AP Psychology Unit III: Developmental Psychology Guided Notes #3 Corresponding Modules – Modules 45-54Fall Semester 2014 Topic: Human Developmental Psychology (7-9%) Bacile

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY: GENDER, ADOLESCENCE & ADULTHOOD

Developmental Psychology: Gender Development

Gender Development: Sex v. Gender

Sexo The ___________________________________________________________________ associated with being male or female

____________________________________ ____________________________________

Gendero ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________o Expectations of one’s culture, the development of one’s personality & one’s sense of identity are all affected by the concept of

gender

Gender Roleso Cultural expectations for behavior, including attitudes, actions & personality traitso Western culture?

Gender Typingo _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Gender Identityo The individual’s __________________________________________________________________________________________________o Influenced by both biological and environmental factors

Do differences between genders really exist?o Cognitive Abilities

Slightly better verbal skills? Slight advantage on tests of mathematical ability? Visual-spatial ability?

o Cultural implications?o Personality and Social Behavior

Extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and neuroticism? Physical aggression v. relational aggression? Sensitivity to subtle nonverbal cues? Sexual activity?

o Gender differences in behavior are documented across divergent cultures Evolutionary explanations?

Sexual activity? Aggression? Spatial-abilities?

The orderly sequence ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ EXAMPLE

Memory not solidified until after 3rd birthday; known as “_____________________________________________”

Motor Development

Cephalocaudal Developmento ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________o The arms & trunk develop before the legs

Proximodistal Developmento The head, trunk and arms develop ______________________________________________________________________________________

***Applies to both prenatal development AND development during the first two years of life…

Motor Milestoneso Raising head & chest (2-4 months)o Rolling over ( ________________________)o Sitting up with support (4-6 months)o Sitting up without support (6-7 months)o ______________________________ (7-8 months)o ______________________________ (8-18 months)

Infancy & Childhood: Cognitive Development

Cognitiono All ___________________________________________ associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)o Piaget _________________________ believe that a child’s mind was a mini-adult mindo Believed that cognitive development is shaped by errors; _______________________________________________________________________________

Schemaso A _______________________________________________ that __________________________________________________ informationo Mental molds into which we pour our experiences so that the maturing brain can continually build upon conceptso Example

If Bob points to a picture of an apple and tells his child, “that’s an apple,” the child forms a schema for “apple” that looks something like the picture

Assimilationo _____________________________________________________________________ in terms of an existing schemao Example

Bob’s child might see an orange & say “apple” because both objects are round Accommodation

o ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________o Example

When Bob corrects his child, the child might alter the schema for apple to include “round” and “red”

Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Stage Theory

Age Range Description Developmental Phenomena Criticisms

Sensorimotor

The use of senses & motor abilities to

learn about the world/interact with

objects in the environment

Piaget believed that children in the sensorimotor are incapable of thinking – no abstract concepts or ideas

Recent research suggests that children in the sensorimotor stage can both think and count

Preoperational

Children learn to use language as a means

of exploring the world; however, they are not yet capable of logical thought

Too young to perform mental operations; lack

conservation

Judy DeLoache (1987) found that children as young as 3 are able to use mental operations & think symbolically

When shown a model of a dog’s hiding place, a 2 ½ year old could not locate the stuffed dog in an actual room; however, a three year old could

Concrete Operational

Children become capable of logical

thought processes; physical, concrete, touchable reality;

lack abstract thinking

Formal Operational

The adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking

Cognitive Development: Reflecting on Piaget’s Theory

Globally influential; however, today’s researchers believe the following…o Development is a ______________________________________________________________o Children express their ____________________________________________________________________ at an earlier ageo Formal logic is a smaller part of cognition

Cognitive Development: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)o Stressed the importance of social interactions with other people, especially ___________________________________________________________, in

the child’s cognitive development Scaffolding

o Process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, __________________________________________________________ as the less skilled learner becomes more capable

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)o _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example

o If Jenny can do math problems at a 4th grade level on her own, but canwork up to a 6th grade level with the help of a teacher, her ZPD is two years

o If Suzy can do math problems at a 4th grade level on her own, but can work up to a 5th grade level with the help of a teacher, her ZPD is one year – not as great as Jenny’s

Cognitive Development: Language Development

Cooingo __________________________________________________; begin to make vowel-like sounds

Babblingo 6 months of age; add _________________________________________________________

Holographic Speecho 1 year; ______________________ or _____________________

Telegraphic Speecho 1 ½ to 2 years; short, simple sentences; “baby eat” or “mommy go” or “where ball?” or “doggie go bye-bye”

Whole sentenceso _________________________________________________________

Infancy & Childhood: Psychosocial Development

Psychosocial Development: Temperament

Temperamento The behavioral and emotional characteristics that are fairly well-established at birtho Alexander Thomas & Stella Chess (1986)

“Easy” Babies Regular, good-natured, easy to care for, adaptable

“Difficult” Babies ________________________________________________________________________________________

“Slow-to-Warm-Up” Babies ________________________________________________________________________________________

Psychologist, Jerome Kagan has added a fourth temperament o “Shy” Babies

Timid and inhibited, __________________________________________________________________________ Longitudinal research strongly suggests that these temperament styles last well into adulthood, although there is the potential for

environmental influence “Goodness of fit”

Psychosocial Development: Attachment

Attachmento The ________________________________________________ between an infant and the primary caregiver

Demonstrated by a child’s __________________________________________________ and distress upon separation Develops within the first six months of life

Attachment through contacto Humans form a bond with those who care for them in infancy; _____________________________________________________________________________o Harry Harlow

Role of ____________________________________________, or “contact comfort” in attachment Attachment through familiarity

o _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ o Konrad Lorenz

_________________________________________ The tendency to follow the first moving object seen, as the basis for attachment

Mary Ainswortho The “Stranger Situation”

Identified 4 distinct styles of attachment _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________

Attachment Style CharacteristicsCorresponding Adult

Attachment Style

Secure

Avoidant

Ambivalent

Disorganized (Disorganized-

Disoriented)

Deprivation of Attachmento Impact of denying monkeys physical comfort from their mother?

o Cases of “Genie” and “Victor” o Daycare?

Erik Erikson

o Concept of “Basic Trust” Securely attached children tend to believe that the world

is predictable and trustworthy Erikson attributed attachment & basic trust to parenting

o Identified eight stages of psychosocial development; first four occur during childhood; each contains a development “crisis”

_____________________________________________________________________ (birth to 1 year) _____________________________________________________________________ (1 to 3 years) _____________________________________________________________________ (3 to 5 years) _____________________________________________________________________ (5 to 12 years)

Psychosocial Development: Parenting Styles

Diana Baumbrind’s THREE PRIMARY Parenting Styles

o Authoritarian Demanding; _________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

o Permissive Not demanding, but responsive ______________________________________________________________________

o Authoritative Demanding and responsive Exert control by establishing/enforcing rules, but they ______________________________________________________________________________

Psychosocial Development: Self-Concept

Self-Concepto ______________________________________________________________________________

Just as infants can achieve attachment, children must achieve a positive self-concept; develops gradually in the first year “Mirror Test” By 18 months, children know THEY ___________________________________________________________________________________ Children with a positive self-concept are more confident, assertive, optimistic and sociable…how is this

achieved?

Psychosocial Development: Relationships with Other Children

Solitary Playo ______________________________________________________________________________

Parallel Playo As the get older, children play side-by-side with other children, but do not interact

Cooperative Playo _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Peer Groupo A network of same-aged friends and acquaintances who give one another emotional and social support