18 Tm MIDDLE AcEs

chant for dwelling upon the maiv€lous, t-he curioUl, andthe c.alamitous.ID 1oo2-roo3, he wrote the lollowing often-mentioDed passage conceming contemporary chuch build-i"c.l

CONC.ENNING THE CONSTRUCTrcN OFCHURCHES THROUCHOUT THE WORLD\

lherefore, alter the above-mentjoned y€ar of the mil-lenaium which Ir now about ttrree yea.s pasr, there oc-cuned, tiroughout ttro world, especially in Italy and Caul,a rebuilding of cLuch basilicas. NotwitlEtanding tiegeat€r nlrmber were already weI established and not inthe least in need, nevertheless each Christian people stroveagainsr the others to erect nobler ones. It was as iI thewhole earth, having cast oE the old by shaking itielf, wereclothing itselJ everywhere in the white robe of the church.Then, at last, aU the faidrJul altered completely most of tleepiicopal seaB Ior the better, and likewise, the mo.asteriesof the various slints as well as $e lesser places of prayerin the towrs. . . ,

ST. BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX

[St. Bemard of Cl&ilvaux ( 1og 1-r r St ) , the most influe*tial churchman o{ th€ twefth century, was bom near Di]o.of a noble family. As a youog man he entered the Monas-tery of Citeaux, of the Benedictine Order. In rrr5 hefounded a religious colony, tle Abbey of Clairaux, wb.ichwas recogrjzed iD rlrg by Pope Calixtul II. After devoungten years to the orgaDlzation of bi6 order, which by rr53

recovered $,1& the removal ol the debris. See Th. PrestoD, TI€Btoirz Doors of the Abbe'r ol Monta C6s1no and of St. Poll s,Aotu, Djs!. Prilceton, r9r5.

lThe s€lectioD is trafflated hom the Latin as given by V.Mane\ RetuelL de bnes rel,tils d I'histahe d.e larchhecrua, . . . r. P"'s, ror,, p. a, by Mr. Ch"rl,, P. Pdlhusl.l!.. who

"k" *"r" rh".h.'.;.rF

OF CL1IIVAIJX 19

consisted of 35o mon$teries, he erlended hjs bluence toail 0elds of ecllesiastical liJe by his lette , tractr ands"roou. He recognized the necessjry lor rFrorms \ujlhio Gechurc[ aEd attacked la-eress a.nd eornrpdon wberever hesaw t-hem. By Ge celebrated neadse De laudz r@oaemrritlze he iuitiEed the war of tle Cbrlstians agalDst theiDEd+ a4 preached t}le Second Crusade, 1146_1147,from the lallure of which he never recoverea. Ue &ea i;1r$, haviog devoted hs entire life to shengtledng t]echurch splrihlally and poUrjcaly.

The 'Apologia" is part of a lener .il,ritien by St. BemaFdto the Abbor of SL-Thiery.l

.APOLOCL\" TO \YILLIAM, ABBAT OFS ?,.?IIIERRII

. . . But tLese are smdll Lhingsj I will pass on ro oattersgreater in themselves, yet seemhg smalJer because theyare more usral. I say naugbt of rh" vasr beight oI youchuches, their jmmoderar" lengrl. Geir sup.rfluousbreadtl, tle costly polirhjngs. Lhi curious carvj.ngs andpaintings which attract rhe rvorshjppert gaze and hi.nderhis aHentioD, and seem to me in som€ sorr a revivJ oI rbe'ancient rewish rites. Let rhjs pass. however: say thar thisls done for codt honou. Bur I say, es a mon}, ask of mybrolher rooDl(s as the pagan Jpoet persiusl askcd of bnfollow-pagans: 'Tell me. O PontiEs" (quoth hc) "whardoetb thb gold in tbe sanctuary? So say L "TeU me. yepoor Dea" (for I break the verse to keep tle sense) 'tellme, ye poor (if, indeed, ye be poor), what doetL tLft goldin you, srncluaryf And indeed tbe bisbops bave an excusewhjcb monks h3ve noir for we lTow ltrar tley, beingdebtors both to the wise and the unwis€, aDd urable toexcite tho devotioE ot canxal to& by spiritual thlngs, do soby bodiJy adommenLs. But we lmonJ<sJ who bave nowcome forth lrom the peoplej we who have left aU the pre-cious and beautiful things of the world lor Christt saker

1'l h€ leher faon whi h Lh- eroml ts rakeo b piven rn tuLIi! G. G. Coultoo, Ll" tn rle rt|ddk;g,r, C.obrid?e, r91o, p,

20 TNE IfIDDLE ACES

who have counted but dung, that we may win Christ, all

thnss lair to see or soo hjnL ro hFar, swFet to snell deliEh'-

Iul tlo taste. or pleasant Io toulh-in - uord' alJ bodilv de-

Lqht -\ahosc devotion, P,ry, do we monk jnlPnd to e\crlF

bi tlese thinr'? what ptont. I say, do \ve expect tlerelroma

Tie admiration ot tools, or rhe oblations of the simple? Or'

since we ue scatteled anong the nations, have we per-

chance leamt &eir works and do we vet serv€ their graven

imases? To sp"ak plainlv. dodr Ge lool of all this lie in

-'I-'"**. *t i.l is idolaw, and do we seek not ptoir.but a gift? lf thou askest: "Hov?" I sav: "In a strange

fashionl' For money is so altfullv scatieled tha! it mav

m,JtiDlvi it is (xrended th,t il r-y give ircrei"e rnd

prodigalirl giver-h bhth lo plentvr for dt the v"rv 'ight ot

ihese-costly-yet manelous vanities nen are more kindled

to oEer giits than to pray. Thus wealth is drawn up bv

.ooes of *ealth. Gus monev bringeth monev; Ior I Inow

noi how ir i. that, sheresoe,er more abunddnt wealth is

seen, tlere do men ofer more freelv. Then eves are feasted

\,!'ith retics cased in gold, and thet pu$e"strings are loosed

Thev are shown a most comely image o[ some saint, whom

*ev tt-r;nt utt tlle more saintly that he js the more gaudilv

Daint€d. Men rur to kiss him, and are invited to givei there

L nore admiration lor his comeliness ilan veneraLioD for

his sa.ctity. Hence the cburch is adomed with gemmed

crowns of Light-nay, with tustres like cart_wheels, girt all

round with iamps, but no less brilliant witl the precious

stones that stud them lloreover we lee candelabn stand'

i"E I'ke t e.' ot na"sive bronz", Lshioned wii-h mrrvellors

sulbtlerv ot arr, and gustening no less briehdv with sems

th,n 'uth d. llghrslhel c,i'v wh"r. think vou is lhe

""-*" "f "U this? Th" compun"rion ol penitents or tl1e

"a-iotio. ot the b"holders? O vanirv ot varuties vet no

."r" ,"i. ,l* insanel The church is resplendent in her

*Jf.. U."*rA, in her poor: she clolhFs hPr slones in gold'

."Jr".,;-ir,"' -,',"i'd; rhe ti' h mani evc is red at the

l*pe"'e of tle i"aige"t. rhe curious ffnd their delight here'

,.i the needv find no rclpr. Do we nor revetP ai leasr th'ir,,s", ot rL" Sri,.t", "li L swJrn Pven in rhe inl.r:J ravc-;.;i';;" 4..,'. rr Jd' 14, n'r,' o,r',,t'm'' m the Ans(rs

5T. BERNANN OF CLAINVAIiX 2I

face; often, again, the countenance of some Samt is SIoundunder the heel of a passer-by. Aad iI he spare not tlesesacred lnages, why Dot €ven the Iair colours? Why dostthou make so fair which will soon be made so foul? Whylavisb bright hues upon that which must needs be hoddenunder foot? wlat avail these c.omely forms in places wberethey are defilod with customary dust? And, Iasdy, v,/hat are

such things as these to yorl poor men, you monl(s, you

rpiritual folk? Uriless perchanc'e here dso ye may answer

the poet's question in the words of the Psalmistr 'Lord,I Lave loved tlle habitstion of Thy House, and the placewhere Thine honou dweleth " I grant it, then, let us sufiereven &is to be done ir the churchi for, though it be harm-ful to vain and covetous folk, yet not so to the simple and

devout. But h ',tre clobter, under the eyes of tLe Breduenwho read ttrere, what profft is there in those ridiculourmonstert, lo ttrat marvellous ard deformed comeliness,

thEt c.mely deformity? To what purPose are those unclean

apes, those 0erce lions, those monstrous c€ntaurs, tboso

half-men, those striped tisers, tlose Gghtjng knigtrts, tlosehunters windiDg thei! holr)l? Many bodies are there seeD

urder one head, or agaiD, Elany heads to a single body,Here is a four-footed beast with t serpent's tail; ttrere, a

fish wi& a beast's head. Here again the Iorepart of a Lorse

tra& LaU a goat behhd it, or a homed beast bean ttreblDde! quarters of a horse. In short, so many and so mawelIous are the vadeties of diven shapes on every hand, thatwe arc mor€ temPted to read in tle marble than tn ourbooks, and to speDd the whole day in wondering at thesc

tllngs ratler than in meditatilg the law of God For Cod's

sake, iI meE arc not sshamed of tlese folies, why at least

do they not shrink from the expense?

ltre abundance of my matter suggested much more forme to addi but ftom tiis I am distracted bot! by mv owD

afirous buli[ess and by the too hasty departure of Bro*erOger [t]re bearer oI this Ietterl. . . . This is my opinion oIyour Orde! and mine; nor can any maD testify more trulythan you, and those who know me as you do, tlet I am

wont to say tlese things not about you but to your faces.

$ihat in your Order ir laudable, that I praise and publish

I:

22 \fi| IfDDLE ACES

abloadi what is repleheBible, I am wont to pe$uade vou-nd my ollpr fripn l" io .m"r d. rni. i ,.o ,t_,,,.,io,i Lr,rat-bpr atLrrctioD $ L"retore I wholly pr.,) "nd bps"".h vo,,lo do t-be s,mc by ne. Far, wrlt

ABBOT SUGER

. fsuger (ro81-115r), scion of an obscure famity, wxsplaced in the Abbey of St.-Denis as an oblatc at rhe age o(ni.oe or teq and \l,as edLlcatcd tlere, For additjonal leam-ing bF weni ro Bu.rDdy. rrobabl) io th" ALb"v ot St._!€ooit-rur-LoiJe. AJrFr ILis r"iur1 ,rbort r ro71 he sen"drls aDD, y." / -a"poqla o[ h\o n po.1n, pof-s.:on( \. 1loabout rrr2l aodr"\. in.dd,iion,nb,u.tq si,h vv.r lmissiorls to tlre Curia. On ttese he sened thc best intercsisof Lh- 3bhFy "s w"U ., oL King Lour \'t hj. tom-r .choo.-mnte, q1.o coosidprFd him, r_brougho.rr lile, a( ti" -.,x5tedrdviserrnd tojend."ln rrrr. S,t.r $ . ^rd,irFI Abbor ols,;-?:3.

""9 delorFd r:m "tf r; ,"rorm;, s rr.. ro,,J.rpryrabu ding tJ.c chuct.. aj.d cnrnhxjs ,hF trc.,.urr Loui.VIL drr son ot Louj. Vl, al"o "mptoy,d SuE"r "" bi,couns.lor aDLl I .trred I:m r SFnr duflls txs xi sfl c- on th€Second Crusad-" in r , "6

,Suge! \,rote Ee life of tns pah.on, Louis VI, and begana lifc oF Loujs vll. nut irom dre poirt ot vj.w o[ (he arrhjslorian his most impodant Lterary works are a treitrse onmatters coDceming the administration of the Abbey, includ-ing_ tle renodeling and redecoration o[ ttr abbe; churctr,and a more circunstantial dcscripuon ot the rebuiiding anjconJecration oI tle latt€r. Sugcr died on January 13, 115r.l

THI|, BOOK OF SUCL,R, ABBOT OF S?,.DEN1S1ON WI]-{T 1\'AS DONN !\'DNN E]S I'MINISTR{TION

XJiIV, OI the Church's Decoldrion. Having assigned tLeincrease of the revenue ir this manner, we turncd our hand

. 'r l.^ , ii Errs . rc ltan Abbat 5u2.1. 6n 15" Abb.u ch ,.h.n St.-D"flk -,d \ Att t,.e,e, iar,,.a, L,,n.t,teo "na.i-

IIIIIIIIIIII

lo G6 memombl€ ^oorrrucrioD oI Luildoss. so l-6rr by tlis

t.baDk mjgLt b6 gjve! ro Alnighry cod by uJ as wel;s byour successors; and rh"t by good "x,mple Lhetr ador m;SLib€ roused to t!6 coDEruarion aDd, ir Dec-.sary, to rhe com-pledoo of thb [work]. For nejtb"r rny w,nt nor any hin-drance by any power wilt have to b€ f;ared if, for th; loveof Ge Holy Martlrs, oDe takps s ely care of ooeseti byones own resoures. TLe 6Et work oo r-his church whiciye besar under rhe in?irErioo ot Cod lwas drisl: becauseol tbe age of tbe old walls and r,hen mreDding rutu j!some plac€s, we suDEoD.d Ge be.r prurprs I muld GodIrom diEelent EgioDs, and revereDtly caused these lwatbjto b€ repair_ €d and becomingly p"irtea rri$ gold anJprecious_ co1ox. I completed this alt the more giadly be_cause I had vrished to do it, if ever I shodd hwe an op_portrDity, even lvhjle I was a pupil in school.

.)oll , Ol the Fhst Addition to tha Chwch. Hawe\e\ eyeDwhil. ltis was bFing complFrFd ar S-par erpensp, I touEdmyseu, under tbe inspinUoo ol rhe Diuoe Will and bcm,,seof th.at tnadequacy whjch we ofteD saw ud felr on fea$days, naDely tle Feasr of t-he btessed Deois, tLe Fair, audvery many ottren (for the narowaess of the place forced ,

ttro womeu to rua toward the albr upon the headr of themel ar upoD a pJveoonr with buLh aDsub ed boirycoo{bioD), eDcouaged b} $" cotmet ol wrse mer and bytbe pmyers oI many moDk rlea ir displease God and theHoly Martyrs) to edarge and aoplily the noble churcbconsecated by tho Hand Divine; and I ser our st oDce tobegin tlis very thiDg. In ou chapter as wetl as iD churchI tmplored Dvine mercy thar He Wtro i! tle One, tl€be,tnnlng and tha end.ing, Alpha and Ornee, rijght jo,ura good eDa to a good begindng by a safe middle; that Hemr'glr Dot reD€l fmm tho buitding of r\" cnple a bhodCrnan vbo desired rhis vpry tlirg, ;th his wbot; hearL ffor;

ffigeD.rdsly p.rDltred rlese F Frptr ro bp rEctuded. Fo! 6mmE!'-(dry Dot.s a,d ld,ltGodon ot 6. obj-cLs m"orioDed jD G" ied,h6 studptrt & FfeEFd to Dr. I atroftL vi \loL,ty u.ort .

. Se aLo: S@er Crcsby, Th! Abb4t d/ sr..rpni', r, New

tlar to obtaiD tie tleasures of Colstantioople. Thur webegan work at the forme! entrsDce with ttro doors. We toredorla a certaiD addition asserted to havo beeu made bvCharlemagne on a very hoDorable occasioD (for his father,the Emperor Pepir; trad comnranded that Ie be buried,for tle sios of htu fatler Charles Martel outside at theeDtaoce Mth tle doors, face downward aid Dot lecum-bent)i and we set our baDd to tlis parr. As jr evident weexerted ourselves incassantly wittr tle eDlargement of tlebody oI the cLurch as we| as with the trebling of the en-hance and tle dools, and witl tle erection of bteh aDd

Xxyll. Ot thz Cad anA Ciued Dools. Bronze casterslaving beea summoned and scu.lptors chosen, we set uptle main doo$ on which are represented the passioa oftle Saviour and His Resurrection, or mther .ArceDsioD, wiLhgreat cost aDd mucb expen&tuie for ttreir gilding as wasffttiag for tle noble porch. AIso [we set up] oth-en, neworcs oD the right side and &e old ooes on tle left beneattrtle xoo-sajc which, though conhary to modem custom, weordered to be executed tler€ aDd to be a6xed to tletlarxpaDu.d oI the portal. We also committed ourselvesdchly Lo elaborate the lowerlsl and tle upper crenelationsot tne froDt, bolh for tle beaury of tbe cLuch and, shouJdcucumstaDces require jL Ior pracdca) pulposes. Furtler weordered the year of the consecration, lest it be IorgotteD, tobe i$cribed io coppeFgilt Ietters ia the followirg oanner:'For the splendox of tle church tLat bas fostered and

exalted hin,Suger tras labored for tle splendor of ttre clurch.Civing ttree a share of what js thiDe, O MatbT Denis,He prays to tlee to play ttrat he may obtaiE a sLare of

Paradie.lhe year was ttre One Thousand, One Hundred, and

FortiethYear of the Word when ltlis shucru.rel was coBecrated,,,

The verscs on thc door, further are tLeser

'I\6oever thou art, if tLou seekest to ertol tle glory oftlese doors,Marvel Dor at Ge gold and rhe erpeDse bur at tle crsfts-

manlbip ot the work.Bright-is r.be nobl€ workj but being Dobty brighr, ttre workShould brighteD Ge ainds, so that ihey may travel, tLmugh

the kue lightr,

I. t. T*" Lishr wbere Chrjst ts tle true doo!.r! wirat manner fl be inlereDt i, rhjs world the go)dendoor detues:

ThF du. mjnd:"es to hutl t\rough tlar whjch is materialAod, in seein8 rhis lighq is resMected lrom jts fomer sub.

And on the iinrel:

'Receive, O -stem Judge. tle praycrs of Thy Suger;

crdnt. tlat I be mercifully numbered among Thy ownsheep,"

, Yf .Ot ,ty c"U." Attal Frontal tn lha Upper Chotr.r-oto this paDel, whicb staDds i.u froqr of his most sacreiloooy, we bave put, accoFdiDg to our estima(q about forty_two marlts of gold; [fu-rther] a multifarious wealt-h of prlciour gems,- hyactntbs, mbies, sapphLres, €meralds aDd,opffi, u"a also a:: anay of di.&erent large pe.arts_lawealt-hl es- great as we bad Eever aDticipateito ilnd, y;uco,uld se€ how tings_, princer. and many ouGtaDdiDg me&rouo\+,lng our example, took U\e rings oS t-he Gogers of tbelrhrDds,aDd ordercd,-or( oI jove for rhe Hoty MrrFs. thatlne.gold! stones, lnd preciour pearls of the ri[g be put iDtothat palel. Similarly, alchbisbops and bisbops d;postled

1.r". u" "? 'TC' 9f-rhen investitue as rhough ir a ptacr

01 salety, and oflered them devoutly to God and His Saine.And such a crowd of de_alers io precjous gems .6ocked iD o!ui lrom divelse dominjons and regjons that we dtd not wishlo buy dny more Lhan t_hey hastened to sell, witL everyoDecoDkibuting donations, And Lhe verses on ttri. paoei aru

'Cr€at Denis, opcn the door of paradiseAnd proiect SugFr tbrough rhy pious guJrdirnshjp. I

I

flil,'ttIt;

ItIIIt;

II

,6 rEMayest thou, who hast built a new drvelling lor thysell

ttuough us,Caule us to be received in the dweUing of Heaven,And to be sated at the heavenly table iDstead of at the pres-

That which is signified pleases more tlan he who signi6es."

Since it seemed proper to ptace the most saEed bodiesof our Patron Sahti in the upper apse as nobly as possibte,and since ole of ttre side-tablet! of tLeir most sacred sar-copbagus Lad bee! tom olf on some uri]oown occasion, weput back Gfteen marks of gold and took pains to have gildeditr rear sid6 and its superstruch:re tlroughou! botl belowald above, y'ith about folty ounces. Fuitler 1(.e caus€d tleactual rec€ptacles of the holy bodies ro be enclosed rvithgilded paoels of cast copper and with polisleti stones,ffred close to &e inner stone vaults, and also with continu-ous gates to trold of disturbances by crc.lvds; ir such a&anDer, trowever, that revere[d pe$ons, as was fitting,miglt bo able to see them with great d€vorion and a floodoI teqts. On tiese saffed tombs, however, $ere are the fol-lowing verses:

'wIere the Heaveuly Host keeps watcl\ the ashes of theSaints

Are implored and bemoaned by &e people, [and] theclergy sings fu ten-voiced harmoDy.

To thek splrits are submitted tle prayers of the devout,And if t-bey please them tbeir evi) deeds are forgiveo,Here tLo bodies of tle Sainb are Iaid to rest in peace,May ttrey draw us aJter tlem, u: who beseech ttrem witl

ferveot prayer.Thls place exists as an outstanding asylum for those who

Hero ls safe retuge for the accr:sed, here the avenge! i-s

powerless against ttrem."

XX]{l Ol the Cald.n Crr.if.r. We should hav€ insistedwitb aI tle devotioD of our mind*had we but had tliepower-tlat tle adoEble, life-giving cross, lh€ health-bringing banaer of the etemal victory of Oru Saviour (ot

whjch tlre,Apostle srys: But Cad lotbitl that I should Chr!,so,De in-thc crc1s ol ot tord /esus Cl,r:yl. shoujd beaoomed dll rre morp gloriouslv as Lhe sign ot rI" SoD ofMaD, appeari!8 iD t-he si7 at t_he momenr of uhost dao-ger, is glodoui Dot only to men but also to the very angels;and,we sholld have perpehnIy greeted ir wiLh th; Ap;sd;Andrew: Ila, Ctut, uhich arc dpd*.at"d tn ttu b;du otChrlst and. adnned, urth Hi.s nEmberc eoen as urth pe;*.But since we could nor do as we wished, we wtsbej o doa: lesly: cou]d, aDd shove to bring ir about by tie sr.rceoI.God. Therefore w6 searcbed around everywbere b/our-selves and by our agerts fff an abundance of prlciouspearls and"gercs. prepanng as precious a supply of goldand gems lor so jnlporunr au embellnbrent as we couldGnd. and convokad *re most experipn.ed artirts fr, m djverseparts. They.would MrL ditisenr dnd patienr labor glorifytie venenble cross on ils reverse side bv tle admirablebeauty of those gems; ,od oo its froDt-Gat b to say ilr ttresight of the sacliEcing prien-they would sholv rhe adorableimaSe of our Lord tbF S,viou. $,fcring, as ir were, eveDnow In remembnnce of Hit passion. In lacr rle btessedDenis had. rested oD rLis very spot for 6ve huad-red yearsor more. that is to sry. Irom the time of Dagobert up toour own day, One merry but nolable mir.rcle wbjcb tbeLord granted ur in thir.onnecrion we do not wish to passover iD silence. For when I was in di&cutry lor wani ofgems and ceuld Dot mctendy provide myself wittr more(to-r

.t-heir_ scarclty makes tlem very expensive): r-ber, lo

ard behold, [monl(sl lron r]r.ee abbevs of wo Orders_tha-t is flom Cllea(lx aDd aDor_her abbey ot tbe same Order,and from Fontewault-eD,ered our litrlo chanber adiaceDtto the church and ofered us lor sale an abunilance o{ ge@ssuch.as we }ad not hoped to End in ten years. hyacinul:-s,ssppbirer, rubies, emeratds, ropazes. Tbeir owaerc had ob-tained Lhem ftom Coutrt Tbr-baut for alnN; eDd he in tumbad received t-hem. tlrough tlre hands of his brother Ste-pben.,KiDg of EDgland, Irom tlc beasures of his uncle, theli.te 5jnc H:rry. who h,d amd.s-d rn-m rh,oushout hisliIF in wooderfut vessels. we. howevFr. frFed lrom tbewony ol searching for C(mJ. t_hrnked Cod rnd g.ve lour

hurdred pouds Ior the lot though they were wordr much

We applied to tle perfection of so sacred an omamentnot only tiese but also a grert and expeDsive supply ofother gems and large pearls, We remember, if memorysewes, to have put in about eishty narks of reGned gold.And barely witlin two years were we able to have com-pleted, tlrough several goldsmiths from Lonaine-at times0ve, at other times sev€n-the pedestal adomed witl tleFouI Evangelists, and tlre pillar upon which the sacredimage stands, enameled witl exquisite worknanship, andlon ltl the history of tle Saviour, wit! the testimonies ofthe allegories from the Old Testament iDdicated, and ttrecapital above looking up, wit! jts images, to tle D€atl oIthe Lord. Hastening to honor and extol even more highlyttre erobellishment oI so important and sacred a lihrgicalobiect, tle mercy o{ our Saviour brougit to us our LordPope Eugenius for the .elebratioD of Loly Easter (as is tliecustom of Roman ?ontifis, wlen sojourdDg in Cad, inhonor of the sacred apostolate oI $e blessed Denis, whichwe llave also expelienced \r'ith his predecessors, CalixtusaDd InnoceDt); and he solemnly consecmted the aforesaidcrucifx on that day. Under the tide of 'The True Cross ofttre Lord Surpassing AII and Every Pea " he assigled to tta portion hom his chapel; and publicly, in the presence ofd! he ana&ematized, by tle sword of the blessed Peterand by ttre sword of t}le Holy Chost whosoever would stealanytLing therefrom and whosoever would rajse bis handagaL8t it in rcckless temerity; and rve ordered this ban to beitr3cribed at the foot of the cross.

XXXIL We hastened to adom tle Main Altar of theblessed Denis where there was only one beautiArl and pre-cious frontal psDel frorn Charles tle Bald,! the third Em-peror; for at this laltarl we had been o$ered to tle monas-tic l.ife. We had it all encased, puttirg up golden panels onciLl,e! siJ.:rnd addi,g a IounL. cven more precious oner sothat tlie whole altarwould appeat go)den all the way rourd.

I T],c all-x l,onr,l E,v^n IJy Charl.s the Aald Is lon but klomto us duouA', r Fl^ni"l, phh',. of tl," ffteend, e!,hry. SccPanofsb, op. .il., p. r7s nnd fig. e.

2g

On eithcr side, we iirtalled there the hvo cardlesticks ofKing Louis, soD of Philip, of twenty marks o{ gold, lest theymiglt be stolen on some occasionj we added hyacintls,erneralds, and sundry precious gems; and $e gave orderscarefully to look out for others to be added iurther. Theverses on these lpanelsl are tlese.

On tle righr side:

'Abbot Suger has set up these altar pane)sIr addition to that which Kiag Cbarles has giver before.Make wortly the ulworthy thmugh thy tndutgence, O

Virgir Mary.N{ay the- fountair of mercy cleanse the sins botL of the King

and the Abbot."

On the left side:

'II any impious person should despoil thjr excellent &ltarMay he perish, deservedly darnned, associated virh Judas.,,

But tbe lear panel, oI marvelous wortaoaDjhip and laviJhsumptuousness (for ttre barbariao artists wer€ €ven morelavish tIaD our$), yre emobled witb cbased reliel workequally admirable Ior its folm as for its nutedal so tbatc€rtain people might be a.bLe to say. Th.e uothiawhtp tur-passed the nate al. Much of what had been acquired andmore of such omaments of the church as we werc afraidof losing-for iDrtance a goldea chalice the foot of whlchLad come ofi, and seveml other things-we ordeted to b6Iastened tbere. And because rhe djversiry of tle marerjatshucl rsl eold. c"m' and n.arls is nor cdsity unde$roodby ttre mute perception of sight without a descdption, weh€ve seen to it that this wor\ which is inreltigible only totLe lteratc, which shines rviih tle raaaoce of aelghtfutallegories, be set down in writitrg. AIso we Lave a-frxedv"rses erToundjng t-he maHer so thdl rhe IaUcgories] migbtbe more clerrh under(tnnd,

"Crying our with a loud voic€, rhe mob acctaims Christ:'Osanua.'

The true Victim offeled at the Lord,s Supper bas caniedaU men.

I

3o

He Wlo saves all nen on the Cross hasteB to carry the

The promise which Abraham obtains for his seed is sealedby the {esh of Christ.

Melchizedek ofiers a libation because Abraham trn,m.hsov"r the enemy.

They who seek Cbrist with the Cross bear thc cluster ofgrapes upon a stafi."

Often we contemplate, out of sheer afiection for theclurch our mother, tlese difierent ornaments both new andold; and when we behold how that wonderfut cros of St.Eloy-togethei with the smaller ones-and rhat incomoara-ble omamert mmonJl c"Ued'rhe C.{r" ar^ ph.Fd upolthe golden altar, then I say, sighing deeply in my heart;Leery prcciau.s ranc Lv thu car;rin;.'ti,c so.iiL,., rh.lopaz, and. the iaspct, the chru,;olitp. ond tte ong\ and rhaberyL th" sdryhne, on-d th? carbun.te, dnd ttta enerald_To those who know ttre pioperties of precious stones it be-crmes evidetrq to their utter astorjshment, that none is ab,sert from the tru&ber oI tlese (wittr the onty exception ofthe carbuncle), but tLat they abound most copiously, Thus,wheD-out of my detighr h rle beaury of rhe hous" of God-tle lovetiness ot &e Dany-colored sems ha, calted meaway froE ertemal cares. and wonhy mFdirarion has in-duc'ed me to regecr, transtprrirg Lhat which is materialto tiat *hich is immaterial, on the &versity of ttre sacredvtutues: then it seems to me that I see m,'setf dweling, aslt were, in some sbang€ region of the univene whichneither exiitr eEtirely in the sline of the earrh nor eniirelvin lhe puity oI HFavent and rhar. by tte grace ot Cod, ican be transported froln ths inlerior ro tLat higher worldin aD anagogical manner. I used to converse witl havelersfrom Jerusalem and, to my grear detight, to leam from thoseto rvhom the treasures of Constantinopl€ and &e oma-ments oI Hagia Soplia had been ac{essible, wherler t}lethings here muld clairn some value in comparison lvithtlose tlere. When they acl,-nowledged tlat tlese here werethe more important ones, it occuncd to us that those rnar-vels of which we had h€ard befo.e mi-qht have been put

!.4rd4r.rr.{i

ABBOT SUCER 31awBy, as a maFer of precrurjoD. for ler or rhe Fmnls;lest,rtuough the rasb rapacty of a srupid few rbe pa,tisansot the Creeks aDd La!"., called upoD tle scene, might sud-deDly be moved to sedition and warliko hostilitie<; for wari-Dess ls prcemluendy chamctedstic of the Creek. Thus itcou]d Lapper that the treasues which are visiblo here, de-podted h ssfery, amount to more Gan tbose whtch badbe€n vftiblo there, left [on view] under condidons usafeon ac.lunt o[ disorders. From very xDary trutbfu] men,even from Bislop Hugles of Laoq we had heard woader-tul ancl aknost incre&ble reportj about tle superlority ofHagia SopbJah and otler churche!, oma&enb for tle ;e]e-trration oI Mass. If this fu so-or ratkr because we believeit to be so, by lhFir te.tmooy-then such bestimable andinccmparable tre?$res oug_bt to be erposed to tle iudg-EeDt of the 6any, L", ?aery man abotnd ln hts ou:n sensi,To.me, It-onfess, one thing has al\ra)s seemed preeminentlytitting: that every costler or rcsdiest tli"g shoutd se.,;,6-rst €nd-IorerEost, Ior rhe admidsrration of rhe Holy Eu-charlst: Il golden pourtng vesse)s, golden vials, go)den I -tle mortars used to se e, by tbF \rord of Cod or tle com-Dand oI tho Prcphet, to collect the blaod ol Eoa$ ot calo?ror tha rcd, helfer: ho$ mucl more must goldeD vessels, pre-dous 6tones, and wbarever ts nost wlued among al] createdthtDgs, bo lrid oug n4th continuat reverence and tull devo-tiorL for tle rec€ptior oI tie Uood ol C,4rrrr, Surely neitherwo nor our possessioDs sufice lor this 6ervic€. ff, by a newcreatioo, our substaDc€ were re-Iormed Iroar thai of tleboly Cbenrbln and Seraphim, it wou_ld still ofer an ilsu.fi-cieDt sDd unworthy servicr lor so gleat anC so inefable avlctim: ed yet we have so g'eat E propl&tjon for our sitrs.Th€ detractoN also obiecr Gat a saindt mind. a pure heart,a falthful intention ought to s,rfice foithis sacred fuction;and we, too, explcidy aDd especialJy a$rm rhat it ls tlesetnat princJpally matler. IBurl we profess tbar we must dohomage also thmugh tle outward onrrxoenrr of sacred ves,sels, and to nothing in tbe world in ,n equal degyeF es tothe. service of thp Holy Sacrjfce. witl 6I

-inncr purity aod

witl a[ outward Alendor. For it behooves us most becom-ingly to serve Our Sayiour in all things in a uiversal ivay-

Him Who has not refused to provide for us in a[ things in auriversal way and without any excepuoni Who bas fusedour natue with }lis into one admirable individualityi Who,setllng $ an His iCht hmd., has promised u,5 iD truth ropossess Hb Kingilom; av Lord \Nho liaeth and reigvth I ar

)i{XIV, We also chaDged to its present form, s},rnpathiz-ing with their drcoEfo& tl1e chon oI the brethren, whichhad beeD detriEeDtal to healtb for a long time on accounto[ the coldness of t]ie roarble and the copper and had

caused great Ludihip to those who constaDtly attendedsefl,ice in church; and because of the increas€ in our com-munity (with thc help of Cod), we endeavored to edargeit.

lYe also caused the ancient pulprl wLich-admirable fortLe most deucate and nowadays irreplactable ssulphte ofits ivory taLlets-sur?assed human evaluation also by thedepiction of antique subieclr, io be rcpaned after we had

reassembled those tablets which were molderilg all toolong i.D, and evetr under, tle repos'ltory of the moDey chests;

oD tle rigtrt side \pe restoled to their plac€s the admals oIcopper lest so mucb and adrdrable material perisb" and had

Ittre wholel set up so ttrat tle readilg of Holy Cospels

migtrt be perforded iD a more elevated plac!. In tle b€_

gimiDg of our abbacy ve had already put out of t}le waya celt i-D obsbrcdoD which cut as a da& wau tlrough thecenkal Dave of the churdr, lest tle beauty of tie chulch's

raaglitude be obscured by such balrie$,!'unher, we saw to it, both on account oI its so exalted

f,mcdon and of th6 value of the work itseLf, tlat the faeoustb:oae of the glorious Ifing DagoberL wom with age atrd

&lapidated, was restored. oD it, as &nci€ot hadidotr relates,

tho kings o{ ttre Franla, after havjlg talen tho reigrB ofgovem$eDt, used to sit in older to reeive, for tle 6Isttime, th6 homage of tleir nobles.

AIio we had rcgilded the Eagle in the middle of the choir

which bad become rubbed bare tlrough the frequent

touch of admirers,Moreover, we caused to be painted, bv ttre exquisite

hards of many mastem from dificrent regioff, a splendid

variet] oI new \lnrdows, both below and above: from that6r.r on( wl nl, LF, ur lihe seri",l wjr-b Ge Tr?e ol Jp,rin the chevet of d:e chuch to that which is iDstalled abovethe principal door in the church's entrarce. On€ of ttrese,urging us onward from the material to the immaterial, rep-resents the Apostle Paul tuming s mill, and the ?rophetscarryhg sacks to the nill. The venes of this subject arc

'By working the mil, thou, Isul, takest the loul out of tle

Tlou makest bowlr the inmost meaning of ttre Law of

From so many grains i-s made tle b.ue bread witlour bmn,Our and tLe angels' perpetual food."

AIso in tle same wiDdow, where ttre veil i5 taken ofi tleface oI lfoses:

nlftat Moses veih the dockines of Christ utveils.They who bare Moses despoil the Law."

In the sarne window, above the A-rk oI tte Covenant:

"On the Ark of the CovenaDt is established the a.ltar withthe C,ross o{ Christ;

Here ]ife wjshes to aie under a greatn coveDart.-

Ako in the same [window], wbere ttre Lion aDd Lambuseal the Book:

"He Wtro is ttre great Cod, &e Lion and tle Lamb, useatsth6 Book.

The Lamb or Lion becomes the flesh joined to cod."

In another window, where tle daughter oI pharaoh fiadsMoses iD ttre arkl

"Moses h the ark is tLat Man-Cbild WLom tlo maidenRoyal the Churcb" Iosrers w ! pious mid,-

In the same window, *Lere ttre Lord appeared to llosesin the buming bush:

'Just as this bu$ is seeD ro bum yer is not bumed,

I34 TEE MIDDLE ACES

So he who ir {rI of t-his tue Divhe blltr lvith it vet is notbumed."

AI.so in the same [window], where Pharaoh is submergedin tle sea with his horsemcnr-W}.ut Baplism does to ttre good, that does to tle soldiery

oI PharaohA tike form but an unlike cause."

Ato iD the same lwiDdow], where Moses raises tle

'Just as the brazen 6erpent slays all serpents,So CbrjjL nised on th€ Cross, slayE His enemies."

In tle same wiDdo% u,here Moses receives the Law on

"A{ter the Law has been given to L{oses lhe grace of Cldstinvigorates it.

Clnca CIL\eth lile, thz l.ettet kiUe\h."

Now, because [these windows] are very valuable on ac-comt of ttret wonderfrl execution and the profuse erpendi-tllIe of painted glass arld sapphire glas, wc appoilted anoEcial master cnftsmaD for their protection aDd lepan, andalso a goldsmittr skllled in gold and silver ornament, whowould receive their allowaDces and what was adjudged tothem in ad&tioq viz., coitri from the aliar and flour fromthe coDrDon storehousc of dre bre*[en, and who lvouldnever reglect then duty to look alter these lworks of art],

:L\-rfiV A. . . . We also ofiered to the bless€d Denis,together with sone fowers hom the crom of the Empress,anodrer most preciour vesset of prase, carved into the fo!D1of a boaL which King Iruis, son of Philip, had tefr jn pawrfor nearly ten yean; we had purcha-sed it with tle KingtpercJssioD for sixty marl.s of silver when it had beeE ofieredto us for lffpection. It is aD established fact that this versel,admirable for tle quality of the preciors stone as wellas for the Iattert u!turpaired quantill, is adomed witl'veroteie cloisor.n6e" work by St, EL,: rvlnch is held tobe most preciorr iD tLe ,udgment of aL goldsmiths.

StiU aDother vase, Iooking Lil<e a plr' rottle of beryl or

crlstal, whicL th€ Queen of Aquitaine Lad Dresented ro or)rLord.Kjng Louis as a Dewly wFd bride on Gei_r firsr voyage.JDd r-hp King to us as a triburc of his tlert t"*. *"

"fi",-.amosl a[ectiotutely ro r]e Drnnc TJbts tor libarion. W€bdvF rcarded tL" s"SueDce ot t}"s€ gILs oo tte vdse irsctr,aller it bad been adomed wirlr gems and gold, in some Jjt-

'As a bdde, Eleanor gave thjs vase to King Louis,Mitadolus to htr gl.ndIatjrer. tlc l\bg to Dp, and Suger

to the SlinLs. '

We also procured for tle serviees at the aforesaid alrara precious challc- out ot or " sotd s.rdoolEs whjcL twordlqenrs fiom -sardju!" an.t -o"r"", i, *h;ch o"e isro".jr-h" sardi red hu", by v:rrying irr protcrty, so sbongly con-hastr lvith tle blackness of the onyx tlat oDe propefyscems to be bcnt on trFspdssing upon tle or.l.pr.

Further we added aDori"r vasc sluped Iike a ewer. verysimilar to tie fomer in material bur not in form, whose lii-de vetses are these:

"Since we Eust o&er LL-Ljoos to God witl C"os,nd Cotd,I, Sus.r, o8er thjs vase to thc ro.a "

We also gladly added to the orher vessels for the saneoftce an €xcelent gaUon vasc, which Co1Dr Thibaut of Bloishad-conveyed to ur in tle same case ia *Lich tle King oISicily had sent it to hir.

_A-Lo we daposit"d in rh" s.ne place r-he Urrtc crystat vascs

11hich we had assisn"d to rh" d"ily s"rvjcF in ou lprivarFlchapel.

And lurtier we adapted fo! rhe sewice of the altar, withthf aid oI gold iod siller m3terial, a porpbyry vase, madeadnilablc by tlp h"nd of th. scrnpror aqd'lolish.., afteril bdd laiD idly in a chest ror mlr1y years, .onvcrting irfrom a €igon ioro Ge shape ol an eaeler and we had theIollowing ve es itu.ribed oo this vase:

'Ibt *,!:.roDg ber"ved to(L $.s rediscov"r.d Lo re,z,acquned by Mr. Widpoer of rhnaddDbJa aDd re@ntlv sive; roU,e Na5oul c-llery or An in wdfuproo. S"e pad;f;kf, op.cll,. p.,o5 aDd 6A. .a.

35

tttIIIIItItII

37

36 :rsr r{D)DL! Acrs

-This stone deservc' lo L" enclo "d in g(ms and Sold'

;;:;;;# ;,i '"

tl"'e l,"ninc l it is more precious

than marble."a

TE OTEER LI:|ILE BOOT ON '6

CONSECRATION

OF TE CSUICE OF ST''DENX;

rI when the qlorjour and famous KinB of the Franls'

""'j"u.i ""ilir! r"''[ roval magranimitv in t]re admin-

iiiil,iit r."ta". and v€t no less.devoted to the

:ffi;Jc.d' t; oed to the qu"ge or cat,Iliac,:n in

i',il'i .'J"t" ,'r"rable war-h or his. father clothaire'

l'") *L, i" ua r*-"d r-IEt tre venerabte images of rh"

ffi""i,;;il;;"""d therP-rppPdrir'd to bim as very

;::li; ;;; ";; in sDou'whirF s,nent5-'equestcd ris

liiili"a' *,1".,"*s\' promi'ed him $eil aid Bldr'.illl"J""li..a", i. a;reed wi.l adrnirabre agecton tlatl"J-'"",i^l-,', ir.- s,r"r. be built wlh regJ magd6c€nce'

*il',"oT,liuil*t ;"a'rr'r' tu*ir"."l witb a mawerour

J,l'""*? .*tr"--"4,'ns be enriched-it incalculablv wilh

i,illil.l'""t'i**; e;a and slver and huns on iB waus'

.olumns and arches tapestries woven o.gold and richlv

l'l,I-ii J,i , ',r'rr:r pearrs' so t'\at it misht seem to

I::ffi. ;;;";; or au otrer ourct'es and' broomins

ffi#;,;;;;i;i*i"r and adomed wittr every tenestrLr

iljil*'. -lii-'t "" wjLh inestimable splendor' onlv one

".ii.lil,"-" '1".r." i', ur: Gat he did not auow for the siTe

li,*'#' ;i:H'": *;' *'i -"'."r"e

was Iackin g in his

Ii1j",i"? "'

-""i',i,u, uut pcrhaps there existed thus tar' at

.ijii,i,"' "i,r" r"a, cr.;,"h' ?"

r.lY-"1;i?;J ff il":ii.Ii;r 1,""1'.'"J#?i', Jil,l,i' "i'i#;?iqi i"cems to the admirirg eyes more rceruv ard del'ighdullv be'

::H io:"'#"*;;";-wo'!rrd srow witl sreate' radiance

than iI it were built l'rger'Thoush a forhnate cir(umstance arkndttrS thi\ singttar

Ji"#l'il-;"-b"; or the taitlrul s'o"'t"c- ing 1l::[f,i;Jilc t;

'""k the intercessioD or the saints-thF

lrXl'lli',a"i*,i,Tn"a "ome ro surer srave inconveo'iences'

r The 'A1sui're de Suger" is in the Loute' ?arB'

often on least davs, complelelv hlled' rr &sgorged tluouuh

iri'i* a"*',-r,r" "-"." "i r-be crowds as ttrev moved ir or-'

""',i" iJ."o*', *a the outward pres"ure ol the loremo*

I".. ""*J, ***,'a d)ose attempting to cllFr hom en-

I-",'-r,,i "i'J"*"u.a 6ose who had arendv er:tered -At

;::.:; ;ff;;;, , marver 10 behord tbat the crowded

Iririra. os*"a - urucb resistancr to those who strove to

;*k;;;;;;np and kjss the holv relics' the Nail and

t"."*', "'ir" i".i *"r Do one ,lrons the

'ourdess thou-

."J, "ir""or"

t"*". ol their very densitv could move a

iii."tiJ,l""", u.""*6 ol their very coDsestjo,' could

iiJ ""J-" t* staDd )ike a marble shrue' stdv b"-

i."#r"l'"" i. , hsr resort scre3m .rbe distress of the

w.men. howevet, sas so ge"t and so intolerable th't l)o."',ii''."i l"* thev. "q,re"z"d

in bv the mdss o[ slrooE

;;.,;" '"i,'p, "'" '*hlr'i"a bloodle's {aces as io im-

ll',"- i.ir', r,.* t.hev cried out holriblv as thuusb in

i1*, m*li'"',r oi tlem mnerablv troddeo underloot

il", ll"ri. uitJ u"*" pious assistaDce of roen above ihe

i,.,L J,i" *".a, .*cled lorpard as thoug! cUr:giag to

;;;;;; ;;* -anv othels, saspi,s witl thei! rast

i.lr,}l*"*a , ,1" ":"isters

of the bretlren Lo the despan

I "r"ir1...-ll"r"*". ,le brettuen who were shog'bg the

i"r# ii,l" plt.,* "r

our Lord to rre visitors had to vield

i" 'i"ul*"' *a a"*g and maov a time haviag no place

il [*-, ""i,rJ ,,i l ,-u; re)'ics througL the windows wben

i--IJ**","a u, *" bretluen as a scboolbov I used to

il;-"iG;; in mv voutb I deplored jt rrom withouti in

;;.;;;;";', ;'.usrv nrcve to bavo ir'o*ect€d B!'',itnn

u ,!o*"a U;^ -ho sepatated rE ltont mg nath??s

;:,b'.' ;;;i;i,* b,7 Hi srarc, to place insigDr6cant

;:";iil;J;;;;. were igaiosr it, at de head or th"

:"';;;;;iJGton oitr* sacred cburcbr ttren'.ii#uH;; ;;..d"; "I the a{oresaidiDcoD!€aience oDrv

il'i#il;;;;;;JAr.mrshtv God ald bv tle aid or

oi,"

*u"t 11""". "*'l,ton

Sa=iots, we resolved to hasten'

ill ii.* "ill *a aI tle aflection o{ our mind' to the

;;;; .{ t}re aJoresaid place-we who would never

L;;;;;J," *, .* hand to jt nor even ro ihilk ot it'

H€X:"ItllIItttrttlltt;

38 rm MTDDLE AcEs

had not so great, so necessary, so useful and honorahle anoclasion demaDded ir-

Since in &e ftont part, towa.d tle north. ar tte mainenb'dncF wirtr tle main doors. rhe nrnow h"U r;s squ"ezedin on eit-ber side by twio towers neirher brSh nor very srurdybut tb-r"3reaing rub. $e bFsan, wi# rhe bptp oI Coj,snenuously to worl. on this parr, bavjng l-id v.ry strongmateridl foudrLjoE for a srraighr ""* ,na uio to*.idnd mosl strong spintual ones of which ir is said: Fo. o,i.rlotndatbn can nn nun hV than that i, kid, u.)hnh is les:LsC,rilirt. Leaning upon Cod's inesrinable courlsel and irret.ragable aid, we proc€eded wirh thij so great aid so sump_tuous work to such an extent tlut, while ar 6rst, expeEdinglittle, we hcked much, aJteruards. accompli.hing much, weI *ked notiing ar :tl .rnd even conJ"ssed - o* ,S*a,"*,Out s fr.icncs t, ol Cod. Ttuau]h a sitr ot cod r nawquany, yiFlding very shor g rtonF. was dncove,ed such asin quality aDd quantiLy had never been found in tlese re-gioru. There arrived a sk_illful crowd of masorls, sto.ecrtters,scr]lptols and otler workmen, so *rat-thus and otlewise-Divitrity lelieved ul of our fears and favored u3 wfth Itsgood will by conforting us and by providins ue wirl unex-p"cted-[resources]. I used to mmparc the le;sr to tbe grFar-e"t, Solomont riches muld nor havF sujtrced for hj< T;mpteaDy morc thsn did ouls for this work had not the sameAulhor ot th€ same work abundanrty supptied Hir anend-dnis. The identity of rhp aur}or and tle worl( provides asu.Eciency for tie work€r.

In carrying out such plalls my 6rsr tlousht was for theconcordaDce and Larmony oI tle ancient and the Dew work,By reflection, by inquiry, and by inve.sug.rrion througi dif-ierent regjons of remore districts, we end.avored to teamwherc we might obtain marbte colurnns or columns ttr€equivalent thereof. Sinc€ we tour:d none. only one thing waslelt to lls, djshessed in mhd and spint: w; mjgbt ottainthem from Rome (for in Rom. we bad otten seen wonder-Iul ones in tle Palace of Diocleriarl and otler Batls) bysafe shps ttuoueh the Mediterranean, rlence th$ugl theEnglisb Sea and tle tortuous windbgs of the River Seine,rt great erTense to our f.iends and even under convoy of

39our Fnemies, dre : errby Sar:cerx. For rr.ny yeurs. for elong time, we were perplexed, L\in-kbg aDd mdking in-quiri"s-when suddeoly rle g.ncrou, muri6cence oI tbe AJ-mighty, condesc€Dding to our jabo , revealeal to the aston-isbment of all aDd tlrough tle nerit of tle Holy Mart rs,what one.wou.ld Dever have r-boughr or imagined: very hneand exceuent tmtmL!1. Therefore. the serrer acrs olgace, coEtary to Lope and human expectation, Divinemercy had deig:red ro besto\v by lprovjdiigl a suitableplace lvlere it could nor be more agreeable to us, tlegreater [aas of gmtitud"] ve rhoughr ft worlh ou efiortto ofler i! rehlrn for the remedy of so geat aD alguish. ForDear PoDtoisg a to[,D adjacent to the conffnes o] our ter_ritory, there [was fomd] a wondedul quarry [which]Irom ancipnt tim"s had orekd a deep cbasm thoXowejoul, not by mture bul by industry) to cuti.ers of mjllsronesfor t-heir livelilood. Having produced Doihing reroarkabletlus far, it resewed, we thoughL the begiDning of so greata,usefulness for so great aDd divine a buitdtng_as a-Grstogering, as it were, ro Cod and thc Hoty Marrlrs. WLeo-ever the columns vere hauled Irom rle bonom of the stooewjl-h knotted ropes, bol]l our own people and ttre piousDeiglbors, nobles and common folk dike, woutd tie tleir '

aDs, chestr, and shoulders ro rhe ropps aDd, acring as dIalftanrmals, drew the colunns upt snd on the dectiviry in ttremiddle of t[e town rhe diverse craJrsmen l*id aside ttre toolsof tleir trade and .sm€ out to meet tlem, ofieri-Dg ttreirolvn skeDgth ogainst the diftclllty of the road, doint hom-age as much ss they col d to Cod and the Holy Mart,rs.There occr.:rred a wondetrl m;racle worthy of teliiag whicbwe, baving beard ir ourclv€s Lom r-rrose p.ese,t, ti"e ae-cided to set down wth pen ald inl lor rte praise of tleAldrighty and His Saints,

III. On a certanr day when, with a downpou of rain, adark opacity had covered ttre hubid ai!, ttrose accustomedto assist iE th6 work ehile tI6 carts were coming doirln toth€ quarry lvent ofi because oI the violence of thJ rain. Theox-drivers complahed aDd protested that they had nothingto do and tLat the laborers were standirg aroud aod lostngtime. Cldmori.D6, t}"y Sr.w so insisrFnt ihar som" weak and

4\

T

:

:

:

ttiIIT

t:

:

drsabled persons togetler with a few boys-seveDteen innumber and, iI I am not m.istaken, with a priest preseDt-

hasteDed to the quarry, picked up one of the ropes, fastened

it to a colutrrD and abandoned another shaft which was

lying on the gound; {or there was nobody who would un-dertake to haul ttris one. Thui animated by pious zeal, thetinle group prayed: 'O Saint Denis, if it pleaseth tlee, helpus by dealing lor thyself with tLis abandoned sha{t, for ttroucaist l1ot blame us iI we are unable to do it." Then, besringon it heavily, ttrey dragged out what a hundred ad lortyor at least oDe hunalred men had been accustomed to haulflom the bottom of tle chasn with diftculty-not alone by&emselves, for tlat would have been impossible, butu\rough the will of God and the assistance of &e Saints

whom ttrey invoked; and they conveyed this matelial lorthe church to ttre cart. Thus it was made known throughoutthe neighborhood tlaL tiis work pleased Almighty God ex-

c€edingty, since for the praise aDd glory of His name Hehad chosen to give His help to those who perfonned it bytbis and similar sigls.

As a secoDd iDstance there is related aDother notableevent wofhy oI remembraoce, remarkable to tell and de-

serying to be set forth with au&ority, Wlen ttre work had

bee! fuished iD $est pal| when ttre stories o( ttre old andthe new building had been joined, and when we had laidaside the aDxiety we had long felt b€cause of those gaping

craclc ilr tle old watls, we undertook with new conidenceto repat tle damages in the great capitals and in tie bases

tlat supported the columns. But when we inquired bothof ou carpenters and those of Paris where we nnght fndbeams we were told, as was in their opinion true, tlat such

could iD no wise be found in ttrese reg:ons owing to the

lack of woods; tLey would inevitably have to be brougtrt

hitler fiof' tle disEict oI Auxene. All concured wit! ttrisview a,ad we were much distressed by this becauso of the

magdtude of the task and the long delay of tle worki buton a certain Drght, when I had rehmed from celebrating

Matinr, I began to think i! bed tlat I mvsell should go

*uou(h all th" fotests ol these parts, look around every-

where and allcviate r-hore del.vs and r:oubles iI lbcrms]

could be fomd here, Quickly disposing of other duties andhurrying up in tho eady moming, we hastened with ourcarpenters, and with the me$urem€nts of the beams, to theforest called Ivelirc. Wtren we traversed our possession iDtle Valley oI Cheweuse we sununoned throug[ our serv"anis the keepers of our ow,l1 lorests as well as mea whokrew about the other wooils, aDd questioDed ttreE underoath whettrer we cou.ld 6nd there, Do matter $dth how mucLt ouble, any timbeG of tLat messure. At thjs they soiled, orrather would have laughed at us iI th€y Lad daredi theywondered whether we were quite ignorant of the fact thatnothing of the klnd could be foud iD tle entirc regioD,especialy since Milon, the Cartelan of Cheweuse (ourvassal, who holds of tll one half of the folest in additioDto another Gef) had Ieft nottring unirnpaired or untoucbedthat could be used for building palisades aod bulwarkswhile he 1Yas long subiected to wars both by our Lord theIGng sod ADaury de Mondort. We howeve!-scortrirgwhatever they oiglt say-bega& reith the courage of ourfaitl as it \pe!e, to search thrcugh the woods; aad towardttre 6ist hour we found one timber adequate to the ueas'ure, Wby say moreP By the ninth bour or sooner we lud,through the thickets, the deptlx of ttre lolests sDd thedense, thorny tangles, marked dowr twelve timbetr (for somuy were necessary) to tle astonistunent oI all espeiallytlose on the spot; and when they had been cari€d to ttresacred basilica, we had them placed, with exultatioD, lpontLe ceiling of the Eew st cture, to tle praise aDd glory ofour Lord Jesus, Who, protecting them Irom the hands oIplulderers, had reserved t}leb for Himseu and tbe HolyMartlrr as He wished to do, Thus h thir matter DiviDegeDelosity, which hrs chosen to temper sDd to gratt allthng;s acoording to belght and fieasurc, ma! ested itse[as neither €xc€ssive nor defective; fo! Dot one more [dEb€r]ttran was needed could be found.

IV. Thus continually encoursged h so great enterpdsesby so great and manifest sig$, we immediately hast€nedto tl6 completion oI the aloresaid buil&ng. Haviag dolib-erated in what manner, by what persons, a:rd how trulysolcmnly the church should be com€cmted to Alnighty

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42 'r'E[E MmDLE ACES

God, and havjng suimoned the ex.ellent man, Hugues,Archbishop oI RoueD, and the other venerable Bishops,Eudes of B€auvais [and] Peter oI SeDlis, we chanted incelebration of this cetemony a pollphonic praise amidst a

$eat tbroDg of div€rse ecclesrasfical personages and anenolmous oDe oI clerly atrd laity. . , . ConcemiDg tle dateoI completion, however, this jr the established kuth as itcsa be read--oh may it not be obscu.redl-in the golden in-scdpdoD above the gilded doors which we have caused tobe made ia honor of God and th€ saintr:

'Ihe year was the One Thousand, One Hundred, andFortieth

Year of the Word when ltlis sh'ucturel was coniecmted."

After tle consecration of the Chapel oI St, Romanus andotlen whicb with ttre help of the Ejehest Majesty, hxdbeen celebrated in the front palt [of the church], our de-

votion-so much inyigorated by ii! own success, and so longaDd iotolerably distressed by that congestion around theIIoly oI Holies-dlected ou.r intentions toward anothergoal free ftom the aforesaid work, and through postpodngtle completion oI tho towers in their upper portions, wewould sb:ive vdth aI our might to devote labor and er.pense,as ffttingly aDd nobly as it could reasonably be done, to theenlargement of the church off motler-ar an act of grati-tude because Diune condescension had reserved so great a

work to so small a man who was tle succ€ssor to ttr€ nobilityoI such great kiags and abbots. We communicated tlrk planto our very devoted brettrren, tohose hedds bltrrvd lot Ie suhlb He tilked @ith thera Dg rtu ,ooll. Deliberadng underC,od's inspiration, 1ve choose-in view of that blessing Fhich,by tho testimoDy of venerable writings, Divine action hadbestowed upon ttre ancieot conseqaHon of tle church bytlo ertension oI lobrist's] o1!rr hand-to resp€ct the verystoDes, sacred as tley are, as tLoug! tley were relicsr landlto endavor to eDnobte tle new adaition. which was to be

begun under tLe pressu-re of so geat a need, with dre

beauty of lengtl and width, Upon considerstion, then, itwas decided to rcmove that vault, unequal to t}le higherone, which, overhead, closed ttre apse coDtaining the bodies

ST.-DErfis, CEnvET. CoMr,{.r"{Tr.,'E LoNcrTUDrN.[ SEqnoN(chiefly based on S. McK. Gasby, The Abbe| ol St.-Denis,I, New Haven, 1942, Figs. 56, 68, 86, 87).

I Carolingian Masonry Preserved by Suger.

@ Carolingian Masonry Tom Down by Suger,Nl Masonr,T Filled in by Suger.E Sugels N€w Upper Chojr (Tentative Approxima-

tion).

A. CarolingiaD "Conlessio" (Original Resdng Placeof the Pahon Saints).

B. Carolilgian Sunleo Chapel \dspta &t loolraaltl,rd inequalbl a.dh@rehat) .

Masoay Filled in by Suger,Ca,olingian Apse (aolta altia,i llaq@lhl,'re.moved" by Suger.

Floor Level o, Sugert Upper Choir.Floor Level oI Carolingian Apse.Floor Level of Present Nave.Floor Levei oI CaroLingian Nave.

C.D.

b.

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44

of our Pahon Saints, aU ttre way do$E to tle upper suifaceof tle cD?t to which it adhered;6 so that this crwt mightofiq iti top as a pavenoent to ttrose approaching by eitheroI the hvo stai$, and might present ttre chasses of theSaintJ, adomed with gold and precious gems, to tle yiritors'glances iD a morc elovated plac€. Moreov€r, it was cur-Eil1gly povided ttrat-tbrough the upper columrs and cen-tral ardes which were to be placed upon ttre lower onesbuilt tD the crr?t-the c€Dtral nave of tie old Dave shouldbe equalized, by Eearli of geometrical and arithrnetical in-sk@entr, witb tLe cenhal nave of tL€ Dew addition; and,likeg.,lse, that tle dimeDsions of the old side-aisles shouldbe equalized wit} the diDeDsioDs oI the Dew side-aisles, ex,cept lor that elegaDt ald praiselvorttry addition, in lttreIorm ofl a clrcr:lar string of cbapels, by r,irtue of whiehthe whole [cLurch] would shjne witl tle wondertul andudnteEupted tight of most saoed windows, pervadiDg theiDterior beaufy.

V, For tlree years we pressed tie completion of the wolkat SIeat eipeDse, witb a Durrero$ fiowd of \{orkmen, surn-Iller arcd wiDte! lest God have iust cau!€ to complain of us:lhlw eges dld, see mg nbstance Vet beiflE unperlect; \\,eEAde good progress wit! His own coop€mtiod eDd, iD tlelikeness of ttre things DiviDe, drcre was establisled to ,l€lo| of the bhob eanh mo1.nt Zlnn, oith.e stdzs ol the

^otth,the .,ltA ol tha Great KinA, ia t\e mldst of wblcb God. lDiUnot be mooed,bnl v,],lnot djsdai& rrroed by ttre entleatiesof tle sinners, to be placated and propitiated by tle sweet-smeling bumt ogenDgs of t}le penitent. The mldst of theedl6ce, horpever, was suddenly nired abft by colunlsrepresenting ttre nunber of tle Twelve Aposdes aDd, sec-

oDdarily, by as many columu in tLe side-alsles sigdflngtle number of the Inrnorl Prophet!, according to ttre

6See illEtraEioD, p. a:, reprodued hod PaDotsry, op. ./r..p. 22\ Nd tbtd., p. 22o: "Freely paraph$ed, the seqteo(arnealsr 'It was decided to renove the apoo (D) ,&hich lornedthe upper pan of lhe salctuaiy wher€iD w€r€ kept (a) the rcltcsot ou Psirotr S"lnts. This aDse, lower tha! the prpsent od", wsremoved aU $- way doM'lo Lhe top surlF ;f Lbe d}?t (s)to wlii.I it was attrclred. . . ."'

-^.BBOT sucEE 45Aposde who bufldetL spililtrally. No.!, tfurclore Ve arc Mrnoft slrongets ond.loftlgrcrs, says be, but te\ou citiz?tttL\lth tha sai s ond. o! thp ho,UJehold ol God; otd. arc builup.oi tha toutdn on ol th" opostlcs oM ptophztr, lcsnsCbH Hl,isel! betnA the chtel cornzrsto,tz wht& 1ii onewall to tLe otheri h Wlon oll the building-wherlar spir-itual or materlal-gyorret h unt o one holg tiple tn tha Lird .In Whan ue, too, are raughr to be buildzd b\ethq lotan tulbitttton ol God thftuCh lhe Hoty Spi U/ouxavesjn a spiritual way, the more loftily and 6tly we shive tobuild in a matedal way.

Meanwbile-cblefly so)jcitoils for the b-anjlarion of onrIatlotr Saintr the most Holy Martyrs and also of tbe othersarbts w!o, scf,nered sbout the cburch, were worshjped inlle digereDt chapels-we Felt devoutly D]oved to embellishtheir most sacred chasses. especialty those ol the patrons;and se)ectrirg [a place] to wbich they n:ight be traaslenejtso as to preseDt tiemselvesl to the visitors, glaDces ia moreglorious eud conspicuous mame!, we eDdea;ored, with thehelp of Cod, to build [a tomb] very iJJustrious bottr by theexqdsit6 hdustl.y of ttre goldsEfrhs, art aDd by a wellth ofgold and precioui stoDes. We made preparatioDs to fortifytlem all rou.nd, outl.erdly noble for omament by virtue oitl.ese

-."J1 sim aI lpreciouj rnateriats], yet iDwardly noriSDobl€ for safety by !,lrtue of a masonry of very strongstoDes; a-nd oa tle ertertor-lest the place'be disogured bytle substance oI uaconcraled stones-to adom it

_(yet Dot

[so handsome)y] ar would be proper) wir-h gitdej panetsol cast mppcr. For Ge gFnerosty of so Ireat Fathers, ex-perienced by ouselveq and att demands tlat we, Eost Dis-erable men who feel as well as need ttreir tutelage, shoulddeem it rvorth our efort to cover the most saoed ashes ofthose w)rose venemble spirirl, radiant as tle sun, lttendupon Alsiglty Cod wi& rhe mosr p,eciou Darerial wepossibly c-an: with re6ned gotd and a orofusion oI hva-cinths, emeralds and other precious stones_. One thfug. how-ever, we did cLoose to have done resplendendy: we woulderect in froDt oI tbe mosr honored bodies uf the Satnts wharhad never been there before-an attar for tbe sacrificialworship of God, where popes and persons of high rank

tItItIfIttItII

46 rEE MTDDLE AcEs

migtrt rvoliily o$er the propiriatory Hostr, acceptable toGod, with the intercesslon oI tlose who oEered ttremselvesto Cod as_a fragaDt bumt o$ering. While w€, overcome bytieldity, had planned to set up in froDt of this tattarl ;parel golden but modest, tle Holy Martyts tlerselveshanded to us sucb a wealrb of gold aod most preciour gems

-,uneqected and lardly to be fou::d anong kingi_asttrough thoy were teUhg u with their own jips; -Wt;thertlo'r vrart5t it or Dot, we waDt it of the b€si; so lhat wewould leithe! have dajed, nor have been sble to, make itothe-r than adairable and very preciouj in workmanship aswell as xoatedal. For not ody did ttre very po"u$s-whowear them especially on ac.ount of ttre dignity of ttreiro$cf--rloreDt iI they welf preseDt to assign tbeir ponM-cal rtugs, set wiLh a woDde*ul variFry of preciou stones,io thlr paDel; t-bey eve[ iI Lh"y were absenr in laDds over-s,eas, sent tbem of their own ac.ord, tncited by ttre Iove oftbe- Holy Mart,$. Also the illusr-iorjs Klng himself, ofleriogof his oivD accord emeralds. pelluctd arJ distirguijhed byqrarkings-Count Thibaut, hyacintllJ and lubies_pe€rs aD;princes, preciorx pearls of divene colors and propertiesr talttresel iavited ur to complete the \rork in slorious farhioD,fu addition, so many lgeus and pear)sl were broughr tous for s.rle ftom naarly all Lhe paru of Ge wortd (and. bythe grace of Cod, we were ats; oGered wberewir! to buythem) that we should Lave beeD unable to let ttrem go \l'itlr-out geat shame and ogense to ttre Saints. Here aad else-wLere we c{uld ffnd by experienct: Iet t}ere be a goodwork iu ttre witl-then, with the aid of cod. wil it b; inper{ectioD. TLus, should aryoDe presume to take away wirhrash temerity, or krow.ingly to .limini<b, this ornatrreDr pre-sented by ttre devotion of such geat men to such great&otectorsr Eay he desefle the wBtL of our Lord Denissnd to be pt€rced by ttre ,word oI ttre Holy chost.

Nor do we thnl it proper to be sileDt in rcgad to thefollolving fact: wheD tle work on tle new addition witL irscapitals and uppe! arches was being carried forward to thepeak of its heighr, but tie Dain arch6-staEding by ttem-selver-were not yet held together, as ir were, by ttre bulkof tle vaulis, there suddenly arose a terrible and aLnost un-

1aBm sucEF 47

bea.-abt storm wiri an obfixcation of clouds, an inunda-gl," :f TY. aDd, a most violeor tuh oi wlDd. so Disltydrd,tb& IstorEI becobe rhat jr btru dowz not only weli-ouur houssr but €veo srooe towers and wooden biwarks.1!_ty.s

*3 "l " "S*g day (r_he amivelsary of tbe gJod-ous .rulgragobert),.wheo rtre venenble Bishop of dbar-Ees, u€ottroy_, wls soteoaly elebmHng ar t_be ;ai_o altlI a:Tvenhlar l{as: {o! tL9 formert soul such a force of con-u4y Earesr Duflecr its€t rgaifft the aforesaid arches, not

]l_flfd fr alr.scao-otdirs Dor resting on any props, rbat

:"y,,i|]y"i* baEefrn ruin at aly momerr, Erserabry

ifl,,i,Tf,"X1f ,'j[".*;ffiTf; **';.#"i::"f,',ilDll.p€ rconlq. hequeDdy exrcDd"d his bhssins iand in.T:,:]l::*, ii el, p"1 *a sseDrry berd out iowad ir,wDlre laaking t-b€ sigE of t-he cross, the arm of ttre aged St.nmeoDi so t-bat beescap.d disaxer, manifestly not lLougiDrs orvn strelgth of Eind but bv tle gracc oI Cod and t[ei:l.:l th" s,irrs. rhus llne teEpestl, vhne jr brousrt:1aT* "* in aany praces ro buitdilss Gouslt toL::,.-]vls.y:k l" d_ase Gese isoL(ed and [ewty ,radearcDes, totterirg iE roid-air, becaure it was repulsed by the

.power of Cod.

--]^L:r: {olowed :Io$er mmorabre event wLlch hap.p!6Decl, Dot by ac:cideDr (&s is beleved of such maners byttrose agreelng with tb,at doctrine accordjog to wbjch

C hanc e tDcrndz r,s atlnb ssIU,B ngs and, b.lngs back etents; and Acctd,entflner a tfut t naital),

lut by Pivile ceaerosity Which abuadaotly provjdes for

-loji:yl: p?ce th:rr b:pe h rr iE au &inss siear aDd smatLano adrntdrters what Ir hows to be beneficial. On a cer_ErD oay weroElerred wjrh our fri€Dds. sewaDts aDd stcw-ardr about tbo plovidoLs lor the court lto be held on LheoccasronJ ot.tie inmlnent mffecration- becsuJ€ we andcfpateo ll.wor d.bo very grearr aod. considpring tbe di6co]ryot ttr6 tjEes rfor ir Junp alnosr alJ vicrul" were sercej,we had hirly welt provid"d tor "U oth"r tling.. orty onetru8 womed us grievourl) : b""su. - or " plJgle imong tie

48

sLe€D bom iD that vear we would have to searcb {or mut-

i::i;" d."t", "i orlaans and tow&rd Bursudv l had

i"irJ-* *a.."a to g;ve r,ooo sbillings' -or

wbatever was

::::":";' ; ';;"" wh"o wo'-rld eo Gero ror this purpose'

"r"1i?iir'lo'""ri-i"i" ,"J Ioog in;eru'nbg toasnuch as tbev

iri-*i.J-* f"". But on ttre following Eoming' when I'

iil,it"i" "*"r, lt-ed trom our little cbasber to tlell-*il"i- .r H.rv Mass. B Plemoa'tratensiaD doDl sud-

i'.rr" *i*?; u'ct to mv room I! tpite of mv protests'

il:" i-. ltd. initatFd because ho detained me from so

5"^';,k:;;;;;;eJ him without too mucb civi)ib/'

tiiui,il"-t "" i*'a Lotd Fauer' Gat vou Eeed mur"-1"; ,1.'1[*rr'"e celebntion or vouJ coosecratioB:

:;:-:;.^*:"-' i, -'. t.er,hren. I bri.Ds to vour Patemal

Eiil"i'J.r i* i*r "irams

so thar vou mav keep wtrat

;;-i; ;;i:; us back wbat vou do Dot like' wlen

l:#;&i.";;,;"".ted him io wait for us until alter

:,:-::--,;-- ;... *" inromed our b,etbren ir his pres-

;;';";;;;; il on.,"d to " nrev asoibed t.his to

ir"tiJ i"il,",,., u"*ure I had u'ex?ecledlv furnished'

il:ilt;il; l,.G*t u-e"e it Lither' the onrv

ffi;il*J;;;"; r"cking a"d;hourd have round ti'e-

some to search for.'""ri.'i"'i i-ilia"* consunnation of the work and

""::;#;il;;;;;;which h':d been pantins ror this-a

ffi"'H::d;;;;. ".*""*ti* or tle new chruch

,i"i fi.] *"-r"*""trv *jshccl *i5 consecration as weII as

fr'""ilJrro"'', i i*''"ion sains to be.a most solemn

event-a an .'l ot gradrude' as it were' and as a morr wrr

*# #i:i:il 3*'. rl tri'i"Hi'"hlTi:"r, ili;;, -s;;;'Kr"*

of tle Franlc (for h€ srdentlv q'ftbed

il?."il."r"rr'",;""' his protectors)' tbe date of the

.l'"",;," ;;;t; ';*nd sundav in -June rbat ts' ths

iiiin"'i"'' l"r"* ,1" ldes' the drv or Ge Aposde Bar-

LETT]IRS ON HOW CHARTRES WAS BUILT

lIn rra<. Haimon, abbot of Salnt-Pielre-sur'Dives In Nor-

--a* #ot" to tf" ,onls of TutbLuv Abbey i-o England

i*"iij;,,* O. ,;,""r" of tle brllding o{ churches 6roug!'I",-i*"!". i" .ta

"r people baoded togerler to honor of

if,. Vt-. "ta

*tl pray"ts and sweat briDging together

*. -ri.riaU for tle hbnc of & great church This pnctice

beer; h" "ad,

ut Chu.Ees, aDd aJterwards gained rrometr-

tuir throuehout NormedY'' ;;"*;; lFtter, from A.rchbishop Hugh of Rouen to

Sr.i"p ilr".ry "f

A-l"ns' describes in particddr thc zPal-

",'s labors of lbe Deople ol Chartres'"*fU"'. i"n"", ii must be remembsed were written bv

*.r.-'l*ri"" h,";,rs the st te ot men s soub upperr' xt bii"i, J,ai ",a ";1,t"

*e elFat popular support to chuJcb.

U",fa."-"i'*Sra r-hey speak reveals ltre spiritual mlor of

'f," *r".t. *" must nol forget tbat arch'itects aod masoos'

Iit""',,a *-"", n oog tl'"' tome or the gleatest the

i,.'ia a* n"*", air*ted t-hese vast works'l

ABBOT HNMON TO HIS BROTHERSAI ?UIBURI!

Bmther Haimon of the Company of SalDt-?ietre'sul'

ui*.-hu-Ui" t"r"*t of servans o[ t]re Blessed Mot]er o[

I.-io f,i" **t a*. UroLhers and fellow servantJ of Tul'i'lJ ' . wr," has

"""r seenl-'i6o has ever heard tell, In

ti-ls pa.t, tl"t powerful princes !f the world, that men

lt"""i w r," honor aod in wealth. tlat nobles' men and

;"-;;;, ;;"" beDr tlet proud a,d hsushiv DedG to thc

i-""-" ri **, ""a Uat, uke b"dts ol burden' tlev have

a*ge"d ; .h. iha" "f

Chdst tlese waggons, Ioaded with

l The letters a'e Emslated iD large Part bv HeDry Adaras

Morr Sata!-Miclr.l and Chadree Bo'ton' ]eo4 (ttlenu qrpre.s,'

i;il.'i';i;;,'tp. oa t , *u, ru*tutua bv chdler P' Park-

Lust, Ir.