a glimpse at egypt history

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A Glimpse at the History of Egypt Under the Supervision & Auspices of Professor Yoon, Jwan Sik Prepared & Presented by SAAD Mohamed Gouda [email protected]

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Page 1: a glimpse at Egypt History

A Glimpse at the History of

Egypt

Under the Supervision & Auspices of Professor

Yoon, Jwan Sik

Prepared & Presented by SAAD Mohamed [email protected]

Page 2: a glimpse at Egypt History

Egypt

Page 3: a glimpse at Egypt History

Egypt is located in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia.

Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim World.

Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square KM, Egypt is bordered by the  Mediterranean Sea to the north, Palestine and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.

Page 4: a glimpse at Egypt History

Egypt , wrote Herodotus the Greek historian 25 centuries ago, is “the Gift of the Nile”,

Page 5: a glimpse at Egypt History

Evidences of rock carving can be found along the Nile terraces and in desert oases.

In the 10th Millennium BC, a culture of hunter gatherers and fishers replaced a grain-grinding  culture.

Climate changes and/or overgrazing around 8000 BC began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt, forming the Sahara.

Early tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River where they developed a settled agricultural  economy and more centralized society.

Pre-Historic Egypt:

Page 6: a glimpse at Egypt History

By about 6000 BC a Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley.

During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt.

Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining culturally distinct, but maintaining frequent contact through trade.

The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Nagada III pottery vessels, dated to about 3200 BC.

Page 7: a glimpse at Egypt History

Can you write your name in HIEROGLYPHICS?

What is this ancient Egyptian writing called?

Page 8: a glimpse at Egypt History

A unified kingdom was founded 3150 BC by King Menes, leading to a series of dynasties that ruled Egypt for the next three millennia.

Egyptian culture flourished during this long period and remained distinctively Egyptian in its religion, art, language and customs.

The first two ruling dynasties of a unified Egypt set the stage for the Old Kingdom period, 2700–2200 BC, which constructed many pyramids, most notably the third Dynasty Pyramid of Dioser and the fourth dynasty Giza Pyramids.

Ancient Egypt:

Tut Ankh Amoun

Page 9: a glimpse at Egypt History

The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic  state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia.

Alexandria became the capital city and a center of Greek culture and trade.

To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs.

The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life.

Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt:

Alexander the Great

Page 10: a glimpse at Egypt History

The last ruler from the Ptolemaic line was Cleopatra VII, who committed suicide with her lover Mark Antony, after Caesar Augustus had captured them.

The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians often caused by an unwanted regime and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome.

Nevertheless Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt well after the Muslim Conquest.

Queen Cleopatra

Page 11: a glimpse at Egypt History

Christianity was brought to Egypt by Saint Mark the Evangelist in the 1st century.

Diocletian’s reign marked the transition from the  Roman to the Byzantine era in Egypt, when a great number of Egyptian Christians were persecuted.

The New Testament had by then been translated into Egyptian.

After the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451, a distinct Egyptian Coptic Church was firmly established.

St Catherine Monastery

Page 12: a glimpse at Egypt History

The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Persian invasion early in the 7th century, until 639-42, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire of Muslim Arabs. 

When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country.

Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. These earlier rites had survived the period of  Coptic Christianity.

1517 was the beginning of the Ottoman Turks rule to Egypt. Since then when it became a province of the  Ottoman Empire by Selim I.

Arab and Ottoman Egypt:

Page 13: a glimpse at Egypt History

Due to its strategic and important location between the east and the west, Egypt was invaded and colonized by the French; Led Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798.

The French colonization lasted only for three years and they were expelled in 1801 by Ottoman, Mamluk and British forces. However, this was followed by four years of anarchy in which Ottomans, Mamluks, and Albanians wrestled for power.

Out of this chaos, the commander of the Albanian regiment, Muhammad Ali emerged as a dominant figure and in 1805 he was acknowledged by the Sultan in Istanbul as his viceroy  in Egypt.

Muhammad Ali, an ambitious and able leader, established a dynasty that was to rule Egypt until the revolution of 1952. that later years, it became a British puppet.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Muhammad Ali

Page 14: a glimpse at Egypt History

After World War I,  Saad Zaghloul and the Wafd Party led the Egyptian nationalist movement to a majority at the local Legislative Assembly.

Egypt’s 1st modern revolution was on March 8th, 1919 when the British exiled Zaghlul and his associates to Malta.

The revolt led the British to issue a unilateral declaration of Egypt Independence on 22nd, February 1922.

Saad Zaghloul

Feminine demonstrations 1919

Page 15: a glimpse at Egypt History

The new government drafted and implemented a constitution in 1923 based on a parliamentary system. 

Saad Zaghloul was popularly elected as Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924.

In 1936, the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty was concluded. Continued instability due to remaining British

influence and increasing political involvement by the king led to the dissolution of the parliament in a military coup d'état known as the 1952 Revolution.

Kingdom:

The Free Officers Movement forced the last King Farouk to abdicate in support of his son Fuad.

British military presence in Egypt lasted until 1954.

King Farouk

Page 16: a glimpse at Egypt History

On 18th June 1953, the Egyptian Republic was declared, with General Muhammad Nguib as the first President of this Republic.

Naguib was forced to resign in 1954 by Gamal Abdel Nasser, the real architect of the 1952 movement, and was later put under house arrest.

Nasser assumed power as President in June, 1956.

British forces completed their withdrawal from the occupied Suez Canal Zone on 13th June 1956.

As a result of the WB refusal to fund building the High Dam in Egypt, Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal on July 26th 1956, prompting the 1956 Suez Crisis.

Republic:

Muhammad Nguib

Naser

Page 17: a glimpse at Egypt History

In the 1967 the Six Days War, Israel invaded and occupied Egypt's Sinai Peninsula.

Sadat, successor of Naser after his death in 1970, switched Egypt's Cold War allegiance from the SU to the US.

Sadat launched the Infitah (opening) economic reform policy, while clamping down on religious and secular opposition.

In 1973, Egypt, along with Syria, launched the October war. a surprise attack against the Israeli forces occupying the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights.

It was an attempt to regain part of the Sinai territory Israel had captured 6 years earlier.

Sadat hoped to seize some territory through military force, and then regain the rest of the peninsula by diplomacy.

Sadat

Page 18: a glimpse at Egypt History

The second UN-mandated ceasefire halted military action. However, the war ended with a military stalemate, it presented Sadat with a political victory that later allowed him to regain the Sinai in return for peace with Israel.

Sadat made a historic visit to Israel in 1977, which led to the 1979 Peace Treaty in exchange for Israeli withdrawal from Sinai.

Sadat's initiative sparked enormous controversy in the Arab World and led to Egypt's expulsion from the Arab League. However, it was supported by most Egyptians. 

Succeeded by Hosni Mubarak, Sadat was assassinated by a fundamentalist military soldier in Cairo in 1981. Mubara

k

Sadat in Israel

Page 19: a glimpse at Egypt History

Lasted for more than 30 years, On 25th January 2011 widespread protests began against Mubarak's regime aiming to remove him from power.

By January 29th it was becoming clear that Mubarak's government had lost control when a curfew order was ignored, and the army took a semi-neutral stance on enforcing the curfew decree.

2011 Revolution :

Page 20: a glimpse at Egypt History

On February 11th 2011, Mubarak resigned and fled Cairo. Vice President Omar Solyman announced that Mubarak had stepped down and that the Egyptian Military Council would assume control of the nation's affairs in the short term. 

On February 13th 2011, the high level military command of Egypt announced that both the constitution and the parliament of Egypt had been dissolved.

According to decrees by MC Egypt held its 1st parliamentary election on 28th Nov. 2011; since the previous regime had been in power.

Turnout was high and there were no reports of irregularities or violence, although members of some parties broke the ban on campaigning at polling places by handing out pamphlets and banners

Page 21: a glimpse at Egypt History

Basic Data

Fiscal Year 1st July–30th June

Currency

Egyptian pound (EGP) = 100

piasters

6.02685 = 1$

Page 22: a glimpse at Egypt History
Page 23: a glimpse at Egypt History

Do you mind having a closer look at Egypt?!

Page 24: a glimpse at Egypt History

Thank you for your Precious Time & for

your Kind & Esteemed Listening

Q & A