a discussion of the first and second major projects week 4, psych 350 - r. chris fraley

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A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley http://www.yourpersonality.net/psych350/fall2015/

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Page 1: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects

Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraleyhttp://www.yourpersonality.net/psych350/fall2015/

Page 2: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Overall structure in review

• <HTML>• CSS stuff• <FORM

ACTION='http://www.yourpersonality.net/psych350/fall2015/genericsubmit.pl' METHOD='post'>

Note: This line never changes in this class

– Various input fields for collecting data using radio button inputs, select menus, text responses

– Hidden tag for author of surveyExample: <INPUT TYPE='hidden' NAME='username'

VALUE='coffeefan1'>Note: This will become the filename for data file itself. Make note of it

and, for continuity, make it the same as the name of the HTML file you’re creating.

– Submit button<INPUT TYPE='submit' VALUE='Submit answers'>

• </FORM>

• </HTML>

Page 3: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Accessing your Data

• Try this survey:• http://www.yourpersonality.net/psych350/fall2015/

example1.html

• To view your data, visit the following link:

• http://www.yourpersonality.net/psych350/fall2015/viewsubmit.pl

• Enter the data file name in the input field. This is the name that you stored in the “hidden tag” at the end of your form. This will show you a comma-delimited text file.

Page 4: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Enter your userid or group identifier from the hidden tag

Page 5: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Your data will be displayed in a comma delimited format

Page 6: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Things to note regarding your data

• Comma delimited text file• Each person’s responses to your questionnaire will be

saved as a separate row

Page 7: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

• Each distinct piece of information for a person will be separated by commas

Page 8: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

• The first three pieces of information will always be the same:

– The filename (e.g., group1)– The date the data were submitted to the web server (e.g.,

9/23/2013)– The time the data were submitted (21:57:16 = not

necessarily CST).– The filename again.

• Moreover, the last piece of information will always be the same

– endline

Page 9: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

• After those three pieces of information, all other information submitted by the user will be listed in alphanumeric order of the variable NAMEs used in your code.

• Alphanumeric is an ordering system in which each term is sorted, starting with the left-most character, in order, according to the following rules: nothing < 0-9 < A-Z < a-z

Page 10: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

• Example– 0 000 0001 000A 000a 001 1 10 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 V1 v0 v01 v010

• One reason why I tend to use variable NAMEs such as v01, v02, … v10 instead of v1, v2, … v10 is that the alphanumeric sorting of the first example is v01, v02, … v10 whereas the sorting of the second example would be v1, v10, v2.

Page 11: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

username (hidden tag info)

v03

v04v05

v06

v07

v08v09

v10

v01

v02

Page 12: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

To export your data, simply select it and copy it to your clipboard

Page 13: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Paste it into a blank Notepad, EditPlus, or TextWrangler file

Page 14: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Save the file with a useful name (e.g., the same as your username) and give it the *.txt extension. (txt = text)

Page 15: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

To import the data into Excel, chose the Open option and change “Files of Type” at the bottom of the dialog box to be “All Files *.*”

Select your file and press OPEN

Page 16: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Text Import Wizard: Step 1

Leave the defaults and press NEXT

Page 17: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Text Import Wizard: Step 2

Make sure COMMA is the only box checked.

Press NEXT

Page 18: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Text Import Wizard: Step 3

Click FINISH

Page 19: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Yay data!

Page 20: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Caveats

• Misaligned cases typically indicate missing data.

• Given the way things are configured for this class, if you have missing data, you won’t be able to be certain which responses map onto which questions. As such, you’ll have to delete or ignore those cases.

• SPSS—a data analysis program that we will use in the labs--uses a similar import wizard. You can also import your Excel file, if you wish, into SPSS directly.

• Be sure to save your imported file so you don’t have to re-import it every time you use it.

Page 21: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Within-person variation in psychological qualities and their

assessment

Project 2

Page 22: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Personality Processes

• Many of the questions that are asked in psychology are concerned with differences between people.

• Examples: – Are people who were physically abused as children more

likely than those who were not to develop symptoms of psychopathology?

– Are people who have warm and supportive relationships with their parents more likely than those who do not to be viewed as “good friends” among their peers?

– Are people who play violent video games more likely than those who do not to behave aggressively toward people in real life?

Page 23: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

• It is not adequate to merely study people who play violent video games and examine their rate of their aggressive behavior.

• Why?

Page 24: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

YesNo

No

Yes 7

3

Plays Violent Video Games

Beh

aves

agg

ress

ivel

y

7/10 aggressive

Page 25: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

• Answer: The counterfactual or comparison is missing.

• Thus, we compare people who do and people who do not play violent video games and study their relative rates of aggressive behavior. [2x2 lasers]

Page 26: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Between Persons Research

• This approach is typically referred to as nomothetic or between-persons research.

• Why? Because the comparisons are made with respect to different people; the differences are between persons.

• Nonetheless, we often assume that the association in question exists at the individual level too. (If people who play violent video games are more likely than those who do not to behave aggressively, presumably, for a given person, he or she will behave more aggressively on days on which he or she plays violent games compared to those days on which he or she does not.)

Page 27: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

• Is this reasonable?

– Maybe

• Is it logically and statistically sound?

– No

• Ecological fallacy – a logical fallacy, originally discussed in ecology, in which inferences about individuals are based exclusively on aggregate statistics about groups.

Page 28: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Violent video game playing

Ag

gre

ssiv

e b

eh

avi

or

Low

Hig

h

Low High

Page 29: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Violent video game playing

Low

Hig

h

Low High

Ag

gre

ssiv

e b

eh

avi

or

Page 30: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Violent video game playing

Low

Hig

h

Low High

Ag

gre

ssiv

e b

eh

avi

or

Page 31: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Violent video game playing

Low

Hig

h

Low High

Ag

gre

ssiv

e b

eh

avi

or

Page 32: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Violent video game playing

Low

Hig

h

Low High

Ag

gre

ssiv

e b

eh

avi

or

Page 33: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Summary

• To summarize:• The between-persons association between two

variables does not necessarily provide evidence for the association between those variables within persons.

• (And the flipside of this, of course, is that evidence of an association within a person does not provide evidence for that association between people.)

Page 34: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Ideographic

• As a result, many psychologists (especially in personality psychology) attempt to understand associations within individuals.

• Ideographic or within-persons focus:• If it doesn’t work a certain way for you, why should you

care?

Page 35: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Ideographic Methods

• There are many methods for studying the way in which psychological processes work for specific individuals.

– Various terms: daily diary methods, experience sampling, ambulatory assessment, momentary ecological assessment

• Assess two or more psychological variables for a given person and examine the way in which those variables are related to one another within that person’s life.

Page 36: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

• On days in which I’m the happiest, what am I doing?• Does the quality of my relationship with my

girl/boyfriend impact my productivity at work?• Do I perform better on exams when I study on a

regular basis or when I cram before exams?• Does my weight vary as a function of eating X, Y, and

Z? How much weight should I expect to gain if I eat a pint of Ben and Jerry’s?

• My moods vary a lot. What kinds of events predict that variation?

• What kinds of daily events predict the quality of my sleep and the content of my dreams?

Page 37: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Major Project 2 - Ideographic Analyses

• One of the major projects you’ll be completing in this course involves within-person analyses.

• Specifically, you’ll be responsible for – Selecting a research question involving three or more

variables– Collecting data on yourself over 15 days– Analyzing those data to reach conclusions about the

association between variables in your own life

Page 38: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

Personality Processes

• To assist in collecting and analyzing the data, we will use a web-based system called yourPersonality.

• Go to http://www.yourpersonality.net/qs350/ to login.

• Login using your class alias/ID (first week labs) as your User Name and your corresponding password

Page 39: A Discussion of the First and Second Major Projects Week 4, Psych 350 - R. Chris Fraley

• Our lab on Friday will focus on using yourPersonality and getting you started on the project.

• So please think between now and Friday what kind of questions you’d like to answer about yourself.

• Fri: (Homework due) Exploring yourPersonality and practice making modules. Begin making the modules for your project.