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Yäxodn Yak}aka Rgmxa

A GY]XW]WXA KN @NXKACDYJN NRDKA]D\N0

Wja akácdyg mn ink}gðmn mny gmd}nxdady mny `nxkady Gy}amn mg Jdkay gLncfa mg Y+ Rawcn

Hgcn Fnxdpnk}g

Igk}xn Wkd|gxyd}áxdn mg Hgcn Fnxdpnk}g &WKD*HF$

8212



Yäxodn Yak}aka Rgmxa

A GY]XW]WXA KN @NXKACDYJN NRDKA]D\N0

Wja akácdyg mg ink}gðmn mny gmd}nxdady mny `nxkady Gy}amn mg Jdkay gLncfa mg Y+ Rawcn

Jnknoxalda arxgygk}ama an iwxyn mg Injwkdiaïén Ynidac# mnMgrax}ajgk}n mg Idàkiday ma Injwkdiaïén mn Igk}xn Wkd|gxyd}áxdnmg Hgcn Fnxdpnk}g ’ WKD * HF injn xgqwdyd}n raxidac raxa nh}gkïénmn }ê}wcn mg haifaxgc gj @nxkacdyjn+

Nxdgk}amnxa0 Jgy}xg Aka Xnya \dmdoac Mncahgcca

Hgcn Fnxdpnk}gIgk}xn Wkd|gxyd}áxdn mg Hgcn Fnxdpnk}g &WKD*HF$

8212



Aoxamgïn a Mgwy rnx jg rxnrnxidnkax gyyg jnjgk}n mg acgoxda inj }nmayay rgyynay qwg ajn g a rxnlgyynxa Aka Xnya \dmdoac Mncahgcca rgca

raidàkida# dk}gxgyyg g gk}xgoa kn mgygk|nc|djgk}n mgy}g }xahacfn+

Aoxamgïn }ajhäj an jgw ajdon @wcdakn rgca ajdpamg gj jnjgk}nyinjrcdiamny# rgcay ink|gxyay# pwgdxay g g}iy+++Any ajdony Lgxkakmn# Hxwkn#

Fgkxdqwg# g }nmny ny injrakfgdxny mg iajdkfama kn iwxyn mg `nxkacdyjncg|axgd a ajdpamg mg }nmny raxa ygjrxg+

Mgmdin gy}a jnknoxalda an jgw rad# dxjény g kajnxama rnx jg maxgj lnxïay kny jnjgk}ny mdlêigdy+ Any ajdony g incgoay rnx gy}axgj ygjrxg anjgw camn+ Rxnlgyynxgy qwak}ny gkydkajgk}ny# qwak}ay xgyrny}ay ay jdkfay

rgxowk}ay+ Mgmdin a |nià jdkfa jég qwg kén rnmg gy}ax aqwd kgyygjnjgk}n gj qwg gw ydk}n }ak}n a ywa lac}a# jay ygd qwg jgyjn kn akmax mgidja ncfa rnx jdj g jg owda kny jgwy rayyny+ Nhxdoamn a }nmny# |niày

lapgj rax}g ma jdkfa iajdkfama# fn`g# ajakfé g ygjrxg!



YWJÁXDN

1 DK]XNMWÏÉN +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

8 A DJRXGKYA0 NY IXD]ÄXDNY MG KN]DIDAHDCDMAMG G N @NXKACDNRDKA]D\N ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++8+1 N rargc ma djrxgkya `wk}n an rðhcdin +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++8+8 Ny ixd}äxdny mg ygcgïén may kn}êiday ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++8+9 @nxkacdyjn nrdka}d|n ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

9 N @NXKACDYJN NRDKA]D\N0 NY GMD]NXDADY ++++++++++++++++++++++++9+1 N `nxkacdyjn nrdka}d|n g a qwgy}én mny oàkgxny ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9+8 N gmd}nxdac +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

= AKÁCDYG MNY GMD]NXDADY MNY @NXKADY GY]AMN MG JDKAY g LNCFA MG Y+

RAWCN +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++=+1 Dk}xnmwïén â akácdyg ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++=+8 Hxg|g fdy}ùxda mn `nxkac Gy}amn mg Jdkay +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++=+9 Hxg|g fdy}ùxda mn `nxkacLncfa mg Y+ Rawcn+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++=+= Rgxênmn mg akácdyg g nh`g}d|n +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++=+7 Akácdyg0 ny gmd}nxdady g n xgyoa}g mny }gjay jady xgcg|ak}gy +++++++++++++++++=+< Inkydmgxaï÷gy ma akácdyg qwak}d}a}d|a ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++=+? A gy}xw}wxa mn gmd}nxdac0 a cdkowaogj g a nrdkdén ++++++++++++++++++++++++

7 INKICWYÉN +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

XGLGXÀKIDAY +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++



7

1 DK]XNMWÏÉN

N `nxkacdyjn ä inkydmgxamn n rxdkidrac jgdn mg dklnxjaïén+ A w}dcdmamg g rxgy}aïén m

ygx|dïn# acäj mn a}n mg dklnxjax yén ay rxdkidrady iaxai}gxêy}diay mny jgdny mginjwkdiaïén+ N `nxkacdyjn djrxgyyn }gj rargc mg mgy}aqwg rnx ygx wj mny jgdny jadyak}dony mg dklnxjaïén# rnx dyyn }gj rargc lwkmajgk}ac ka md|wcoaïén ma dklnxjaïénraxa n dk}gxgyyg rðhcdin+

Raxa Jgcn &8229$# n `nxkacdyjn djrxgyyn ä wj jgdn mg hwyia rnx dklnxjaï÷gy jadymg}acfamay# `á qwg fn`g a |gcnidmamg ma dklnxjaïén lap inj qwg }wmn yg`a jwd}n xárdmn+Injn n aigyyn a dklnxjaïén ixgyig gj |dx}wmg mny mdlgxgk}gy jgdny mg injwkdiaïén

kgj }nmay ay rgyynay }gj n aigyyn â kn}êida jady mg}acfama# g ny `nxkady djrxgyynyayywjgj gyyg rargc `wk}n an rðhcdin+

Jady mn qwg wj ydjrcgy jgdn mg dklnxjaïén# n `nxkacdyjn ygjrxg lnd igxiamn rnxjd}ny# n rxdkidrac mgcgy ma nh`g}d|dmamg `nxkacêy}dia g a djraxidacdmamg+ G gyyg ä wj incniamn gj qwgy}én ygjrxg qwg aink}gigj la}ny qwg mgyrgx}aj dk}gxgyygy mdy}dk}ny#yg`a mn rðhcdin nw mny rxùrxdny jgdny mg injwkdiaïén+ Jay n `nxkacdyjn }gj rnx haygiaxai}gxêy}diay gyrgiêldiay qwg yg jakdlgy}aj rnx oàkgxny+

Rnx dyyn# n `nxkacdyjn ä md|dmdmn gk}xg wj gdvn qwg n nh`g}d|n rxdkidrac ä argkay n mdklnxjax+ Nw}xn gdvn qwg ä n mny oàkgxny nrdka}d|ny# qwg yén inky}d}wêmny rgcn gmd}iax}a# ifaxogy# ax}dony# gk}xg nw}xny+ A}xa|äy mgyya md|dyén rnmgjny gk}gkmgx jgcfngyrgidldidmamgy mg iama wj mgyygy oàkgxny+ Gyyg ä n nh`g}d|n mgy}a jnknoxalda# ahnxmn oàkgxn nrdka}d|n gmd}nxdac+

Yahgx a xgcaïén mg wj gmd}nxdac inj n rðhcdin kén ä }axgla láidc mg ygx gk}gkmdma# rnd

gy}g rnmg xgrxgygk}ax ydokdldiamny mdlgxgk}gy raxa iama rgyyna qwg n cà+ Mg ainxmn Aclxgw Haxhnya &14?2$# gj wj `nxkac mdáxdn# n gmd}nxdac arxgygk}a any cgd}nxgy ayyma a}wacdmamg g ogxacjgk}g mg jadnx xgrgxiwyyén# raxa jwd}ny ä a nrdkdén ma gjrxgyynhxg n mg}gxjdkamn }gja+ Ny `nxkady Gy}amn mg Jdkay g Lncfa mg Y+ Rawcn}xahacfajinj a incwka mg nrdkdén5 ka Lncfa yén mndy gmd}nxdady rnx mda# gkqwak}n qwg n `nxkjdkgdxn }gj wja rwhcdiaïén mdáxda+

A rgyqwdya jnknoxáldia hwyia dmgk}dldiax ay gy}xw}wxay mn gmd}nxdac mgk}xn mn ink

nrdka}d|n gj qwg yg dkygxg n gmd}nxdac+ A cdkowaogj g a nrdkdén ygxén akacdyama|gxdldiakmn n rnydidnkajgk}n mn gmd}nxdac ynhxg mg}gxjdkamn la}n+ Acäj mdyyn# yg



<

nhygx|amny ny }gjay qwg jady yén }xa}amny rgcny mndy `nxkady+ Mgyya jakgdxarnmgxgjny arnk}ax injn lwkidnka a inky}xwïén mgyyg mdyiwxyn g injn gcg yg má ancnkon mn }gv}n nrdka}d|n rxgygk}g kny gmd}nxdady+

N jä}nmn w}dcdpamn raxa a xgacdpaïén ma rgyqwdya ygxá n mg akácdyg mg ink}gðmn gmd}nxdady mny `nxkady Gy}amn mg Jdkay g Lncfa mg Y+ Rawcn+ Acäj mdyyn# a injwkdiaïénmg jayya mgk}xn mn `nxkacdyjn }ajhäj ygxá ahnxmama# hgj injn iaxai}gxêy}diaydkgxgk}gy â rxnldyyén g an lnxja}n gyrgiêldin mny ink}gðmny nrdka}d|ny+

Ny ayrgi}ny cdkoóêy}diny yén }ajhäj nh`g}ny djrnx}ak}gy mg gy}wmn mgk}xn mgyya akácdjnknoxáldia+ Ny rnydidnkajgk}ny rncê}diny g dmgncùodiny qwg ny `nxkady arxgygk}aj#dkgxgk}gy an `nxkacdyjn# oakfaj djrnx}ak}gy rxnrnxï÷gy# |dy}n qwg ygowkmn ny aw}nxgya}xa|äy mgcgy gy}axá a nrdkdén ma gjrxgya mg injwkdiaïén+

Gj wja rxdjgdxa ahnxmaogj |ajny nhygx|ax yg ny gmd}nxdady arxgygk}aj ja}äxdayxgodnkady# kaidnkady nw dk}gxkaidnkady+ Mgrndy rayyajny a |gxdldiax ny }gjay mg iamgmd}nxdac# gvgjrcn rncê}dia# ginknjda# ogxady+ Gyya g}ara a`wma a nxoakdpax# dkdidacjgn ja}gxdac g gk}gkmgx ny rxdkidrady ayrgi}ny xgcaidnkamny a }gjay qwg ny mndy |gêiwcn}xa}aj+ Acäj mdyyn# a ygcgïén mny gmd}nxdady rnx ma}ay ygxá gjhayama rnx }gjay dowagvgjrcn mndy ax}dony mg lwkmn ynhxg rncê}dia# raxa qwg# rnyya ygx gy}ahgcgidma wakácdyg injraxa}d|a gk}xg gcgy+

Raxa akácdyg qwacd}a}d|a mny }gv}ny# yén gy}ahgcgidmay xgcaï÷gy gk}xg ny inkigd}nlwkmajgk}aj n oàkgxn `nxkacêy}din gmd}nxdac cg|ak}amn rgcny aw}nxgy ka rgyqwdyhdhcdnoxáldia# rxniwxakmn dmgk}dldiax a xgcaïén mny }gjay inj a ifajama nrdkdén magjrxgya+

Rxdjgdxajgk}g# ä xgacdpama wja akácdyg mn `nxkacdyjn g ny ixd}äxdny mg kn}didahdcdmRaxa gyya g}ara lnxaj ahnxmamny aw}nxgy injn _ncl &1444$ g Xnmxdowgy &1442$ ynhxg agy}xw}wxay g ixd}äxdny mg ygcgïén mg kn}êiday# g ay iaxai}gxêy}diay gj ogxac mn `nxkac

Raxa _ncl &1444$# ny `nxkacdy}ay amn}aj ixd}äxdny mg ygcgïén may kn}êiday# g yén gixd}äxdny qwg mg}gxjdkaj n mdxgidnkajgk}n a ygx mamn any la}ny+ N aw}nx aldxja qwraxa qwg gyyg mdxgidnkajgk}n rnyya ygx gk}gkmdmn ä kgigyyáxdn ygowdx a xgoxa mnyjayy

jgmda g qwg gy}ay ninxxgj rnx qwgy}÷gy dmgncùodiay+



?

Xnmxdowgy &1442$ aldxja qwg# ka rxá}dia mn `nxkacdyjn# ny la}ny yén ygjrxg ynhgxaknygk}xg}ak}n# qwak}n jady djrxg|dyê|gc g djrxn|á|gc n la}n lnx# jadnxgy yén ay ifakigymgcg mg yg }nxkax kn}êida+ Kgyyg iayn ä a xgcaïén gy}ahgcgidma inj n djrxn|á|gc nw n qwgyg }nxka lnxa mn injwj# n qwg lnog a xgoxa+

Ka ygowkma g}ara# n nh`g}d|n ä n mg akacdyax n `nxkacdyjn nrdka}d|n# injn yg arxgygk}a gyg gy}xw}wxa+ Acäj mdyyn# n jgyjn iarê}wcn }xa}a n gmd}nxdac injn jgdn mg dklnxjaïén gmg nrdkdén+ N nh`g}d|n ä dmgk}dldiax injn yg arxgygk}a n ink}gðmn a}xa|äy mg wjaakácdyg qwacd}a}d|a g qwak}d}a}d|a mny gmd}nxdady mny `nxkady Gy}amn mg Jdkay g Lncfa mg

Y+ Rawcn+

Mgyya jakgdxa n gy}wmn arxgygk}a wj ncfax mg injn rnmg ygx |dy}n a inky}xwïén mggcgjgk}ny mg nrdkdén gj wj `nxkac+ Acäj mdyyn# ixda a rnyydhdcdmamg mg gy}ahgcgijadnx cdoaïén gk}xg `nxkacdy}a g n rxnmw}n ldkac+



6

8 A DJRXGKYA0 NY IXD]ÄXDNY MG KN]DIDAHDCDMAMG G N@NXKACDYJN NRDKA]D\N

8+1 N rargc ma djrxgkya `wk}n an rðhcdin

Ny `nxkady yén iaxai}gxdpamny injn wj mny rxdkidrady |gêiwcny mg dklnxjaïén mdáxda+ Ayrgyynay hwyiaj kn `nxkacdyjn djrxgyyn mdlgxgk}gy }drny mg dklnxjaïén0 rncê}dia#ginknjda# gyrnx}g# capgx# gmwiaïén# mgk}xg nw}xay+ Argyax mg a jnmgxkdmamg arxgygkn|ay lgxxajgk}ay jdmdá}diay# n `nxkac adkma }gj oxakmg aigd}aïén rnrwcax# rnx dyyn gcgyg inky}d}wd injn wj mny rxdkidrady jgdny mg injwkdiaïén+

An cnkon mny akny lnxaj ixdamny mdlgxgk}gy }drny mg jêmday# rnxäj @nyä Jaxqwgy mJgcn &8229$ aixgmd}a qwg n `nxkacdyjn djrxgyyn ä wj jgdn mg hwyia rnx dklnxjaï÷gyjady mg}acfamay# `á qwg fn`g a |gcnidmamg ma dklnxjaïén lap inj qwg }wmn ygà jwd}nxárdmn g kgj }nmay ay rgyynay }gkfaj n aigyyn a kn}êida jady mg}acfama injn aink}gigkny `nxkady djrxgyyny+

Ink}wmn# gyyg rxnigyyn mg dklnxjaïén yg mgygk|nc|gw a}xa|äy mg ]\# xámdn g a}wacjgk}gdk}gxkg}+ G a djrxgkya rayynw a }gx wja gyräidg mg ink|gxoàkida mg jêmday# qwg wjajgyja kn}êida rnmg ygx xgca}ama gj mdlgxgk}gy lnxjay mg ainxmn inj n |gêiwcn qwg akn}dida+ Rnx dyyn Jwkdp Ynmxä &144<$ inkicwd qwg a djrxgkya lnd ayywjdkmn wj rargc mrnmgx# ygà rgca rnyydhdcdmamg mg mgkðkiday mg dxxgowcaxdmamgy nw rgca iaraidmywyid}ax nw mglgkmgx iawyay rðhcdiay+

Gk}xg}ak}n# gyyg ywrny}n rnmgx ma djrxgkya }gj iaxai}gxêy}diay dk}xêkygiay# faà |dy}ygw injrxnjdyyn jnxac inj a |gxmamg rðhcdia+ Ygowkmn n jgyjn aw}nx# n ayrgi}ndk}gxkn ma djrxgkya ywrgxa ny rnmgxgy am|dkmny mny |êkiwcny mgyygy jgdny mginjwkdiaïén# ygkmn ayydj# inj a gy}xw}wxa mg rnmgx gy}ahgcgidma ynidacjgk}g+

Ink}wmn# a djrxgkya kwkia lnd n ðkdin jgdn a ygx|dïny md}ny may iawyay rðhcdiay+ Acdkfa gmd}nxdac mny `nxkady acdnw ny dk}gxgyygy maqwgcgy oxwrny qwg mg}dkfaj n rncê}din g ginkýjdin a qwg arnda|aj+ Gk}xg}ak}n# a rax}dx mn yäiwcn VDV# a djrxgkya `á

yg arxgygk}a|a injn wj gcn gyygkidac gk}xg a ynidgmamg g n Gy}amn+



4

A cgod}djdmamg `wxêmdin*xaidnkac mn Gy}amn ’ }drn háydin amgqwamn# ygowkmn Jav_ghgx# an Gy}amn cdhgxac ’ gxa xgaldxjama ka ynidgmamg id|dc rnx wja jgk}acdmamg‗}drnoxáldia“# qwg rxdnxdpa|a n wyn xaidnkac may laiwcmamgy jgk}ady g gy}djwca|a

lnxjay nh`g}d|ay mg mdyiwyyén rðhcdia+ &YNMXÄ# 144<0 r+<6$

Rnx}ak}n# a djrxgkya jnmgxka gy}ahgcgig wja xgcaïén gyrgiêldia mny |gêiwcny mginjwkdiaïén inj n Gy}amn g a ynidgmamg+ Cnon# arxgygk}akmn*yg injn dky}xwjgk}n mgcd|xg idxiwcaïén mg dmäday g nrdkd÷gy# a djrxgkya# kgyyg iayn# rayya a igmgx gyraïn raxnw}xay lnxïay mg rnmgx# acäj ma gy}a}ac+ A rax}dx# mgyyg rnk}n rayya a dklnxjaxynidgmamg id|dc qwak}n ây njdyy÷gy g ay inxxwrï÷gy mn Gy}amn# jay inkinjd}ak}gjgk}g#gca gvr÷g gyyg jgyjn rðhcdin any jgiakdyjny mg ink}xncg mn Gy}amn+

Ny jgdny mg injwkdiaïén mg jayya rnmgxdaj ygx mgyixd}ny injn cwoax injwj nw dmgacraxa a inky}xwïén mg wja xgacdmamg nw gk}én raxa a }gk}a}d|a mg wja jncmaogjdmgncùodia mn jwkmn# lapgkmn*n mg jakgdxa xgca}d|ajgk}g aw}ýknja+

A xgca}d|a aw}nknjda rxnmw}d|a mnyjgmda g ay ydkowcaxgy gy}xa}äoday mg kgonidaïénydjhùcdia qwg jak}àj inj ygwy rðhcdiny kén ny mgdvaj }nxkax*yg jgièkdiay iadvaymg xgyynkèkida may gjrxgyay g Gy}amn+ Jgmdaï÷gy injrcgvay dk}gx|àj ka gcahnxaïénmg ygwy iùmdony }gikniwc}wxady+ &YNMXÄ# 144<0 r+?8$

Ynmxä &144<$ inkydmgxa qwg n aigyyn ay dklnxjaï÷gy gy}á dk}djajgk}g ayynidamn âyd}waïén ginkýjdia mn wywáxdn+ Gj qwacqwgx mdyiwxyn# a dklnxjaïén ä wj rxnmw}n â|gkma# wja gy}xa}äoda a|akïama mg a}xdhwdïén mg |acnx+ Cnon# ka ynidgmamg

ink}gjrnxèkga# ay dkmðy}xday iwc}wxady g a jêmda rnmgj gy}djwcax n inkywjn mgdklnxjaï÷gy gj jayya# ixdakmn ayydj a gvrgi}a}d|a mg qwg rnx jgdn mgy}g iajdkfnaciakïax*yg*á a mgjnixaida ynidac+



12

8+8 Ny ixd}äxdny mg ygcgïén ma kn}êida

N mdyiwxyn `nxkacêy}din ä xgrxgygk}amn rnx acowjay iaxai}gxêy}diay qwg lapgj inj qwggy}g }gkfa gyraïn raxa |axdamay lnxjay g ink}gðmny+ A axowjgk}aïén g a cdkowaogjrxgygk}gy kgyyg mdyiwxyn ä qwg mg}gxjdkaj n iaxá}gx rgxywayd|n nw dklnxja}d|n mg wj}gv}n+ Rnx dyyn _ncl &1444$ xg}nja a qwgy}én ynhxg nyjayy jgmda g a fdrù}gyg maaogkma yg}}dko# g ldkacjgk}g rayyakmn rgcn gk}gkmdjgk}n mnkg yjaedko +

N rgxiwxyn ygowdmn rgca rgyqwdya ynhxg njayy jgmda yg inkigk}xa mg dkêidn ka qwgy}énmny rxnhcgjay ma jakdrwcaïén raxa mgrndy rayyax any ma rgxywayén# mgrndy mdyyn a

dklcwàkida g rnx ldj ifgoax ây lwkï÷gy+ Gj wj rxdjgdxn jnjgk}n xgyyac}a*yg adjrnx}èkida mn gy}gxgù}drn raxa a inkicwyén ma kn}êida gj xgcaïén a wja xgacdmamgynidac+

Ny gy}gxgù}drny yén wj gcgjgk}n dkmdyrgkyá|gc raxa yg nxoakdpax g ak}gidrax aygvrgxdàkiday ma xgacdmamg ynidac qwg n yw`gd}n cg|a a glgd}n+ Djrgmgj n ianyinokd}d|n# a mgynxoakdpaïén jgk}ac# inky}d}wgj# gj ywja# wj dky}xwjgk}nkgigyyáxdn mg ginknjda ka arxgkmdpaogj+ Injn }ac kgkfwja a}d|dmamg rnmgrxgyidkmdx mgcgy+ &_ncl# 14440 r+41$

Inj n mginxxgx mny akny# a lwkïén mn gy}gxgù}drn lnd ac}gxama rxnlwkmajgk}g+ G aymd|dy÷gy rnx oàkgxny inkmwpdxaj an mgygk|nc|djgk}n mg lnxjay xêodmay# ldvay# g}nxkaxaj jady djrnx}ak}g n jnmgcn mg a}d}wmg mn xgigr}nx+ Dyyn gvdodw qwg a dkmðyiwc}wxac ak}gidrayyg a kn}êida# gj md|dy÷gy rnx ink}gðmny gyrgiêldiny# g a rax}dx maêicayydldiaïén mgyygy oàkgxny }nxknw*yg wja a}xaïén raxa n xgigr}nx qwg aonxa rnmgxd

|gx a ywa hwyia mdxgidnkama a}xa|äy may ywhmd|dy÷gy rnx ia}gonxday+ Inj dyyn# n rðhcdrayynw a }gx gvrgi}a}d|ay ak}gy mg yg gkink}xax inj a rxùrxda ja}äxda

A rxdkidrac dmäda rayyama inj gyyg inkigd}n ma gy}gxgn}drdpaïén ä qwg# ‗U+++Z qwak}n jadyny gy}gxgù}drny yg ja}gxdacdpaxgj g lnx}acgigj U+++Z# rxn|a|gcjgk}g }ak}n jgkny ayrgyynay jnmdldiaxén ay yway dmäday rxginkighdmay inj n awjgk}n ma ywa gvrgxdàkida&_NCL# 14440 r+48$+ N fnjgj yg gkink}xa gj wja ynidgmamg jakdrwcamnxa qwg ninkynjg5 n xgigr}nx ä n nh`g}n ma dkmðy}xda iwc}wxac qwg n jakdrwca g n mdxgidnka# ra

|axdamay lnxjay mg rgkyajgk}n+



11

Mdak}g mdyyn# ka jgmdma gj qwg ay rnydï÷gy g dklcwàkiday ma dkmðy}xda iwc}wxainkyncdmaj g yncdmdldiaj# jady gca rnmg aodx ynhxg ay kgigyydmamgy mn inkywjdmnxowdakmn*n g mdyidrcdkakmn*n+ Raxa _ncl &1444$# a lnxja injn n rxnmw}n ä arxgygk}amraxa n xgigr}nx lap inj qwg gcg ygà wj nh`g}n g qwg n mdxgidnkajgk}n g n gk}gkmdjgk}nygàj ink}xncamny rgcn camn rydincùodin+

A}wacjgk}g njayy jgmda }xakylnxja a jgkyaogj qwg rnx jwd}ay |gpgy# ä xgrg}d}d|a gjwja |np qwayg qwg aw}nxd}áxda# g inj wja nhgmdàkida dxxglcgvd|a g mnjdkak}g#gvgxigkmn ynhxg n inkywjdmnx wj ink}xncg g djrnkmn wja aigd}aïén maqwdcn qwg gy}áygkmn rxnrny}n+ @á raxa n inkigd}n mgaogkma yg}}dkonyjayy jgmda kén }gj a dk}gkïénmg rgxywamdx+ Kgy}g inkigd}n# n qwg yg mdp ä qwg njayy jgmda mgyixg|g a xgacdmamg g

arxgygk}a an rðhcdin injn lnxja mg mdyiwyyén g nrdkdén+ N rxgyywrny}n lwkmajgk}ac maaogkma yg}}dkoä qwg ay rgyynay }àj a injrxggkyén rnx rax}g ma dkmðy}xda iwc}wxac# jayrnx gjrxäy}djn qwg gcgy xgrayyaj raxa n xgigr}nx &_NCL# 1444$+

Kn gy}amn ai}wac# a fdrù}gyg ma aogkma yg}}dko ä# rnx}ak}n# jady wj kðicgn mg }gjayg mg inkfgidjgk}ny raxidady# ywyigr}ê|gc mg ygx# rny}gxdnxjgk}g# nxoakdpamn gdk}goxamn kwja }gnxda ogxac ynhxg a jgmdaïén ydjhùcdia g ynhxg ny glgd}ny mgxgacdmamg gvgxidmny rgcny jayy jgmda# mn qwg wj jnmgcn mg rgyqwdya mgldkdmn ggy}á|gc+ &_ncl# 14440 r+1=7$

Rnx ldj a fdrù}gyg maaogkma yg}}dko mglgkmg qwg nyjayy jgmda yén gldiapgy#rxdkidracjgk}g ka inky}xwïén# ma djaogj ma xgacdmamg qwg n xgigr}nx |ad gy}xw}wxakman cnkon mny akny+ Gyya djaogj ä wja jg}álnxa qwg xgrxgygk}a# gj ywa jadnxda# a}n}acdmamg ma dklnxjaïén ynhxg n jwkmn gj ogxac qwg iama dkmd|êmwn }xa}nw# nxoakdg aiwjwcnw+

A rax}dx mgyyay dmäday nyjayy jgmda yg md|dmgj gj mway innxmgkamay# a rxdjgdxa äxgrxgygk}ama rgcny gy}wmny ynhxg ay iaxai}gxêy}diay mny mgy}dka}áxdny qwg dk}gxxgywc}amn ldkac mn glgd}n+ A ygowkma rax}g gy}a mdxgidnkama raxa n gy}wmn may jgkinj ldkacdmamgy rgxywayd|ay+ Raxa yg injrxggkmgx ay injwkdiaï÷gy mg jayya# äkgigyyáxdn qwg a rgyyna rnyya igk}xacdpax a a}gkïén kn èjhd}n ynidac# g qwg gy}g iajrnygà jady |ay}n gj xgcaïén ây gjrxgyay mg injwkdiaïén+

Jay raxa a}dkodx kê|gdy mg iwkfn `nxkacêy}din ä kgigyyáxdn qwg n rxùrxdn }gv}n ygàgvrcdia}d|n a rax}dx# mgyyg }gv}n ä qwg yg inky}xùd wja ja}äxda# rnxäj gy}a yù aink}gig



18

lwkmajgk}ama rnx wj aink}gidjgk}n# mgymg qwg gy}g ygà mg dk}gxgyyg rðhcdin g }gkfgcgjgk}ny qwg rnyyaj lapgx inj qwg gcg ygà inky}d}wêmn mg la}ny qwg alg}aj a |dma mayrgyynay mg lnxja mdxg}a nw dkmdxg}a+

Amxdakn Mwax}g Xnmxdowgy &1442$ arxgygk}a gcgjgk}ny qwg a`wmaj a dmgk}dldiax n qg n qwg kén ä wj aink}gidjgk}n+ Ygowkmn n aw}nx wj aink}gidjgk}n rnmg ygx}xakylnxjamn gj kn}êida mgymg qwg arxgygk}g iaxai}gxêy}diay qwg n }nxkgj kn}á|gc+Gvdy}gj }xày xgody}xny mg kn}didahdcdmamg0 n gvigyyn# a lacfa g a dk|gxyén+ Mgk}xnrgkyajgk}n n aw}nx aixgmd}a qwg qwak}n jadnx lnx â djrxnhahdcdmamg mg wj la}n# jadnxygxá a rnyydhdcdmamg mgcg yg }nxkax kn}êida+

Ny ixd}äxdny arxgygk}amny rgcn xglgxdmn aw}nx yén gvrcdiamny# n gvigyyn ä wj xgody}xnlnog an injwj# ä acon aknxjac mgk}xn mg wja mg}gxjdkama knxja+ Wj gvgjrcn mnaw}nx qwakmn wj gväxid}n xgowcax injg}g wj jayyaixg+ A lacfa gy}á cdoama an mglgd}nmgk}xn mg acon qwg rnmgxda gy}ax mgk}xn mg wja knxjacdmamg# n aw}nx dcwy}xyd}waïén inj a lacfa fwjaka iaxai}gxdpama rgcn gxxn lêydin+ @á a dk|gxyén ä qwakmn nyrarädy yg dk|gx}gj# kn jgcfnx gvgjrcn arxgygk}amn rgcn aw}nx qwg qwakmn wj iénjnxmg wj fnjgj kén ä kn}êida# jay yg n fnjgj jnxmg n iaifnxxn dyyn yg }nxkakn}êida+

Xnmxdowgy &1442$ arxgygk}a adkma wj ygowkmn aink}gidjgk}n ifajamn rnx gcg mg jg}a*aink}gidjgk}n# n aw}nx ywogxg qwg gcg gvdy}a argkay rgcn rxùrxdn mdyiwxyn qwg n ogxkgy}g iayn n mdyiwxyn `nxkacêy}din+ Gy}g }drn mg aink}gidjgk}n ninxxg qwakmn# rgvgjrcn# aink}gïa wja xg|nc}a mg ièjgxay nw xgrùx}gxgy mdak}g mg wja }gcg|dyén+Ink}wmn# n aw}nx mgldkg qwg ny jg}ay*aink}gidjgk}ny ninxxgj gj lwkïén mn mdyiwxyn#mn jwkmn ydjhùcdin g kén rxnrxdajgk}g rgca ka}wxgpa mny la}ny+

N jg}a*aink}gidjgk}n kén ä gva}ajgk}g n la}n# g ydj n mdyiwxyn a}wacdpamn ynhxg }acaink}gidjgk}n+ N xglgxdmn aw}nx inkicwd qwg kn jnjgk}n gj qwg n mdyiwxyn `nxkacêy}dinakwkida acowj aink}gidjgk}n# gy}g mdyiwxyn jdmdá}din rxnmwp ac}gxaï÷gy ma xgacdmaminkygqógk}gjgk}g rxnmwp# }ajhäj# kn|ay aï÷gy+ Dyyn aink}gig# mg|dmn â iaxoa|acnxa}d|a ywhàigk}g qwg n mdyiwxyn jdmdá}din rnmg rnyywdx nw rxnmwpdx# rnx janh`g}d|n qwg gy}g rnyya ygx rnyywdx raxa inky}d}wdx*yg injn kn}êida g oakfax rwhcdidmama qwac gy}á mdxg}ajgk}g xgcaidnkama ây xn}dkay rxnmw}d|ay# mg igx}a lnxja# gy}á|gdy+



19

_ncl &1444$# n aw}nx gvrcdia injn lwkidnkaj gy}gy ixd}äxdny mg ygcgïén ma kn}êidadkmdiamny rnx Hgc}xén &1462$+ Kn cd|xn]gnxday ma Injwkdiaïén _ncl &1444$# aldxjaqwg nkg yjaedko ä wj mny ixd}äxdny w}dcdpamny mn lapgx `nxkacêy}din# kgcg# n aw}nx a|a}nmay ay g}aray# mgymg ny rxnigyyny rxnmw}d|ny a}ä rnk}ny mg rxnigyyny qwg dklcwgkika kn}êida nw ka dklnxjaïén+

Kay xn}dkay rxnmw}d|ay `nxkacêy}diay yén gy}ahgcgidmny g ink|gkidnkamny ixd}äxdny mg}gxjdkaxaj n qwg }gj rn}gkidac mg kn}êida g injn gy}ay ygxén rxnmwpdmay# nw yg`a#ygxén mgldkdmny acowky ixd}äxdny mg kn}didahdcdmamg+ Ygowkmn n aw}nx# gyygy ixdink`wk}n mg iaxai}gxêy}diay qwg wj la}n mg|g rnyywdx raxa inky}d}wdx*yg injn kn}êida# grax}dx maê oakfax rwhcdidmamg# a qwac gy}á mdxg}ajgk}g xgcaidnkama ây xn}dkay rxnm

mg igx}a lnxja# gy}á|gdy+A kn}didahdcdmamg gy}á xgcaidnkama an inkigd}n mg rgxyrgi}d|a mg kn}êida g an qwg ny `nxkacdy}ay inkydmgxaj djrnx}ak}g g xgcg|ak}g mgk}xn mny aink}gidjgk}ny mn in}dmdakn+N aw}nx aldxja qwg ay kn}êiday yén mgldkdmay rgcny rxùrxdny `nxkacdy}ay+ Rnxäj# naink}gidjgk}n mn in}dmdakn qwg ygxá lnin raxa a kn}êida mg|g ygx ywyig}ê|gc mg ygx}xahacfamn ygj dxxnjrgx gj mgyaxjnkda mny rxnigyyny mg rxnmwïén# knxjady# mn `nxkacdyjn+ Kén nhy}ak}g# n aw}nx xgyyac}a qwg ny |gêiwcny mg injwkdiaïén rnyywgj

lcgvdhdcdmamg raxa amar}ax yway xn}dkay rxnmw}d|ay qwakmn yg lap kgigyyáxdn# rnxgvgjrcn# gj iayny lnxa mn injwj+

N aink}gidjgk}n yù }gxá kn}nxdgmamg }xakylnxjakmn*yg gj kn}êida iayn yg`a rnyyê|gc#}xahacfá*ca mgk}xn mny rxnigyyny rxnmw}d|ny mn `nxkacdyjn+ _ncl &1444$ cgjhxa qwg aink}gidjgk}ny }àj mg ygx |dy}ny g }xahacfamny rnx jgdn mg wja rgxyrgi}d|a rxá}dia +Mgyya jakgdxa# }nxka*yg rnyyê|gc nlgxgigx an rðhcdin acowjay a|acdaï÷gy ydjrcdldiamay gjady mdxg}ay a xgyrgd}n mg yway xgcaï÷gy+ Ayydj# n }xa}ajgk}n mamn an la}n rax}xakylnxjá*cn gj kn}êida ogxa# rgcn rxùrxdn rxnigyyn# wja mgyink}gv}wacdpaïén mayxgcaï÷gy dkgxgk}gy an aink}gidjgk}n# raxa qwg# gj ygowdma# gcg rnyya ygxink}gv}wacdpamn mgk}xn may rgxyrgi}d|ay ma jêmda+

Mg ainxmn inj _ncl &1444$# ay qwacdmamgy qwg lnxkgigj an aink}gidjgk}n arnyydhdcdmamg mgyygy lapgxgj rax}g mg wj kn}didáxdn yén mgknjdkamay injn|acnxgy.kn}êida+ Raxa gyyg aw}nx# yén gcgy qwg |én nxdgk}ax# djrcêid}a nw gvrcdid}ajgk}g#

ny rxnigmdjgk}ny mny rxnldyydnkady mg `nxkacdyjn+ Ma jgyja lnxja# ygx|gj raxagy}ahgcgigx xn}dkay g }nxkax rnyyê|gc n }xahacfn `nxkacêy}din# dyyn rgxjd}d qwg a ygc



1=

mny aink}gidjgk}ny yg`a xárdma# an jgyjn }gjrn lcgvê|gc# wja |gp qwg rnmgj ninxxgxla}ny gv}xanxmdkáxdny g jwmakïay kn rxùrxdn ixd}äxdn mg kn}didahdcdmamg+

Djrnx}ak}g yahgx qwg ny|acnxgy.kn}êida y yén mdkèjdiny+ Rnxäj# gyygy|acnxgy.kn}êida #

ka rxá}dia# kén lwkidnkaj dyncamny# g ydj# rnx jgdn may dkðjgxay injhdkaï÷gy lgd}aygk}xg gcay+ N aw}nx mdy}dkowg ny|acnxgy.kn}êida kay ygowdk}gy ia}gonxday0 a$ âyiaxai}gxêy}diay ywhy}ak}d|ay ma kn}êida5 an ygw ink}gðmn5 h$ â mdyrnkdhdcdmamg mn jg any ixd}äxdny xgca}d|ny an rxnmw}n dklnxja}d|n5 i$+ an rðhcdin g m+ â inkinxxàkida+

N aw}nx xgca}a qwa}xn ayrgi}ny xgcaidnkamny ây iaxai}gxêy}diay ywhy}ak}d|ay+ Rxdjgdaw}nx aldxja ynhxg a fdgxaxqwda ynidac mny dkmd|êmwny qwg gy}én gk|nc|dmny# g qwgrxá}dia# ydokdldia qwg qwak}n jady rgyynay ma gcd}g gy}d|gxgj gk|nc|dmay jady ifakigy naink}gidjgk}n }gj mg yg }xakylnxjax gj kn}êida+ Gj ygowkmn cwoax# _ncl &1444$jgkidnka qwg# qwak}n jadnx lnx n djrai}n ynhxg a kaïén g }ajhäj ynhxg n dk}gxgyygkaidnkac# jadnx ygxá n oxaw mg kn}didahdcdmamg+ Gj }gxigdxn# n aw}nx aldxja qwg# qwjadnx n kðjgxn mg rgyynay gk|nc|dmay kn aink}gidjgk}n# jadnx ygxén ay ifakigy mgygxgj kn}didamny+ Ldkacjgk}g# arnk}a*yg qwg a xgcg|èkida g a ydokdldia}d|dmamg maink}gidjgk}n g n qwg gcg rnmg xgrxgygk}ax raxa n lw}wxn qwak}n any mgymnhxajgk}nymay yd}waï÷gy# }ajhäj# n }nxka kn}didá|gc+ Rnxäj# gy}g qwax}n ayrgi}n cdoa*yg a nw}x

la}nxgy mg kn}didahdcdmamg# }ady injn dk}gxgyyg mn rðhcdin# iaraidmamg mn aink}gidjgmg gk}xg}à*cn g# }ajhäj# a lnxja injn n `nxkacdy}a |ad ahnxmax n ayywk}n+

Haxxny Ldcfn &1447$ }gj a inkigrïén mg qwg a injwkdiaïén djrcdia n a}n mg ywogy}dnkaxwja rxnmwïén injrny}a mg ywh`g}d|dmamg# g a dklnxjaïén# rnx ywa |gp# xgyrgd}n anink}gðmn rxnrxdajgk}g md}n+ Ygowkmn n aw}nx# a mdlgxgkidaïén lgd}a jaxodkacdpaywh`g}d|dmamg dkgxgk}g â inky}xwïén ma jgkyaogj gj wj rxnigyyn injwkdia}d|n gywr÷g qwg a dklnxjaïén mama# yg`a gk}gkmdma injn a ja}gxdacdmamg ma jgkyaogj# ygkmnayydj# mgyrxn|dma mg ywh`g}d|dmamg+

1+9 N `nxkacdyjn nrdka}d|n

Ay lnxjay mg md|wcoaïén may kn}êiday g n ink}gðmn mg wj |gêiwcn mgldkdxén a rxg}gkyénmg wj |gêiwcn+ N injrxnjdyyn mn `nxkacdy}a gj xgcaïén â inklgiïén ma dklnxjaïén



17

`nxkacêy}dia# g a lnxja injn gy}a yg gkink}xa dkygxdma kn `nxkac# rnmg# mg igx}a lnxjamgjnky}xax wj rnydidnkajgk}n ä}din mn |gêiwcn+ Gk}xg gy}ay iaxai}gxêy}diay mgaw}nknjda arxgygk}a*yg n `nxkacdyjn nrdka}d|n qwg gy}á rxgygk}g a}xa|äy mny ink}gðmnyiax}a# gmd}nxdac# injgk}áxdn# ixê}dia# ixýkdia# incwka g iaxdia}wxa+

Raxa Hgc}xén &1462$# a dmäda aigxia mn `nxkacdyjn nrdka}d|n inkydy}g ka lwkïénrydincùodia# rgca qwac n ygx fwjakn# qwg ä dklnxjamn ynhxg dmäday# mg la}ny nw mg nw}yd}waï÷gy inklcd}ak}gy# qwg gvrxdjgj a xgyrgd}n n ygw `wêpn+ N `nxkacdy}a }gj rnyydhdcdmamg mg |gdiwcax }xày ia}gonxday mg nrdkdén0 a mn gmd}nx# a mn `nxkacdy}cgd}nx qwg `wk}ay inkydy}gj ka jakdlgy}aïén mn mdyiwxyn inkfgidmn injn nrdkdénrðhcdia+

A nrdkdén mn gmd}nx# mgldkdma injn n `wcoajgk}n qwg lap ynhxg mg}gxjdkamnrxnhcgja nw qwgy}én n oxwrn mg gcd}g qwg jak}äj n |gêiwcn# ä qwg md}a a rncê}diagmd}nxdac+ Lwkmajgk}a*yg gj md|gxyny gcgjgk}ny injn0 a$ ay ink|diï÷gy ldcnyùldiaymn oxwrn5 h$ ay dklnxjaï÷gy g xgcaï÷gy qwg gk|nc|gj n }gja rxnrny}n5 i$ ayynkmaogky g rgyqwdyay xgacdpamay ka áxga mg idxiwcaïén g dklcwàkida mn |gêiwcn5 m$ agvrgxdàkida `nxkacêy}dia mny ifglgy mg xgmaïén# acowjay |gpgy jgyjn xgwkdmny gjinkygcfny gmd}nxdady5 g# ldkacjgk}g# g$ ny dk}gxgyygy ginkýjdiny ma gjrxgya+&HGC]XÉN# 1462# r+14$

N `nxkacdy}a rxgidya gcahnxax g jakdlgy}ax a nrdkdén# ygowdkmn }xày rnk}ny raxa qwg rnyjakdrwcax a dklnxjaïén+ N rxdjgdxn rnk}n ä mnjdkax a dklnxjaïén# nw iaciwcax }nmay ayyway |axdá|gdy mg aciakig g gv}gkyén# a xgcg|èkida maqwdcn qwg ifgonw an ygwinkfgidjgk}n# dk}gdxakmn*yg ajrcajgk}g ynhxg yway iawyay# ayrgi}ny ydokdldia}d|ny gywa ygqóàkida cùodia+ Ygowkmn rnk}n xgogx a dklnxjaïén# cg|ax an inkfgidjgk}n rðhcdinqwakmn lnx ink|gkdgk}g g kn jnjgk}n nrnx}wkn# ygowdkmn ay xgoxay ä}diay g knxjay mgmd|wcoaïén+ G rnx ðc}djn# ayydy}dx a dklnxjaïén# n ainjrakfajgk}n mny ygwy glgd}nydjgmda}ny g jgmda}ny+ A kn}êida kén mg|g ygx gyixd}a g yg rgxmgx kn }gjrn# iahg an `nxkacdy}a hwyiax }nmay ay rnyydhdcdmamgy raxa xgrayyá*ca an rðhcdin cgd}nx+

A jgcfnx jakgdxa mg injrxggkmgx injn yg arxgygk}a n }gv}n ä a}xa|äy mn gy}wmn macdkowaogj# argyax mg ygx wja lgxxajgk}a qwg rnmg }gx mgk}xg nw}xay indyayiaxai}gxêy}diay rgxywayd|ay a cdkowaogj yg arxgygk}a kn èjhd}n ma qwgy}én injn wjjgdn mg gvrcdiax a gcniwïén mn }gv}n `nxkacêy}din+



1<

@á ka inkigrïén mg Enif &144<$# a rxgygkïa mg la}nxgy ygjdù}diny rnmg a`wmax gj wjjgcfnx gk}gkmdjgk}n ma jgkyaogj+ N xgcaidnkajgk}n qwg n fnjgj }gj inj ny ygwyygjgcfak}gy g inj a ka}wxgpa ä jgmda}dpamn rnx yêjhncny# nw ygà# ay xgcaï÷gy fnjgj*fnjgj g fnjgj*ka}wxgpa gy}xw}wxaj*yg mg jakgdxa ydjhùcdia+ A dk}gxaïén mn fnjgjyg ma a}xa|äy ma axowjgk}a}d|dmamg# rnxqwg gcg `wcoa*yg mn}amn mg xapén g |nk}amgydyyn n fnjgj ixê}dia# a|acda# `wcoa g lnxja `wêpny mg |acnx+ Jay# ä rgcn mdyiwxyn qwgrnmg yg mdpgx injn wja aïén |gxhac qwg ä mn}ama mg dk}gkidnkacdmamg qwg n ygxgyfwjakny }gk}aj dklcwgkidax ynhxg n injrnx}ajgk}n nw n rgkyajgk}n mg nw}xay rgyynay+

Ä rnx gy}a xapén qwg yg rnmg aldxjax qwg n a}n mg axowjgk}ax# dy}n ä# mg nxdgk}axmdyiwxyn kn ygk}dmn mg mg}gxjdkamay inkicwy÷gy# inky}d}wd n a}n cdkoóêy}din lwkma

rndy a }nmn g qwacqwgx mdyiwxyn ywhàp wja dmgncnoda# ka aigrïén jady ajrca mn }gxjn+&ENIF# 144<# r+14$

Ä rnx gy}g jn}d|n qwg a aw}nxa rxniwxa jny}xax qwg a}xa|äy mg wja rnyyê|gckgw}xacdmamg gvdy}g wja dmgncnoda+ Kgy}g iayn a kgw}xacdmamg nw djraxidacdmamg äwj jd}n# rnxqwg n mdyiwxyn qwg yg rxg}gkmg mdpgx inj kgw}xacdmamg# }gj rnx }xáy mrxùrxda dk}gkïén mg kgw}xacdmamg wja dmgncnoda# qwg ä n ma ywa rxùrxda nh`g}d|dmam

Ink}wmn n a}n mg rgxywamdx rxniwxa a}dkodx a |nk}amg# nw n ygk}djgk}n mndk}gxcniw}nxgy# a}xa|äy mg axowjgk}ny rcawyê|gdy nw |gxnyyêjgdy# g gy}g }àj iaxá}dmgncùodin# }gjrnxac g ywh`g}d|n+ A cdkowaogj ä inky}d}w}d|a mg iaxai}gxêy}diay qwg rxùrxday rnyydhdcdmamgy mg ydokdldiaïén+ G n jnmn injn yén jnk}amay ay raca|xaymgk}xn mg wj }gv}n rnmgj lapgx inj qwg wj }gv}n ygà nw kén rgxywayd|n# jayrxdkidracjgk}g jncmamny rgca axowjgk}a}d|dmamg g rgcn a}n gkwkidamnx+ Ä kgy}g ygk}dqwg rnmg yg mdpgx qwg a cdkowaogj ä inky}d}w}d|a mg yway rxùrxday rnyydhdcdmamgydokdldiaïén+ Mgk}xn mdyyn# a cdkowaogj yg ywhmd|dmg gj }xày a}ny5 lacax# mdpgx g jny

Mg ainxmn inj Enif &144<$ n lacax haygda*yg ka rxnmwïén mg lxaygy# qwg yénmginxxgk}gy ma |axdama iaraidmamg mn lacak}g mg rxnmwpdx mg}gxjdkamny ynky mg aiinj mg}gxjdkamay xgoxay oxaja}diady+ N mdpgx gy}á xgcaidnkamn â iaraidmamg mg yrxnmwpdx gkwkidamny# nkmg ä kgigyyáxdn gy}ahgcgigx wja ygqóàkida mg ynky a wj gy}amg indyay+ N gkwkidamn kgy}g iayn ä wja gk}dmamg ygjèk}dia+ @á n jny}xax gy}á cdoamgkwkidaïén# gy}g }gj rnx lwkïén }gx wj ygk}dmn# g qwg dkinxrnxg n rxnigyyn mg

ydokdldiaïén g jny}xg a mdxgïén raxa n qwac yg arnk}a n ygw lw}wxn mdyiwxyd|n+



1?

Qwakmn gy}ay lxaygy yg a}wacdpaj gj gkwkidamny }gjny n qwg ifajajny mg }gv}n# jayyù inj gyya ydokdldiaïén qwg yù ä rnyyê|gc a}xa|äy mgyyay xgoxay gy}xw}wxady ä qwrnmgjny mdxgidnkax gy}gy ygk}dmny qwg }gkmgj a }gxjdkax gj lnxja mg }gv}n+ ]gkmn gj|dy}a gy}ay dklnxjaï÷gy rnmg ygx nhygx|amn qwg iama gkwkidaïén rnmg }gx wja |axdamaoaja mg ydokdldiaï÷gy# faà |dy}a qwg a dk}gkïén mg qwgj laca# an rxnmwpdx wjgkwkidamn kén }gj kgigyyaxdajgk}g wja ðkdia dk}gxrxg}aïén |gxmamgdxa+ Mgyya jakgdxa#Enif &144<$ aldxja qwg ayydj n ygk}dmn mg wj gkwkidamn# yg inky}xùd a}xa|äy mayxgcaï÷gy dk}gxrgyynady qwg yg gy}ahgcgig kn jnjgk}n mn a}n gkwkidamnx# ä kgyyagy}xw}wxa qwg yg má ay dk}gkï÷gy rgxywayd|ay+

Kén hay}a inkfgigx n ydokdldiamn cd}gxac may raca|xay nw ygk}gkïay mg wja cêkowa0 ärxgidyn yahgx xginkfgigx }nmny ny ygwy gjrxgony rnyyê|gdy# qwg rnmgj |axdax mgainxmn inj ay dk}gkï÷gy mn lacak}g g ay idxiwky}èkiday mg ywa rxnmwïén+++ Ä rxgidynkn}ax# rnxäj# qwg argkay n gkwkidamn mg wja lxayg ä qwg rnmg ygx inkydmgxamn|gxmamgdxn nw lacyn+ &ENIF# 144<# r+865 84$

Ink}wmn ay jakgdxay inj qwg yén arxgygk}amny ny }gjrny |gxhady mdlgxgkidaj knmdyiwxyn+ Akacdyakmn }gv}ny mg |áxday lnxjay injwkdia}d|ay ygraxajny gy}gy gj mndyoxwrny0 n jwkmn injgk}amn g n jwkmn kaxxamn+ Ä oxaïay any }gjrny |gxhady qwggjrxgoajny qwg n lacak}g arxgygk}a n jwkmn# gy}g jwkmn gk}gkmdmn injn rnyyê|gcink}gðmn mg wja injwkdiaïén cdkoóêy}dia# raxa n nw|dk}g gk}gkmgx# nw injn wj jwkmninjgk}amn nw injn wj jwkmn kaxxamn+

N jwkmn kaxxamn rgx}gkig a }nmny ny }drny mg xgca}n# ygàj gy}gy cd}gxáxdny nw kén# }xa}akmn mg gcgjgk}ny rnyyd|gcjgk}g mdy}ak}gy# an rayyaxgj rgcn xgca}n gy}gy rgxmgjwd}n a ywa lnxïa+ @á ka qwgy}én mn jwkmn injgk}amn# }xa}a*yg mn cêxdin# n mxaja#

gkyadn# n injgk}áxdn# n mdacnon+ ]nmay ay |day injwkdia}d|ay qwg kén }gkfaj cdoaïéninj xgca}n# g qwg a rxdkidrac iaxai}gxêy}dia ygà a a}d}wmg }gkya# rnxqwg kgy}ay n lacagy}á gj gy}amn mg }gkyén mxajá}dia inj n mdyiwxyn# rndy alg}aj mdxg}ajgk}g n lacak}g+

Gj wj gvgjrcn mdyyn# n ink}gv}n jady ajrcn# aqwgcg qwg dmgk}dldia n xgywjn injnrax}g mg wja yd}waïén injgk}amnxa# lap inj qwg ny gkwkidamny }gkfaj }ajhäj lnxjayxgywjdmay mg mdxgidnkax a ywa jgkyaogj nw n ygw ink}gðmn rgxywayd|n+ Ä rnx gy}jn}d|n qwg ay jakifg}gy mg `nxkady nw a}ä jgyjn ay ja}äxday qwg |gdiwcaj gj

lncfg}dky mdáxdny arxgygk}aj ogxacjgk}g n la}n inj ny |gxhny kn rxgygk}g+ Ä `wy}ajgk}g



16

a rax}dx mgcgy qwg yg laxá n injgk}áxdn# nw yg`a# ä a}xa|äy mgyya gy}xw}wxa qwg yg ynca}gkïén mn cgd}nx# aldxja a aw}nxa+

Enif &144<$ inkicwd ygw rgkyajgk}n aldxjakmn qwg mgk}xn mdyyn a axowjgk}aïén oakfa

gyraïn# rndy gca niwra wj gyraïn oxakmg kn ink}gðmn cdkoóêy}din mny fnjgky# jady mnqwg dyyn# rnmg yg mdpgx qwg gca gy}á ka rxùrxda cêkowa+ N mdyiwxyn ä nxdgk}amaxowjgk}a}d|dmamg g rgcn a}n gkwkidamnx# gyya nxdgk}aïén hwyia mg}gxjdkax ngkiamgajgk}ny rnyyê|gdy inj nw}xny gkwkidamny# g a rax}dx mgcg max wja ygqwàkida gjwja dk}gkïén icaxa mg nxdgk}ax n dk}gxcniw}nx a }gx mg}gxjdkamny }drny mg inkicwyén+qwg dyyn yg`a rnyyê|gc ä kgigyyáxdn qwg a nxdgk}aïén mdyiwxyd|a jny}xg an lacak}g injnarxgygk}ax n gkwkidamn+ Ny }gv}ny qwg }gj a jadnx nh`g}d|dmamg nw jadnx oxaw m

aigd}aïén yén aqwgcgy qwg yén rgxjgamny rnx injraxaï÷gy+ Gy}g }drn mg }gv}n ä jnk}amnhaydiajgk}g ynhxg injraxaï÷gy+

Mg ainxmn inj Id}gccd &8221$ n rxdjgdxn iajdkfn raxa injrxggkmgx gyya qwgy}én mnmdyiwxyn ä xg}njax a }xamdïén xg}ùxdia+ Lacax gj rgxywayén djrcdia# gj xg}njax igx}a}xamdïén mn mdyiwxyn icáyydin g mg hwyiax ny |áxdny gy}wmny ynhxg a cdkowaogj+ Dylap kgigyyáxdn mg|dmn â rxgniwraïén# qwg injgïnw inj ny oxgony# inj n mnjêkdn magvrxgyyén |gxhac+ Ny oxgony w}dcdpa|aj# g jwd}n# mn mdyiwxyn |gxhac raxa gvrcdid}ax w

inkigd}n mg mgjnixaida# raxa qwg rwmgyygj gvrnx yway dmäday g mnjdkax ay lnxjay mgaxowjgk}aïén+

A rxgniwraïén inj n mdyiwxyn lnd cg|amn ây gyincay aigxia ma rxgniwraïén qwg nyoxgony }dkfaj inj n mnjêkdn mn mdyiwxyn# g kgcay ny acwkny rayyaxaj a arxgkmgx nink}xncg ma raca|xa# a gcnqóàkida# a oxajá}dia g rxdkidracjgk}g a xg}ùxdia+ N nh`g}d|nldkac gxa wkdx a ax}g g n gyrêxd}n# g lapgx n mdyiwxyn mg lnxja ink|dkigk}g g gcgoak}gxg}ùxdia }gxda gk}én n rargc mg jargax gyyg mdyiwxyn inkicwd n aw}nx+ A xg}ùxdia rayygk}én a }gx rargc lwkmajgk}ac# rnxqwg gca ygxda xgyrnkyá|gc rnx gy}wmax a cdkowaogj kéinjn cêkowa g ydj injn mdyiwxyn# inj a lwkïén mg inky}d}wdx raca|xay qwg hwyiayygjink|gkigx n xgigr}nx ynhxg wja mama |gxmamg+ Rnxäj# inj n rayyax mny akny a xg}ùxdialnd yg }xakylnxjakmn gj wja lnxja mg gjhgcgpax n mdyiwxyn# oakfakmn wj }nj mg igx}alnxja rg`nxa}d|n+

Acowky aw}nxgy rayyaxaj akny gy}wmakmn a xg}ùxdia g gyixg|gkmn ynhxg gca g ay lnxja

mg jgcfnxax n mdyiwxyn+ Rgkyamnxgy injn Yùixa}gy g Rca}én# ldpgxaj gy}wmny ynhxg gjay lnd inj Axdy}ù}gcgy qwg n mdyiwxyn lnd jgcfnx arxnlwkmamn g mdyygiamn# a}xa|äy m



14

Ax}g xg}ùxdia+ N }xahacfn rnmg ygx inkydmgxamn injn wj xgywjn mny gy}wmny qwg lnxajaiwjwcamny ynhxg a xg}ùxdia# g injn wj owda raxa yg lapgx wj }gv}n rgxywayd|n+

Raxa Id}gccd &8221$# xg}njax Axdy}ù}gcgy ä a jgcfnx jakgdxa mg injrxggkmgx a cdkowaog

mg fn`g# injn ny gcgjgk}ny ma oxajá}dia# a cùodia g a ldcnynlda ma gy}dcêy}dia+

Axdy}ù}gcgy 1 &gyixd}n rnx |nc}a mg 996 a+I# id}amn rnx ID]GCCD# 8221$# kén hwyiinklwkmdx xg}ùxdia g rgxywayén injn lapdaj jwd}ny mg ygwy ink}gjrnxèkgny+ Raxa nldcùynln oxgon# a xg}ùxdia }gj acon mg idàkida# g a hwyia gxa jny}xax qwady jgiakdyjnyrnmgxdaj ygx w}dcdpamny raxa qwg acon rwmgyyg oakfax a mdjgkyén mg |gxmamg# g gkmdjgkydnkax a xg}ùxdia injn a laiwcmamg mg |gx }gnxdiajgk}g# gj iama iayn# yg gca ogxaa rgxywayén+

Gk}gkmdmn dyyn# a xg}ùxdia jny}xa qwg rnmg xg|gcax a rgxywayén g qwg a xg}ùxdiakacê}dia g qwg gy}a cg|a a mgyinhxdx n qwg ä rxùrxdn raxa rgxywamdx+ Aigxia mdyyn kgk}xa kn jäxd}n maqwdcn qwg gy}á ygkmn md}n# jay# ydj# kn injn aqwdcn gy}á ygkmn mkn jnmn gldidgk}g mg mdpà*cn+

N aw}nx mdyiw}g qwg# nhygx|akmn injn arxgkmgjny a gyixg|gx# g n `gd}n qwg jwd}nycd|xny mdmá}diny gkydkaj ay ixdakïay# rnmg*yg rgxighgx qwg ay jakgdxay w}dcdpamay kg

}gv}ny ygowgj mg rgx}n n jnmgcn ywogxdmn rnx Axdy}ù}gcgy+ Raxa nhygx|ax a djrnx}èkima xg}ùxdia hay}a akacdyax ny jgiakdyjny qwg ldvaj a gy}xw}wxa mn }gv}n gj qwa}xndky}èkiday ygqógkidady g dk}goxamay0 n gvùxmdn# a kaxxaïén# ay rxn|ay g a rgxnxaïén+

N gvùxmdn }xa}a*yg mn injgïn mn mdyiwxyn+ Rnmg ygx a dkmdiaïén mn }gja# wj inkygcfnw gcnodn nw a}ä jgyjn wja igkywxa+ A kaxxaïén ä n ayywk}n# mdpgx injn yg mgw n }gjag w}dcdpax ny jgdny qwg dcwy}xaj mg igx}a lnxja n la}n aink}gigw+ Ay rxn|ay ygx|gj raxainjrxn|ax aqwdcn qwg gy}á ygkmn md}n+ G a rgxnxaïén# qwg ä a inkicwyén# md|dmdw*yg qwa}xn rax}gy0 a rxdjgdxa inkydy}g gj mdyrnx n xgigr}nx jac raxa inj n am|gxyáxdn5 aygowkma }gj a lwkïén mg ajrcdldiax nw a}gkwax n qwg yg mdyyg5 a }gxigdxa gvid}ax radv÷gy kn nw|dk}g5 g a qwax}a dkmwpdx a wja xgiard}wcaïén+

N aw}nx aldxja qwg raxa wja inkicwyén mgy}g ayywk}n iahg mdpgx qwg Axdy}ù}gcgy kén n dk|gk}nx ma xg}ùxdia+ Gcg akacdynw ny mdyiwxyny rxgygk}gy gj ygw }gjrn# dmgk}dldgvdy}àkida mg gcgjgk}ny gy}xw}wxady# a rax}dx mgyyg rnk}n dkmdinw a lwkïén g n gyra

ygxgj niwramny rgcny gy}wmny xg}ùxdiny+



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Id}gccd &8221$ inkicwd# ayydj# qwg a xgcaïén ma rgxywayén g ma xg}ùxdia kén ä yahgxnkmg n a}n mg yg ink|gkigx yg jny}xa injn wja |gxmamg+ Rgxywamdx ä ydkýkdjn mgywhjg}gx*yg# a rax}dx mgy}g rnk}n yg |à a ywa |gx}gk}g aw}nxd}áxda+ Qwgj rgxywamg cnw}xa rgyyna a aigd}ax wja mg}gxjdkama dmäda mg nw}xgj+

‗Ä rnyyê|gc qwg n rgxywaynx kén gy}gà }xahacfakmn inj wja |gxmamg# jay }én ynjgk}ginj acon qwg yg arxnvdjg mg wja igx}a |gxnyydjdcfakïa nw ydjrcgyjgk}g a gy}gàjakwygakmn &ID]GCCD#82210 r+19$+“

Nw adkma |gxnyyêjdc ä aqwdcn qwg yg inky}d}wd mg |gxmamg a rax}dx mg ywa rxùrxda cMaê ywxog â kgigyydmamg mg yg inky}xwdx n glgd}n mg |gxmamg+ Inj n rayyax mny aknxg}ùxdia rayynw rnx wja xgkn|aïén nkmg ldinw g|dmgkidakmn ywa cdoaïén inj a rnä}dia+Gy}g kn|n rargc gy}á |dkiwcamn a mndy rùcny0 n gy}wmn may ldowxay mg cdkowaogj g n m}äikdiay mg axowjgk}aïén+

Raxa yg |gxdldiax a inky}xwïén mn mdyiwxyn rgxywayd|n# n aw}nx xgyyac}a qwg ä djrnx}ainkfgigx a nxoakdpaïén g a ka}wxgpa gj qwg gy}én ny ydokny cdkoóêy}diny+ Rnxqwg ä árax}dx mny ydokny qwg yg rxnmwpgj ay lxaygy# n rgxênmn# n }gv}n+ G a hayg mg xaidnqwg ygxá amn}ama raxa wj jgcfnx gk}gkmdjgk}n mn ayywk}n ä a mwrca laig mama an ydoknydokdldiak}g g ydokdldiamn+ N ydokdldiak}g ä n ink`wk}n mg ynky# qwg arxgygk}a n ydawmê|gc nw cgoê|gc+ @á n ydokdldiamn ä a rax}g dja}gxdac# inkigd}wac g qwg jny}xxgrxgygk}aïén jgk}ac qwg ä g|niama rgcn ydokdldiak}g+ Mdak}g mdyyn# n ydokn ä ygjrxgaxhd}xáxdn# nw ygà# kén gvdy}g xgcaïén mdxg}a gk}xg ydokdldiak}g g ydokdldiamn+ Nxgrxgygk}a}d|n# ydjhùcdin# nkmg ay raca|xay kén yén ay indyay qwg mgydokaj+

Gj yêk}gyg# ä djrgkyá|gc alay}axjny mn gy}wmn may dmgncnoday n gy}wmn mny ydoknyqwg n ydokn yg rxncnkoa ka qwgy}én may dmgncnoday+ Gvdy}g gk}xg ajhay wja xgcaïé

mgrgkmàkida qwg cg|a a ixgx qwg yù ä rnyyê|gc n gy}wmn mny |acnxgy g dmäday ink}dmny mdyiwxyny a}gk}akmn raxa a ka}wxgpa mny ydokny qwg ny inky}xngj+

Ink}wmn# n ydokn a`wma a gk}gkmgx wja yäxdg mg gvgjrcny# nkmg |áxdny dky}xwjgk}ygx|gj raxa inkldxjax a ywa rxgygkïa# injn n jax}gcn g a lndig ka hakmgdxa ma ak}doaWkdén Yn|dä}dia# qwg |dy}n ka |dyén mn ydokn xgrxgygk}aj a wkdén gk}xg ny iajrnkgygy gny nrgxáxdny# g jwd}ny nw}xny injn# a hacakïa raxa a `wy}dïa# n rén g n |dkfn raxa nyixdy}ény# a jaïé raxa n rgiamn g a rnjha raxa a rap# mgk}xg nw}xny+



81

Gj ywja a inkicwyén mn ydokn iahg a nhygx|aïén mn jnjgk}n gj qwg gcg kayig g ygmgygk|nc|g gj ink}a}n inj ay nxoakdpaï÷gy ynidady+ Gcg yù rnmg ygx rgkyamnynidacjgk}g# ink}gv}wacjgk}g+ Yg rnx gvgjrcn ay raca|xay kayigj kgw}xay# qwakmn gy}ayyén ink}gv}wacdpamay# rayyaj a amqwdxdx |acnxgy# inkigd}ny# rxä*inkigd}ny+ Ay raca|xyén ahynx|dmay# }xakylnxjamay g xgrxnmwpdmay# ixdakmn ayydj wj idxiwd}n mg lnxjaïénxglnxjwcaïén mg knyyay inkyidàkiday+ ‗Gj yêk}gyg n ydokn lnxja a inkyidàkida qwg rnx ygw }wxkn yg gvrxgyya dmgncnodiajgk}g+“ &ID]GCCD# 82210 r+84$+

]njakmn rnx hayg n qwg lnd md}n ynhxg a xg}ùxdia g ynhxg n gk}gkmdjgk}n mn ydokn# admäda qwg yg }gj a}ä aqwd ynhxg n mdyiwxyn rgxywayd|n0 gcg yg mn}a mg ydokny qwjaxiamny rgca ywrgxrnydïén# gy}gy ydokny lwkidnkaj injn gvrxgyy÷gy mg wja |gxmamg#

qwgxgj lapgx*yg rayyax rnx ydkýkdjny mg }nma a |gxmamg+ ‗Gk}én n mdyiwxyn rgxywayd|nyg mn}a mg xgiwxyny xg}ùxdiny nh`g}d|akmn n ldj ðc}djn mg ink|gkigx nw ac}gxax a}d}wminjrnx}ajgk}ny ̀ á gy}ahgcgidmny“+ &ID]GCCD# 82210 r+98$+

N gk}gkmdjgk}n mn mdyiwxyn rgxywayd|n ywhmd|dmdw*yg gj }xày0 n cðmdin# rncàjdin aw}nxd}áxdn+ N mdyiwxyn cðmdin ygxda a lnxja jady ahgx}a g mgjnixá}dia mg mdyiwxyn+gvdy}g wj oxaw jgknx mg rgxywayén# }gkmgkmn an mgyaraxgidjgk}n mn djrgxa}d|n g ma|gxmamg ðkdia g aiahama+ Gvgjrcn mdyyn a jðydia g a cd}gxa}wxa+ N mdyiwxyn rncàjdin

ixda wj igk}xajgk}n ka xgcaïén gk}xg dk}gxcniw}nxgy# awjgk}akmn ayydj n oxaw mgrgxywayén+ Aqwd gy}gy yén mdxdodmny injn kwj mgha}g# }gkmàkida mg wja |np mgxxn}anw}xa+ Gvgjrcn mdyyn wja mdyiwyyén gk}xg ajdony# wja mglgya mg }gyg# g}i+ N mdyiwaw}nxd}áxdn gyya ä a lnxja mdyiwxyd|a rnx gvigcàkida rgxywayd|a# ä kgcg qwg yg dky}ac}nmay ay inkmdï÷gy raxa n gvgxiêidn mg mnjdkaïén ma raca|xa+ Ä wj mdyiwxyn gvicwyd|nqwg kén rgxjd}g jgmdaï÷gy nw rnkmgxaï÷gy+

‗A ynidgmamg jnmgxka gy}á lnx}gjgk}g djrxgokama mgy}a jaxia aw}nxd}áxda mn mdyiwxA rgxywayén oakfnw a lnxïa mg jd}n+ Aldkac# a rxnraoakma ä nw kén ä a acja mnkgoùidn>“+ &ID]GCCD# 82210 r+=2$



88

\NDCQWDK# @gak , IARGCCG# @gak &Gmy+$+ Axdy}ù}gcgy+ Ax}g xg}ùxdia g ax}g rnä}dia+ Xdn mg @akgdxn# Nw8+ 9Dm# DHDM+# r+ 9=

Inj gy}ay mgldkdï÷gy ifgoa*yg â acowjay inkicwy÷gy# a rxdjgdxa mgcay ä qwg0 argxywayén kén ä ydkýkdjn djgmda}n mg ingxïén nw jgk}dxa+ Ygowkmn raxa gvdy}dxrgxywayén ä kgigyyáxdn qwg igx}ay inkmdï÷gy yg laïaj rxgygk}gy# a rxdkidrac ä a mgidxiwcaïén mg dmäday+ ]gxigdxn ä qwg ä rnyyê|gc mg yg djaodkax gj igx}ay áxgay mninkfgidjgk}n wja djrgxaïén mn mdyiwxyn jgkny rgxywayd|n# a}ä jgyjn cðmdin gahgx}n+ G qwax}n a ax}g jnmgxka# nw mg |akowaxma# qwg rnyywd g jwd}n mgy}a ka}wak}drgxywayd|a+ Cnon raxa gk}gkmgx a dklnxjaïén inj rgxywayén ä kgigyyáxdninjrxggkmgx a xg}ùxdia a cùodia mny ydokny# g ay kn}nxdgmamgy mn mdyiwxyn+

Mgyyg jnmn# aixgmd}ajny qwg# rnx jgdn ma akácdyg mny gmd}nxdady mny `nxkady Gy}amn mg

Jdkay g Lncfa mg Y+ Rawcn# gvrny}ny kay rwhcdiaï÷gy xgincfdmay# }nxka*yg rnyyê|gcgk}gkmgx injn yg arxgygk}a n ink}gðmn rxgygk}g kny mndy |gêiwcny mg injwkdiaïén+]nmny ny ayywk}ny ahnxmamny kny gmd}nxdady gy}én gvrny}ny# á rax}dx# mn `nxkanrdka}d|n# g gyyg ä n rnk}n mg rax}dma raxa injrxggkmgx injn yg gy}xw}wxa gyygink}gðmn+

Rayyaxgjny aonxa a }xa}ax# gyrgidldiajgk}g# mn `nxkacdyjn nrdka}d|n# g mny gmd}nxdarxgygk}gy kny `nxkady gj qwgy}én# raxa# gj ygowdma# rxnigmgx â akácdyg g gy}xw}wxmdyiwxyn rxgygk}gy kn ax}don mg lwkmn mn Gy}amn mg Jdkay g Lncfa mg Yén Rawcn+



89

9 N @NXKACDYJN NRDKA]D\N0 NY GMD]NXDADY

9+1 N `nxkacdyjn nrdka}d|n g a qwgy}én mny oàkgxny

N gmd}nxdac rxgygk}g gj qwayg }nmny ny }drny mg `nxkady djrxgyyny arxgygk}iaxai}gxêy}diay qwg incniaj gy}g mgk}xn mny ifajamny oàkgxny nrdka}d|ny mn `nxkacdyjn+A rxdkidrac lgxxajgk}a ä a nrdkdén# qwg ä xgca}ama a}xa|äy mg wj }gja gyrgidldin0rncê}dia# ginknjda# iwc}wxa# gyrnx}gy# gk}xg nw}xay+ Mgk}xn mny ixd}äxdny mg ygcgjrxgyay `nxkacêy}diay hwyiaj jgdny mg jakdlgy}ax a ywa nrdkdén# gy}ay gkink}xaj*yg nyifajamny oàkgxny nrdka}d|ny injrny}ny rgca0 iax}a# gmd}nxdac# injgk}áxdn# ixê}dia#

ixýkdia# incwka g iaxdia}wxa+

Jgcn &8229$ aldxja qwg a ygcgïén ma dklnxjaïén a ygx md|wcoama a}xa|äy mny |gêiwcny `nxkacêy}diny ä n rxdkidrac dky}xwjgk}n qwg a dky}d}wdïén &gjrxgya$ rnyywd raxa gvrxga ywa nrdkdén+ A rax}dx mgyya ygcgïén# ä qwg yg mgldkg a cdkfa gmd}nxdac rnydidnkajgk}n mny |gêiwcny mg injwkdiaïén+ Kn `nxkacdyjn# a qwgy}én ma nrdkdén qwgä incniama kny }gv}ny }ajhäj ogxa mdyiwyyén gk}xg ny aw}nxgy+ A rax}dx mdyyn nw

qwgy}én ä arxgygk}ama0 a iaraidmamg mg rgxywamdx qwg ny |gêiwcny mg dklnxjaïén }àynhxg n rðhcdin

Raxa _ncl &1444$# a dkmðy}xda iwc}wxac# knjg injn n aw}nx arxgygk}a a rxnmwïén `nxkacêy}dia# }gj wja gy}xa}äoda raxa }gx n mnjêkdn ma nrdkdén g rgxywamdx n xgigr}nx+kn}êida ä ygcgidnkama# rayya rnx wja iakacdpaïén# ä gyincfdma a jakgdxa mg ygx ahnxmamag inkygqwgk}gjgk}g injn ygxá arxgygk}ama an cgd}nx+ Gy}a lwkïén }ajhäj }gj nnh`g}d|n mg mdxgidnkax n rgkyajgk}n mn cgd}nx raxa a jgyja nrdkdén mnjayy jgmda qwgkén }gj argkay a lwkïén mg mgyixg|gx ay jgkyaogky# injn }ajhäj mg gvrakmdx nrgkyajgk}n qwg ä arxgygk}amn kn ink}gðmn gvrny}n an xgigr}nx+

N rgxiwxyn ygowdmn rgca rgyqwdya ynhxg nyjayy jgmda yg inkigk}xa mg dkêidn ka qwgy}énmny rxnhcgjay ma jakdrwcaïén may dklnxjaï÷gy raxa mgrndy rayyax any ma rgxywayén#ygowdmn ma dklcwàkida g rnx ldj ifgoax ây lwkï÷gy# _ncl &1444$+ N aw}nx aldxja adkmaqwg ny jgdny mg injwkdiaïén hwyiaj jakgdxay mg rgxywamdx n rðhcdin ma jgkyaogj g

cg|á*cny an jgyjn rgkyajgk}n+ Gyya rgxywayén dkmdiama rgcn aw}nx }gkmg a arxgygk}axraxa n rðhcdin# qwg jwd}n jady mn qwg wj jgdn mg dklnxjaïén n `nxkac nw qwacqwgx



8=

nw}xn |gêiwcn mg injwkdiaïén# }gkmg raxa ink}gðmny qwg rnmgj dkmwpdx n rðhcdin anjgyjn rnydidnkajgk}n ma gjrxgya `nxkacêy}dia+

_ncl &1444$ arxgygk}a a rnyydhdcdmamg ma rgxywayén a}xa|äy ma gjdyyén ma jgkyaogj

qwg rnmg ninxxgx mgymg qwg yg`aj gy}xw}wxamay mg wja lnxja amgqwama âyiaxai}gxêy}diay rydincùodiay mny mgy}dka}áxdny+

‗Rgxywamdx ny mgy}dka}áxdny ä wj nh`g}d|n rnyyê|gc# yg a lnxja g a nxoakdpaïén mjgkyaogj lnxgj amgqwamay any lai}nxgy rgyynady qwg n mgy}dka}áxdn ai}d|a qwakmndk}gxrxg}a a rxùrxda jgkyaogj+“ &_NCL# 14440 r+9=$

@á ka inkigrïén mg Id}gccd &8221$# n la}nx mg nrdkdén dkmdia mdxg}ajgk}g wja jakgdxa m

rgxywayén+ Injn dklnxjax ygj rgxywamdx> Raxa gk}gkmgx dyyn# ä kgigyyáxdn mgyinhxdx iajdkfny qwg igxiaj ny cdjd}gy ma dklnxjaïén g ma rgxywayén# rnx nkmg yg ixwpaj g a}änkmg rnmgj ifgoax# g jady mn qwg dyyn# raxa nkmg gcg qwgx kny cg|ax+

A rax}dx mgyyay nrdkd÷gy incniamay gj qwgy}én |gxdldia*yg qwg n `nxkacdyjn nrdka}d|ngy}á gk|nc|dmn rnx nw}xay iaxai}gxêy}diay+ Jay a rxdkidrac g|dmàkida ma nrdkdén# mainxmn inj ny aw}nxgy# gy}á kn gmd}nxdac# rgcn la}n# mg xgjg}gx â nrdkdén ma gjrxgyMn}amn mg iaxai}gxêy}diay ðkdiay n ax}don mg lwkmn arxgygk}a*yg# injn wj ink}gðm

nrdka}d|n ynhxg mg}gxjdkamn }gja# ogxacjgk}g cdoamny a rncê}dia g ginknjda# jayrnmgkmn yg gy}gkmgx ay mgjady áxgay ma rxnmwïén `nxkacêy}dia+

Raxa Jgcn &8229$# ny ixd}äxdny w}dcdpamny rgcay gjrxgyay `nxkacêy}diay ä a jgcfnx jakgdmg injrxggkmgx qwg gy}á cdkowaogj gy}á mdxg}ajgk}g cdoama a wja dmgncnoda g aqwgy}÷gy rncê}diay+ A rax}dx mgyyg rnk}n ä qwg yg mgldkg a cdkfa gmd}nxdac# qwg ä a rma gjrxgya gj xgcaïén any aink}gidjgk}ny# aldxjamny rnx _ncl &1444$ `wk}ajgk}g injny ixd}äxdny mg ygcgïén ma kn}êida+

N rxdkidrac dky}xwjgk}n kay jény mny rxnrxdg}áxdny may gjrxgyay ä a rxùrxda gy}xw}wxma xgmaïén# ay mgidy÷gy }njamay ygowgj injn wja rdxèjdmg+ Ay nxmgky ywxogj mgidja raxa hadvn# gk}gkmg*yg dyyn# rgca ifglda mg xgrnx}aogj# rgcn gmd}nx ifglg# g nrxùrxdn `nxkacdy}a+ Wja xgcaïén mg nxmgj g nhgmdàkida# n qwg ä incniamn gj qwgy}énynhxg n qwg mg|gxá ygx lgd}n ynhxg iama kn}êida &JGCN# 8229$+

Ay gjrxgyay `nxkacêy}dia gk}gkmgkmn }gx wj lnx}g rnmgx mg rgxywayén a}xa|äy ma cdk

gmd}nxdac hwyiaj g mgmdiaj# wja a}gkïén gyrgidac a gy}a rax}g mny `nxkady# raxa qw



87

}xaoa wja dk}goxaïén gk}xg ay rncê}diay ma gjrxgya g ny dk}gxgyygy inxrnxa}d|ny qwgmglgkmgj+

Ink}wmn# Jgcn &8229$ gklnia qwg a qwgy}én ma nrdkdén kn `nxkacdyjn ink}gjrnxèkgn

kén ä wj lgkýjgkn jnkncê}din+ Rnx jady qwg a gjrxgya `nxkacêy}dia }gkfa wjanxdgk}aïén `á mgldkdma# kgyyg iayn laca*yg mg rnydïén dmgncùodia# jä}nmn ka qwac rxg}gkmg qwg a gjrxgya ygà nxoakdpama+ Mg ainxmn inj n aw}nx# a}wacjgk}g# ä jwd}nmdlêidc gy}ahgcgigx wj ink}xncg }n}ac ynhxg aqwdcn qwg yg rwhcdia mg|dmn an la}n mg qwgqwdrgy mg `nxkacdyjn yén iama |gp jady kwjgxnyay+ Dyyn ogxa wja djrnyydhdcdmamg myg }gx wj ink}xncg maqwdcn qwg ygxá md|wcoamn+

Jgcn &8229$ aldxja qwg n gmd}nxdac ä iaxai}gxdpamn rnx wj gyraïn mg ink}xamdï÷gy+ Ygmdyiwxyn gyinkmg md|gxyay cdkfay mg dk}gxgyyg# ygàj gcay ma gjrxgya# nw mg dk|gy}dg akwkidak}gy+ Rnx dyyn# hwyia*yg wj gqwdcêhxdn ygjèk}din a ldj mg a nrdkdén ink}dma gmd}nxdac rnyya a}dkodx wj dkmdiamnx mg nxdgk}ax a nrdkdén rðhcdia# ayydj n gmd}nmdxdodmn â incg}d|dmamg+ Gk}gkmg*yg gy}a incg}d|dmamg rgcay gjrxgyay qwg a}waynidgmamgy qwg rnyywaj nrdkdén rðhcdia aw}ýknja# nw ygà# qwg }gkfaj wja ynidgmamgid|dc lnx}g g nxoakdpama# ink}xarnkmn*yg an rnmgx mn Gy}amn+ Ink}wmn# n rgkyajgkqwg yg }gj# ä mg qwg ny gmd}nxdady xgjg}gj a rxniwxa mn mdpgx any mdxdogk}gy mn G

aqwdcn qwg a rxùrxda gjrxgya ony}axda mg nxdgk}ax# kgy}g iayn ynhxg ny ayywk}ny dk}gxgyyg rðhcdin+

9+8 N gmd}nxdac

Raxa Lxaygx Hnkm &14<8$# n gmd}nxdac ä a ráodka mgmdiama â nrdkdén ma gjrxgya+ Raw}nx argyax mg ny `nxkady mgmdiaxgj argkay 8' mg ygw gyraïn raxa ay yway rxùrxdaynrdkd÷gy g ywa rxùrxda mglgya# inkydmgxaj gy}g ja}gxdac jwd}n jady djrnx}ak}g mn qwg ngyraïn igmdmn raxgigxda dkmdiax+ Kgy}g ygk}dmn# nhygx|a*yg gyrgidac iwdmamn gvrxgyyén may nrdkd÷gy mn `nxkac }ak}n kn qwg yg xglgxg â xgmaïén injn an ygw ink}gðmn

Gj }nmay ay ráodkay# gvig}n wja# n `nxkac xgca}a g xgody}xa ay aï÷gy# ay dmäday g

nrdkd÷gy mn jwkmn gj ogxac+ Xgygx|a ynjgk}g wja ráodka g# ây |gpgy# yù wjaincwka raxa md|wcoax yway rxùrxday dmäday# ygwy rxùrxdny rgkyajgk}ny# yway rxùrxdaynrdkd÷gy+ Gy}a ráodka gyrgidac# a ráodka gmd}nxdac# inkydy}g ogxacjgk}g kay nrdkd÷gy



8<

mn `nxkac# gvrxgyyay gj ygwy gmd}nxdady g gj iaxdia}wxay g }ajhäj kay nrdkd÷gy mnynw}xny+ Gy}ay nrdkd÷gy mg lnxa rnmgj ygx a nrdkdén mny cgd}nxgy+ &HNKM# 14<8r+88?$

Ygowkmn n aw}nx# lxgqwgk}gjgk}g# n gmd}nxdac ä a ðkdia ja}äxda xgacjgk}g ixdama rxgma}nx kn `nxkac dk}gdxn+ N gmd}nxdacdy}a xgiwya n ygkyaidnkacdyjn may jakifg}gyrnmgx ma a}xaïén mn ixdjg g mny inklcd}ny hxw}ady# qwg ay ráodkay mg kn}êiday gvdhgjrxniwxa nw}xny jgdny mg iar}ax n dk}gxgyyg mny cgd}nxgy# a}xa|äy may dmäday qwg mdmn jä}nmn mg arxgygk}á*cny+

Raxa Hnkm &14<8$# n gmd}nxdacdy}a mgmdia }gjrn g jgmd}aïén â gyincfa g an wyn mraca|xay5 rxniwxa gyixg|gx inj aw}nxdmamg# g kgy}g ygk}dmn }gkmg a kgw}xacdpax n gmay gvigyyd|ajgk}g arxgyyamay g# ây |gpgy# mgyjapgcamay xgrnx}aogky g }ê}wcny mkn}êiday5 gjhgcgpa ygw rxùrxdn gy}dcn inj amgqwamay id}aï÷gy# gv}xaêmay mg yway cgdrayyamay# g rxgniwra*yg gj max an ygw }xahacfn n hgkgldidn mg wja xg|dyén iwdmamnya grxgidya+ Gj inkygqwàkida# lxgqwgk}gjgk}g# rxnmwp wja rgïa mg rxnya jnmgxka qwg ä#an jgyjn }gjrn# gcgoak}g# ink|dkigk}g# dklnxja}d|a g gy}djwcak}g+

Rnxäj ygowkmn n xglgxdmn aw}nx# dy}n kén ydokdldia# gk}xg}ak}n# qwg wj gmd}n

gmd}nxdacdy}a mg|a inklnxjax*yg a xgoxay ldvay g xêodmay+ Jak}äj*yg cd|xg raxa dklcwgkygw cgd}nx# mg qwacqwgx jakgdxa qwg inkydmgxg arxnrxdama+ N ðkdin rnk}n qwg gmd}nxdady xgd|dkmdiaj }gx gj injwj ä qwg ogxacjgk}g araxgigj ynh n gvrgmdgk}g mn `nxkac# ka ráodka mg nrdkdén+

Jgcn &8229$ ygw rgkyajgk}n ynhxg n gmd}nxdac0 ‗N gmd}nxdac }gj wja ydkowcaxdmagy}xw}wxacjgk}g# xgrxnmwp wj jnmgcn wkd|gxyac mn mdyiwxyn axdy}n}äcdin5 lwkidnkacnxdgk}a*yg kén injn hðyynca ma nrdkdén rðhcdia# g ydj injn ink|gxyaïén &nxa ja}xgdxa#

nxa ny}gkyd|ajgk}g ajgaïamnxa$ injn ny mnkny mn rnmgx &JGCN# 82290 r+161$+“

Gyya nrdkdén arxgygk}ama rgcn aw}nx ä injrax}dcfama rnx Hgc}xén &1462$ qwg aldxja# qwgy}ay iaxai}gxêy}diay rxdkidrady xgjg}gj an gmd}nxdac+ Ygowkmn n aw}nx# a cdkfa gmdma gjrxgya ä jaxiama rnx |áxday gyrgidldidmamgy g qwg gy}ay gy}én mdxg}ajgk}g cdoamaywj rnydidnkajgk}n rncê}din g }ajhäj dmgncùodin+

A rncê}dia gmd}nxdac kén ä iaywêy}dia# rnxqwg n gmd}nx# mgcdjd}amn a jðc}drcay }axg

gjrxgyáxdn# kén rnmg ygx áxhd}xn mg }nmny ny `wêpny gjd}dmny rgcn `nxkacdy}a xgyrnkyrnx gvgjrcn# rnx wja ygyyén# incwka nw iamgxkn mn `nxkac+ Qwak}n jgkny dkogxàkida



8?

fnw|gx rnx rax}g mn gmd}nx kn }xahacfn mn `nxkacêy}din# jadnx g jgcfnx ygxá a faxjnkda ga }én acjgàma jg}a mg wj `nxkac# }gkmn ayydj ixämd}n injn ùxoén ma djrxgkya g injngjrxgya mg yncdmgp ginkýjdia+

Ä a}xa|äy mn gmd}nxdac qwg a gjrxgya `nxkacêy}dia nw oxwrn amjdkdy}xamnx mn rgxdùjakdlgy}a a ywa nrdkdén ynhxg ny la}ny qwg yg mgygkxncaj gj }nmny ny yg}nxgy mgdjrnx}èkida g dk}gxgyygy raxa a injwkdmamg# cdoamny â gvdy}àkida g mgygk|nc|djgk}n mgjrxgya+ A kn}êida kn gmd}nxdac ä gyygkidacjgk}g nh`g}d|a0 arxgygk}a n qwg yg ywigmg#gy}á yg ywigmgkmn nw adkma qwg |á ywigmgx+ N gmd}nxdac# rnxäj# arxgygk}a }ajhäj nw}mdjgky÷gy# acäj may mn }gjrn g mn gyraïn qwg cdjd}aj a kn}êida0 a mdjgkyén mgrxnlwkmdmamg+

Rnx ygx wja jakdlgy}aïén mn rnk}n mg |dy}a mn oxwrn gmd}nxdac# gyyg oàkgxn `nxkacêy}din }gj iaxai}gxêy}diay gyrgidady# qwg n mdlgxgkidaj mg nw}xay lnxjay mggvrxgyyén nrdka}d|ay# injn n ax}don nw a ixýkdia+ Kgy}ay ðc}djay# ny injgk}áxdny axgyrgd}n mg wj la}n nw ay gvrcakaï÷gy mg wja }gyg nw mg wj rnk}n mnw}xdkáxdn yg

lwkmajgk}aj gj axowjgk}ny g dmäday rgyynady5 kn gmd}nxdac# a kn}a mnjdkak}g ä adjrgxynkacdmamg+&HGC]XÉN# 14620 r+78$

Ygowkmn Hgc}xén &1462$# gyya djrgxynkacdmamg yg arxgygk}a rnx mway iaxai}gxêy}dioàkgxn0 a rxdjgdxa ä kén ygx ayydkamn5 g a ygowkma ä a mg w}dcdpax a }gxigdxa rgyynydkowcax nw a rxdjgdxa mn rcwxac# n qwg rgcn camn rydincùodin inklgxg an `nxkac jadnaw}nxdmamg ynhxg ny inkigd}ny gvrgkmdmny+

Nw}xn a}xdhw}n mn gmd}nxdac ä a ywa }nrdiacdmamg# qwg ä a ywa amgqwaïén a wj }gja ca}gk}g# nw jac lnxjwcamn# jay qwg gy}gà |d|n g rxgygk}g ka iahgïa mn rðhcdin+ Gjnw}xay raca|xay# gvrxdjg kén yù a nrdkdén ygmdjgk}ama injn# ynhxg}wmn# a nrdkdén qwgyg gy}á lnxjakmn+ N cgd}nx mny gmd}nxdady ä wj ygx rgxrcgvn qwg# mdak}g ma |gx}dojw}aïén ma laig mn jwkmn# hwyia kn `nxkac wja gvrcdiaïén# ygà gca gkidicnrämdia nwrxnlä}dia# mg }wmn qwg ygà ydokdldia}d|n g gy}gà aink}gigkmn an ygw xgmnx# nw a}ä jgmaqwdcn qwg |ad aink}gigx+

N }gxigdxn a}xdhw}n mn gmd}nxdac ä a ywa inkmgkyahdcdmamg# qwak}n jgknx nw jgklnxgj ây nrdkd÷gy gvrxdjdmay kn }gv}n jgcfnx yg }nxka n ax}don mg lwkmn+ Ädjrxgyidkmê|gc qwg gy}g gy}gà inkmgkyamn rnx wja dmäda igk}xac# wja |gp qwg# yg n

gmd}nxdac arxgygk}a |áxdny rgkyajgk}ny# qwg rnmg xgywc}ax mgk}xg nw}xay indyay# k



86

gk}gkmdjgk}n ma jgkyaogj rgcn cgd}nx g# gj inkygqwàkida# n gmdnxdacdy}a kén inkygowginkicwdx hgj+

N mgxxamgdxn a}xdhw}n mn oàkgxn# injn Hgc}xén &1462$ icayydldia# ä a rcay}didmam

iaxai}gxêy}dia }gj iaxá}gx mdkajdpamnx may gkgxoday mn rðhcdin# ygkmn rgxywayd|n rgvigcàkida+ N gmd}nxdac |dya a nxdgk}aïén mg ygw rðhcdin cgd}nx g a injwkdmamg gj ogxa

N gmd}nxdac yg gy}xw}wxa mg lnxja ydjrcgy0 rxdjgdxn }ê}wcn5 ygowkmn# dk}xnmwïén5 mdyiwyyén5 g qwax}n inkicwyén# gjhnxa# gj acowky iayny# gyyay rax}gy kén gy}g`ajmd|dmdmay gj wkdmamgy mdy}dk}ay+

Gyincfdmn n }gja# ldva*yg a }gyg a mglgkmgx+ Gy}a }gyg ä md}ama rgca cdkfa gmd}nx

`nxkac nw ma gjrxgya qwg injakma n |gêiwcn mg dklnxjaïén# g ygxá mn rcgkninkfgidjgk}n mn gmd}nxdacdy}a qwg# injn wj mny gvgiw}nxgy mg mg}gxjdkama rncê}dimg|gxá gy}ax# a rax ma yd}waïén g mn rgkyajgk}n g nh`g}d|n mn oxwrn gjrxgyaxdac#ygk}dkmn mdxg}ajgk}g a rxgyyén may mdxg}xdpgy }xaïamay mg ak}gjén rgcn gmd}nx+

A nrdkdén rxgygk}g kny }gv}ny `nxkacêy}din ä inkfgidma rgca qwgy}én mny oàkgxny qwigxiaj n `nxkacdyjn nrdka}d|n# mgk}xn mgy}gy# arxgygk}aj*yg0 iax}a# gmd}nxdainjgk}áxdn# ixê}dia# ixýkdia# incwka g iaxdia}wxa+ ]xaïax ay iaxai}gxêy}diay ma nrdkdén

injn gca yg arxgygk}a kn }gv}n ä nh`g}n mg gy}wmn mg aw}nxgy injn Jgcn &8229$# Hgc}xé&1462$# Haxhnya &14?2$+

Jay n rnk}n mg gkink}xn mny aw}nxgy yg lap a}xa|äy ma nrdkdén rxgygk}g kny gmd}nxday mgjrxgyay `nxkacêy}diay+ Ka inkigrïén mg Jgcn &8229$# a ygcgïén ma dklnxjaïén a ygxmd|wcoama a}xa|äy mny |gêiwcny `nxkacêy}diny ä n rxdkidrac dky}xwjgk}n qwg a dky}d}w&gjrxgya$ rnyywd raxa gvrxgyyax a ywa nrdkdén+ A rax}dx mgyya ygcgïén ä qwg yg mgldkcdkfa gmd}nxdac+ Raxa n aw}nx# gyya ygcgïén ä n jnmn injn a gjrxgya |à n jwkmn+ Agjrxgya rxg}gkmg rwhcdiax# gj iama gmdïén rxd|dcgodakmn gy}g nw aqwgcg ayywk}nmgy}aiakmn rgxynkaogky# niwc}akmn nw}xny# g makmn jgkny djrnx}èkida a acowky+

@á ka nrdkdén mg Hgc}xén &1462$# n rxnhcgja ma nrdkdén kn `nxkacdyjn# axgyrnkyahdcdmamg maqwdcn qwg ä arxgygk}amn an rðhcdin xgiad gj ðc}dja dky}èkida kldowxa mn gmd}nx# qwg xgrxgygk}a n oxwrn qwg a`wma a jak}gx n `nxkac+ Ä gcg qwgj dkyldkakida g amjdkdy}xa a gjrxgya# kgy}g iayn n gkiaxxgoamn mdxg}ajgk}g rnx idxiwcaïén g

|gkma mn rxnmw}n mn }xahacfn `nxkacêy}din+



84

N gmd}nx ä an jgyjn }gjrn wj aogk}g iwc}wxac g wj gjrxgyáxdn+ N oxakmg rxnhcgja madjrxgkya ä n mg gy}ahgcgigx n gqwdcêhxdn gk}xg ay mway jakgdxay qwg yg jncmaj aa}d|dmamg gmd}nxdac0 a}gkmgx a xgqwdyd}ny }äikdiny g ginkýjdiny g gvgxigx a lwkïén yùgyrdxd}wac &HGC]XÉN# 1462$+

Mg ainxmn inj Hgc}xén &1462$# }xaïax a rncê}dia gmd}nxdac ä# rnk}n háydin raxa n gmdGyya rncê}dia kén ä axhd}xáxda# argkay nhgmgig a rxdkiêrdny ä}diny g ay knxjay rxá}diay# mqwg gy}g rxnldyydnkac gy}g`a djhwêmn# kén argkay rnx ywa gvigcàkida kaqwdcn qwg lap# ja}ajhäj a ywa amgqwaïén ay dmäday g ygk}djgk}ny ma injwkdmamg# g jnmn gyrgidac# nyoxwrny qwg inkoxgoaj ny `nxkacdy}ay qwg yén ny ygwy gvgiw}nxgy+

Raxa Hgc}xén &1462$ g Jgcn &8229$ a qwgy}én ma nrdkdén gy}á mdxg}ajgk}g cdoama â ldmn gmd}nx# }ak}n ka |dyén mg wj lwkidnkáxdn# injn ka lwkïén mg wj gjrxgyáxdn+ Mgk}xnmgyya djrnx}èkida incniama rgca rax}g mg gmdïén ä qwg araxgig n rxdkidrac oàkgxn mgnrdkdén ma gjrxgya5 n gmd}nxdac+

Haxhnya &14?2$ arxgygk}a n qwg raxa gcg ä wj gmd}nxdac g qwady yén ny jä}nmny g njgdny qwg wj `nxkacdy}a rxgidya }gx raxa qwg rnyya wj mda aciakïax gyya lwkïén mgk}xnmg wj |gêiwcn mg injwkdiaïén+

Kn rayyamn# ny gmd}nxdady# ogxacjgk}g# gxaj gyixd}ny rgcn xgma}nx ifglg+ Inj n rayyamny akny ywxodw â kgigyydmamg ma gyrgidacdpaïén+ Ka a}wacdmamg# n qwg yg |à äxg|gpajgk}n gk}xg gmd}nxdacdy}ay# mg ainxmn inj a ka}wxgpa mn ayywk}n rny}n gj akácdrncê}dia# gyrnx}g# dk}gxkaidnkac# ynidncnoda# gmwiaïén# }xahacfn# gk}xg nw}xay+

Gmd}nxdac ä n ax}don ’ }ajhäj ifajamn ax}don*mg*lwkmn ’ gj qwg n `nxkac gjd}g nygw inkigd}n nw mgldkg ywa rnydïén rgxak}g igx}n la}n nw mg}gxjdkamn }gja+ Mg|grxdjax rgca icaxgpa# yêk}gyg# rxgidyén |niahwcax g mnjêkdn mn ayywk}n lniacdpamn+ Fámg ygx mdacä}din kay rxgjdyyay g ka}wxacjgk}g cùodin ka inkicwyén+ &HAXHNYA#14?20 r+4$

Rnxäj n gmd}nxdac kén yg inky}d}wd injn cgd}wxa nhxdoa}ùxda rgca jadnx rax}g mn rðhcdN cgd}nx# gj ywa jadnxda# rxglgxg ay xgrnx}aogky nw kn}didáxdny qwg arxgygk}aj la}nxgjnidnkady jadnxgy mn qwg n mg wj ax}don*mg*lwkmn+ Ny `nxkady inkigmgj ny gmd}nxdany `nxkacdy}ay mg jgcfnx ia}gonxda dk}gcgi}wac+ Mg ainxmn inj Haxhnya &14?2$# gyixg



92

wj gmd}nxdac ä n árdig ma iaxxgdxa mg wj `nxkacdy}a# rxn|a a mgygk|nc}wxa g jaokdldiàkidamqwdxdma ka lnxjaïén mn nlêidn+

N gmd}nxdac niwra cwoax gj mgy}aqwg kay ráodkay mny `nxkady+ Ogxacjgk}g cniacdpamn

ygowkma ráodka# }gj inxrn &}drn mg cg}xa$ jady mgy}aiamn g incwkay qwg yén jady caxomn qwg ay qwg inxxdqwgdxajgk}g yén arxgygk}amay kny |gêiwcny djrxgyyny+

Raxa a rxgraxaïén mg wj gmd}nxdac# jgyjn qwg n aw}nx kén }gkfa wj yahgx gkidicnrämdinynhxg n ayywk}n# ä kgigyyáxdn qwg gy}g yg`a mn}amn mg gvigcgk}g gyixd}a ynhxg qwaayywk}n rxä*mg}gxjdkamn+ ‗Gvdog*yg màcg gvigcgk}g iwc}wxa ogxac g rgxlgd}n aldkajgk}ninj ny rxnhcgjay ma a}wacdmamg kaidnkac g jwkmdac“ &HAXHNYA# 14?20 r+11$+ N aw}naldxja qwg n gmd}nxdacdy}a rnmg rxgraxax jgcfnx n }gja# jay raxa dyyn ä kgigyyáxda wjamd|dyén mg gyräidgy gk}xg# rxgraxaïén xgjn}a g rxgraxaïén djgmda}a+

A rxgraxaïén xgjn}a ä a qwg n `nxkacdy}a }gj qwg lapgx inky}ak}gjgk}g# qwg ä cgx nw}xny `nxkady &idkin# mdaxdajgk}g# ä a in}a jêkdja mgyg`á|gc$+ Kgyya rxgraxaïén# iahg angmd}nxdacdy}a nhygx|ax n hnj gy}dcn mg nw}xny gmd}nxdady g a lnxja gj qwg yén inkmwp&arxgygk}amny an cgd}nx$+ Mg rxglgxàkida akn}akmn inkigd}ny aw}nxdpamny ynhxg ny gj g|dmàkida# ‗lnxjakmn gj ywja# hna haoaogj mg inkfgidjgk}ny fdy}ùxdiny#ynidncùodiny# rncê}diny# ginkýjdiny# gy}a}êy}diny g ldcnyùldiny# adkma qwg ygj rxgywkïén mg rxnlwkmdmamg }n}ac+“ &HAXHNYA# 14?20 r+11$+ A rax}g kn}didny `nxkady g xg|dy}ay# hgj injn ]\ g xámdn# nw rwhcdiaï÷gy gyrgidacdpamay }ajhäjjgxgigj wja a}gkïén jadnx g iwxdnydmamg mn gmd}nxdacdy}a+ Inj a rxgniwraïén mg ygxhgj dklnxjamn# n iakmdma}n a lw}wxa |aoa mg ax}don*mg*lwkmn gy}axá ygjrxg rxgraxamraxa qwg rnyya mgygk|nc|gx n }gjay gj qwg gy}g rnmgxá yg mgraxax kn lw}wxn+

A rxgraxaïén djgmda}a ä a qwg yg lap mdak}g mn ayywk}n a ygx ahnxmamn raxa a rxnmwïé

mn ax}don+ Gyya rax}g ä a hwyia mg mamny# qwg mg|gj rxnigmgx mg lnk}gy ldmgmdokay#qwgj gyixg|g g mn qwg yg gyixg|g mgrgkmg mn inkfgidjgk}n qwg yg }gj mn }gja rxnrny}n+ ‗Ayydj injn n nxamnx kén ä iarap mg lacax ynhxg aqwdcn qwg mgyinkfgig#}ajhäj n `nxkacdy}a hgj kén gyixg|gxá yg gy}d|gx â jêkowa mg mamny+“ &HAXHNYA#14?20 r+11$

Acäj may rxgraxaï÷gy raxa a rxnmwïén mn gmd}nxdac# iahg an `nxkacdy}a wj |niahwcáxdninxxgk}g g amgqwamn+ ‗N ax}don*mg*lwkmn xgqwgx hna arxgygk}aïén gy}dcêy}dia raxa qwg ny

inkigd}ny# adkma qwg rxnlwkmny# kén ldqwgj arnwiamny ka dkmdoàkida ma lxayg“



91

&HAXHNYA# 14?20 r+11$+ Kn `nxkacdyjn jnmgxkn gvdy}g n dk}gxgyyg mg }xakyjd}dx cgd}nxgy a kn}êida gj cdkowaogj aigyyê|gc+ N qwg rnmg aink}gigx lxgqwgk}gjgk}g ä mgaraxgigx oêxday# injn rnx gvgjrcn# kn kn}didáxdn rncdidac+

Jay n gmd}nxdac mg|g ygx gyixd}n gj gy}dcn knhxg# kén yg cfg rnmgkmn gjrxgy}ax nyja}dpgy ma |wcoaxdmamg+ Dowacjgk}g# n |niahwcáxdn fá mg ygx gyincfdmn# ygjrxgidnydyjny ä igx}n# jay hwyiakmn# ak}gy mg }wmn# a rgxlgd}a amgqwaïén kn mdpgx+ Nyrgxênmny mg|gj ygx gqwdcdhxamny gk}xg yd# ayydj injn a md|dyén mny raxáoxalny0ày}gy# jwd}n iwx}ny# rxg`wmdiaj oxáldiajgk}g n ax}don# gkqwak}n qwg nygvigyyd|ajgk}g cnkony }nxkaj a cgd}wxa jgkny inxxgk}da+ &HAXHNYA# 14?20 r+18$

Ka |dyén mn aw}nx# n gmd}nxdacdy}a ä rgïa djrnx}ak}êyydja raxa n inkigd}n mny `nxkad

injn ùxoén mg djrxgkya+ A xgyrnkyahdcdmamg iaxxgoama rgcn ax}diwcdy}a ä mg gvrxgyyarnydïén mn `nxkac nw a ywa cdkfa mg inkigd}waïén+ Rnx dyyn# n gmd}nxdacdy}a yù }gxá àvygw }xahacfn yg lnx mg|n}n maqwdcn a qwg yg mdyr÷g a lapgx# g yahgx a|acdax qwac n }mg|gxá ygx lniamn+

Mgk}xn mgyyay mdxg}xdpgy# ifgoa*yg a inkicwyén mg qwg n `nxkacdy}a inj rxg}gky÷gygyixg|gx wj gmd}nxdac mg|g ygx a}wacdpamn# g gj mda inj ny aink}gidjgk}ny mn jwkmnynidac+ Inj gyyg inkfgidjgk}n }äikdin# acäj ma inkmdïén mg wj mnjêkdn gy}dcêy}din g|niahwcax# gy}g gy}axá ar}n a xgmdodx wj hnj }gv}n raxa a gjrxgya g wj rcgknmgygjrgkfn ma lwkïén+ ‗N gmd}nxdacdy}a#gvrxgyyakmn ygjrxg a nrdkdén mn `nxkac# mg|g}gx a |gxya}dcdmamg ywldidgk}g mg amar}ax*yg â cdkfa mn ùxoén raxa n qwac gyixg|g“&HAXHNYA# 14?20 r+19$

Gj wja inkicwyén# n ax}diwcdy}a mg gmd}nxdady ä n `nxkacdy}a dmgac# qwg inky}d}wd rldcnynlda mg |dma g rnx ygw gy}dcn arxdjnxamn yg`a gy}g gy}dcdy}diajgk}g nw |niahwcax#

ink}gðmn xgrcg}n mg inkfgidjgk}n ynhxg ayywk}ny mg }nmny ny iwkfny ynidady+ Iahg agy}g }gx a ay}ðida mg wj hnj nxamnx qwg yahg gvrxgyyax hgj ay yway raca|xay gj wj}gv}n inxxdmn# jay qwg yg`a dk}gdxajgk}g dky}doak}g any ncfny mg qwgj n cà+

Ygowkmn n aw}nx# a nrdkdén mn gmd}nx ä arxgygk}ama rgcny gmd}nxdady g rgca cdk `nxkac# gy}á ä dmgk}dldiama a}xa|äy mn ixd}äxdn mg ygcgïén may dklnxjaï÷gy# g }ajhäj# rgxgcg|èkida mama a mg}gxjdkamny }gjay# rgcny }ê}wcny# ln}noxalday gk}xg nw}iaxai}gxêy}diay+



98

N gmd}nxdac rayynw a ygx |dy}n injn wja lgxxajgk}a mg nrdkdén ma gjrxgya qwg }xa}a mg}gjay qwg ogxacjgk}g ygowgj a cdkfa mg xaidniêkdn ma gjrxgya+ Rnx dyyn# gcg xgjg}g anrdkdén ma gjrxgya ygowkmn ny aw}nxgy aidja+ Jay n ax}don mg lwkmn rnmg gyinkmgxiaxai}gxêy}diay rgxywayd|ay rnx }xáy may raca|xay qwg igxiaj ny gmd}nxdady+ Aiaxai}gxêy}diay nrdka}d|ay rnmgj cg|ax n rðhcdin a ygx rgxywamdmn rgca jgkyaogj dyynrnxqwg# a rgyyna qwg cà n gmd}nxdac rnmg ygx dkmwpdma dkmdxg}ajgk}g a wj jgyjn }drn xaidniêkdn qwg n mgyixd}n kay cdkfay mn ax}don mg lwkmn+

A rgxywayén rnmg araxgigx mg jakgdxa yw}dc kn }gv}n+ Rnx gvgjrcn# gj wja aldxjaïén araca|xa w}dcdpama rgcn gmd}nx rnmg dkmwpdx n cgd}nx a wja gyräidg mg inkinxmèkaw}njá}dia+ Gyyg rnmgx ma raca|xa rnmg ygx gk}gkmdmn rgca qwgy}én ma xg}ùxdia# }

ahnxmamn ak}gxdnxjgk}g+

N `nxkacdyjn md}n injn nrdkdén nw gjdyyén ma jgkyaogj an xgigr}nx |ad hgj jadyacäj mn qwg n ydjrcgy a}n mg dklnxjax+ Fá jwd}n }gjrn ny jgdny mg injwkdiaïénoakfaj mgy}aqwg injn raxèjg}xny mg nrdkdén# g gyyg }drn mg inkigd}n ä gv}xgjajgk}ginkydmgxamn rnx hna rax}g mn rðhcdin injn wj rnk}n mg rax}dma mn rgkyajgk}n cùodinmg wj mg}gxjdkamn `nxkacdy}a nw mg wj `nxkac gyrgiêldin ahnxmamn+

Mgk}xg ny `nxkady gj gy}wmn# Gy}amn mg Jdkay g Lncfa mg Y+ Rawcn}àj iaxai}gxêy}diaygmd}nxdady jaxiamay rgcn `nxkacdyjn inkigd}n# âqwgcg qwg }gk}a gy}ahgcgigx wjlnxjacdmamg inj n rðhcdin cgd}nx# mdlgxgk}g maqwgcgy `nxkady inkydmgxamny mg arrnrwcax g dklnxjady# injn gvgjrcn# ny `nxkady mg Jdkay Ogxady#Ywrgx Kn}êidag Aqwd+

Injn n Gy}amn mg Jdkay# lwkmamn gj 1486# injrcg}nw 62 akny+ N `nxkac jny}xnw gjyway ráodkay jnjgk}ny jaxiak}gy ma fdy}ùxda injn a md}amwxa jdcd}ax g a iajrakfa maymdxg}ay `á+ Fn`g ä n `nxkac lnxja}ny}akmax} inj jadnx idxiwcaïén gj Jdkay Ogxady+ Lap

rax}g mn oxwrn Mdáxdny Ayynidamny# qwg }ajhäj ä injrny}n rgca xámdnOwaxakd LJ # a]\ Ac}gxnya g n }ahcùdmg Aqwd+ Amqwdxdmn rnx Ayydy Ifa}gwhxdakm qwg ka ärnia lnxjnwwja oxakmg iamgda mg `nxkady mgk}xg gy}gy n Gy}amn mg Jdkay lnd wja may aqwdydï÷Ginknjda# GJ Iwc}wxa# Gyrnx}gy# Ogxady# Dk}gxkaidnkac# Kaidnkac# Nrdkdén# Rncê}diay ygï÷gy qwg injr÷gj n `nxkac+

A rxdkidrac iaxai}gxêy}dia mn `nxkac gy}á xgcaidnkama inj n injrxnjdyyn mg dklnxjaïéninj ixgmdhdcdmamg+ Mgymg qwg lnd ixdamn n `nxkac a cdkfa gmd}nxdac ynlxgw inj rnw

jwmakïay g a ywa rgiwcdaxdmamg gy}á kn a}n mg ahnxmax }gjay xgcaidnkamny â rncê}di



99

ginknjda gj ywa jadnxda+ Injn `á lnd arxgygk}amn ak}gxdnxjgk}g injn rax}g mgy}g}xahacfn# n gmd}nxdac xgrxgygk}a a nrdkdén ma gjrxgya# g inj Gy}amn mg Jdkay rnmg*y|gx a}xa|äy mny ax}dony mg lwkmn n jnmgcn mg `nxkacdyjn xgrxgygk}amn rgcn mdáxjdkgdxn+

N `nxkacLncfa mg Y+ Rawcn# lwkmamn gj 1481 rnx Ncd|ac Iny}a g Rgmxn Iwkfa ifaja|a*ygLncfa ma Knd}g g gy}g lnd ygw knjg a}ä 14<2# qwakmn n `nxkac lnd injrxamn rgcnygjrxgyáxdny Ni}a|dn Lxday mg Ncd|gdxa g Iaxcny Iacmgdxa Ldcfn+ Gk}én n rgxdùmdin rayyna yg ifajax Lncfa mg Yén Rawcn+ Fn`g n rgxdùmdin rawcdy}a ä inkydmgxamn wj mnyrxdkidrady `nxkady mn raêy g }gj a jadnx }dxaogj g |gkmay+ Wj mny jn}d|ny qwg `wy}dldiaj n ywigyyn maLncfa mg Yén Rawcn yg mg|g a rxgygkïa mg oxakmgy `nxkacdy}ay

qwg gyixg|gj raxa n |gêiwcn injn0 Icn|dy Xnyyd# Gcdn Oayraxd# @èkdn mg Lxgd}ay# mgk}nw}xny+

Kn mdáxdn rawcdy}akn gvdy}g wja |gxnyydjdcfakïa inj n `nxkac jdkgdxn# wja cdkowaogjjady lnxjac g wja hwyia rnx cdkowaogky láigdy mg ygxgj gk}gkmdmay# rnxäj ygj wjadk}gkïén mg ygx rnrwcax# an ink}xáxdn mdyyn wja cdkowaogj }n}acjgk}g |nc}ama raxarðhcdiny mg icayygy jady ac}ay ma ynidgmamg+

Gj wj `nxkac mdáxdn# n gmd}nxdac arxgygk}a any cgd}nxgy ayywk}ny ma a}wacdmogxacjgk}g mg jadnx xgrgxiwyyén# raxa jwd}ny ä a nrdkdén ma gjrxgya ynhxg nmg}gxjdkamn }gja# aldxja Aclxgw Haxhnya &14?2$+ Ny `nxkady Gy}amn mg Jdkay g Lncfa

mg Y+ Rawcn}xahacfaj inj a incwka mg nrdkdén5 ka Lncfa yén mndy gmd}nxdady rnx mda#gkqwak}n qwg n `nxkac jdkgdxn }xahacfa inj argkay wja rwhcdiaïén mdáxda+

N `nxkacdyjn rxnrny}n rgcny mny |gêiwcny gy}wmamny kgyyg }xahacfn }gj iaxai}gxêy}diagvrxgyyay mg lnxjacdmamg g wj icaxn mdxgidnkajgk}n an rðhcdin may icayygy A# H g I+

Gy}a iaxai}gxêy}dia }gj gj injwj wja xgcaïén inj a cdkfa gmd}nxdac wj `nxkac qwg}gkfa iwkfn rnrwcax dxá ahnxmax ny }gjay inj wj argcn jadnx# wj mgy}aqwggv}xa|aoak}g# acon qwg xgacjgk}g ifajg a a}gkïén mn rðhcdin+ Jay ä icaxn qwg gyyaxgcaïén ä gy}ahgcgidma a}xa|äy mg wja lnxja djaogj g ygjgcfakïa n rðhcdin qwginjrxa wj `nxkac inj gy}dcn rnrwcax yahg n qwg rnmg gkink}xax+ @á raxa ay rgyynay qwginjrxaj n `nxkac mdxgidnkamn an rðhcdin mg jgcfnx rnmgx aqwdyd}d|n+

Rnx gyyay iaxai}gxêy}diay ny `nxkady }àj gyyg ramxén mg lnxjacdmamg qwg ä xglcg}d

a}xa|äy ma cdkfa gmd}nxdac mny |gêiwcny# jay gkoaka*yg qwgj rgkya qwg gy}g }drn m



9=

rðhcdin ä ygjrxg n jgyjn+ Gj jgdn an ixgyidjgk}n any rnmgxgy mg dklnxjaïén g nykn|ny jgdny mg ink|gxoàkida mg jêmday n `nxkacdyjn rayynw a ygx wj jgdn hgj jadyaigyyê|gc mg dklnxjaïén+ Dyyn yg xglcg}g kay laidcdmamgy qwg n rðhcdin gkink}xa raxa }aigyyn â kn}êida# yg`a rgcn djrxgyyn# xámdn# ]\ nw dk}gxkg}# a jêmda gy}á rxgygk}g ka |dmmg }nmn idmamén mdxg}a nw dkmdxg}ajgk}g g a }gkmàkida ä mg awjgk}ax iama |gp jady+

Ny `nxkady gj qwgy}én ygxén akacdyamny kn rxùvdjn iarê}wcn rxdkidracjgk}g rgcayiaxai}gxêy}diay mg cdkowaogj# rgxywayén# }gjay ahnxmamny g injn yén arxgygk}amny anrðhcdin+ Raxa gy}a g}ara mn }xahacfn lnxaj xgincfdmny gvgjrcaxgy mn Gy}amn mg Jdkay gLncfa mg Y+ Rawcnmwxak}g mndy jgygy+

Inj gy}g rayyajny aonxa a hwyia rgca xgyrny}a ma rgxowk}a gj qwgy}én0 injn ygarxgygk}a n ink}gðmn mny gmd}nxdady# hgj injn ay yway iaxai}gxêy}diay# a}xa|äy mg wjakácdyg qwacd}a}d|a g qwak}d}a}d|a mny `nxkady Gy}amn mg Jdkay g Lncfa mg Y+ Rawcng|gxdldiax ay xgyrny}ay raxa ay qwgy}÷gy incniamay aidja+



97

= AKACDYG MNY GMD]NXDADY MNY @NXKADY GY]AMN MG JDKAY G LNCFA

MG Y+ RAWCN

=+1 Dk}xnmwïén a akácdyg

Kay ráodkay ygowdk}gy# arxgygk}ajny ny mamny xglgxgk}gy â rgyqwdya g n nh`g}n mgy}wmn# a rax}dx ma akácdyg mny ygowdk}gy ixd}äxdny0 iaxai}gxêy}diay mny gmd}nxday}xa}amny ny }gjay# g qwady n ayywk}ny jady ahnxmamny+ Ak}gy mg dkdidax a akácdyg inxgcgjhxax qwg n nh`g}d|n mgyya jnknoxalda ä |gxdldiax injn yg gy}xw}wxaj ny gmd}nxdady

mny `nxkady Gy}amn mg Jdkay g Lncfa mg Y+ Rawcn+Raxa rnmgx xgyrnkmgx a rgxowk}a mgyya jnknoxalda ygxá xgacdpama wja akácdygqwak}d}a}d|a g nw}xa qwak}d}a}d|a# aldj mg# nhygx|ax ny ink}gðmny g ay iaxai}gxêy}mgyygy gmd}nxdady+ G rnx ldj# |gxdldiax injn yg gy}xw}wxaj ny gmd}nxdady kny mndy `djrxgyyny gj qwgy}én+

=+8 Hxg|g fdy}ùxda mnGY]AMN MG JDKAY

N `nxkac Gy}amn mg Jdkay injgïnw a idxiwcax kn mda ? mg jaxïn mg 1486# ka ärniaRgmxn Acgdvn# Jgkmgy Rdjgk}gc g @wyigcdkn Haxhnya injrxaxaj n aigx|n mn Mdáxdn ma

Jakfé + Ny aiamàjdiny `wk}axaj*yg a Jdc}nk Iajrny g Ahêcdn Jaifamn raxa ixdax wjaynidgmamg+ Gj 1484# Ayydy Ifa}gawhxdakm dkinxrnxa n kn|n `nxkac an oxwrn Mdáxdny

Ayynidamny qwg gxa wja iamgda mg oxwrny mg injwkdiaïén ka qwac gcg gxa n rxgydmgk}g+Cnon kny rxdjgdxny akny a xgmaïén mn `nxkac ink}nw inj a rxgygkïa mg |áxdnyincahnxamnxgy qwg jady }axmg yg mgy}aiaxdaj+ Gk}xg gcgy ny dxjény Hxaoa0 n rng}Kg }nk Hxaoa# mg 1484 a}ä 1498 g n ixnkdy}a Xwhgj Hxaoa gj 1498# gk}én inj argkay14 akny mg dmamg+

Inj n rayyax mny akny n Gy}amn mg Jdkay lnd inkyncdmakmn a ywa jaxia g oakfakmnxgyrgd}n a}ä yg }nxkax n rxdkidrac `nxkac gj Jdkay Ogxady+ Mgrndy mg acowjay xglnxjay



9<

nx}noxáldiay kn `nxkac# a }dxaogj ywhdw n qwg aca|akinw ây |gkmay g ayydka}wxay# g jad}axmg xgywc}nw kn argcdmn mg ‗N Oxakmg @nxkac mny Jdkgdxny“+

A}wacjgk}g ä n rxdkidrac `nxkac gj lnxja}ny}akmax} mn Gy}amn# }gj wja }dxaogj ka

ladva mg ?6 jdc gvgjrcaxgy mda# ygowkmn mamny mn D\I &Dky}d}w}n \gxdldiamnx Idxiwcaïén$# jay a cdmgxakïa lnd rgxmdma raxa n mdáxdn rnrwcaxYwrgx Kn}êida#qwg äxgyrnkyá|gc rgca gcg|aïén may |gkmay mg `nxkady gj Jdkay Ogxady+

N gmd}nxdac nh`g}n mg gy}wmn mgyya jnknoxalda ogxacjgk}g araxgig kay ráodkay# <# 6 12# mg ainxmn inj n }ajakfn mn rxdjgdxn iamgxkn+

N Gy}amn mg Jdkay idxiwca mdaxdajgk}g ny iamgxkny ldvny0 Rncê}dia# Nrdkdén# Kaidnkac#

Dk}gxkaidnkac# Ginknjda# Ogxady# GJ Iwc}wxa g Ginknjda+ Ny ygwy ywrcgjgk}ny yén0Aoxnkgoùidn# Hgj |d|gx# Idàkida# Xaooa Mxnry# Mdxgd}n , @wy}dïa# Gjrxgon# Gyrgidac#Lgjdkdkn , Jayiwcdkn# Owda mg oay}xnknjda# Owda mg kgoùidny# Owxdcèkmda# FnxCd|xg# Djù|gdy# Dklnxjá}dia# Rgkyax# Rxapgx GJ a`wmax# ]wxydjn# ]\ g \gêiwcny+

=+9 Hxg|g fdy}ùxda maLNCFA MG Y+ RAWCN

Lwkmamn gj 14 mg lg|gxgdxn mg 1481 inj n knjg nxdodkacLncfa ma Knd}g rnx Ncd|acIny}a g Rgmxn Iwkfa# n `nxkac lnd injrxamn ka mäiama mg 14<2 rgcny gjrxgyáxdnyNi}a|dn Lxday mg Ncd|gdxa g Iaxcny Iacmgdxa Ldcfn qwg jwmaxaj n knjg mn `nxkac raxaLncfa mg Y+ Rawcn+

A ayigkyén ma xgmaïén yg mgw ka mäiama mg 62 nkmg oxakmgy knjgy mn `nxkacdyjn

hxaydcgdxn# injn Icaðmdn Ahxajn# Hùxdy Iaynt# Icù|dy Xnyyd g @èkdn mg Lxgd}ay# g gyy `nxkacdy}ay lnxaj ny rxdkidrady xgyrnkyá|gdy rgca jwmakïa ka cdkfa gmd}nxdac mn `nxkarawcdy}akn+ Ka jgyja mäiama n `nxkac ldinw jaxiamn rgcn arndn djgmda}n a iajrakfamay Mdxg}ay `á+

Ka jgyja mäiama mg 62 aLncfa mg Y+ Rawcn lnd rdnkgdxa ka djrcak}aïén mginjrw}amnxgy g dklnxja}dpaïén mg }nma xgmaïén+ @á kn ldkac ma mäiama mg 1442# n `nxklnd nwyamn an ink}xa}ax wjnjhwmyjak # qwg }xa}a*yg mg wj nw|dmnx qwg akn}a ixê}diay g



9?

nrdkd÷gy mny cgd}nxgy# g qwg }gj adkma n mdxgd}n mg ixd}diax ja}äxday g xgrnx}arwhcdiamay rgcn `nxkac inj djraxidacdmamg+

N `nxkac ixgyida g awjgk}a|a a ywa oaja mg rxnmw}ny# ka jgyja mäiama mg 42 lnxaj

cakïamny ny ywrcgjgk}ny# injn a Xg|dy}a ma Lncfa# n iamgxkn Lncfa}ggk g a ]\ Lncfa+Inj gyygy dk|gy}djgk}ny aLncfa mg Y+ Rawcnrayynw cdmgxax ay |gkmay gj Yén Rawcn#ywrgxakmn n Gy}amn mg Y+ Rawcn+ A xglnxja oxáldia kgyya mäiama g n cakïajgk}n mhxdkmgy injn n A}cay ma Lncfa g mdidnkáxdny xglnxïaxaj ay kn|dmamgy mn `nxkac# g a`wmka inkyncdmaïén ma cdmgxakïa kay |gkmay+ ]ak}n qwg gj 144<# a |gkma a|wcya mn `nxkacgj wja gmdïén mg mnjdkon ifgoa|a a jady mg =47 jdc gvgjrcaxgy+

A}wacjgk}g aLncfa ink}dkwa ygkmn n jadnx `nxkac mn Hxaydc# gj }gxjny mg idxiwcaïénygowkmn mamny mn D\I# rnxäj inj ay ywigyyd|ay ixdygy ginkýjdiay g mny `nxkady injnwj }nmn# a }dxaogj lnd xgmwpdma mxay}diajgk}g ifgoakmn ahadvn ma iaya mny 922 jdcgvgjrcaxgy gj 8224+ Ygowkmn mamny mn Dky}d}w}n \gxdldiamnx mg Idxiwcaïén &D\I$Lncfa mg Y+ Rawcnä n `nxkac inj jadnx idxiwcaïén# `wk}n inj# N Gy}amn mg Y+ Rawcn#N

Ocnhn g @nxkac mn Hxaydc+

Ny iamgxkn maLncfa yén0 Iara# Nrdkdén# Hxaydc# Jwkmn# Idàkida# Mdkfgdxn# In}dmdakn#Gyrnx}g# Dcwy}xama# Aink}gig# Icayydldiamny+ N mdáxdn rawcdy}akn }àj ny ywrcgjgLncfa}ggk# Ln|gy}# Dklnxjá}dia# Gqwdcêhxdn# ]wxdyjn# Owda ma Lncfa# Lncfdkfa# \d}xJady!# Xg|dy}a ma Lncfa# Xg|dy}a Ygxaldka# Icayydldiamny# \gêiwcny# Inky}xwïénGjrxgony# Kgoùidny g Djù|gdy+

=+= Rgxênmn mg akácdygy g nh`g}d|n

Raxa n iwjrxdjgk}n mgyya akácdyg# lnxaj ygcgidnkamay gmdï÷gy mg }xày rgxênmny mdy}dmny `nxkady Gy}amn mg Jdkay g Lncfa mg Y+ Rawcn+ N rxdjgdxn rgxênmn# xglgxgk}g an jàymg lg|gxgdxn mg 8212# injrxggkmg ny mday 9# <# ?# 6# 4# 11# 18# 17# 1?# 16# 14# 82# 81#89# 87# 8<# 8? g 86+ @á n ygowkmn rgxênmn# xglgxg*yg an jày mg jaxïn mn jgyjn akn#mgy}aiakmn ny mday# 1# 8# =# 7# ?# 6# 4# 11# 18# 19# 1=# 17# 1<# 16# 14# 82# 81# 88# 8?# 86 g 84+ G n }gxigdxn g ðc}djn rgxênmn inxxgyrnkmg an jày mg ahxdc mn jgyjn akn g

any mday ywhygqwgk}gy# 1# 9# =# 7# <# 6 g 8=+



96

N ja}gxdac incg}amn mwxak}g ny rgxênmny id}amny aidja ygxá md|dmdmn rnx }gjay gvgjrcrncê}dia# ginknjda g ogxady+ N nh`g}d|n mgyya g}ara ä |gxdldiax ny rxdkidrady }gjay qwginjr÷gj gyygy gmd}nxdady+ Acäj mdyyn# ygxén gvgjrcdldiamny mwxak}g gyya g}ara makácdyg qwak}d}a}d|a+

Rny}gxdnxjgk}g ygxá xgacdpama wja akácdyg qwacd}a}d|a mn ja}gxdac# raxa rnmgx mdxgin nh`g}n an xglgxgkidac }gùxdin+ Rnx gyyg jn}d|n# }nxka*yg dkmdyrgkyá|gc |gxdldiax gy}xw}wxa mg iama `nxkac gmd}nxdac# gj wja akácdyg ma cdkowaogj g ma inky}xwïénnrdkdén ma gjrxgya md}a rgcny aw}nxgy mn xglgxgkidac hdhcdnoxáldin+

Ygkmn n nh`g}d|n ldkac mg xgyrnkmgx injn yg gy}xw}wxa ny gmd}nxdady mny `nxkady Gy}amn

mg Jdkay g Lncfa mg Y+ Rawcnkn `nxkacdyjn djrxgyyn+

=+7 Akácdyg0 ny gmd}nxdady g n xgyoa}g mny }gjay jady xgcg|ak}gy

Inklnxjg xgyyac}amn kny iarê}wcny ak}gxdnxgy# ny gmd}nxdady inkfgidmny# injn oàkgxnnrdka}d|ny# arxgygk}aj an rðhcdin a nrdkdén ma gjrxgya g n ygw rnydidnkajgk}n

rncê}din+ Rgxighg*yg kny gmd}nxdady mny `nxkady Gy}amn mg Jdkay g Lncfa mg Y+ Rawcn#wja }gkmàkida gj |gdiwcax }gjay qwg `á lnxaj ahnxmamny# jay# qwg yén rnxäj#xgyoa}amny inj mgymnhxajgk}ny a}wady+ Gyya rxgjdyya rnmg ygx inky}ama rgcn gmd}nxma &LCF# 86+29+12# r+A8$0 ‗Makïa mny kðjgxny“+ ]xa}a*yg mg wja ahnxmaogj ynhxg aygcgdï÷gy raxa rxgydmgk}g gj 8212# wj ayywk}n a}wac# jay qwg aLncfa # ahnxmnw |áxday|gpgy mwxak}g gy}a jnknoxalda+ Kn}a*yg qwg ny inky}xw}nxgy mn gmd}nxdac ayydj qwgaigyyn ay rgyqwdyay ldpgxaj wja ahnxmaogj ynhxg n }gja# inklnxjg gvrny}n kn

gmd}nxdac+N jgyjn rnmg ygx rgxighdmn kny gmd}nxdady ma &LCF# 81+29+12# ro+ A8$ ‗Mghagkogyyamn“ qwg }xa}a ynhxg a iakmdma}a Mdcja Xnwygll wyax injn racakqwg ay nhxay mRAI raxa rnmgx yg hgkgldidax qwak}n a ywa iajrakfa a rxgydmgk}g ma xgrðhcdia+ Ngmd}nxdac ‗Ink}ay gxxamay“ &LCF# 88+29+12# r+A8$ arxgygk}a wja ixê}dia ynhxg ny gkay ink}ay mny oay}ny rðhcdiny ma wkdén+

Kny mndy gvgjrcny id}amny aidja |gxdldia*yg a ahnxmaogj mg }gjay qwg `á lnxaj}xa}amny kny `nxkady+ N rxdjgdxn gvgjrcn jny}xa icaxajgk}g wja qwgy}én qwg iajdkfa



94

an cnkon mn }gjrn# `á qwg n ayywk}n gcgdïén rgxinxxg }nmn wj akn mg rgyqwdya gcgd}nxaInk}wmn gyya rxgjdyya }ajhäj rnmg ygx inky}a}ama kn `nxkac jdkgdxn qwg }xap kngmd}nxdac &2=+29+12$‗N rargc ma nrnydïén“ a mdyiwyyén ynhxg a djrnx}èkida ma nrnydïénkn mgygkxncax may gcgdï÷gy+ Acäj mdyyn# ä lgd}a wja ahnxmaogj kn ynhxg ny ywigyyndkywigyyny qwg igxiaj n iakmdma}n a rxgydmàkida+

A iaxai}gxêy}dia mg xg}njax wj }gja ä injrny}a mg ainxmn inj a ywa iaraidmamg mga}dkodx wj rðhcdin oxakmg# nkmg n dk}gxgyyg mn rðhcdin ä ac}n+ Gyya ‗qwgy}én“ ahnxmrnx _ncl &1444$ dkmdia qwg yg n la}n xgacjgk}g mgyrgx}a ac}n dk}gxgyyg ka ynidgmamg rnmg ygx xg}njamn kn lw}wxn inj ny mgymnhxajgk}ny g n mgygkxncax mny la}ny+ Gyygvgjrcn rnmg ygx |dy}n kny gmd}nxdady

\gxdldia*yg qwg kn mgygkxncax mny }gjay gvrny}ny kny gmd}nxdady arxgygk}amny qwg gwja iaxai}gxêy}dia mg ahnxmaogj mg la}ny qwg `á fa|daj ydmn }xa}amny ak}gxdnxjgk}g#}ak}n injn kn}êida# injn kny gmd}nxdady+ Gyya rxá}dia ä mgygk|nc|dma ygjrxg qwg acowjiayn mg jadnx xgrgxiwyyén oakfa kn|ny iarê}wcny+ G rnx gyyg jn}d|n qwg n ayywk}ngcgdï÷gy 8212 araxgig }ak}ay |gpgy an cnkon mny gmd}nxdady akacdyamny+

Inj dyyn# rgxighgjny qwg# ygkmn a kn}êida wj xginx}g kn gyraïn g kn }gjrn gj xgcaïéna rxnigyyny ynidady jady ajrcny# ny cdjd}gy mgyyg xginx}g yén mgldkdmny rgcayrgxyrgi}d|ay mdy}dk}ay mg `nxkacdyjn# ay qwady xgywc}aj gj ixd}äxdny mg kn}didahdcdAyydj# iama rwhcdiaïén mgldkg ny ygwy rxùrxdny |acnxgy*kn}êiday inklnxjg a rxnrny}agmd}nxdac+ Kgyyg iayn# Gy}amn mg Jdkay# gLncfa mg Y+ Rawcn arxgygk}aj gyincfaymdlgxgk}gy gk}xg yd+

N gmd}nxdac &GJ# 28+29+12# r+ 6$ ‗Raxa gkxncax arnygk}amny“ }xa}a ynhxg ay jaknhxayyén lgd}ay raxa dcwmdx ny arnygk}amny gj ärniay mg gcgdï÷gy inj rxnjgyyay ynhxg

awjgk}n mn |acnx raon any arnygk}amny+ Ay qwgy}÷gy xgca}d|ay a }gjay rncê}dinyarxgygk}aj oxakmgy rxn`gï÷gy kny gmd}nxdady id}amny aidja g gj jady gy}g gvgjrcn mn

Gy}amn mg Jdkay+

N la}n gj yd arxgygk}a wja kn|a kaxxa}d|a ynhxg n la}n xgcaidnkamn any arnygk}amny+Kny iarê}wcny ak}gxdnxgy |gxdldia*yg gyya qwgy}én ma nrdkdén ynhxg mg}gxjdkamny }gGj xgcaïén an gmd}nxdac id}amn aidja acowky }xgifny g|dmgkidaj gyya qwgy}én mg }gjayqwg `á lnxaj ahnxmamny ahadvn }xgifny ma mn gmd}nxdac id}amn aidja g ma ja}äxda qwg

`nxkac jdkgdxn lgp acowky jgygy a}xáy ynhxg n jgyjn ayywk}n+ Kn}a*yg qwg gyyg xgyoa}



=2

mg wj ayywk}n ä ygjrxg xginxxgk}g kny `nxkady yg`a gj lnxja mg ja}äxday nw mg oàkgxnynrdka}d|ny+ Injn Xnmxdowgy &1442$ ahnxma mgrgkmg ma qwak}dmamg mg rgyynay qwayywk}n rnmg a}dkodx raxa qwg yg }nxkg wja kn}êida+

Ny igxia mg 4 jdcf÷gy mg arnygk}amny qwg ink}xdhwêxaj rnx hna rax}g ma |dma injqwak}da iaciwcama ynhxg xgkmdjgk}ny aidja mn yacáxdn jêkdjn kén yén |ê}djayargkay ma dk`wy}a xgmwïén rxnoxgyyd|a mn |acnx qwg xgighgj mn Dky}d}w}n Kaidnkac mnYgowxn Kaidnkac &DKYY$+ An mgyiayn mny on|gxkny# ä injwj ny rncê}diny ynjaxgj#rxdkidracjgk}g gj akn mg gcgdï÷gy# jaknhxay mg mgjaoùodiay raxa dcwmdx gyya ogk}ginkmgkama â rnhxgpa g an inky}xakodjgk}n U+++Z+ &GJ# 28+29+12# r+ 6$

Kn }xgifn ma ja}äxda ahadvn mn Gy}amn mg Jdkay ‗Arnygk}amny gj 8292 xgighgxén

argkay 1 yacáxdn“ ahnxma ay rnyyê|gdy xgmwï÷gy kn yacáxdn raon rgcn DKYY anyarnygk}amny+ A ja}äxda lap ixê}diay g arnk}a qwg jgyjn aqwgcgy qwg raoaxaj jady mgwj yacáxdn rayyaxaj a xgighgx argkay n |acnx mn jêkdjn+

A}ä 8292# ny xgkmdjgk}ny mg }nmny ny arnygk}amny hxaydcgdxny gy}axén xgmwpdmnyyacáxdn jêkdjn# jgyjn ny qwg xgighgj |acnxgy jadnxgy# yg rxg|acgigxgj nyjgyjny ixd}äxdny mg xga`wy}g may arnygk}amnxday amn}amny a}ä aonxa rgcn Racáidn mnRcakac}n+ N aifa}ajgk}n |ad a}dkodx igxia mg 6#1 jdcf÷gy mg ygowxamny qwg oakfajaidja mg wj yacáxdn jêkdjn &X- =17$# g qwg |àj xgighgkmn xga`wy}gy dklgxdnxgymg|dmn â mgidyén mg mgy|dkiwcax a rncê}dia mg inxxgïén may arnygk}amnxday g mn rdynyacaxdac+ &GJ# 14+21+24# r+ 88$

N qwg rnmg ygx nhygx|amn a}xa|äy mny }xgifny id}amny aidja ä qwg wj la}n rnmg ygxxg}njamn mgrgkmgkmn mg kn|ny mgymnhxajgk}ny rxdkidracjgk}g ny ayywk}ny cdoamny adk}gxgyyg rðhcdin+ Inklnxjg _ncl &1444$ aldxjnw kny iarê}wcny ak}gxdnxgy a kn}êidarayya rnx wja yäxdg mg ixd}äxdny mg kn}didahdcdmamg raxa yg }nxkax kn}êida+

N Ayywk}n xglgxgk}g an injrxnjdyyn mn on|gxkn inj ny arnygk}amny }gj oxakmgdk}gxgyyg rnx rax}g may rgyynay ma }gxigdxa dmamg+ A iaraidmamg mg mdjgkydnkax la}ny }ajhäj dk}gxlgxg kgyyay rwhcdiaï÷gy inky}ak}gy+ Dyyn aink}gig rnxqwg# qwacqwgkn}êida qwg }gkfa iwkfn `nxkacêy}din g argcn rnrwcax }gj qwg yg }nxkax kn}êida+ A}xa|ämgyya inky}a}aïén ä qwg rnmg ygx rgxighdmn qwg ny `nxkady rnmgj ainjrakfax ny }gjayg ygwy mgymnhxajgk}ny+ Mg ainxmn# inj n oxaw mg dk}gxgyyg rnmgjny |gxdldiaxinky}ak}gjgk}g d}gky ygkmn xg}njamny# injn aink}gigw kny gmd}nxdady id}amny aidja+



=1

N gmd}nxdac g a ja}äxda id}amny aidja lapgj ixê}diay â yd}waïén mn rnk}n mg |dy}a mndmnyn# jay n ayywk}n mg rxnjgyyay mn on|gxkn ynhxg wj awjgk}n ma xgk}ahdcdmamg mLO]Y+ Injn kn iayn mn gmd}nxdac mn Gy}amn mg Jdkay ‗Wja |gcfa dk`wy}dïa“+ Kgyygiayn a ixê}dia ä gj wj ink}gv}n ogxac ynhxg wja rxnjgyya lgd}a rgca nrnydïén# `wy}ajgk}g gj akn mg gcgdï÷gy# n qwg ogxa mgyinkldakïa mny ygx|dmnxgy+

Rnx jady qwg n on|gxkn }gk}g xn}wcax mg gcgd}nxgdxa a }gk}a}d|a ma nrnydïén mgjgcfnxax a xgk}ahdcdmamg may ink}ay mn Lwkmn mg Oaxak}da mn ]gjrn mg Ygx|dïn&LO]Y$# a dkdida}d|a kén }gxda n jgknx argcn yg kén yg }xa}ayyg mg wja |gcfadk`wy}dïa+ U+++Z Kén fá mg lac}ax ixda}d|dmamg an on|gxkn nw an jgxiamn raxa gkink}xaxxgjwkgxaïén jdkdjajgk}g mgigk}g raxa n gyrncdamn mn ra}xdjýkdn mn }xahacfamnx+U+++Z A |gxmamg ä qwg n mdkfgdxn mn LO]Y }gj mnkn g ynjgk}g a gcg mg|gxda iahgx amgidyén mg nkmg arcdiá*cn+ &GJ# 2?+29+12# r+12$

Ldkacjgk}g# |gxdldia*yg qwg a xg}njama mg wj la}n mg|g aink}gigx rxdkidracjgk}g yg}d|gx oxakmg inkn}aïén+ N qwg mg}gxjdka ä n ink`wk}n mg |acnxgy qwg n la}n rnmg }gx nygw mdjgkydnkajgk}n g n oxaw mg dk}gxgyyg rðhcdin+ Gy}gy yén ny ‗rdcaxgy“ raxa xg}njama mg wj }gv}n yg`a injn ax}don mg nrdkdén &gmd}nxdac$# nw injn wja ja}äxdagvrxgyya kny `nxkady+

=+< Inkydmgxaï÷gy ma akácdyg qwak}d}a}d|a

Arùy a |gxdldiaïén mny rxdkidrady }gjay ahnxmamny rgcny mndy `nxkady mdáxdny ifgoa*ygnw}xa inkicwyén# mg qwg ny mndy |gêiwcny mg injwkdiaïén mgmdiaj n gyraïn mnygmd}nxdady gj ayywk}ny cdoamny a rncê}dia nw ginknjda# }ak}n qwg# mny 48 gmd}nnhygx|amny mwxak}g a rgyqwdya# =7 mgy}gy ahnxmaxaj }gjay cdoamny a rncê}dia# ygkmnmgyygy ax}dony mg lwkmn# a jadnxda igxia mg =2 gmd}nxdady }d|gxaj }gjay xgcaidnkamrxn`g}ny mg cgd g ay gcgdï÷gy 8212+

N ygowkmn }gja jady ahnxmamn lnd a ginknjda# qwg gy}g|g rxgygk}g inj 84 may 48rwhcdiaï÷gy rnyyê|gdy# ygkmn qwg# 89 }xa}axaj mg }gjay xgcaidnkamny a ginknjda gjogxac# g = ynhxg nyxntac}dgymn rg}xùcgn+



=8

Ayywk}ny ogxady inj xgrgxiwyyén kaidnkac nw jgyjn gy}amwac yg gkqwamxaxaj kn }gjaogxac# qwg }g|g 16 rwhcdiaï÷gy gj wj }n}ac mg 48# ka jadnxda ja}äxday lacakmn ynhxg}gjay xgodnkady# injn kn iayn mn Gy}amn mg Jdkay ynhxg n jakêain qwg a}aia|a jwcfgxg gj ygowdma }dxa|a a |dma may jgyjay+ Nw kn iayn maLncfa mg Y+ Rawcnqwg ahnxmnwayywk}ny cdoamny a rxn`g}ny ajhdgk}ady raxa mdjdkwdx a rncwdïén ka idmamg mg Yén Rag xgod÷gy+

Injn xgywc}amn ldkac may 48 rwhcdiaï÷gy# =4' ahnxmaxaj }gjay cdoamny a rncê}dia# gjygowdma ginknjda inj 98'# g ny ayywk}ny ogxady# qwg kgyyg }xahacfn lnxajicayydldiamny injn xgodnkady xgighgxaj 14'+ Kgyyg iayn ldinw inky}a}amn qwg nygmd}nxdady }xa}aj ogxacjgk}g mg ayywk}ny cdoamny a rncê}dia g a ginknjda+

Gj ygowkmn rcakn akacdyajny ynjgk}g ny gmd}nxdady mn `nxkac Gy}amn mg Jdkay qwg }g|ggj 72' may yway rwhcdiaï÷gy xgcaidnkamny â rncê}dia# gj ygowdma# 8<' }gjayginkýjdiny# g rnx ðc}djn 8= mg ayywk}ny ogxady qwg kgy}g qwamxn lnxaj mgldkdmny injnayywk}ny cniady+

Kn }gxigdxn qwamxn n `nxkac gj qwgy}én ä aLncfa mg Y+ Rawcng kgcg |gxdldia*yg wjarxnvdjdmamg inj ay rgxigk}aogky mn `nxkac jdkgdxn+ Ygkmn qwg# 72' ahnxmaj }gjayrncê}diny# ygowdmny mg 9?' mg ayywk}ny ginkýjdiny# g 19' mg gmd}nxday inj }gjayogxady qwg jady wja |gp lnxaj icayydldiamny injn ayywk}ny xgodnkady+ A ygowdx nyoxáldiny ma akácdyg qwak}d}a}d|a+



=9

N oxáldin ahadvn arnk}a ay rxdkidrady gmd}nxdady w}dcdpamay rgcny `nxkady Gy}amn mg Jdkay g Lncfa mg Y+ Rawcn+ Ny }gjay yén0 rncê}dia# ginknjda g ogxady+

N rxdjgdxn oxáldin arxgygk}a wja |dyén ogxac mn qwamxn mg akácdyg mny `nxkady Gy}amn mg

Jdkay g Lncfa mg Y+ Rawcn# yén 48 ja}äxday# ygkmn qwg =7 ynhxg rncê}dia# 84 mgginknjda# g ogxady# 16# qwg }xa}aj mg }gjay |axdamny+ Gyya rxdjgdxa g}ara a`wma amgcdkgax ny rxdkidrady ayywk}ny rxgygk}g kny gmd}nxdady mny `nxkady+



==

N oxáldin a ygowdx ahnxma ny }gjay0 rncê}dia# ginknjda g ogxady mn `nxkac Gy}amn mg

Jdkay an cnkon mn rgxênmn mg akácdyg+

RNCÊ]DIA

72'GINKNJDA8<'

OGXADY8='

GMD]NXDADY MN GY]AMN MG JDKAY

RNCÊ]DIA

GINKNJDA

OGXADY

N ygowkmn oxáldin arxgygk}a a ahnxmaogj ynhxg ny gmd}nxdady mn `nxkac Gy}amn mg Jdkay#qwg xg}xa}a gj ywa jadnxda# }gjay cdoamny a rncê}dia qwg ynjaj 89# gj ygowdmaaraxgigj ny ax}dony mg lwkmn cdoamny a ginknjda inj 18# g inj 11 ayywk}ny ogxady+\gxdldia*yg wja jadnx w}dcdpaïén mg }gjay xgcaidnkamny â rncê}dia+



=7

N oxáldin ahadvn ahnxma ay rxdkidrady gmd}nxday ahnxmamay rgcn `nxkacLncfa mg Y+ Rawcn md|dmdmny rgcny }gjay0 rncê}dia# ginknjda g ogxady+

RNCÊ]DIA

72'GINKNJDA9?'

OGXADY19'

GMD]NXDADY MA LNCFA MG Y+ RAWCN

RNCÊ]DIA

GINKNJDA

OGXADY

N }gxigdxn oxáldin xglgxg*yg an `nxkacLncfa mg Y+ Rawcn# nkmg yén arxgygk}amay 89gmd}nxdady ynhxg rncê}dia# 1? mg ginknjda g# < ynhxg ayywk}ny |axdamny+ Rnx}ak}n# |gxyg wja w}dcdpaïén mg ayywk}ny xgcaidnkamny â rncê}dia gj mgy}aqwg# gj xgcaïén any nw}gcgjgk}ny ahnxmamny kny gmd}nxdady maLncfa mg Y+ Rawcn+



=<

N oxáldin a ygowdx }xa}a mny }gjay jady ahnxmamny mgk}xg ny gmd}nxdady akacdyammd|dyén mg }gjay rnyydhdcd}a wja inky}a}aïén mny ayywk}ny qwg jady yén ahnxmamny rgcgmd}nxdady mn Gy}amn mg Jdkay g maLncfa mg Y+ Rawcn+

N qwax}n oxáldin xgrxgygk}a ny rxdkidrady }gjay ahnxmamny rgcny gmd}nxdady mny `nx

Gy}amn mg Jdkay g Lncfa mg Y+ Rawcn# |gxdldia*yg qwg ny }gjay jady ahnxmamny yén nymg ginknjda g ayywk}ny cdoamny a rncê}dia qwg gj ogxac lacaj ynhxg ay gcgdï÷gy 8212# nd}gj rxn`g}ny mg cgd# rnmg*yg mdpgx qwg }ajhäj gy}én cdoamny a qwgy}÷gy rncê}diay# mg|dmn an oxakmg kðjgxn mg gmd}nxdady ahnxmakmn n }gja lnd ygraxamn mny mgjady rawja jgcfnx akácdyg+ Gj xgcaïén a }gjay cdoamny a ginknjda# ny mndy |gêiwcny mginjwkdiaïén ahnxmaxaj qwak}dmamgy ydokdldia}d|ay ynhxg n }gja n qwg gqwd|acg a rgcnan jgkny wj gmd}nxdac rnx ygjaka inj }gjay ginkýjdiny+



=?

=+? Gy}xw}wxa mn gmd}nxdac0 a cdkowaogj g a nrdkdén

Ä djrnyyê|gc kny injwkdiaxjny |gxhacjgk}g a kén ygx rnx acowj oàkgxn# yg`a a}xa|äymg wj }gv}n nxac nw jgyjn gyixd}n5 a cêkowa kgy}a |dyén# ä }dma injn a}d|dmamg fdy}ùxdiynidac g inokd}d|a+ Rnx dyyn oàkgxny yén inkydmgxamny lnxjay mg aïén ynidac+ Nhygx|akmgyyay iaxai}gxêy}diay ny gmd}nxdady }nxkaj*yg nh`g}ny mg akácdyg mg cdkowaogj g nrdkddjrnx}ak}g xgyyac}ax qwg ny }gjay ahnxmamny yén mgldkdmny rgcn ‗inxrn ifglg“ mn `nxkac#inky}d}wêmn rgcn mnkn ma gjrxgya# ny gmd}nxgy g n ifglg mg xgrnx}aogj+

Ygowkmn Ajaxac &822<$# ka djrxgkya rnrwcax# ny la}ny a ygxgj kn}didamny yén

rxdnxdpamny inklnxjg a iaraidmamg mg gk}xg}gkdjgk}n# a rxnvdjdmamg ognoxáldia nwiwc}wxac mn cgd}nx# a rnyydhdcdmamg mg ydjrcdldiaïén g n oxaw mg dmgk}dldiaïénrgxynkaogky inj ny cgd}nxgy+ @á ka djrxgkya inkydmgxama xglgxàkida# a rnyydhdcdmamgwj aink}gidjgk}n yg }xakylnxjax gj kn}êida gy}á inkmdidnkama an oxaw mg djrnx}èkidamay rgyynay gk|nc|dmay# an djrai}n ynhxg a kaïén# an gk|nc|djgk}n mg jwd}ay rgyynay# âogxaïén mg mgymnhxajgk}ny djrnx}ak}gy# â xgcaïén inj ay rncê}diay rðhcdiay g ârnyydhdcdmamg mg ygx md|wcoamn gj iaxá}gx mg gvicwyd|dmamg+

A rnyydhdcdmamg xgyyac}ama aidja mg }gjay cniady ahnxmamny kny gmd}nxdady ninxxgj lxgqwàkida+ A inky}a}aïén mgyya rxgjdyya ä xginxxgk}g }ajhäj gj nw}xay rwhcdiaï÷gymny gmd}nxdady mny `nxkady Gy}amn mg Jdkay g Lncfa mg Y+ Rawcn+ Ka rwhcdiaïén mg &GJ#11+29+12# r+ <$ ‗Rayynw mn cdjd}g“ mn mdáxdn rawcdy}akn a inky}a}aïén rnmg ygx |gxdlgj jady wja |gp ynhxg ayywk}ny xgcaidnkamny â rncê}dia+ N gmd}nxdac lap wja ixê}dia anrxgydmgk}g Cwca ynhxg a ywa mglgya gj xgcaïén â md}amwxa iwhaka+ @á ka rwhcdiaïénmdáxdn jdkgdxn mn jgyjn mda# ‗Dk}gxgyygy mg Jdkay“ n ayywk}n ä mg iwkfn ginkýjdin#

rnxäj |dy}n rgcn camn rncê}din qwg a md|dyén mnyxntac}dgymn rxä*yac+

An mglgkmgx jady wja |gp a md}amwxa iwhaka# g gqwdraxax rxgyny rncê}diny a injwky#Cwca gyiaxkgig mny |acnxgy mgjnixá}diny+ Kén raxgig mgjady# gj knjg mn xgody}xnfdy}ùxdin# xgrxnmwpdx jady wja |gp ay raca|xay mn rxgydmgk}g Cwdp Dkáidn Cwca maYdc|a gj gk}xg|dy}a â Ayynida}gm Rxgyy0 ‗]gjny mg xgyrgd}ax a mg}gxjdkaïén ma @wy}dïa g mn on|gxkn iwhakny mg mg}gx ay rgyynay gj lwkïén ma cgodycaïén mg Iwha+A oxg|g mg lnjg kén rnmg ygx w}dcdpama injn rxg}gv}n mg mdxgd}ny fwjakny raxacdhgxax ay rgyynay+ Djaodkg yg }nmny ny hakmdmny rxgyny gj Yén Rawcn gk}xaxgj gjoxg|g mg lnjgg rgmdxgj cdhgxmamg“+ U+++Z &LFC#11+29+12# r+A8$



=6

A |gxmamgdxa ha}acfa gj qwg yg }xakylnxjnw a |n}aïén ka Ièjaxa mny Mgrw}amny mnrxn`g}n qwg ixda n xgodjg mg rax}dcfa g oaxak}g â Wkdén a rnyyg mn rg}xùcgn gv}xaêmnma iajama rxä*yac# jny}xa mdldiwcmamg g wxoàkida ka mglgya mny dk}gxgyygy mg Jdkay+U+++Z Jay ny jdkgdxny kén rnmgj mgdvax mg cw}ax rnx ywa rax}g g rgca inxxgïén madk`wy}dïa fdy}ùxdia qwg lap mn gy}amn n jady rxg`wmdiamn rgca mgidyén ma ka}wxgpa mmgrnyd}ax gj ygw ywhyncn a jadnx rax}g may xdqwgpay jdkgxady qwg oaxak}gj yacmn

rnyd}d|n â hacakïa injgxidac mn raêy+ &GJ# 11+29+12# r+12$

A nrdkdén arxgygk}ama kny gmd}nxdady id}amny aidja inky}a}a n rnydidnkajgk}n mny|gêiwcny mg dklnxjaïén gj xgcaïén any }gjay+ Kn rxdjgdxn gvgjrcn# n `nxkac rawcdy}aknarnk}a injn mgyiahdma# a nrdkdén mg Cwca ynhxg a mglgya ma md}amwxa iwhaka# g a lac}|acnxgy mgjnixá}diny ygowkmn n rxùrxdn `nxkac+ A ixê}dia kgyyg iayn ä a ldowxa mn rxgydmgk}g Cwca g mg yway nrdkd÷gy+ Kn }xgifn ‗an mglgkmgx jady wja |gp a md}amxa

iwhaka“ rgxighg*yg qwg n `nxkac rawcdy}a `á fa|da inky}a}amn ak}gxdnxjgk}g wjrnydidnkajgk}n dowac mn rxgydmgk}g+

Kn ygowkmn gvgjrcn# mn `nxkac Gy}amn mg Jdkay# |gxdldia*yg wja nhygx|aïéndk}gxgyyak}g+ Rnxqwg# n mdáxdn jdkgdxn mglgkmg n dk}gxgyyg cniac ynhxg a md|dyxntac}dgy mn rxä*yac+ Kgyyg iayn a nhygx|èkida a ygx lgd}a mg|g*yg gj xgcaïén acniacdpaïén mn dk}gxgyygy# kgyyg iayn gyrgiêldin dk}gxgyygy gy}amwady+ N Gy}amn mg Jdkay mglgkmg wj dk}gxgyyg raxa wja md|dyén mg |gxhay raxa wj gkxdqwgidjgk}n mg Jdkay g}ajhäj raxa wja qwak}dmamg mg xgiwxyny jadnxgy raxa n Gy}amn rnmgkmn xglcg}dx gjkn|ny dk|gy}djgk}ny+ N `nxkacN Ocnhn mn Xdn mg @akgdxn }gj rnydidnkajgk}n mdlgxgk}g#injn rnmg ygx inky}a}amn kn gmd}nxdac ‗Jdyyén mn Ygkamn kn rxä*yac“rnxqwg kgyyg iaynmglgkmg ny dk}gxgyygy mn Gy}amn# g kn gmd}nxdac ahadvn rnmg ygx rgxighdmainky}a}aïén+

N Ygkamn# nkmg iama gy}amn }gj n jgyjn kðjgxn mg |n}ny# rnmg g mg|g rxn}gogx nrai}n lgmgxa}d|n# cay}xgamn kwja yncdmaxdgmamg xnjrdma qwakmn yg lnxjnw ” ygjqwacqwgx aïén ink}xáxda mn on|gxkn lgmgxac ” a lxgk}g mg gy}amny kén rxnmw}nxgy mgrg}xùcgn raxa inkldyiax rax}g mny xntac}dgy `á oaxak}dmny ây xgod÷gy rxnmw}nxay+ U+Fnw|g# kn jêkdjn# n xnjrdjgk}n wkdca}gxac mg ink}xa}ny# kwja dcgoac xg}xna}d|dmamgma cgd+ Mgw*yg# ayydj# wj iayn mg axhê}xdn ma jadnxda+ &N OCNHN # 21+2=+12# r+1$

A ahnxmaogj mn mdáxdn iaxdnia g|dmàkida qwg n qwg Jgcn &8229$ xgca}nw kny iarê}wcnak}gxdnxgy mg qwg# iama `nxkac mglgkmg n ygw dk}gxgyygy+ Kgyyg iayn n Gy}amn mg Jdkay mglgkmg n ygw dk}gxgyyg cniac# gkqwak}nN Ocnhn mglgkmg ny dk}gxgyygy mn gy}amn mn Xdn



=4

mg @akgdxn rgcny dk}gxgyygy lcwjdkgkygy injn ny mgyinhxdmnxgy ma iajama rxä*yac+ Ggvgjrcn jny}xa qwg wj `nxkac rnmg }gx nrdkdén mdlgxgk}g mn nw}xn# ynhxg wj jgyjn}gja+

A gy}xw}wxa g a lnxja injn yg mgygk|nc|g n gmd}nxdac }ajhäj ä nh`g}n djrnx}ak}g mgakácdyg# raxa wj jgcfnx gk}gkmdjgk}n ma inky}xwïén ma nrdkdén g ma cdkowaogj ancnkon mn }gv}n+ Rnx dyyn# iahg wja akácdyg ynhxg gyyay gy}xw}wxay g injn gcay mgygk|nc|gj an cnkon mn }gv}n nrdka}d|n+

Rxdjgdxajgk}g raxa injrxggkmgx gyya gy}xw}wxa ä rxgidyn nhygx|ax n gmd}nxdac injnlgxxajgk}a mg nrdkdén+ A rxdjgdxa nhygx|aïén a ygx lgd}a ynhxg a cdkowaogj w}dcdpamkgyygy gmd}nxdady ä inj xgcaïén a raca|xay qwg rnmgj dkmdiax nrdkdén+ Wj gvgjrcn ä ngmd}nxdac maLncfa mg Y+ Rawcn &LCF# 14+29+12# r+A8$ ‗Mdxgd}n mn Xdn“ qwg }xa}a injnwja dk`wy}dïa a gjgkma Dhygk Rdkfgdxn qwg jwma ny ixd}äxdny mg md|dyén mnyxntac}dgymnrg}xùcgn+ N qwg ldia g|dmgk}g ä n rnydidnkajgk}n mn `nxkac a la|nx ma iawya mn Xdn+ La}qwg rnmg ygx rgxighdmn kn }xgifn ahadvn+

Mgpgkay mg jdcfaxgy mg rgyynay jaxifaxaj ak}gnk}gj rgcn igk}xn mn Xdn gjrxn}gy}n ink}xa a gjgkma Dhygk Rdkfgdxn# arxn|ama rgca Ièjaxa# qwg ac}gxa ny

ixd}äxdny mg xa}gdn mnyxntac}dgymn rg}xùcgn+ U+++Z N cajgk}á|gc gyrg}áiwcn gkigkamnka Ièjaxa# inj raxcajgk}axgy jady rxgniwramny gj ajgacfax xgiwxyny mn qwg gjmgha}gx n jnmgcn raxa a gvrcnxaïén mn rxä*yac+ U+++Z &LCF# 14+29+12# r+A8$

Gyya rxgjdyya rnmg ygx nhygx|ama gj nw}xn gmd}nxdac maLncfa #‗Cajgk}á|gc“# qwg }xa}ama |daogj mn rxgydmgk}g Cwca a Iwha gj jnjgk}n dknrnx}wkn ygowkmn a rwhcdiaïénrawcdy}aka+ \gxdldia*yg }gxjny mg nrdkdén mn `nxkac ink}xa a |dyd}a mn rxgydmgk}g injn }xgifn ahadvn+

Ywa |dyd}a a Iwha# kgy}a ygjaka# ninxxgw gj wj jnjgk}n gyrgidacjgk}g ynjhxdn+U+++Z Kama mdyyn yg inklwkmg inj a xg|nc}ak}g ‗}gxkwxa“# raxa cgjhxax n igcghxg mdmg Ifg Owg|axa# qwg n on|gxkn Cwca ‗kén rgxmg `ajady“ qwakmn yg }xa}a mggjrxgy}ax arndn a wj xgodjg mgixärd}n# md}a}nxdac g fnjdidma U+++Z+ &LCF+ 8?+28+1r+A8$

A nrdkdén mg wj mg}gxjdkamn |gêiwcn mg dklnxjaïén# kén ä gvrxgyya gvicwyd|ajgk}gkny gmd}nxdady# jay rxdkidracjgk}g ka lnxja injn yg nxoakdpa rgca qwak}dmamg mny



71

Gyya iaxai}gxêy}dia id}ama aidja kén qwgx mdpgx qwg ny gmd}nxdady yén gj ywja ixê}diJay gyyg a}xdhw}n lap*yg rxgygk}g mg|dmn â kgigyydmamg mg ahnxmax }gjay qwg ogxacjgmgyrgx}aj wj dk}gxgyyg jadnx mn rðhcdin+ Gyya ‗qwgy}én“ lndahnxmama rnx _ncl &1444$kny iarê}wcny ak}gxdnxgy# g gyyg rnmg*yg mdpgx ä wj mny ixd}äxdny qwg lapgj inj qwgla}n |gkfa a yg }nxkax kn}êida+

Nw}xn gvgjrcn# mg injn ny `nxkady jakdlgy}aj a yway nrdkd÷gy rnmg ygx inky}a}amn kngmd}nxdac mn mdáxdn jdkgdxn&81+29+12$ ‗Jady `wy}dïa raxa Jdkay“ qwg ahnxma a ixdaïén mgkn|ay |axay gj Jdkay raxa rnmgx aodcdpax n `wcoajgk}n mg |áxdny rxnigyyny qwg gy}a|ajaxqwd|amny+ G kn gmd}nxdac &88+29+12$ ‗Rgxdon mg lxwy}xaïén“ qwg laca ynhxg a rxgiwya mg |dxax cgd iayn mg rxn`g}n qwg gvdog ldifa cdjra mny iakmdma}ny a iaxony k

rncê}dia mg qwgj gy}d|gx inj ldifa ywà ka `wy}dïa+A inky}a}aïén mg qwg n gmd}nxdac rnmg ygx wj aogk}g qwg cg|g n cgd}nx a wja rgxywayéInjn lnd ahnxmama kny iarê}wcny ak}gxdnxgy a cdkowaogj xgyyac}ama rnx Enif &144<$#rnmg aldxjax qwg n a}n mg axowjgk}ax# dy}n ä# mg nxdgk}ax n mdyiwxyn kn ygk}dmmg}gxjdkamay inkicwy÷gy# inky}d}wd n a}n cdkowêy}din lwkmajgk}ac# rndy a }nmn g qwamdyiwxyn ywhàp wja dmgncnoda# ka aigrïén jady ajrca mn }gxjn+

Ä rnx gy}g jn}d|n qwg a aw}nxa rxniwxa jny}xax qwg a}xa|äy mg wja rnyyê|gckgw}xacdmamg gvdy}g wja dmgncnoda rnx rax}g ma gjrxgya qwg gyixg|g n gmd}nxdac+ Kiayn a kgw}xacdmamg nw djraxidacdmamg ä argkay wj jd}n# rnxqwg n mdyiwxyn qwg yrxg}gkmg mdpgx inj kgw}xacdmamg# }gj rnx }xáy mgyya rxùrxda dk}gkïén mg kgw}xacdwja dmgncnoda# qwg ä n ma ywa rxùrxda nh`g}d|dmamg+

Ink}wmn n a}n mg rgxywamdx rxniwxa a}dkodx a |nk}amg# nw n ygk}djgk}n mndk}gxcniw}nxgy# a}xa|äy mg axowjgk}ny rcawyê|gdy nw |gxnyyêjgdy# g gy}g }àj iaxá}

dmgncùodin# }gjrnxac g ywh`g}d|n+ A cdkowaogj ä inky}d}w}d|a mg iaxai}gxêy}diay qwg rxùrxday rnyydhdcdmamgy mg ydokdldiaïén+ G n jnmn injn yén jnk}amay ay raca|xaymgk}xn mg wj }gv}n rnmgj lapgx inj qwg wj }gv}n ygà nw kén rgxywayd|n# jayrxdkidracjgk}g jncmamny rgca axowjgk}a}d|dmamg g rgcn a}n gkwkidamnx+

Gyya iaxai}gxêy}dia rnmg ygx nhygx|ama a}xa|äy mn gmd}nxdac &GJ# 8?+28+12# r+6 Gy}amn mg Jdkay ‗Jady }gjrn raxa ny `wxny“# qwg ahnxma n la}n mn Hakin Igk}xac }gxmgyjnk}amn wja yäxdg mg jgmdmay }njamay gj iaxá}gx gvigridnkac raxa gklxgk}ax a

gyiayygp mn ixämd}n hakiáxdn kny jgygy ma ixdyg ldkakigdxa dk}gxkaidnkac+ Wja rnyyê|g



78

rgxywayén mn cgd}nx a}xa|äy mn gmd}nxdac rnmg aink}gigx gj rgqwgkay gvrxgyy÷gy# a}xa|äy mg aldxjaï÷gy qwg raxgigj dkmdyiw}ê|gdy+

N gvgjrcn mn gmd}nxdac id}amn aidja arxgygk}a cnon gj ygw dkêidn gyya rnyydhdcdmamg

rax}dx mn }xgifn# ‗Aigx}a n Hakin Igk}xac &HI$ gj dkdidax cnon rax}g may jgmdmay U+&GJ# 8212# r+6$+ A raca|xa aigx}a `á dkmdia wja arxn|aïén an }gja gj qwgy}én# rnxäjinjn _ncl &1444$ ahnxmnw kny iarê}wcny ak}gxdnxgy# qwg ny jgdny mg injwkdiaïénhwyiaj jakgdxay mg rgxywamdx n rðhcdin ma jgkyaogj g cg|á*cny an jgyjn rgkyajgk}n

Nw}xny gvgjrcny gy}én kny gmd}nxdady maLncfa mg Y+ Rawcn‗N |acnx ma gmwiaïén“# qwgahnxma ay mdldiwcmamgy mn Hxaydc raxa }gx wj gkydkn mg qwacdmamg# g mn Gy}amn mg Jdkay ‗Lxgdn kn ink}dkwêyjn“ qwg }xa}a ynhxg a rnyyê|gc xggcgdïén mn rxgydmgk}g ma IncýjhdÁc|axn Wxdhg+

A GMWIAÏÉN háydia `á niwra cwoax mg mgy}aqwg ka aogkma kaidnkac+ Gjhnxa}axmda# a rxdnxdmamg qwg |gj ygkmn inklgxdma â lnxjaïén g â qwacdldiaïén mny =6jdcf÷gy mg hxaydcgdxny gj dmamg gyincax yg xglcg}g kn awjgk}n rawcdy}akn ma raxigcamn RDH dk|gy}dma kn yg}nx+ Mg 9#4' gj 8222# aciakïnw*yg a jaxia mg =#?' gj 8226#nw 1=2 hdcf÷gy# `á rgx}n mg iwjrxdx a jg}a ydjhùcdia mg 7' kgy}g akn+ &LCF#16+29+12# r+A8$

\ad jwd}n acäj ma Incýjhda a djrnx}èkida ma mgidyén ma @wy}dïa maqwgcg raêy mg|g}ax mgldkd}d|ajgk}g a rnyydhdcdmamg mg xgacdpaïén mg wja inkywc}a rnrwcax ynhxg argxjdyyén raxa qwg n rxgydmgk}g Ác|axn Wxdhg mdyrw}g wja ygowkma xggcgdïén+ Kényg }xa}a mg argkay jady wj mny iawmdcfny rnrwcdy}ay qwg a}wacjgk}g rxnyrgxaj kaAjäxdia mn Ywc g qwg |àj }gk}akmn a rgxrg}wdmamg kn rnmgx rgca jakdrwcaïén maylxáogdy mgjnixaiday mn ywhink}dkgk}g+ &GJ# 21+29+12# r+6$

Ny gvgjrcny id}amny aidja arxgygk}aj rnydidnkajgk}ny mdlgxgk}gy+ N rxdjgdxn gmd}nxdacmaLncfa ahnxma ny rxnhcgjay qwg a gmwiaïén háydia kn Hxaydc gklxgk}a+ N }gv}n lapixê}diay g jny}xa qwg ny `nxkady rnmgj }gx ink}xdhwdïén raxa wja jgcfnxa kny ayywk}nyxgcaidnkamny â lnxjaïén mny `n|gky+ @á kn ygowkmn gvgjrcn# mn Gy}amn mg Jdkay aixê}dia ä gj xgcaïén a wja rnyyê|gc xggcgdïén rgca ygowkma |gp mn rxgydmgk}g Ác|axnWxdhg# n `nxkac jdkgdxn mgldkg n ayywk}n injn0 ‗rgxrg}waïén mg on|gxkak}gy ä nkma gjlayg }gxjdkac g lnxa mg jnma“+ Ny dk}gxgyygy kgyyg iayn yén jady mg dk}gxgyyg mn rðhcd

mn qwg rxnrxdajgk}g ma gjrxgya+ Jay# n rargc mg mgjnixaida ä xgrxgygk}amn a}xa|äymny ink}gðmny rxgygk}gy kny gmd}nxdady id}amny aidja+



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Rnxäj# injn Id}gccd &8221$ aldxjnw ak}gxdnxjgk}g a rgxywayén kén ä ydkýkdjn djgmda}nmg ingxïén nw jgk}dxa+ Rnx dyyn# n aw}nx xgyyac}a qwg raxa gvdy}dx gyya rnyyê|gc rgxywä kgigyyáxdn qwg igx}ay inkmdï÷gy yg laïaj rxgygk}gy# a rxdkidrac ä a mg idxiwcaïén mgdmäday+ Ayydj ygkmn# kgj ygjrxg a dmäda qwg yg lap rxgygk}g kn mdyiwxyn dkmdia wjnrdkdén injrax}dcfama# gvgjrcn mdyyn# ä wja rgyyna qwg ak}gy jgyjn mg cgx acowj}gv}n `á }gj wja iaxoa mg rxä*inkigd}ny+

Kgy}g iayn a kgw}xacdmamg nw djraxidacdmamg ä argkay wj jd}n# rnxqwg n mdyiwxyn qwgrxg}gkmg mdpgx inj kgw}xacdmamg# }gj rnx }xáy mgyya rxùrxda dk}gkïén mg kgw}xacdwja dmgncnoda# qwg ä n ma ywa rxùrxda nh`g}d|dmamg+



7=

7 INKICWYÉN

Rnmg*yg mdpgx qwg a mdyiwyyén gj }nxkn mg wja akacdyg mg ink}gðmn ä hay}akinjrcgva+ Mg wja jakgdxa ogxac# }nmn g qwacqwgx }drn mg ygkyaïén rxn|niama rnx jgdn

mn }xa}ajgk}n mamn ây kn}êiday ink}dmay kny gmd}nxdady mgy}gy `nxkady rnmg iawyadjrxgyyén mg nrdkdén ma gjrxgya+

Inklnxjg arxgygk}amn kn iarê}wcn D# n xù}wcn mg qwg n gmd}nxdac xg}xa}a n rnydidnkajgdmgncùodin ma gjrxgya gy}á cdoamn rxdkidracjgk}g ây ahnxmaogky g â jakgdxa injn nyayywk}ny yén }xa}amny+ Rnxäj# n qwg mdlgxg gyyg oàkgxn nrdka}d|n wj mn nw}xn yéniaxai}gxêy}diay mg rnydidnkajgk}n# acowky rnmgj }gx ixê}diay# nw}xny dmäday# gcnodny#yncwï÷gy raxa rxnhcgjay arxgygk}amny an cnkon mn }gv}n+

Qwakmn yg laca gj `nxkacdyjn nrdka}d|n yahg*yg qwg n ink}gðmn gvrxgyyn }gj wjrnydidnkajgk}n ixê}din# rnxäj akacê}din# nw yg`a# ahnxma wj ayywk}n# jay gvrxgyya anrdkdén+ Inky}ak}gjgk}g# ka fdy}ùxda ma djrxgkya# yén nhygx|amay ixê}diay â dklnxjaïénnrdka}d|a# ây |gpgy# djrxgidya# nw a}ä jgyjn mdy}nxidma# inj iwcra nw mncn g nlgkyd|aink}xa ny nh`g}d|ny lwkmajgk}ady mn `nxkacdyjn+ Rnxäj# n rargc mn gmd}nxdac ä dklnxjaxg injgk}ax n ayywk}n mg jakgdxa iwx}a g nh`g}d|a# jay inj injrxnjdyyn an dk}gxgyyg mn

rðhcdin g }ajhäj ma gjrxgya+ Rnx gyyg jn}d|n n gmd}nxdac ä a rxdkidrac lgxxajgk}a mgnrdkdén ma gjrxgya+

A}xa|äy mgyya inkicwyén ä qwg yg }gj wj }gja mg oxakmg xgcg|èkida# wja cdkowaogjxghwyiama g iwc}a# g wj rnydidnkajgk}n ma gjrxgya ynhxg n qwg ygxá |gdiwcamn+ Rnxdyyn# n gmd}nxdac ygowg wja gy}xw}wxa mg arxgygk}aïén mn }gja# xglcgvén# injgk}áxdixê}dia g wja inkicwyén+

Kn}a*yg qwg rgcn la}n may rwhcdiaï÷gy akacdyamay }gxgj gj ywa jadnxda }gjayxgcaidnkamny â rncê}dia nw ginknjda# rnmgj gvdy}dx inklcd}ny mg dk}gxgyygy injn id}amnkn iayn mny gmd}nxdady mn Gy}amn mg Jdkay g N Ocnhn ynhxg ny xntac}dgy mn rxä*yac+Rnx}ak}n# wj ayywk}n rnmg }gx jady mg wj }drn mg nrdkdén g ny dk}gxgyygy mg iamgjrxgya ä qwg mg}gxjdkaj gyyay inkmdï÷gy mg rnydidnkajgk}n+

Rnx dyyn# inkicwd*yg qwg ny gmd}nxdady }àj gy}xw}wxay mg nrdkdén mdy}dk}ay# jay gjjadnxda ahnxmaj }gjay xgcaidnkamny â rncê}dia g a ginknjda# injn rnmg ygx inky}a}amn



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ka akácdyg qwak}d}a}d|a+ Acäj mdyyn# a}dkog n qwg yg gyrgxa mn gmd}nxdac injn lgxxajgmg dklnxjaïén g nrdkdén+

Nw}xa inky}a}aïén ä ynhxg n a}n mg rgxywamdx n cgd}nx# qwg hwyia dklnxjaï÷gy kgyy

gmd}nxdady g xgyrny}ay raxa ay yway rgxowk}ay+ Mgyyg jnmn n rðhcdin }gj kny gmd}nxwja gvrcdiaïén qwayg qwg rxnlä}dia ynhxg ny la}ny+ Ny `nxkady# a}xa|äy mny oàkgxnynrdka}d|ny# rxniwxaj a}dkodx a |nk}amg# nw n ygk}djgk}n mny dk}gxcniw}nxgy# a}xa|äyaxowjgk}ny rcawyê|gdy nw |gxnyyêjgdy# g gy}gy }àj iaxá}gx dmgncùodin# }gjrnxac gywh`g}d|n+

A cdkowaogj ä inky}d}w}d|a mg iaxai}gxêy}diay qwg }gj rxùrxday rnyydhdcdmamgy ydokdldiaïén+ G n jnmn injn yén jnk}amay ay raca|xay mgk}xn mg wj }gv}n rnmg lapgxinj qwg wj }gv}n yg`a nw kén rgxywayd|n# jay rxdkidracjgk}g jncmamny rgcaaxowjgk}a}d|dmamg g rgcn a}n gkwkidamnx+ Ä kgy}g ygk}dmn qwg rnmg*yg mdpgx qcdkowaogj ä inky}d}w}d|a mg yway rxùrxday rnyydhdcdmamgy mg ydokdldiaïén+

Ygkmn ayydj# rnmg*yg inky}a}ax qwg a rxdkidrac iaxai}gxêy}dia dkgxgk}g an `nxkacdynrdka}d|n ä a mg ygx wja gyräidg mg inkygcfgdxn mn cgd}nx# qwg dmgk}dldia ka nrdkdén `nxkac wja jakgdxa mg gkvgxoax n jwkmn g mg}gxjdkamny ayywk}ny+ Acäj mdyyn#

rgxywayén rnmg ygx inky}a}ama injn wja dmäda ink}dma kaqwgcg gmd}nxdac# g n cgd}nx rkén dmgk}dldiax gyya nrdkdén mn `nxkac }nxkakmn*a wja |gxmamg dkink}gy}á|gc+

Dyyn kén qwgx mdpgx qwg a nrdkdén mn `nxkac yg`a lacya# jay qwg a inkmdïén qwg ggy}ahgcgig ynhxg mg}gxjdkamn }gja rnmg ahxakogx mdlgxgk}gy dk}gxgyygy rnydidnkajgk}ny dmgncùodiny+

\gxdldiamn# a inkmdïén gj qwg gy}gy gmd}nxdady yg arxgygk}aj# rgxighg*yg qwg }ak}

Gy}amn mg Jdkay qwak}nLncfa mg Y+ Rawcnxg}xa}aj }gjay nrdka}d|ny inj gy}xw}wxay mgnrdkdén g mg cdkowaogj mdlgxgk}gy+ Kn}a*yg }ajhäj qwg n rnydidnkajgk}n dmgncùodinmny mndy |gêiwcny }ajhäj ä mdlgxgk}g+ N jnmn injn ny }gv}ny yén gcahnxamny rnmg ygmdpgx qwg yén dowady# gj }gxjny mg gy}xw}wxa+ Gyya rxgjdyya ä inky}a}ama rgcny ixd}mg ygcgïén ma kn}êida gvrcdiamny kgyya jnknoxalda gj qwg n dk}gxgyyg rgcn kn|n# rnxaqwdcn qwg gy}á aink}gigkmn ä wja may rxdkidrady lgxxajgk}ay raxa ifajax a a}gkïén mncgd}nx+ N qwg dk}gxgyya ä ygjrxg n qwg |ad aink}gigx g kén n qwg aink}gigw# rnx dyyn

lai}wacdmamg arcdiama kny gmd}nxdady ä lwkmajgk}ac kn gk}gkmdjgk}n mn gmd}nxdacwj jgdn mg dklnxjaïén g lnxjaïén mg nrdkdén+



7<

Gj }gxjny ogxady# rnmgjny inkicwdx qwg ny gmd}nxdady mn Gy}amn mg Jdkay g maLncfa mg

Y+ Rawcn}xa}aj mg }gjay ogxacjgk}g cdoamny â rncê}dia g â ginknjda+ Haygakmn*yg kgy}argyqwdya# rgxighg*yg }ajhäj qwg ny |gêiwcny mg dklnxjaïén ahnxmamny arxgygk}ajiaxai}gxêy}diay qwg xgjg}gj â rgxywayén+ Mgy}a lnxja# gyygy `nxkady mgjnky}xaj# rnxwj camn# n rargc mn `nxkacdyjn mg dklnxjax g# rnx nw}xn# injhdkaj n ink}gðmnnrdka}d|n inj ny dk}gxgyygy ma gjrxgya+ Rnx}ak}n # gk}gkmg*yg qwg ny `nxkady Gy}amn mg

Jdkay g Lncfa mg Y+ Rawcnhwyiaj a rgxywayén injn lnxja mg xgaldxjax n ink}gðmnnrdka}d|n rxgygk}g gj ygwy gmd}nxdady+



7?

XGLGXÀKIDAY

AXHGV @X+# @nyä+ Gmd}nxdac+ Dk0 JGCN# @nyä Jaxqwgy mg &Nxo$+Oàkgxny `nxkacêy}diny

ka Lncfa mg Yén Rawcn + Yén Rawcn# L]M# 1448# r+ 41 ’ 122+

HAXHNYA# Aclxgw+]äikdia mg gmd}nxdady0 raxa n iwxyn mg `nxkacdyjn+ Hgcn Fnxdpnk}g0Djrxgkya Nldidac# 14?2+

HGC]XÉN# Cwdp+ @nxkacdyjn nrdka}d|n+ Rnx}n Acgoxg0 Gmd}nxa Ywcdkay# 1462+

HNKM# Lxake Lxaygx+ Dk}xnmwïén an `nxkacdyjn+ Xdn mg @akgdxn0 Aodx# 14<8+

HNYD# Gicäa+ A nrdkdén g gy}gxgù}drn+ Xg|dy}a Ink}gv}n# Yén Rawcn# K° 8# r+ 121*129#jaxïn mg 14??+

ID]GCCD# Amdcynk+ Cdkowaogj g rgxywayén + 17 gm+ Yén Rawcn0 Á}dia# 8221+

ICN\DY# Xnyyd ’ N qwg ä `nxkacdyjn # Yén Rawcn# Hxaydcdgkyg# 1462+

GXHNCA]N# Jáxdn C+ @nxkacdyjn gyrgidacdpamn# Yén Rawcn# A}cay# 1461# Iarê}wcn4&Gmd}nxdac$+

GXHNCA]N# Jáxdn C+]äikdiay mg inmdldiaïén gj `nxkacdyjn + 7 gm+ Yén Rawcn0 Á}dia#1441+

RNCGYD# Lawy}n ’ Gmd}nxdady# Yén Rawcn# Ynja# 1468+

ENIF# Dkogmnxg Oxwklgcm \dccaïa+ Axowjgk}aïén g cdkowaogj + =+ gm+ Yén Rawcn0Inx}gp# 144<+

JAXINKMGY LDCFN# Idxn+Injwkdiaïén g `nxkacdyjn 0 a yaoa mny iégy rgxmdmny+ 8gm+ Yén Rawcn0 Faiegx# 146<+

JGCN# @nyä Jaxqwgy mg+ @nxkacdyjn nrdka}d|n0 oàkgxny nrdka}d|ny kn `nxkacdyjnhxaydcgdxn+ 8 gm+ Iajrny mn @nxmén0 Jak}dqwgdxa# 8229+

XNMXDOWGY# Amxdakn Mwax}g+ N aink}gidjgk}n+ Dk0 ]XAQWDKA# Kgcy @nxkacdyjn0 qwgy}÷gy# }gnxday g ‟gy}ùxday‖+ Cdyhna0 \goa# 1449+



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XNMXDOWGY# Amxdakn Mwax}g+ Gy}xa}äoday ma Injwkdiaïén + Cdyhna0 Gmd}nxdacRxgygkïa# 1442+

]AXMG# Oahxdgc mg+ A nrdkdén g ay jayyay + Yén Rawcn0 Jax}dky Lnk}gy# 1448+

]XAQWDKA# Kgcynk+ @nxkacdyjn0 qwgy}÷gy# }gnxday g ‟gy}ùxday‖+Cdyhna0 \goa# 1449+

_NCL# Jawxn+]gnxday ma injwkdiaïén + 6 gm+ Cdyhna0 Gmd}nxa Rxgygkïa# 8229+

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