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INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS
COPY RIGHT © 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research
367
SEPTEMBER 2012
VOL 4, NO 5
A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF FACTORS AFFECTING BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
AMONG THE MANUFACTURING SUB-SECTOR OF SMALL BUSINESS
ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA (BAUCHI STATE).
Mohammed Alkali
PhD candidate faculty of Economics and Business,
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia (corresponding author),
Prof Dr Abu Hassan M d Isa.
Head department of Finance and Accounting,
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia.
Hafiz Baba
PhD candidate faculty of Economics and Business,
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia
Abstract The purpose of the study is to identify the factors influencing business performance among the
manufacturing sub-sector of small business enterprises in Nigeria (Bauchi state). This is because
of the enormous importance of the sub-sector to the growth and development of the economy in
terms of poverty alleviation, job creation, revenue generation etc. it is also known that people
from different socio-demographic may have different factors affecting their businesses.
Therefore, in ensuring the development of a country or region, more attention should be paid to
SMEs development, and for you to achieve the needed development, like in my region that is
multi-ethnical, multi-cultural, and different patterns of behavior, you need to identify the factors
affecting business performance within the region.
KEYWORDS: ENTREPRENEURSHIP, SMALL BUSINESS ENTERPRISES, FIRM
PERFORMANCE, SMES
Introduction
The importance of entrepreneurship cannot be over emphasized, especially into this world of
increasing needs for industrialization. Scholars from multiple disciplines in the Social Sciences
have grappled with a diverse set of interpretations and definitions to conceptualize this abstract
idea. Overtime, some writers have identified entrepreneurship with the function of uncertainty-
bearing, others with the coordination of productive resources, others with the introduction of
innovation and still others with the provision of capital (Hose Litz 1952).
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have long been believe to be important in supporting
economic development within a country (Akhtar;1999,Mazzarol,Volery,Doss and
Thain,1999).One of the important roles of SMEs include poverty alleviation through job
creation. For instance, in the Netherlands, SMEs account for 98.8parcent of all private sector
companies, contribute 38.6percent to GDP and employ 55percent of total workforce (EIM
Business and Policy Research, 1999). In Italy, SMEs contribute to USD35million in export, and
absorbs 2.2million of National labors (Patrianila, 2003).
Thai SMEs are increasingly seen as creators of new jobs (Swerczek and Ha, 2003) and
Vietnamese SMEs employs 64percent of industrial workforce. Therefore, in ensuring the
economic growth of a country or a region, more attention should be paid into SMEs
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INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS
COPY RIGHT © 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research
368
SEPTEMBER 2012
VOL 4, NO 5
development, and for you to achieve the development, you have to identify the factors affecting
the business success. A 2004 survey conducted by the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria
(MAN) revealed that only about ten percent (10%) of industries run by its members are fully
operational. Essentially, this means that 90 percent of the
Industries are either ailing or have closed down. Given the fact that manufacturing industries are
well-known catalysts for real growth and development of any nation, this reality clearly portends
a great danger for the Nigerian economy
ROLE OF THE SME SUB-SECTOR IN THE ECONOMY
A review of historical experience of economic growth and development in various countries is
replete with success stories of the salutary effect and positive impact and contributions of SMEs
in industrial developments, technological innovations and export promotion. The Industrial
Revolution of 1760-1850 represents a good testimony of the inherent innovative spirit of SMEs,
which is increasingly challenged in the present century particularly afterwards of economic
change cum technological innovations and industrial liberalization have swept various
economies of the world. These challenges notwithstanding, SMEs have remained as much
important and relevant economic catalysts in industrialized countries as they are in the
developing world. In many developed countries, more than 90% of all enterprises are within the
SME sub-sector while 80% of the total industrial labor force in Japan, 50% in Germany and 46%
in USA small businesses contribute nearly 39% of the country’s national income. Comparable
figures in many other developed countries are even higher. Studies have indicated that the
sustenance of interest in SMEs in the developed economies is due to technological as well as
social reasons more so as those economies are currently driven by knowledge, skill and
technology as opposed to material and energy-intensiveness. This is also as a result of a
Paradigm shift to new processes of manufacturing that are based on flexible systems and
processes of production driven by sophisticated software on robust hardware platforms. The
social reasons include the need for generation of more employment and poverty reduction
through self-employment ventures and decentralized work centre’s.
Venture Growth
Empirical studies of entrepreneurship have used rate of growth as a measure of venture
performance (Begley and boyd, 1987, lee 1996). Hanks (1993) Found that self reported data of
business growth and business volume from entrepreneurs had better internal consistency and
content validity compared with other self reported data of venture performance.
Johannisson, 1993, Philips, 1989 and story, 1994, says growth has been used as a simple measure
of performance in business. Also (brush, 1992) suggest that, growth is the most appropriate
indicator of performance for surviving small firms. Most recent research on firms growth has
increase our understanding of different growth patterns eg demler (2003) have shown that firm
growth patterns are related to the demographic characteristics of firms such as age.
Empirical evidence;
Empirical evidence from the US (Evans, 1987) and from the developing world (chuta,1989) has
repeatedly supported the relationship between firm growth and firm age and size. In addition
demand and supply factors such as sectors and locations enter into the growth decision of the
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INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS
COPY RIGHT © 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research
369
SEPTEMBER 2012
VOL 4, NO 5
individual firm. (Roni, 2003) says the success of entrepreneurship results from certain
environmental conditions and some economic factors input. Also yusuf (1995) said good
management, access to finance, personal qualities of the entrepreneur and satisfactory
government support were the most significant factors affecting the success of small business.
There is an extensive literature regarding the determinants of the supply of entrepreneurship. Not
only economists have taking an interest in this topic, sociologists and psychologists have studied
the issue as well, they indicated that the socio-economic background of the proprietor may be an
important determinant of his entrepreneurial ability and aggressiveness. The performance of a
firm (including its growth) likely depends on part of the human capital embodied in its
proprietor, eg Bates (1990) finds that the educational level of the proprietor is positively and
significantly related to small firms success and growth. Also douglas (1976), Evans (1989) finds
that education, experience, and previous self employment are important determinants of starting
small enterprise successfully. Other proprietor’s characteristics might also influence enterprise
growth (evans and Leighton).
Schein (1987) says that the performance of a business founder is measured by the performance
of the organization. Which in turn influenced by the environment in which the organization
emerges (tsai et al, 1991) among the frequently used measures of performance are annual sales,
number of employees, growth in sales and growth in employee number (brush, 1992).
Box et al (1995) suggested some elements which have relationship with business performance of
Thai entrepreneurs, which is previous experience, age, and management team. While Hisrich
(1997) propose human capital, (level of education, years of experience and business skills), to
assess the performance of entrepreneurs.
Lerner (1997) conducted a study on the success of Israeli entrepreneurs and categorized factors
affecting their performance like motivation, network affiliation, demographic variables, and
environmental influence. Also Thi bault (2002) suggests personal factors such as demographic
variables and business factors such as amount of finance, technology, age of the business and
location as important factors in examining the sales performance of entrepreneurs.
Objectives
The objective of the paper is to identify the factors affecting business performance among the
manufacturing sub-sector of small business enterprises in Bauchi state of Nigeria.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS
COPY RIGHT © 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research
370
SEPTEMBER 2012
VOL 4, NO 5
Conceptual Framework
Storey (1994) identified key components to be important in analyzing the success of
SMEs: the characteristics of the entrepreneur; the characteristics of the enterprise; and the
external environment. The conceptual framework is developed in line with these three
components.
Source: Developed for the study
Conclusion
To conclude, the influencing factors of the performance of small business manufacturing firms in
my region are of paramount importance, in order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of
the firms, and recommend measures for policy formulation and implementation with the view to
overhauling the subsector.
Characteristics of entrepreneur
- Age - Gender
- Work Experience
- Education
Characteristics of Enterprise
- Origin of enterprise
- Length time in operation
- Size of enterprise
- Capital source
- location
External environment
- Marketing - Technology
- Information access
- Entrepreneurial readiness - Social network
- Legality
- Capital access - Government support
- Business plan
Business performance
ijcrb.webs.com
INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS
COPY RIGHT © 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research
371
SEPTEMBER 2012
VOL 4, NO 5
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