greatest chance of stopping
genocide, so killed 1st
**Need security for moderates & human rights grps.
**International sanctions on extremist coups d’états
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6. Preparation6. Preparation• Victims recognized & separated out
– Death lists, wear symbols– Moved into certain areas (ghettoes,
camps, poverty stricken region)
** Must declare a Genocide Emergency prepare international intervention
** Prepare aid for future victims & refugees
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7. Extermination7. Extermination•Mass killings
–Often done by both armed forces & militia
–Can lead to revenge killings** Only solution is now fierce
armed intervention– International responsibility to protect and provide aid•More impt. than individual national interests
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8. Denial8. Denial•Perpetrators cover up
graves/evidence and coerce witnesses
•Deny any crimes took place, blame victims, hamper investigations–Sure sign of future genocidal acts
** Must capture and take to national or internat’l court (Nuremberg, Rwanda)
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2020thth & 21 & 21stst Century Century GenocidesGenocides•Armenian (1915-1918): by
Ottoman Turks 1.5 mil Armenians, over 800,000 others
• Jewish (1939-1945): by Nazi Germany 6 mil Jews, 3 mil Poles, 1.25 mil others
•Cambodian (1975-1979): by Khmer Rouge 1.2 mil Cambodians
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2020thth & 21 & 21stst Century Century GenocidesGenocides• Bosnia (1992-1995): by Serbs 200,000
Bosnian Muslims• Rwanda (1994): by Hutu militias
800,000 Tutsis• Darfur (2003*- ): by Arab govn’t backed
militia 400,000 killed, 1.3 mil displaced non-Arabs (Fur, Zaghawa, Masalit)
(There are more, esp. by forced famines!!)
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