Unit 1: “New World?”

“A Continent of Villages”“When Worlds Collide”

Crash Course US History

*Students should have an understanding of the

pre-Columbian Americas, before European exploration.

*Worldwide exploration begins in the 15th century. Students need a good chronology of the voyages of Columbus and other explorers of the New World.

*European contact with the New World has an ecological impact.

*The Spanish conquer the New World creating an enormous empire.

A.P. FOCUS

North and South American cultures, such as the

Aztecs and Incas, developed prior to contact with Europe. There were already well established economic systems that shaped the cultures prior to the arrival of the Spaniards and Europeans.

The Columbian Exchange led to the growth of international commerce and a profound impact around the globe. The transfers of foodstuffs, crops, and disease were transported each way. The age of discovery and the internationalization of commerce affected the growth and development of slavery.

A.P. Notes

FOCUS QUESTIONS

1.) What was Native American society like before

European contact? What similarities and differences existed?

2.) What factors led to Europe’s increased exploration and the discovery of the New World?

3.) What is the Columbian exchange? What are some of the results of the Columbian exchange?

4.) What was the role of conquistadores and encomienda in establishing a Spanish empire in the New World?

5.) What was the extent of the Spanish empire? What nations challenged Spain?

The Shaping of North America

Recorded history began about 6,000 years ago

however, the history of Europeans on this continent begins only 500 years ago

The most widely accepted theory is that there was one giant continent Pangaea

the continents then splitthe tectonic plates formed the Appalachian and Rocky MtsA great Ice age rocked North America and changed the Midwest

Pangaea

A supercontinent that formed about 300 million years ago‘Pangaea’ comes from Ancient Greek and means “entire earth”The main evidence that supports this theory is fossils that appear on two completely different continents and similarly, the same plants on different continents

Peopling the Americas

The most accepted theory shows that a land bridge formed in what is now the Bering Sea that allowed people to cross before sea level rose- this happened about 35,000 years agoMany people were able to traverse the land bridge and spread to North, Central, and South America- And estimated 2,000 languages were present

Draw a Native American (5 min) Share with someone next to you Draw a European from the same time period Share with someone next to you What group is your Native American from? What country is your European from?

Major Groups: Pre-Columbian (Central/South)

Mayans Central America Sophisticated

mathematics and astronomy (Mayan calendar)

Highly developed social structure

Mysterious collapse 900 AD.

Mayans cont…

Collapsed in A.D. 900 Exploited rain forests

w/ excessive farming Deforestation=erosion Overpopulation

prompted civil unrest and civil war

Defeated by Toltecs (who mysteriously withdrew A.D. 1200)

Aztecs

A.D. 1300-1519 5 million population

(comparable to present day Lebanon or US states of CO or WI)

Massive networks of roads/trade

Aztecs cont…

Montezuma II Tenochtitlan Elaborate and brutal

sacrifice rituals 16,000/year England alone

7,500/year Conquered by Cortez

in 1521 (tricks + smallpox)

Incas

12 million population (comparable to

modern day Greece or Illinois)

Sophisticated diplomacy and military alliances

Farming, infrastructure

Incas cont…

Francis Pizzaro (1531) Conquistador Defeated Incas Emergence of

mestizos

Major Groups: Pre-Columbian (N. America)

Pacific NW Midwest Mississippi Southwest Relatively

undisturbed for 15,000 years

Common warfare amongst tribes

N. American Indians 1500

10 million on continent 1) Eastern

Woodlands 2) Great Plains 3) Western Tribes

1) Eastern Woodlands

Algonquian Fishing, hunting,

wigwams East coast to Carolinas

and along Great Lakes Iroquoian

Corn, longhouses, matriarchal

Upstate NY through Penn Muskogean

Creeks, Chickasaws, Choctaws

2) Great Plains

Blackfeet, Cheyenne, Arapahoe, Comanche, Apache, Sioux.

Nomadic hunters and gatherers

What’s missing from the picture?

Pacific Coast Fishing, sealing, whaling. Tillamook, Chinook, Pomo, Chumash.

3) Western Tribes

At least 15,000 years Indians occupied N.A.

undisturbed by outside invaders However, they consistently ‘disturbed’ each

other as warfare was common.

Native Americans (vs. Europeans)

1.Native Americans felt no man owned the land, the tribe died. (Europeans liked private property)

2.Indians felt nature was mixed with many spirits. (Europeans were Christian and monotheistic)

3.Indians felt nature was sacred. (Europeans believed nature and land was given to man by God in Genesis to be subdued and put to use).

4.Indians had little or no concept or interest in money. (Europeans loved money or gold)

HTS Exercise: Comparison

4 groups of 6 Work in twos within

your group Assign one of the

following to each pair: Cahokia Anasazi Powhatan Chinook

Find images that illustrate the following: Community layout of the

nation Community “daily

scene” as depicted by an artist

Set of tools Artwork from that nation Political structure One unique aspect Environmental impact on

daily life

HTS cont…

Create a shared google doc as a group and place images in shared doc

Present/explain your images to your group

Assessment: Thesis Statement—Compare and contrast the political and economic structure of three of the four Indian nations presented by your group.

European Arrival

Vikings (1001) (Greenland)

Spain (1492) Ruled the most

extensive empire to date for 250 years.

Columbus (Portugal) Sea-faring nation very

experienced with slave trade

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Amerigo Vespuchi (1499)

What spurred exploration?

(contextualization) 1) Renaissance

Printing press (1440) “Flat world” myth

2) Trade Merchant class (led to

modern corporations) 3) Nationalism 4) Crusades

Feudal lords died changing social structure

Muslims v. Christians = new route to Asia

Columbian Exchange

Europe to American Indians Horses, cattle,

sheep, goats, chickens

Wheat, oats, wine grapes, coffee, bananas, dandelions

American Indians to Europeans Bison, cougars,

opossums, hummingbirds, turkeys, llamas

Corn, potatoes, beans, squash, peppers, tomatoes, pineapples, avocado, cacoa, chicle (gum)

Columbian Exchange

Disease: smallpox, typhus, diphtheria, bubonic plague, malaria, yellow fever, cholera

Unprecedented death Disintegrated social

structures Within 10 years 8

million died in Central Mexico alone.

Spanish America (1492-1607)

Columbus (1492) Hispaniola (Haiti & DR) Caribs, Caribbean Sea, and caníbal

Spanish America

Encomiendas Landowners/laborers Mid 1500s=N.I.

nearly extinct 1503=African slaves

Catholicism de Las Casas European conflicts

3 Centuries of Influence

Spanish N. America

DeSoto=modern US exploration (Florida)

Coronado=New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, California

Meant to be a ‘buffer’ to protect wealth in Central/South Americans French, Russians Spread religion

Spanish SW

Haciendas (land ownership > labor ownership)

Pueblo revolt (1598) Were required to pay

tribute, endure torture, sexual favors, etc…

500 Pueblo men, 300 women and children died.

Survivors had foot severed and children were taken to missions.

Spanish SW cont…

Pope’s Revolt (1680) Tortured and

executed priests, Destroyed all relics

of Christianity Greatest defeat of

Europeans by Indians

Took 14 years to regain control

Implications… changed everything for Plains

Indians Indians acquired hundreds of

horses for trade (prior it was illegal)

Pueblos traded with Navajo, Apache…

Transformed mobility and power, tribes were reinvented

Brought prosperity in the short run—increased mobility increased spread of disease in the long run

Increased intertribal warfare, polygamy.

In the meantime…Protestant Reformation

16th Century Protestant vs. Catholic

French 2-4 million dead in 70 years

Historical Impact: 1) 95 Theses (1517) 2) Theology + Politics 3) Protestants=Anabaptists

= Quakers and Baptists John Calvin (1536)

democracy, separation of church/state

Side note…Henry VIII & Divorce

Wanted to divorce Catherine (Spanish Queen) to marry Anne Boleyn (who he later beheaded)

Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603)

Anglican Church: severed political ties with Catholic Church and became Protestant + mix of Catholicism to make people happy

Some wished to ‘purify’ England of Catholic traditions

How does this drama-filled story impact American history?

Challenges to Spain

French: Jacques Cartier and Canada

Protestant Dutch Revolt (independence from Spain)

Dutch and British (secretly) plundered Spanish ships

Mary Queen of Scots was beheaded (made Catholic Spanish king angry)

=war b/w Spain and England—Spanish Armada

Began England’s naval supremacy and Colonization

Roanoke (1587) Sir Walter Raleigh Governor John White Virginia=‘virgin

queen’ Abandoned (1590)

Tree-ring samples indicate drought.

1603=no British colonies on the continent

End of Period 1

Highlights? Soundtrack

Assignment Periodization

hashtags Test (MC + SA)

FOCUS QUESTIONS

1.) What was Native American society like before

European contact? What similarities and differences existed?

2.) What factors led to Europe’s increased exploration and the discovery of the New World?

3.) What is the Columbian exchange? What are some of the results of the Columbian exchange?

4.) What was the role of conquistadores and encomienda in establishing a Spanish empire in the New World?

5.) What was the extent of the Spanish empire? What nations challenged Spain?