a fork in the road… · a fork in the road image courtesy of ian braddock (adas) structure of...
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A Fork in the Road…
Duncan Slater BSc BA MSc PGCE MArborA MICFor
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A Fork in the Road
Image courtesy of Ian Braddock (ADAS)
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Structure of Presentation This PhD study at the University of Manchester commenced in 2009, and completes 30th Sept 2015. I will take you through the main findings of my PhD I will concentrate on findings applicable to arborists and arboriculturists
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Year One
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Year Two
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Year Three
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Year Four
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Year Five
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Year Six
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Output of the PhD • A new anatomical model for
branch attachment • Proof to support this model • Assessment of bark-
inclusions • The effect of induced defects • Wind-induced movement
• Ten papers!
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Related Publications • Slater D and Harbinson C J (2010) Towards a new model for branch a=achment;
Arboricultural Journal 33 (2), 95-‐105 • Slater D and Ennos A R (2013) Determining the mechanical properIes of hazel forks by
tesIng their component parts; Trees: Structure and Func5on 27 (6), 1515-‐1524 • Slater D, Bradley R S, Withers P J and Ennos A R (2014) The anatomy and grain pa=ern in
forks of hazel (Corylus avellana L.) and other tree species; Trees: Structure and Func5on 28 (5), 1437-‐1448
• Slater D and Ennos A R (2015) Interlocking wood grain pa=erns provide improved wood
strength properIes in forks of hazel (Corylus avellana L.); Arboricultural Journal 37, 21-‐32 • Slater D and Ennos A R (2015) The level of occlusion of included bark affects the strength
of bifurcaIons in hazel (Corylus avellana L.); Journal of Arboriculture and Urban Forestry 41 (4), 194-‐207
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A new model for branch attachment
Slater and Harbinson (2010)
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Arguments for a new model
Illogical: does not apply to co-dominant stems or tropical trees
Infeasible: the vascular cambium cannot produce this type of 3D structure
Not evidenced: lacks scientific support
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Truths…
All truth passes through three stages:
• First, it is ridiculed
• Second, it is violently opposed
• Third, it is accepted as self-evident Arthur Schopenhauer
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Testing the component parts
Slater and Ennos (2013)
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Contributions of Component Parts
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Finding that Grain of Truth
Slater et al. (2014)
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Following a vessel’s route digitally
Stemwood Forkwood
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A simple pattern of ‘Interlocking Grain’
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‘Interlocking Grain’ - tree forks
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‘Interlocking Grain’ - branch attachments
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Anatomy of a junc3on
Blue – vessel White – fibre Red – ray Brown - pith
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…and the evidence… Slater and Ennos (2015)
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Tougher, denser wood
a
a
a a
a
b
b b b a
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Central Apex Side Apex Stem Middle Branch A Branch B
Gf (
J m
¯²)
Sample Locations
RT
TR
Graph courtesy of Ozden and Ennos, 2015
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So you’ve bought your tree and the bark’s
included Slater and Ennos (2015)
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Types of Bark Inclusion
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Differences in Strength
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This problem is caused by us! We can cause bark inclusions to become a problem!
Grow trees close together, grow them as upright cultivars, shelter them when young, don’t thin your woodland early, and you will get more inclusions
Then we complain when the junction snaps a few years later, after we thin or move it
Poor old trees! L
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Surveying a bark-inclusion
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Survey differently…
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The answer, my friend, is blowing in the wind
Slater and Ennos (Submitted)
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Analysing Wind-induced Movement Behaviour
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Differences in Movement Behaviour
Normally-Formed Bark-Included
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A Shocking Difference!
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A Summary of Key Points I know how tree branches are joined together… Perhaps, now, you do too! J Tree forks aren’t necessarily flaws All previous studies were not ‘deep’ enough. Bark inclusions can be defects We need to look at our practices, to minimise this problem Be careful if you do a part-time PhD It may kill you!!! ;-)
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Future Research Work • Man-made components based on these
interlocking wood grain patterns
• Showing that the “axiom of uniform stress” is not applicable to trees
• Novel tree production and establishment
techniques
• Investigations into tree autotoxicity
• Plenty of other interests… • You’ll be hearing from me soon! ;-)
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With Thanks… • My supervisor, Prof. Roland Ennos • Staff of the University of Manchester • Myerscough College for their sponsorship of this research
• BSc. (Hons) students Joe Barnes, Gareth Buckley, MaKhew Dumelow, Owen Haines-‐Myers, Claire Harbinson, Peter Lowes, Laurence Smith, Sam Turner & Ian Williams
Thank You!