a comparative study on juvenile justice

7/25/2019 A Comparative Study on Juvenile Justice

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-comparative-study-on-juvenile-justice 1/48

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON JUVENILE JUSTICE: ADMINISTRATION IN

BANGLADESH, INDIA and PAKISTAN.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON JUVENILE JUSTICE:ADMINISTRATION IN BANGLADESH, INDIA and

PAKISTAN.

INTRODUCTION

any one a! "een #$%&&en a"o'& (%)&%* )%+d$en, and )%+d$en %n need o )a$e and -$o&e)&%on, "'&

(e$y +%&&+e a"o'& '(en%+e oende$! #o a$e &e &$'+y ne/+e)&ed )%+d$en. Te !&a&e *a)%ne$y

%de! &e* %n %n!&%&'&%on! #e$e no o'&!%de$ %! a++o#ed &o &$ead, and +ea(e! &o &e%$ o#n de(%!e

#%& !)an& "e%n/ -a%d &o &e%$ #e++0"e%n/ and $ea"%+%&a&%on.

A )%+d %! a -a$& o &e !o)%e&y %n #%) e +%(e!. D'e &o %! %**a&'$%&y, e %! ea!%+y *o&%(a&ed "y

#a& e !ee! a$o'nd %*. I& %! %! en(%$on*en& and !o)%a+ )on&e1& &a& -$o(o2e! %! a)&%on!. In

de(e+o-%n/ )o'n&$%e! +%2e Ban/+ade!, Ind%a and Pa2%!&an, '(en%+e de+%n3'en)y %n)$ea!e! d'e &o

-e$!%!&en& -o(e$&y, 'ne*-+oy*en&, %ne3'a+%&%e! and )an/%n/ (a+'e! e&). T%! 'n#an&ed !%&'a&%on

%n &e %e+d o '(en%+e de+%n3'en)y a! d$a#n &e a&&en&%on o &e !o)%o+o/%!&, )$%*%no+o/%!&,

-!y)o+o/%!&, !o)%a+ #o$2e$! and )o$$e)&%ona+ #o$2e$! and &e -'"+%) +eade$!. A++ o &e* a(e

-a%d d'e a&&en&%on &o )o*"a& &e '(en%+e oende$!. T$ad%&%ona++y, ea$ o )$%*e a! %n+'en)ed

-o+%&%)%an! and +ay-e$!on! &o ado-& &e -o!%&%on o a )on!e$(a&%(e '!&%)e !y!&e*, -$e!en& !y!&e*

o d%!-en!a&%on o '!&%)e !ee2! &o -'n%! and de&e$. I& a%*! a& )'$&a%+%n/ '(en%+e '!&%)e. A! a*a&&e$ o a)&, &$ad%&%ona+ )$%*%na+ '!&%)e !y!&e* %! 'na"+e &o )o*"a& &%! 'ne1-e)&ed !%&'a&%on

e1)e-& *a2%n/ &e* a"%&'a+ oende$ $a&e$ &an $ea"%+%&a&%on o &e*. So *ode$n !o)%a+

!)%en&%!&! &%n2 &a& &e '(en%+e! !o'+d "e 2e-& a#ay $o* &e )o'$&! #e$e ad'+&! a$e -'& 'nde$

&$%a+.456

M

http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4101816284631478045#_ftn1




T$o'/o'& &e #o$+d, )%+d$en #o )o*e %n&o )on+%)& #%& &e +a# a! a $e!'+& o "e%n/ a))'!ed

o$ !'!-e)&ed o )o**%&&%n/ a )$%*e a$e a& /$ea&e!& $%!2 o a(%n/ &e%$ 'nda*en&a+ $%/&!

(%o+a&ed. 7o$ &%! $ea!on, &e Con(en&%on on &e R%/&! o &e C%+d 8CRC9 a! e!&a"+%!ed &e

o++o#%n/ a! &e )o$e /'%d%n/ -$%n)%-+e o$ &e &$ea&*en& o )%+d$en %n )on+%)& #%& &e +a#:

S&a&e Pa$&%e! $e)o/n%e &e $%/& o e(e$y )%+d a++e/ed a!, a))'!ed o, o$

$e)o/n%ed a! a(%n/ %n$%n/ed &e -ena+ +a# &o "e &$ea&ed %n a *anne$ )on!%!&en& #%& &e

-$o*o&%on o &e )%+d;! !en!e o d%/n%&y and #o$&, #%) $e%no$)e! &e )%+d;! $e!-e)& o$ &e

'*an $%/&! and 'nda*en&a+ $eedo*! o o&e$! and #%) &a2e! %n&o a))o'n& &e )%+d;! a/eand &e de!%$a"%+%&y o -$o*o&%n/ &e )%+d;! $e%n&e/$a&%on and &e )%+d;! a!!'*%n/ a )on!&$')&%(e

$o+e %n !o)%e&y.[2]

To &%! end, one o &e )o$e $e3'%$e*en&! o S&a&e! -a$&%e! &o &e Con(en&%on o &e R%/&! o &e

)%+d %! &e e!&a"+%!*en& o +a#!, -$o)ed'$e!, a'&o$%&%e! and %n!&%&'&%on! !-e)%%)a++y a--+%)a"+e &o

)%+d$en a++e/ed a!, a))'!ed o, o$ $e)o/n%ed a! a(%n/ %n$%n/ed &e -ena+ +a#.

In $e)en& yea$!, &e %!!'e o )%+d$en %n )on+%)& #%& &e +a# a! "e)o*e an %n)$ea!%n/ )on)e$n o$

Ban/+ade!, Ind%a and Pa2%!&an, and !%/n%%)an& $eo$* %n%&%a&%(e! a$e 'nde$#ay %n &e!e )o'n&$%e!.

In a "%d &o )o*"a& &%! e(e$ %n)$ea!%n/ -$o"+e* o '(en%+e de+%n3'en)y, Ban/+ade!, Ind%a and

Pa2%!&an a(e a+$eady ena)&ed !e-a$a&e +e/%!+a&%on! o &e%$ o#n $e+a&%n/ &o &e )'!&ody, -$o&e)&%onand &$ea&*en& o )%+d$en and &$a%+ and -'n%!*en& o '(en%+e oende$!. Ho#e(e$, %*-+e*en&a&%on

o &e!e !-e)%a+ '(en%+e -$o&e)&%on! a! "een a$ $o* &e )o*-+%an)e #%& &e CRC and UN

G'%de+%ne!.

In &%! -a-e$, I a(e &$%ed &o *a2e a )o*-a$a&%(e !&'dy a*on/ na&%ona+ '(en%+e '!&%)e !y!&e*!, "o&

+a#! and -$a)&%)e!, #%) a$e a!!e!!ed a/a%n!& &e 2ey $e3'%$e*en&! o &e CRC and &e UN

/'%de+%ne! on '(en%+e '!&%)e, "'& a+!o &o %nd o'& !o*e #ay! #%) #%++ e+- &o *a2e a $ad%)a+

)an/e %n &e e1%!&%n/ '(en%+e '!&%)e !y!&e* o Ban/+ade!.

•Re!ea$) *e&odo+o/y






T%! !&'dy #o'+d "e "a!ed a*on/ o&e$, on -$%*a$y !o'$)e! !') a! "oo2!, a$&%)+e!, o'$na+!,

)a!e *a&e$%a+!, In&e$ne& !o'$)e!, !o &a& &e ana+y!%! %! &a2en #%& a *'+&%-+%na$y a--$oa) "y

2ee-%n/ &e -a!e o '!&%)e *e&od and !o)%o0 e)ono*%) (a$%a"+e! %n )on!%de$a&%on!,

Te )on)e-& o J'(en%+e J'!&%)e Ad*%n%!&$a&%on

In o$de$ &o &a)2+e '(en%+e oende$!, e(e$yone a! &o a(e !o'nd 2no#+ed/e on '(en%+e '!&%)e

ad*%n%!&$a&%on.

Te '(en%+e '!&%)e !y!&e* %! &e !&$')&'$e o &e )$%*%na+ +e/a+ !y!&e* &a& dea+! #%& )$%*e!

)o**%&&ed "y *%no$!, '!'a++y "e&#een &e a/e! o 5< and 5= yea$!. B'& &%! de%n%&%on %! %n

ade3'a&e &o /%(e a )+ea$ %dea on '(en%+e '!&%)e ad*%n%!&$a&%on.

A))o$d%n/ &o Ed#a$d E+deon!o4>60 &e '(en%+e '!&%)e !y!&e* %! &e 'n)&%on%n/ o &e (a$%o'!

!e/*en&! &a& )o*-$%!e &e -$o)e!!. Te!e !e/*en&! %n)+'de &e -o+%)e, &e '(en%+e )o'$&, and

)o$$e)&%ona+ a/en)%e! 8%n)+'d%n/ -$o"a&%on, %n!&%&'&%on! and -a$o+e9.4?6

Te '(en%+e '!&%)e !y!&e* %! a ne&#o$2 o a/en)%e! &a& dea+ #%& '(en%+e! #o!e )ond')& a!

)o*e %n )on+%)& #%& &e +a#. Te!e a/en)%e! %n)+'de -o+%)e, -$o!e)'&o$, de&en&%on, )o'$&,

-$o"a&%on, and &e De-a$&*en& o J'(en%+e Co$$e)&%on!. J'(en%+e J'!&%)e %n(o+(e! +e/%!+a&%on, no$*! and

!&anda$d!, -$o)ed'$e!, *e)an%!*! and -$o(%!%on!, %n!&%&'&%on! and "od%e! e!-e)%a++y a--+%)a"+e &o )%+d$en '- &o &e a/e o 5@

O"e)&%(e!:

Te *a%n o"e)&%(e! o &e J'(en%+e J'!&%)e Ad*%n%!&$a&%on #o'+d "e &o -'& d'e e*-a!%! on &e

#e++0"e%n/ o &e '(en%+e and !a++ en!'$e &a& any $ea)&%on &o '(en%+e oende$! !a++ a+#ay! "e

%n -$o-o$&%on &o &e )%$)'*!&an)e o "o& &e oende$! and &e oen)e.

Te Be%%n/ R'+e! ado-&ed %n 5= a! !-e+& o'& &#o *o!& %*-o$&an& o"e)&%(e! o '(en%+e

'!&%)e 'nde$ R'+e . Te!e a$e:

a. Te %$!& o"e)&%(e %! &e -$o*o&%on o &e #e++0"e%n/ o &e '(en%+e. T%! %! &e *a%n o)'!

o &o!e +e/a+ !y!&e*! %n #%) '(en%+e oende$! a$e dea+& #%& a*%+y )o'$&! o$ ad*%n%!&$a&%(e

http://www.ehow.com/legal/



http://www.ehow.com/legal/





a'&o$%&%e! "'& &e #e++0"e%n/ o &e '(en%+e !o'+d a+!o "e e*-a!%ed %n +e/a+ !y!&e*! &a&

o++o# &e )$%*%na+ )o'$& *ode+, &'! )on&$%"'&%n/ &o a(o%dan)e o *e$e+y -'n%&%(e !an)&%on!.

". Te !e)ond o"e)&%(e %! Te -$%n)%-+e o -$o-o$&%ona+%&y. T%! -$%n)%-+e %! #e++02no#n a! an

%n!&$'*en& o$ )'$"%n/ -'n%&%(e !an)&%on!, *o!&+y e1-$e!!ed %n &e$*! o de!e$&! %n $e+a&%on &o &e

/$a(%&y o &e oen)e. Te $e!-on!e &o yo'n/ oende$! !o'+d "e "anned on &e )on!%de$a&%on

no& on+y on &e /$a(%&y o &e oen)e "'& a+!o o -e$!ona+ )%$)'*!&an)e!. Te %nd%(%d'a+

)%$)'*!&an)e! o &e oende$ 8o$ !o)%a+ !&a&'!, a*%+y !%&'a&%on, &e a$* )a'!ed "y &e oen)e

o$ o&e$ a)&o$ ae)&%n/ -e$!ona+ )%$)'*!&an)e!9 !o'+d %n+'en)e &e -$o-o$&%ona+%&y o &e

$ea)&%on! 8o$ e1a*-+e "y a(%n/ $e/a$d &o &e oende$;! endea(o'$ &o %nde*n%y &e (%)&%* o$ &o

e$ o$ %! #%++%n/ne!! &o &'$n &o #o+e!o*e and '!e'+ +%e9.

• HO IS A JUVENILE

o %! a )%+d F %! a !%*-+e 3'e!&%on "'& d%%)'+& &o An!#e$. Be)a'!e, &%! an!#e$ $e+a&e! &o a

-a$&%)'+a$ a/e +%*%& #%) d%e$! #%de+y o#%n/ &o %!&o$y and )'+&'$e. Ta&! #y a *an o a

-a$&%)'+a$ a/e *ay "e &e$*ed a! )%+d %n one )o'n&$y "'& no& %n ano&e$ )o'n&$y. A '(en%+e %!

de%ned a! a )%+d o$ yo'n/ -e$!on #o, 'nde$ &e $e!-e)&%(e +e/a+ !y!&e*!, *ay "e dea+& #%& o$

an oen)e, %n a *anne$ #%) %! d%e$en& $o* an ad'+&.

Te Be%%n/ R'+e!46 +oo2 &o &e na&'$e o &e -'n%!*en& o &e oen)e $a&e$ &an &e oende$

%n de&e$*%n%n/ #o %! a '(en%+e.

Te Con(en&%on on &e R%/&! o &e C%+d, 5= de%ne! a )%+d *ean! any -e$!on 'nde$ &e

a/e 5= yea$!.4@6

In Ind%a and Pa2%!&an )%+d *ean! a -e$!on #o a! no& )o*-+e&ed e%/&een& yea$! o a/e.46

Te )on)e-& o )%+d a! /%(en (a$%ed de%n%&%on! "y d%e$en& A)&! and S&a&'&e! %n o$)e %n

Ban/+ade!.

Name of the Act A child is a person who isunder the age of

The Majority Act, 18! 5= yea$!.

The "uardians and #ards Act, 18$% 5 yea$!.

The &hild Marriage 'estraint Act, 1$2$ Boy0 5 G%$+0 5=

The (uppression of )iolence Against 5=










#omen and child, 2%%*

The +angladesh (hrama Ain, 2%% 5?

The children act, 1$- 5@

7$o* &e &a"+e %& *%/& a--ea$ &o o'$ *%nd &a& &e +a#! o Ban/+ade! a$e ne%&e$ ne%&e$

-$o(%de! a 'n%3'e a/e +%*%& &o de%ne a *an a! a )%+d no$ a$e %n )on!%!&en& #%& %n&e$na&%ona+

!&anda$d. In &%!$e/a$d &e )o'n&e$ a$/'*en& %!0

5. S-e)%%) $e3'%$e*en&! o &e )on)e$ned +e/%!+a&%on $a&e$ &an a o+%!&%) (%e# /'%ded

&e de%n%&%on o )%+d

. No& &o de(%a&e &oo *') $o* &e -$e(a%+%n/ no$*!.

Se). 8!9 o &e D$a& C%+d$en A)&, <5< !&a&e! a )%+d %! a -e$!on #o %! 'nde$ &e a/e o 5=

yea$!. Te a/e +%*%&! %! a+!o %1ed %n &e Na&%ona+ P+an o A)&%on.

Mo$eo(e$ &e Na&%ona+ P+an o A)&%on, <5< o Ban/+ade! -$o(%de! e(e$yone 'nde$ &e a/e o

5= %! )%+d. La!&+y, &e o-e %! &a& #%& &e ena)&*en& o &e D$a& C%+d$en A)&, <5< a++

)on'!%on $e+a&%n/ &o &e de%n%&%on o )%+d #%++ /o a#ay.

• HO IS A JUVENILE IN CON7LICT ITH LA

A '(en%+e oende$ %! a )%+d o$ yo'n/ -e$!on #o %! a++e/ed &o a(e )o**%&&ed o$ #o a! "een

o'nd &o a(e )o**%&&ed an oen)e. &e +a&e$ JDL R'+e! a*end &%! de%n%&%on o '(en%+e

oende$. Se)&%on 8+9 o JJA <<< a! de%ned '(en%+e %n )on+%)& #%& +a# a! a '(en%+e #o %!

a++e/ed &o a(e )o**%&&ed an oen)e and a! no& )o*-+e&ed e%/&een& yea$ o a/e a! on &e

da&e o )o**%!!%on o !') oen)e.

Se) 8"9 &e JJSO, <<<0 C%+d oende$ *ean! a -e$!on #o a& &e &%*e o )o**%!!%on o an

oen)e a! no& a&&a%ned &e a/e o e%/&een yea$!F



Se) 8n9 o &e JJA, <<< yo'&'+ oende$ *ean! any )%+d #o a! "een o'nd &o a(e

)o**%&&ed an oen)e.

M%n%*'* A/e o C$%*%na+ Re!-on!%"%+%&y

Te do*e!&%) +a#! o a++ )o'n&$%e! a(e +a%d do#n a *%n%*'* a/e "e+o# #%) a -e$!on %! e1e*-&

$o* -$o!e)'&%on and -'n%!*en&. Te $a&%ona+e o$ !') e1e*-&%on %! &e a"!en)e o mens

rea, %.e., no& &o )$%*%na+%e &e a)&! o &o!e #o a& &e &%*e o )o**%!!%on o &e )$%*e d%d

no& 2no# &e A$&%)+e ?<8>98a9 o CRC $e3'%$e! S&a&e Pa$&%e! &o -$o*o&e &e e!&a"+%!*en& o a

*%n%*'* a/e "e+o# #%) )%+d$en !a++ "e -$e!'*ed No& &o a(e &e )a-a)%&y &o %n$%n/e &e

-ena+ +a#.

Te a/e o )$%*%na+ $e!-on!%"%+%&y %n Ind%a %! %1ed a& yea$! "y IPC.4=6

Se)&%on = IPC: No&%n/ %! an oen)e #%) %! done "y a )%+d 'nde$ !e(en yea$! o a/e.

Se)&%on => o IPC and PPC:

No&%n/ %! an oen)e #%) %! done "y a )%+d a"o(e !e(en yea$! o a/e and 'nde$

&#e+(e, #o a! no& a&&a%ned !'%)%en& *a&'$%&y o 'nde$!&and%n/ &o 'd/e o &e na&'$e and

)on!e3'en)e! o %! )ond')& on &a& o))a!%on.

Unde$ &e Ind%an +a# )%+d$en "e&#een &o 5 yea$! o a/e a(%n/ !'%)%en& *a&'$%&y and "e&#een

5 &o 5= yea$! #o a(e )o**%&&ed an oen)e a$e $e!-on!%"+e o$ &e%$ )$%*%na+%!&. B'& a$e no& &o

"e &$ea&ed o$ !en&en)ed %n &e !a*e *anne$ a! an ad'+&. S') )%+d$en #%++ "e dea+& #%& 'nde$

'(en%+e +e/%!+a&%on, and &e o)'! #%++ "e on $eo$*%n/ and $ea"%+%&a&%n/ &e*.

7%na++y, I '$/e &e Go(e$n*en& o a++ )o'n&$%e! &o %1 MACR a& 5> yea$! #%) #%++ *ee& &e

%n&e$na&%ona+ !&anda$d.

H%!&o$y o J'(en%+e Le/%!+a&%on:

Ban/+ade!46







Te '(en%+e '!&%)e !y!&e* %n Ban/+ade! a! %&! $oo& %n &e +a#! ena)&ed "y &e B$%&%! $'+e$!.

Te Ben/a+ Code and P$%!on! A)&, 5=? -$o(%ded o$ !e-a$a&e &$%a+ o$ )%+d$en and ad'+&!. Te

Reo$*a&o$y !)oo+ A)& 5= /a(e /'%de+%ne! o$ $eo$*a&%on. Te Code o C$%*%na+ P$o)ed'$e,

5== $e3'%$e! &a& &e &$%a+ o )%+d$en *'!& "e dea+& #%& "y &e '(en%+e )o'$&!. Te Ben/a+

C%+d$en! A)&, 5 )on&a%ned &e !a*e -$o(%!%on. Te!e +a#! #e$e $e+a&ed &o &e )'!&ody,

-$o&e)&%on, &$%a+ and &$ea&*en& o )%+d$en. Te C%+d$en A)&, 5? )on!o+%da&ed a++ &e -$e(%o'!

+a#! and %& !o'+d "e $ead &o/e&e$ #%& C%+d$en R'+e!, 5@. Te A)& and &e R'+e! a(e

de(e+o-ed a *e)an%!* &o -$o&e)& &e )%+d! "e!& %n&e$e!& d'$%n/ a++ 2%nd! o +e/a+ -$o)e!!e!.

La!&+y, &e ne# C%+d$en A)&, <5< a! "een d$a&ed.

Ind%a

Te %$!& +e/%!+a&%on on '(en%+e '!&%)e %n Ind%a )a*e %n 5=< #%& &e Apprentic Act #%)

$e3'%$ed &a& )%+d$en "e&#een &e a/e! o 5<05= )on(%)&ed %n )o'$&! &o "e -$o(%ded (o)a&%ona+

&$a%n%n/ a! -a$& o &e%$ $ea"%+%&a&%on -$o)e!!. T%! a)& #a! &$an!-+an&ed "y &e Reformatory

Schools Act , 5=, &e Indian Jail Committee and +a&e$ &e C%+d$en A)& o 5@<. Te J'(en%+e

J'!&%)e B%++ #a! %$!& %n&$od')ed %n &e Lo2 Sa"a on A'/'!& [email protected]<6 T%! A)& )a*e %n&o

o$)e on O)&o"e$ , 5=. T%! A)& a%*ed a& /%(%n/ ee)& &o &e /'%de+%ne! )on&a%ned %n &e

S&anda$d M%n%*'* R'+e! o$ &e Ad*%n%!&$a&%on o J'(en%+e J'!&%)e ado-&ed "y &e UN )o'n&$%e!

%n No(e*"e$, 5=.4556 Ten &e Con(en&%on on &e R%/&! o &e C%+d, 5= ado-&ed "y &eUN Gene$a+ A!!e*"+y, #%) -$o(%de! *%n%*'* !&anda$d o$ -$o&e)&%on o )%+d and &o -$o(%de!

)e$&a%n $'+e! on '(en%+e '!&%)e ad*%n%!&$a&%on and $e3'%$e! &e *e*"e$ S&a&e! &o ena)& a +a# %n

&%! $e/a$d. Ind%a a! $a&%%ed &%! Con(en&%on on De)e*"e$, 5 and &e$eo$e, %& "e)a*e

e1-ed%en& &o $e0ena)& &e J'(en%+e J'!&%)e A)&, 5=@ &o *ee& &e $e3'%$e*en&! o &e !&anda$d

-$e!)$%"ed "y &e CRC and a++ o&e$ %n&e$na&%ona+ %n!&$'*en&.456

7%na++y Ind%a a! ena)&ed &e J'(en%+e J'!&%)e 8Ca$e and P$o&e)&%on o C%+d$en9 A)&, <<<. I& %!

a*ended %n <<@. I& %! )en&$a+ /o(e$n*en& +e/%!+a&%on, %*-+e*en&a&%on +%e! #%& &e

S&a&e /o(e$n*en&!, #%) a(e -o#e$! &o *a2e R'+e!, e!&a"+%! J'(en%+e J'!&%)e

Boa$d!, e!&a"+%! %n!&%&'&%on!, !e& '- S-e)%a+ J'(en%+e Po+%)e Un%&!, and de(e+o-

$ea"%+%&a&%on and !o)%a+ $e%n&e/$a&%on -$o/$a**e!. Te Na&%ona+ /o(e$n*en& a!

%!!'ed Mode+ R'+e! &o /'%de &e S&a&e! %n de(e+o-%n/ &e%$ o#n %*-+e*en&a&%on $'+e!.

Mo!& S&a&e! a(e e%&e$ ado-&ed &e *ode+ $'+e! o$ $a*ed &e%$ o#n. 5>

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprentice



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha







http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha






Te %*-+e*en&a&%on o &e JJA <<< (a$%e! !%/n%%)an&+y $o* !&a&e &o !&a&e. Ho#e(e$

&e -$o)e!! o d$a&%n/ $'+e! and -$o*o&%n/ a#a$ene!! on &e ne# +a# a! )$ea&ed a

!%/n%%)an& a*o'n& o !yne$/y and %*-e&'! o$ $eo$*. To e+- -$o*o&e &e

%*-+e*en&a&%on o &e A)&, &e M%n%!&$y o So)%a+ J'!&%)e and E*-o#e$*en& %!

-$o(%d%n/ *a&)%n/ 'nd! &o S&a&e! !ee2%n/ &o e!&a"+%! o$ '-/$ade %n!&%&'&%on! 'nde$

&e JJA <<<.

Pa2%!&an

7o++o#%n/ &e $a&%%)a&%on o &e CRC, Pa2%!&an &oo2 %n%&%a&%(e &o ena)& a '(en%+e '!&%)e

+e/%!+a&%on. In <<<, Pa2%!&an %n&$od')ed &e J'(en%+e J'!&%)e Sy!&e* O$d%nan)e 8JJSO9,>?? #%&

&e %n&en&%on o e!&a"+%!%n/ a )o*-$een!%(e, )o'n&$y0#%de '(en%+e '!&%)e !y!&e*. P$%o$ &o &a&,

on+y &#o -$o(%n)e!0 S%nd and P'na" 0 ad !e-a$a&e '(en%+e '!&%)e +e/%!+a&%on.>? Te JJSO

o(e$$%de! &e -$o(%n)%a+ +a#! &o &e e1&en& &a& &ey )on+%)&. ++ -$o(%n)e! a(e no# e!&a"+%!ed

$'+e! 'nde$ &e ne# JJSO and a$e %n &e -$o)e!! o %*-+e*en&%n/ &e*. In add%&%on, on/o%n/ +a#

$eo$* and $e(%e# %! 'nde$#ay &o '$&e$ %*-$o(e &e '(en%+e '!&%)e !y!&e*. A ne# na&%ona+

C%+d P$o&e)&%on La# a! "een d$a&ed, #%) #o'+d add$e!! "o& )%+d$en %n )on+%)& #%& &e

+a# and )%+d$en %n need o -$o&e)&%on.

In De)e*"e$ <<?, &e Lao$e H%/ Co'$& !&$')2 do#n &e JJSO on &e /$o'nd! &a& %& #a!

%*-$a)&%)a"+e and 'n)on!&%&'&%ona+.45>6 Te 'd/*en& !&a&ed &a& &e "an on &e dea&

-ena+&y o$ '(en%+e! +ed &o )%+d$en "e%n/ '!ed "y ad'+&! &o )a$$y o'& )a-%&a+ oen)e!. Te )o'$&

a+!o )o**en&ed &a& &e )o%)e o 5= o$ &e de%n%&%on o a '(en%+e #a! a! a$"%&$a$y. I& o-%ned

&a& &e !o)%o0e)ono*%) )ond%&%on!, o& )+%*a&e and e1o&%) and !-%)y ood %n Pa2%!&an a++

)on&$%"'&e &o#a$d! a !-eedy -y!%)a+ /$o#& and an a))e+e$a&ed *a&'$%&y o 'nde$!&and%n/ o a

)%+d %n o'$ !o)%e&y. In <<@, &e A-e1 Co'$& /a(e (a+%d%&y &o &e JJSO.45?6

Te '(en%+e '!&%)e ad*%n%!&$a&%on %! no& a+%en &o +e/a+ !y!&e* o Ban/+ade!, Ind%a and Pa2%!&an.

T%! !y!&e* %! $oo&ed %n &e Con!&%&'&%on o a++ &e!e )o'n&$%e!.

Con!&%&'&%ona+ Ba!%! o JJA %n Ban/+ade!:








A$&%)+e , = and >5 o &e Con!&%&'&%on +ay do#n "a!%! o JJA %n Ban/+ade!.

A$&. de)+a$e! &a& a++ )%&%en! a$e e3'a+ "eo$e +a# and a$e en&%&+ed &o e3'a+ -$o&e)&%on o +a#.

A$&. = e*-o#e$! &e Go(e$n*en& &o *a2e !-e)%a+ -$o(%!%on %n a(o'$ o )%+d.

Mo$eo(e$, A$&. >5 !-e)%a++y en&%&+e! a )%&%en &o &e $%/& &o -$o&e)&%on "y +a#.

Anyone &o #o* &e!e -$o(%!%on! a$e 2no#n #%++ a(e no do'"& a! &o &e (a+%d%&y o !e-a$a&e

JJA.

Con!&%&'&%ona+ Ba!%! o JJA %n Ind%a:

L%2e Ban/+ade! Con!&%&'&%on, &e Con!&%&'&%on o Ind%a )on&a%n! -$o(%!%on! #%) /%(e! +e/a+

"a!%! &o JJA. Te!e -$o(%!%on! a$e0

A$&. 5? -$o(%de! &e !&a&e !a++ no& deny e3'a+%&y "eo$e &e +a# o$ &e e3'a+ -$o&e)&%on o +a#!

#%&%n &e &e$$%&o$y o Ind%a.

A$&. 58>9 e*-o#e$! &e Go(e$n*en& &o *a2e !-e)%a+ -$o(%!%on %n a(o'$ o )%+d.

Con!&%&'&%ona+ Ba!%! o JJA %n Pa2%!&an:

en &e Go(e$n*en& o Pa2%!&an ena)&ed &e JJSO, <<<F %&! (a+%d%&y #a! )a++en/ed on /$o'nd

o d%!)$%*%na&%on. Te Lao$e H%/ Co'$& a%+ed &o %nd o'& &e $ea+ !-%$%& o &e Con!&%&'&%on o

Pa2%!&an and &e$eo$e "anned &e A)& %n <<<?456. B'& %n a--ea+, &e A-e1 Co'$& de)+a$ed &a&

&e JJSO %! (a+%d and %&! "a!%! %! $oo&ed %n &e Con!&%&'&%on.45@6

A$& ? -$o(%de! )%&%en! a$e en&%&+ed &o e3'a+ -$o&e)&%on o +a#.

A$&. 89 a++o#! &e Go(e$n*en& &o *a2e any +a# %n a(o'$ o )%+d$en.

7%na++y, %& )an "e !a%d &a& JJA a! dee- $oo& %n &e Con!&%&'&%on o a++ &e!e &$ee )o'n&$%e!.

Co*-a$a&%(e S&'dy

A )o*-a$a&%(e !&'dy on J'(en%+e J'!&%)e Ad*%n%!&$a&%on %! no& an ea!%e!& &a!2 "e)a'!e %& )o(e$!a "$oade$ a$ea! %n)+'d%n/ +e/%!+a&%on, -$o)ed'$a+ *a&&e$! $e+a&%n/ &o a$$e!&, %n(e!&%/a&%on, &e

Co'$& and -$o)ed'$e o )o'$&, !en&en)%n/, $ea"%+%&a&%on o '(en%+e e&). T%! !&'dy -$o)eeded

#%& Ban/+ade!, Ind%a and Pa2%!&an, &e $ea!on! "e%nd &%! a$e a++ &e!e )o'n&$%e! "e+on/ &o

!a*e +e/a+ !y!&e* 2no#n a! Co**on La# Sy!&e* and +e/a)y &o#a$d! &o &e B$%&%! Co+on%a+

R'+e! %! an a"!o+'&e &$'&F and a$e %n !a*e *%nd !e& '- &o &$ea& )%+d$en.







In &%! !&'dy I a(e *a%n+y o)'!ed on &e '(en%+e '!&%)e -$o)ed'$e *en&%oned %n C%+d$en A)&,

5? o Ban/+ade!F &e JJA, <<o o Ind%a and &e JJSO o Pa2%!&an. T%! !&'dy %! d%(%ded %n&o

o++o#%n/ !e/*en&!:

a9 J'(en%+e Le/%!+a&%on

"9 J'$%!d%)&%on and S)o-e

)9 Po+%)e: A$$e!& and P$o)ed'$e o A$$e!&.

d9 Ba%+ and P$e0&$a%+ De&en&%on

e9 Co'$& and P$o)ed'$e

9 Sen&en)%n/

/9 D%(e$!%on and A+&e$na&%(e Sen&en)%n/

9 Co$$e)&%ona+ In!&%&'&%on! and Cond%&%on %n De&en&%on

%9 P$o"a&%on O%)e$

9 In&e$0a/en)y Coo$d%na&%on, Mon%&o$%n/ and Re-o$&%n/

29 T$a%n%n/ and Ca-a)%&y B'%+d%n/

+9 P'"+%) A#a$ene!! and Ad(o)a)y

Ea) !e/*en& )on&a%n! $e+e(an& -$o(%!%on! o &e CRC and o&e$ UN G'%de+%ne! and $e+e(an& -$o(%!%on! o e1%!&%n/ La#! %n Ban/+ade!, Ind%a and Pa2%!&an a+on/ #%& -$a)&%)a+ a!-e)&F and

%na++y o++o#ed "y *y -e$!ona+ a!!e!!*en&.

@.5 J'(en%+e J'!&%)e Le/%!+a&%on and P$o)ed'$e!

a9 CRC and UN G'%de+%ne!

Te )o$e $e3'%$e*en&! o S&a&e! -a$&%e! &o &e CRC %! &e e!&a"+%!*en& o +a#!, -$o)ed'$e!,

a'&o$%&%e! and %n!&%&'&%on! !-e)%%)a++y a--+%)a"+e &o )%+d$en a++e/ed a!, a))'!ed o, o$

$e)o/n%!ed a! a(%n/ %n$%n/ed &e -ena+ +a#. Te a%* %! &o )$ea&e a !e-a$a&e !y!&e* o '!&%)e o$

)%+d$en a& e(e$y !&a/e, d%!&%n)& $o* &e )$%*%na+ '!&%)e !y!&e* o$ &e ad'+&!.456






"9 Re+e(an& La#! %n Ban/+ade!, Ind%a and Pa2%!&an

Te '!&%)e !y!&e* o$ "o& )%+d$en %n )on+%)& #%& &e +a# and )%+d$en %n need o -$o&e)&%on

a$e /o(e$ned "y &e C%+d$en A)&, 5? and &e C%+d$en R'+e!, 5@ %n Ban/+ade!F "y &e

J'(en%+e J'!&%)e 8Ca$e and P$o&e)&%on o C%+d$en9 A)&, <<< and Mode+ R'+e!, << %n Ind%a and

"y &e J'(en%+e J'!&%)e Sy!&e* O$d%nan)e 8JJSO9, 45=6 %n Pa2%!&an.

P$a)&%)e

Ban/+ade!, Ind%a and Pa2%!&an a(e !e-a$a&e +e/%!+a&%on /o(e$n%n/ -$o)ed'$e! o$ )%+d$en %n

)on+%)& #%& &e +a# and )%+d$en %n need o -$o&e)&%on #%&o'& a d%e$en&%a&%on "e&#een &e!e

&#o /$o'-!. And none o &e!e &$ee )o'n&$%e! a! e!&a"+%!ed a '++y !e-a$a&e !y!&e* o '!&%)e

o$ )%+d$en &a& en!'$e! &ey a$e !e-a$a&ed $o* ad'+&! a& a++ !&a/e! o &e )$%*%na+ -$o)eed%n/!.

In Ban/+ade! a ne# C%+d$en A)&, <5< a! "een d$a&ed.

In Ind%a and Pa2%!&an, #%+e &e JJA <<< and JJSO a$e )en&$a+ /o(e$n*en& +e/%!+a&%on,

%*-+e*en&a&%on +%e! #%& &e S&a&e /o(e$n*en&!, #%) a(e -o#e$! &o *a2e R'+e!, e!&a"+%!

J'(en%+e Co'$&!, e!&a"+%! %n!&%&'&%on!, !e& '- S-e)%a+ J'(en%+e Po+%)e Un%&!, and de(e+o-

$ea"%+%&a&%on and !o)%a+ $e%n&e/$a&%on -$o/$a**e!. Te %*-+e*en&a&%on o &e JJA <<< (a$%e!

!%/n%%)an&+y $o* !&a&e &o !&a&e. Mo!& S&a&e! a(e e%&e$ ado-&ed &e *ode+ $'+e! o$ $a*ed &e%$

o#n.456

Pa2%!&an! JJO <<< %! no& a )o*-$een!%(e +e/%!+a&%on and %& #a! ado-&ed %n a '$$y &o '+%++ %&!

%n&e$na&%ona+ o"+%/a&%on %n &e %e+d o '(en%+e de+%n3'en)y.

Pe$!ona+ A!!e!!*en&

My o-%n%on %! &a& Ind%a %! a$ aead $o* Ban/+ade! and Pa2%!&an %n ena)&%n/ a )o*-$een!%(e

'(en%+e +e/%!+a&%on. Te o-e %! &a& &e ne# D$a& C%+d$en A)&, <5< )on&a%n! *any%n&e$na&%ona+ !&anda$d *e)an%!*! &o )o*"a& '(en%+e oende$! and %& #%++ %*-$o(e &e e1%!&%n/

'(en%+e '!&%)e !y!&e* o Ban/+ade!. e$ea!, Pa2%!&an a! &o #a+2 a +on/ #ay &o %*-$o(e %&!

e1%!&%n/ '(en%+e '!&%)e !y!&e*. I& a! &o ena)& a )o*-$een!%(e +a# no& &o '+%++ %&! %n&e$na&%ona+

o"+%/a&%on "'& &o -$o(%de '!&%)e &o %&! '&'$e /ene$a&%on!.









@. J'$%!d%)&%on and S)o-e


Te CRC $e3'%$e! a++ S&a&e -a$&%e! &o e!&a"+%! !-e)%a+ +a#!, -$o)ed'$e!, a'&o$%&%e! and

%n!&%&'&%on! !-e)%%)a++y a--+%)a"+e &o a++ )%+d$en %n )on+%)& #%& &e +a#. A )%+d %! de%ned a!

a -e$!on 'nde$ &e a/e o 5=. S&a&e -a$&%e! *'!& a+!o e!&a"+%! a *%n%*'* a/e "e+o# #%)

)%+d$en a$e -$e!'*ed no& &o a(e &e )a-a)%&y &o )o**%& a )$%*e. 4<6

Te Be%%n/ R'+e!, 5= -$o(%de!0

Te +e/a+ !y!&e*! $e)o/n%%n/ &e )on)e-& o &e a/e o )$%*%na+ $e!-on!%"%+%&y o$ '(en%+e!, &e

"e/%nn%n/ o &a& a/e !a++ no& "e %1ed a& &oo +o# an a/e +e(e+, "ea$%n/ %n *%nd &e a)&! o

e*o&%ona+, *en&a+ and %n&e++e)&'a+ *a&'$%&y.456

"9 Re+e(an& P$o(%!%on! %n Ban/+ade!, Ind%a and Pa2%!&an

Ta"+e05: S&a&'! o &e MACR and Re+a&ed A/e P$o(%!%on! %n Ban/+ade!, Ind%a and Pa2%!&an

•

P$a)&%)e:Te MACR d%e$! #%de+y o#%n/ &o %!&o$y and )'+&'$e. Te *ode$n a--$oa) #o'+d "e &o

)on!%de$ #e&e$ a )%+d )an +%(e '- &o &e *o$a+ and -!y)o+o/%)a+ )o*-onen&! o )$%*%na+

$e!-on!%"%+%&y. I &e a/e o )$%*%na+ $e!-on!%"%+%&y %! %1ed &oo +o# o$ % &e$e %! no +o#e$ a/e

+%*%& a& a++, &e no&%on o $e!-on!%"%+%&y #o'+d "e)o*e *ean%n/+e!!.

Co'n&$y C'$$en&

MACR

Do+%In)a-a146

P$o(%!%on!

A/e Ran/e

A/e '- &o #%) JSL

I! a--+%)a"+e

S&anda$d

MACR 4>6

a/e

S&anda$d a/e

+%*%& &o /e&

"ene%& o

Ban/+ade! 05 5@

M%n. 5>

O$ *o$e

5=Ind%a U- &o 5 5=Pa2%!&an 5 5=











Ta"+e 5 !o# &a& a++ &e!e &$ee )o'n&$%e! a(e %1ed MACR, #%) %! "e+o# &an $e3'%$ed +e(e+

o &e Co**%&&ee on &e R%/&! o &e C%+d #%) %! 5>. Mo$eo(e$, &e$e a$e add%&%ona+

$e!&$%)&%on! on &e a--+%)a"%+%&y o '(en%+e +a#!, and !-e)%a+ -$o&e)&%on! do no& a--+y 'n%(e$!a++y

&o a++ )%+d$en a++e/ed &o a(e )o**%&&ed an oen)e. In Ind%a, '(en%+e '!&%)e +e/%!+a&%on doe!

no& a--+y %n Ja**' and Ka!*%$.4?6 In Pa2%!&an, %& a! no& "een e1&ended &o &e 7ede$a++y

Ad*%n%!&e$ed T$%"a+ A$ea! o$ &e P$o(%n)%a++y Ad*%n%!&e$ed T$%"a+ A$ea!.

In Ban/+ade!, !-e)%a+ +a#! o(e$$%de '(en%+e '!&%)e -$o&e)&%on! and )%+d$en a"o(e 5@ yea$!

)o'+d "e !'"e)& &o !&$%n/en& +a#! #%) a++o# +%e %*-$%!on*en& and dea& -ena+&y.46 B'& &e

D$a& C%+d$en A)&, <5< "$%n/! e(e$y )%+d +e!! &an 5= yea$! #%&%n %&! a*"%&.

Mo$eo(e$, )%+d$en "e&#een &e a/e! o !e(en and 5 a$e on+y )$%*%na++y $e!-on!%"+e % &ey a$e

)a-a"+e o 'nde$!&and%n/ &e )on!e3'en)e! o &e%$ a)&%on!.5?

Pe$!ona+ A!!e!!*en&

My o-%n%on, a! $e/a$d MACR %! &a& Ban/+ade! %! aead $o* Ind%a and Pa2%!&an "'& %& %! "e+o#

&an %n&e$na&%ona+ !&anda$d. e$e Ind%a and Pa2%!&an e1&end '(en%+e '!&%)e -$o&e)&%on! &o a++

)%+d$en 'nde$ &e a/e o 5= "'& %n Ban/+ade! a '(en%+e %! de%ned a! a -e$!on 'nde$ &e a/e o

5@.








@.> Po+%)e: Po#e$! o A$$e!& and A$$e!& P$o)ed'$e!


Te CRC !&a&e! &a& &e a$$e!& and de&en&%on o a )%+d *'!& "e %n )ono$*%&y #%& &e +a#, and

!o'+d "e '!ed on+y a! a *ea!'$e o +a!& $e!o$&. C%+d$en a(e &e $%/& &o "e %no$*ed -$o*-&+y

o &e )a$/e! a/a%n!& &e*, and &o a(e &e a!!%!&an)e o &e%$ -a$en&! and a +e/a+ $e-$e!en&a&%(e

a& a++ !&a/e! o &e -$o)eed%n/!. Tey *'!& no& "e !'"e)& &o &o$&'$e o$ )o*-e++ed &o /%(e

)one!!%on.4@6

Tey *'!& no& "e !'"e)& &o &o$&'$e o$ o&e$ )$'e+, %n'*an o$ de/$ad%n/ &$ea&*en& o$

-'n%!*en&, and &e%$ $%/& no& &o "e )o*-e++ed &o /%(e &e!&%*ony o$ &o )one!! /'%+& *'!& "e

/'a$an&eed.5 Te Be%%n/ R'+e! !&a&e &a&, #en a '(en%+e %! a$$e!&ed o$ de&a%ned, %! o$ e$

-a$en&! *'!& "e no&%%ed %**ed%a&e+y, o$ #%&%n &e !o$&e!& -o!!%"+e -e$%od o &%*e. In add%&%on,

any )on&a)&! "e&#een +a# eno$)e*en& a/en)%e! and a '(en%+e *'!& "e *ana/ed %n !') a #ay

a! &o $e!-e)& &e +e/a+ !&a&'! o &e '(en%+e, -$o*o&e %! o$ e$ #e++0"e%n/ and a(o%d a$* &o &e

'(en%+e. S-e)%%)a++y, -o+%)e *'!& no& '!e a$!, a"'!%(e o$ o"!)ene +an/'a/e o$ -y!%)a+

(%o+en)e %n &e%$ dea+%n/! #%& )%+d$en.

In o$de$ &o "e!& '+%++ &e%$ 'n)&%on!, -o+%)e o%)e$! #o $e3'en&+y o$ e1)+'!%(e+y dea+ #%&

'(en%+e! *'!& "e !-e)%a++y %n!&$')&ed and &$a%ned. In +a$/e )%&%e!, !-e)%a+ -o+%)e 'n%&!

!o'+d "e e!&a"+%!ed o$ &a& -'$-o!e.46


In Ban/+ade!, &e Po+%)e a(e #%de d%!)$e&%ona$y -o#e$! &o a$$e!& )%+d$en 5<< 'nde$ &e

C%+d$en A)&, &e Va/$an)y A)& 5?>, and &e S'--$e!!%on o V%o+en)e A/a%n!& o*en and

C%+d$en A)&, <<< on (e$y "$oad /$o'nd!, %n)+'d%n/ o$ -$o!&%&'&%on, "e//%n/, "e%n/ %n &e

)o*-any o a $e-'&ed )$%*%na+ o$ -$o!&%&'&e, "e%n/ +%2e+y &o a++ %n&o "ad a!!o)%a&%on o$ &o "e









e1-o!ed &o *o$a+ dan/e$, o$ "e%n/ a (%)&%* o )$%*e.4=6 Bo& )%+d$en #o a(e )o**%&&ed

)$%*e! and )%+d$en %n need o -$o&e)&%on a$e -$o)e!!ed &$o'/ &e -o+%)e !&a&%on and !'"e)& &o

%n(o+'n&a$y de&en&%on %n a $e*and o*e o$ o&e$ -+a)e! o !ae&y. G%$+! #o a(e "een (%)&%*!

o a"'!e and e1-+o%&a&%on a$e -a$&%)'+a$+y ('+ne$a"+e &o de&en&%on on &e!e /$o'nd!, and a$e o&en

!en& &o ad'+&! a%+! d'e &o +a)2 o a--$o-$%a&e a)%+%&%e!.46

In add%&%on, A$&%)+e ? o &e Code o C$%*%na+ P$o)ed'$e, 5== a++o# -o+%)e &o a$$e!& anyone on

&e /$o'nd! o $ea!ona"+e !'!-%)%on &a& &e -e$!on a! "een %n(o+(ed %n a )$%*%na+ a)&. S&$ee&

)%+d$en a$e e!-e)%a++y ('+ne$a"+e &o a$$e!& e%&e$ on !'!-%)%on o$ o$ a(%n/ en/a/ed %n

)$%*%na+ a)&%(%&y. Tey a$e o&en &a$/e&ed "y ad'+& )$%*%na+ e+e*en&!, and a$e ea!%+y +'$ed #%&

!*a++ a*o'n&! o *oney &o en/a/e %n d$'/ and a$*! )a$$y%n/, and "o*" &$o#%n/ d'$%n/

-o+%&%)a+ a/%&a&%on.4><6

en a )%+d a! "een a$$e!&ed, &e -o+%)e a$e $e3'%$ed &o %**ed%a&e+y no&%y "o& &e

-$o"a&%on o%)e$ and &e )%+d! -a$en&! o$ /'a$d%an.4>56 Ho#e(e$, %n -$a)&%)e &%! %!

/ene$a++y no& done, o&en "e)a'!e &e -o+%)e do no& a(e &%*e o$ $e!o'$)e! &o &$a)e

-a$en&!.55? 7'$&e$*o$e, !o*e -o+%)e $e-o$&ed+y de+%"e$a&e+y *%!!&a&e &e )%+d! a/e

on &e )a$/e !ee& %n o$de$ &o a(o%d &e added -$o)ed'$a+ "o&e$ &a& +o#! $o*

%den&%y%n/ %*e$ a! a )%+d.4>6

C%+d$en !'"e)& &o a$$e!& *'!& "e "$o'/& "eo$e &e Co'$& #%&%n ? o'$!.>? a+&o'/ &e

C%+d$en A)& !&a&e! &a& )%+d$en *ay "e 2e-& %n )'!&ody a& &e -o+%)e !&a&%on on+y % a$$an/e*en&!

a$e a(a%+a"+e &o 2ee- &e* !e-a$a&e $o* ad'+&!, %n -$a)&%)e )%+d$en a$e

o&en *%1ed #%& ad'+&! %n -o+%)e +o)20'-!.4>>6

Te JJA <<< o Ind%a )a++! o$ &e )$ea&%on o !-e)%a+ '(en%+e -o+%)e 'n%&! &o dea+ #%& )%+d$en

%n )on+%)& #%& &e +a# and )%+d$en %n need o -$o&e)&%on. E(e$y -o+%)e !&a&%on *'!& a(e a& +ea!&

one o%)e$ de!%/na&ed and !-e)%a++y &$a%ned a! &e '(en%+e o$ )%+d #e+a$e o%)e$.5= Te A)&

$e3'%$e! &a& e(e$y )%+d a--$eended "y -o+%)e "e -+a)ed 'nde$ &e )a$/e o &e !-e)%a+ '(en%+e

-o+%)e 'n%& o$ &e de!%/na&ed -o+%)e o%)e$ #o !a++ %**ed%a&e+y $e-o$& &e *a&&e$ &o a *e*"e$

o &e Boa$d and e!e *'!&, % no& $e+ea!ed on "a%+, "e 2e-& %n an o"!e$(a&%on o*e -end%n/

a--ea$an)e "eo$e &e Boa$d.4>?6



















S&a&e! *'!& $a*e R'+e! on &e o-e$a&%on o &e !-e)%a+ '(en%+e. Te Mode+ R'+e! $e)o**end

-$o%"%&%n/ &e '!e o and)'! %n &e a$$e!& o a )%+d, and !&a&e &a& )%+d$en !o'+d no$*a++y

no& "e a$$e!&ed "e&#een !'n!e& and !'n$%!e.

Pa2%!&an0 &e JJSO -$o(%de! )%+d$en )anno& "e a$$e!&ed 'nde$ &e -$o(%!%on! o &e C$%*%na+

P$o)ed'$e Code -e$*%&&%n/ -$e(en&a&%(e de&en&%on. Te '!e o and)'! and e&&e$! %! -$o%"%&ed,

'n+e!! &e$e %! $ea!ona"+e a--$een!%on &a& &e )%+d *ay e!)a-e $o* )'!&ody.4>6

P$a)&%)e

To da&e, Ind%a %! %n &e -$o)e!! o e!&a"+%!%n/, !-e)%a+%ed '(en%+e -o+%)e 'n%&! and *o!& Ind%an

!&a&e! $e3'%$e &a& -o+%)e #ea$ -+a%n )+o&e! #en dea+%n/ #%& )%+d$en. A !&'dy )ond')&ed "y

Pa$ay! %n B%a$ and De+% o'nd &a& on+y ?.> o &e de!%/na&ed

'(en%+e -o+%)e ad 'nde$/one '(en%+e '!&%)e &$a%n%n/ &$o'/ e%&e$ -o+%)e a)ade*%e! o$

NGO!, and on+y >. %n De+%.4>@6

None o &e )o'n&$%e! oe$ a+&e$na&%(e! &o o$*a+ a$$e!& a! a *ean! o %n%&%a&%n/

-$o)eed%n/! a/a%n!& a )%+d, o$ $e3'%$e &a& a$$e!& "e '!ed on+y a! a *ea!'$e o +a!&

$e!o$&. In *o!& o &e $e/%on, -o+%)e a(e "$oad -o#e$! &o a$$e!& o$ a--$eend )%+d$en on a

(a$%e&y o /$o'nd!, %n)+'d%n/ o$ !&a&'! oen)e! !') a! (a/$an)y o$ o$ "e%n/ %n)o$$%/%"+e o$e1-o!ed &o *o$a+ 8Pa2%!&an, Ban/+ade!, o$ -$o!&%&'&%on and on !'!-%)%on 8Ban/+ade!,9.4>6

S&$ee& )%+d$en and )%+d !e1 #o$2e$! a$e -a$&%)'+a$+y ('+ne$a"+e &o a$"%&$a$y a$$e!& 'nde$ &e!e

-$o(%!%on!.

Re!&$%)&%on! a$e -+a)ed on &e '!e o and)'! a/a%n!& )%+d$en %n Ind%a and Pa2%!&an 5= and a+!o

%n Se) @5859 o &e D$a& C%+d$en A)&, <5< o Ban/+ade!.

No )o'n&$y a! e1-+%)%& $e!&$%)&%on! on &e '!e o -y!%)a+ o$)e %n &e a$$e!& o )%+d$en, and

&e$e a$e )on&%n'ed $e-o$&! o -o+%)e )o$$'-&%on, %++e/a+ a$$e!&!, o$)ed )one!!%on! and -y!%)a+

a"'!e o )%+d$en d'$%n/ a$$e!& o$ #%+e %n -o+%)e )'!&ody.

A $e-o$& o &e NCCD %n <<5 $e(ea+ed &a& =< o &e '(en%+e! %n&e$(%e#ed ad "een

and)'ed on a$$e!&, and -y!%)a+ a"'!e "y -o+%)e d'$%n/ a$$e!& #a! )o**on. S%1&y0 E%/&

-e$)en& !a%d &a& -o+%)e o$)ed &e* &o )one!! /'%+&.4>=6 7'$&e$*o$e, -o+%)e $e-o$&ed+y '!e













a+!e a$$e!&! &o e1&o$& "$%"e! $o* )%+d$en and &e%$ a*%+%e!. C%+d$en $o* a*%+%e! #o )an -ay

"$%"e! a$e $e+ea!ed, #%+e a+*o!& a++ o &o!e &a& $e*a%n a))'!ed, a$$e!&ed and de&a%ned a$e -oo$

)%+d$en and !&$ee& )%+d$en.

In a++ )o'n&$%e! )%+d$en )anno& "e e+d %n -o+%)e )'!&ody o$ *o$e &an ? o'$! "'& %n -$a)&%)e,

&%! &%*e +%*%& %! no& a+#ay! *e&. C%+d$en %n&e$(%e#ed a! -a$& o &e NCCD !&'dy !-en&, on

a(e$a/e, 5 day! %n -o+%)e +o)20'-, $an/%n/ $o* one day &o %(e *on&!.>@ Po+%)e )on&end &a&,

%n &e a"!en)e o ade3'a&e a)%+%&%e! &ey a$e )o*-e++ed &o de&a%n )%+d$en %n &e a%+! #%& ad'+&!

'n&%+ &ey a$e "$o'/& &o Co'$&.4>6

In o&e$ )a!e!, )%+d$en a$$e!&ed on !'!-%)%on !-end +en/&y -e$%od! %n )'!&ody #%+e -o+%)e

$a*e )a$/e!. A !&'dy "y Od%2a$ %n <<5 o'nd &a& %n Da2a Cen&$a+ Ja%+, o )%+d$en

a$$e!&ed on !'!-%)%on 'nde$ !e)&%on ? ad "een %n )'!&ody o$ *o$e &an &#o yea$!.4?<6

A )%+d %! %n -o+%)e )'!&ody, e!e *'!& "e de&a%ned !e-a$a&e+y $o* ad'+&! %! $e3'%$ed %n

"an/+ade!.5 In Ind%a, )%+d$en *ay no& "e de&a%ned %n a -o+%)e !&a&%on a& a++, and *'!& "e &a2en

%**ed%a&e+y &o an O"!e$(a&%on Ho*e. Te JJSO doe! no& )on&a%n any $e3'%$e*en& &a& )%+d$en

"e !e-a$a&ed $o* ad'+&! #ene(e$ &ey a$e %n )'!&ody o$ de&en&%on.

Ho#e(e$, %n -$a)&%)e d'e &o %nade3'a&e a)%+%&%e! and +a)2 o 2no#+ed/e )%+d$en a$e

a$e de&a%ned %n )$a*-ed -o+%)e +o)20'-! o$ day! o$ e(en #ee2! %! $e-o$&ed+y )o**on. >

Me)an%!*! &o *on%&o$ -o+%)e )ond')& and -o+%)e +o)20'-! a$e #ea2 &$o'/o'& &e $e/%on.

A++ )o'n&$%e! $e3'%$e &a& &e -o+%)e )on&a)& &e -a$en&! o a )%+d #o a! "een a$$e!&ed, and

*'!& a+!o no&%y a -$o"a&%on o%)e$,4?56 "'& %& %! *e$e+y a -a-e$ o$*a+%&y.

Te C%+d$en A)& doe! no& )on&a%n any !-e)%a+ -$o(%!%on! +%*%&%n/ &e '!e o -y!%)a+ o$)e,

$e!&$a%n&! o$ and)'! %n &e a$$e!& o a )%+d, no$ doe! %& a(e any !-e)%a+ -$o(%!%on! #%&

$e!-e)& &o &e &a2%n/ o !&a&e*en&! o$ )one!!%on! $o* )%+d$en.

In ea$+y <<, &e M%n%!&$y o Ho*e Aa%$! %!!'ed d%$e)&%(e! on -o+%)e $e!-on!%"%+%&%e! $e/a$d%n/

!'!-e)&ed )%+d oende$! #%) $e3'%$e -o+%)e &o no&e a++ )%+d$en! a/e! %n $ed %n2, &o -$e-a$e

!e-a$a&e )a$/e and %no$*a&%on !ee&! o$ a$$e!&ed )%+d$en, and &o %**ed%a&e+y no&%y a

P$o"a&%on O%)e$ o &e a$$e!&.









Pe$!ona+ A!!e!!*en&:

He$e I %nd &a&, Ind%a *ee&! *any %n&e$na&%ona+ *ea!'$e! $e+a&%n/ &o a$$e!& and -$o)ed'$e o

a$$e!& +%2e no& &o '!e and)' %n a$$e!&, e!&a"+%!*en& o !-e)%a+ -o+%)e 'n%& o$ e(en )%+d #e+a$e

-o+%)e e&).F &o'/ e(en %n -a-e$!. %+e Ban/+ade! ado-&! !o*e %n&e$na&%ona+ !&anda$d

*e)an%!* %n &e C%+d$en A)&, <5< +%2e -$o%"%&%on on &e '!e o and)', e!&a"+%!*en& o

)%+d #e+a$e -o+%)e e&)., "'& %& %! ye& &o "e ena)&ed.

@.? Ba%+ and P$e0&$%a+ De&en&%on

A9 CRC and UN G'%de+%ne!

Te CRC !&a&e! &a& de&en&%on -end%n/ &$%a+ !a++ on+y "e '!ed a! *ea!'$e o +a!& $e!o$& and o$

&e !o$&e!& -o!!%"+e -e$%od o &%*e.4?6 Te Be%%n/ R'+e! !&a&e! &a&, #ene(e$ -o!!%"+e,

a+&e$na&%(e! !') a! )+o!e !'-e$(%!%on, -+a)e*en& #%& a a*%+y o$ %n an ed')a&%ona+ o$ o*e

!e&&%n/ !o'+d "e '!ed.4?>6

In add%&%on, &e JDL! !&a&e &a& '(en%+e! de&a%ned 'nde$ a$$e!& o$ #a%&%n/ &$%a+ a$e -$e!'*ed

%nno)en& and *'!& "e &$ea&ed a! !'). De&en&%on "eo$e &$%a+ *'!& on+y "e '!ed %n e1)e-&%ona+

)%$)'*!&an)e!, and a++ eo$&! !o'+d "e *ade &o %*-o!e a+&e$na&%(e *ea!'$e!. Te de&en&%on a&

&e -$e0&$%a+ !&a/e )an on+y "e '!ed o$ !o$&e!& -o!!%"+e -e$%od o &%*e and *'!& "e de&a%ned

!e-a$a&e+y $o* )on(%)&ed '(en%+e!, and !o'+d a(e o--o$&'n%&%e! &o -'$!'e #o$2 and &o

)on&%n'e &e%$ ed')a&%on o$ &$a%n%n/.4??6

B9 Re+e(an& P$o(%!%on! %n Ban/+ade!, Ind%a and Pa2%!&an.

Te $e!-e)&%(e JJL o Ban/+ade!, Ind%a and Pa2%!&an a++o#! &e -o+%)e o$ &e )o'$& &o $e+ea!e a

)%+d on "a%+, e(en o$ a non0"a%+ a"+e oen)e4?6 No&a"+y, %n Pa2%!&an, o$ )%+d$en 'nde$ 5, &ede%n%&%on o a "a%+ a"+e oen)e a! "een e1&ended &o %n)+'de a++ oen)e! -'n%!a"+e #%&

%*-$%!on*en& o$ +e!! &an 5< yea$!. Te JJSO a+!o %n)+'de! -$o(%!%on! &o +%*%& &e +en/& o

&%*e a )%+d *ay !-end %n -$e0&$%a+ de&en&%on #a%&%n/ o$ &e &$%a+ &o "e )o*-+e&ed, de-end%n/ on

&e !e$%o'!ne!! o &e )a$/e!.4?@6 A )%+d #o %! de&a%ned *'!& "e $e+ea!ed on "a%+:














o$ oen)e! -'n%!a"+e "y dea&, % &e &$%a+ %! no& )o*-+e&ed #%&%n one yea$F

o$ oen)e! -'n%!a"+e "y +%e %*-$%!on*en&, % &e &$%a+ %! no& )o*-+e&ed

#%&%n !%1 *on&!F

o$ any o&e$ oen)e, % &e &$%a+ %! no& )o*-+e&ed %n o'$ *on&!.

Ho#e(e$, an e1)e-&%on %! *ade &o &e!e &%*e +%*%&! -e$*%&&%n/ &e )o'$& &o $e'!e "a%+ % &e )%+d

%! o(e$ 5 and %! %n(o+(ed %n an oen)e #%) %! !e$%o'!, e%no'!, /$'e!o*e, "$'&a+, !en!a&%ona+

%n )a$a)&e$ o$ !o)2%n/ &o -'"+%) *o$a+%&y o$ !e %! a -$e(%o'! )on(%)& o an oen)e

-'n%!a"+e "y dea& o$ +%e %*-$%!on*en&.

• P$a)&%)e

Te -o+%)e a(e &e a'&o$%&y &o %**ed%a&e+y $e+ea!e '(en%+e on "a%+, "'& a$e $e-o$&ed+y $a$e+y

'!ed. Te +a# %&!e+ -+a)e! $e!&$%)&%on! on &e%$ a'&o$%&y, !&a&%n/ &a& &e -o+%)e !o'+d no& $e+ea!e

a )%+d % %& #%++ "$%n/ &e )%+d %n&o a!!o)%a&%on #%& $e-'&ed )$%*%na+!, e1-o!e %* &o *o$a+

dan/e$, o$ #e$e $e+ea!e #o'+d deea& &e end! o '!&%)e. Te!e /$o'nd! a$e (e$y "$oad and

do no& -$o*o&e &e *%n%*'* '!e o de&en&%on.

en a '(en%+e %! no& $e+ea!ed on "a%+, &e Co'$& *'!& -+a)e &e )%+d 'nde$ &e )'!&ody o a

P$o"a&%on O%)e$ o$ a !'%&a"+e -e$!on o$ %n!&%&'&%on, "'& !a++ no& 'nde$ any )%$)'*!&an)e! "e

2e-& %n a -o+%)e !&a&%on o$ a%+. In Ban/+ade! &e D$a& C%+d$en A)&, <5< a++o#! -o+%)e &o

$e+ea!e a '(en%+e on #a$n%n/ and "y &a2%n/ "ond %n -$e!en)e o -a$en& and -$o"a&%on o%)e$ 4?6

o$ % no& $e+ea!ed "'& %& %! no& -o!!%"+e &o "$%n/ %* "eo$e &e )o'$& &a& )a!e &e -o+%)e !a++

$e+ea!e %*.

S&$ee& )%+d$en a$e -a$&%)'+a$+y ('+ne$a"+e &o -$e0&$%a+ de&en&%on, e(en % )a$/ed #%& *%no$

oen)e!. One *a/%!&$a&e e!&%*a&ed &a& $o'/+y >< &o ?< o )%+d$en a$e no&

$e+ea!ed on "a%+ "e)a'!e &e%$ a*%+y %! 'n%& o$ )anno& "e +o)a&ed. Ba%+ %! den%ed no& "e)a'!e o

&e na&'$e o &e oen)e, "'& "e)a'!e &e$e %! no0one &o &a2e )'!&ody o &e )%+d.







A! $e/a$d "a%+ and -e$0&$a%+ de&en&%on, Ban/+ade!, Ind%a and Pa2%!&an ado-&ed *any

%n&e$na&%ona+ !&anda$d *ea!'$e! "'& d'e &o +a)2 o &$a%n%n/ and a%+'$e &o e!&a"+%! !-e)%a+ -o+%)e

'n%&, a++ &e!e -$o(%!%on! $e*a%n a! *e$e -a-e$ o$*a+%&y.

@. J'(en%+e Co'$&! and T$%a+ P$o)ed'$e!


Te CRC !&a&e! &a& )%+d$en a++e/ed o$ a))'!ed o a +a# (%o+a&%on a(e &e $%/& &o a(e &e

*a&&e$ de&e$*%ned #%&o'& de+ay "y a )o*-e&en&, %nde-enden& and %*-a$&%a+ a'&o$%&y %n a a%$

ea$%n/. T$o'/o'& &e -$o)eed%n/!, )%+d$en a(e &e $%/& &o a(e a -a$en& -$e!en&, and &o

a(e a--$o-$%a&e +e/a+ o$ o&e$ a!!%!&an)e and *'!& "e /%(en &e o--o$&'n%&y &o e1-$e!! &e%$

(%e#! and &o "e ea$d %n any 'd%)%a+ o$ ad*%n%!&$a&%(e -$o)eed%n/! ae)&%n/ &e*.

Te Be%%n/ R'+e! !&a&e &a& -$o)eed%n/! *'!& "e )ond')%(e &o &e "e!& %n&e$e!&! o &e '(en%+e

and !a++ "e )ond')&ed %n an a&*o!-e$e o 'nde$!&and%n/, #%) !a++ a++o# &e '(en%+e &o

-a$&%)%-a&e '++y and &o e1-$e!! e$!e+ o$ %*!e+ $ee+y.

In add%&%on, "o& &e CRC and &e Be%%n/ R'+e! $e3'%$e &a& '(en%+e! $%/& &o -$%(a)y "e

$e!-e)&ed a& a++ !&a/e! o &e )$%*%na+ -$o)eed%n/! %n o$de$ &o a(o%d a$* "e%n/ )a'!ed &o &e*

&$o'/ -'"+%)%&y o$ "y &e -$o)e!! o +a"e+%n/. No %no$*a&%on &a& *ay +ead &o &e %den&%%)a&%on

o a '(en%+e !a++ "e -'"+%!ed.4?=6


E!&a"+%!*en&0 A !-e)%a+%ed J'(en%+e Co'$&! o$ &o de!%/na&e a Co'$& o Se!!%on! o$ J'd%)%a+

Ma/%!&$a&e &o e1e$)%!e &e -o#e$ o &e J'(en%+e Co'$&.4?6 and J'(en%+e J'!&%)e Boa$d)o*-$%!ed o a *a/%!&$a&e and &#o !o)%a+ #o$2e$! !a++ "e e!&a"+%!ed.4<6

S%&&%n/!0en ea$%n/ '(en%+e )a!e!, &e Co'$& !o'+d !%& %n a d%e$en& "'%+d%n/ o$ $oo* $o*

&e o$d%na$y )o'$& !%&&%n/!, o$ on a d%e$en& day o$ &%*e o day.456 Te J'(en%+e Co'$& *'!& no&

&a2e '- any o&e$ )a!e! on &e !a*e day a! a '(en%+e )a!e. 46

















P$o)ed'$e0 P$o)eed%n/! *'!& "e )ond')&ed %n a! !%*-+e a *anne$ a! -o!!%"+e and %n a o*e0

+%2e a&*o!-e$e. en "e%n/ "$o'/& "eo$e &e Co'$&, )%+d$en !o'+d no& "e 'nde$ &e )+o!e

/'a$d o a -o+%)e o%)e$, "'& !o'+d "e -e$*%&&ed &o !%& %n &e )o*-any o a $e+a&%(e o$ -$o"a&%on

o%)e$. Con%den&%a+%&y0 Te -$o)eed%n/! *'!& "e )+o!ed &o &e -'"+%) and &e *ed%a %! -$o%"%&ed

$o* -'"+%!%n/ any %no$*a&%on &a& *ay %den&%y &e )%+d 'n+e!! &e J'(en%+e Co'$&

!-e)%%)a++y a'&o$%e! %&.4>6 No )%+d )an "e &$%ed #%& ad'+& oende$.4?6

Le/a+ A!!%!&an)e: In Pa2%!&an, e(e$y )%+d #o %! a))'!ed o an oen)e a! &e $%/& &o +e/a+

a!!%!&an)e a& &e e1-en!e o &e S&a&e. In Ban/+ade! &e$e %! $e3'%$e*en& &a& a++ )%+d$en %n

)on+%)& #%& &e +a# a(e +e/a+ a!!%!&an)e, %n)+'d%n/ $ee +e/a+ a%d #e$e $e3'%$ed.46

In3'%$y:

Te JJA <<< !&a&e! &a& an %n3'%$y *'!& "e )o*-+e&ed &e JJA <<< !&a&e! &a& an %n3'%$y *'!&

"e )o*-+e&ed #%&%n a -e$%od o o'$ *on&! $o* &e da&e o %&! )o**en)e*en&, 'n+e!! &e

-e$%od %! e1&ended "y &e Boa$d a(%n/ $e/a$d &o &e )%$)'*!&an)e! o &e )a!e. S') %n3'%$y

*'!& "e )ond')&ed "y &e !-e)%a+ -o+%)e 'n%& o$ "y )%+d #e+a$e -o+%)e.4@6

Ma/%!&$a&e:In Ind%a, Ma/%!&$a&e! a--o%n&ed &o &e J'(en%+e J'!&%)e Boa$d *'!& a(e !-e)%a+ 2no#+ed/e o$

&$a%n%n/ %n )%+d -!y)o+o/y o$ )%+d #e+a$e.

P$a)&%)e:

J'(en%+e '!&%)e +e/%!+a&%on %n Ind%a $e3'%$e! &a& '++y !e-a$a&e '(en%+e )o'$&! "e e!&a"+%!ed, o$

-$o(%de! &e o-&%on o !e-a$a&e )o'$&! o$ de!%/na&%n/ !-e)%a+%ed )%+d$en! *a/%!&$a&e!

8Ban/+ade! and Pa2%!&an9. In Ind%a )%+d$en! )a!e! a$e &o "e ea$d "y a -ane+ &a& %n)+'de! "o&

a *a/%!&$a&e and !o)%a+ #o$2e$8!9. No )o'n&$%e! a(e %n&$od')ed )o*-$een!%(e )%+d0!en!%&%(e

$'+e! o )o'$&F o#e(e$ +e/%!+a&%on /ene$a++y %n)+'de! !o*e -$o(%!%on &o $ed')e &e o$*a+%&y and

%n&%*%da&%on o &e )o'$&$oo*. E(en #e$e !e-a$a&e '(en%+e )o'$&! a(e "een e!&a"+%!ed, &ey

&end &o $e-+%)a&e &e !a*e o$*a+%&%e! a! &e no$*a+ )o'$&!. Ho#e(e$, &e$e a(e "een !o*e

%nno(a&%(e -$a)&%)e!, %n)+'d%n/ &e -$a)&%)e o !o*e *a/%!&$a&e! %n Ban/+ade! 8&e J'(en%+e













Co'$& %n Je!!o$e 9 o o+d%n/ )o'$& -$o)eed%n/! %n &e%$ )a*"e$! $a&e$ &an &e )o'$&$oo*. In

&e Ind%an S&a&e o Ta*%+ Nad', S&a&e R'+e! $e3'%$e &a& J'(en%+e J'!&%)e Boa$d -$o)eed%n/! "e

)ond')&ed +%2e an %no$*a+ )one$en)e, and &a& &e$e "e no $a%!ed da%! o$ #%&ne!! "o1e!. Te

*a/%!&$a&e! a(e &enden)y &o &$ea& '(en%+e a! ad'+& and #en '(en%+e -+ea! &ey +%2e &o )on(%)&

&e* #%&o'& -ay%n/ a&&en&%on %n &e $e-o$& o &e -$o"a&%on o%)e$.

In a++ )o'n&$%e!, '(en%+e -$o)eed%n/! !o'+d "e )+o!ed &o &e -'"+%), and &e -'"+%)a&%on o &e

)%+d! na*e %! -$o%"%&ed. Pa$en&! a$e en&%&+ed &o a&&end -$o)eed%n/! %n a++ )o'n&$%e!, and )an "e

$e3'%$ed "y &e )o'$& &o "e -$e!en& %n Ban/+ade!, Ind%a. Ho#e(e$, no )o'n&$y e1-+%)%&+y

$e)o/n%e! )%+d$en! $%/& &o e1-$e!! &e%$ (%e#! %n &e -$o)eed%n/!, and +e/a+ -$o(%!%on! %n

Ban/+ade!, Ind%a, and Pa2%!&an -e$*%&&%n/ &e )o'$& &o d%!-en!e #%& &e )%+d! a&&endan)e

(%o+a&e! "o& &e $%/& &o -a$&%)%-a&e and &e $%/& &o d'e -$o)e!!.46

%+e Ind%a $e3'%$e! &a& )%+d$en "e "$o'/& &o )o'$& "y -+a%n )+o&e! -o+%)e o$ !&a $o* &e

$e*and o*e, %n Pa2%!&an and Ban/+ade! )%+d$en a$e &$an!e$$ed $o* de&en&%on &o )o'$& %n

ad'+& -$%!on (an!, !o*e&%*e! %n and)'!, and a$e e+d %n )o'$& )e++! #a%&%n/ o$ &e%$ )a!e &o "e

)a++ed. %+e )%+d$en a(e &e $%/& &o a +a#ye$ %n a++ )o'n&$%e!, %n)+'d%n/ &o $ee +e/a+

a!!%!&an)e % &ey )anno& ao$d &o -ay, +e/a+ $e-$e!en&a&%on %! no& a+#ay! -$o(%ded.? In &e!e

)o'n&$%e!, )%+d$en! ad(o)a&e! and NGO! a(e "een %++%n/ &%! /a- "y -$o(%d%n/ $ee +e/a+

a!!%!&an)e &o )%+d$en %n de&en&%on.


In e!&a"+%!%n/ )o'$&, a--o%n&%n/ *a/%!&$a&e, )o'$& -$o)ed'$e 8)%+d $%end+y9, %1%n/ &%*e o$

%n3'%$y e&), Ind%a %! an e1a*-+e &o Ban/+ade! and Pa2%!&an %n &%! $e/a$d. NGO! a!!%!&%n/ &e

Go(e$n*en& &o en!'$e $ee and a%$ -$o)ed'$e.

@.@ Sen&en)%n/






Te CRC !&a&e! &a& de-$%(a&%on o +%"e$&y !a++ "e '!ed on+y a! a *ea!'$e o +a!& $e!o$&, o$ &e

!o$&e!& a--$o-$%a&e -e$%od. A (a$%e&y o !en&en)%n/ o-&%on!, !') a! )a$e, /'%dan)e and

!'-e$(%!%on o$de$!, )o'n!e+%n/, -$o"a&%on, o!&e$ )a$e, ed')a&%on and (o)a&%ona+ &$a%n%n/

-$o/$a**e! and o&e$ a+&e$na&%(e! &o %n!&%&'&%ona+ )a$e !o'+d "e a(a%+a"+e &o en!'$e &a&

'(en%+e! a$e dea+& #%& %n a *anne$ a--$o-$%a&e &o &e%$ #e++0"e%n/ and -$o-o$&%ona&e "o& &o

&e%$ )%$)'*!&an)e! and &o &e oen)e. Ne%&e$ )a-%&a+ -'n%!*en& no$ +%e %*-$%!on*en& #%&o'&

&e -o!!%"%+%&y o $e+ea!e !a++ "e %*-o!ed on )%+d$en 'nde$ &e a/e o 5=.4=6

Te Be%%n/ R'+e! $e3'%$e! any $ea)&%on &o '(en%+e oende$! *'!& "e %n -$o-o$&%on &o &e

)%$)'*!&an)e! o "o& &e oende$! and &e oen)e. Beo$e %*-o!%n/ a !en&en)e on a '(en%+e,

&e "a)2/$o'nd and )%$)'*!&an)e! %n #%) &e '(en%+e %! +%(%n/ and &e )ond%&%on! 'nde$ #%)

&e )$%*e a! "een )o**%&&ed *'!& "e -$o-e$+y %n(e!&%/a&ed. De-$%(a&%on o -e$!ona+ +%"e$&y

!a++ no& "e %*-o!ed 'n+e!! &e '(en%+e %! ad'd%)a&ed o a !e$%o'! a)& %n(o+(%n/ (%o+en)e a/a%n!&

ano&e$ -e$!on o$ o -e$!%!&en)e %n )o**%&&%n/ o&e$ !e$%o'! oen)e! and 'n+e!! &e$e %! no o&e$

a--$o-$%a&e $e!-on!e. 7'$&e$*o$e, %n o$de$ &o -$o*o&e *%n%*'* '!e o de&en&%on, a--$o-$%a&e

a'&o$%&%e! !o'+d "e a--o%n&ed &o %*-+e*en& a+&e$na&%(e!, and (o+'n&ee$!, +o)a+ %n!&%&'&%on! and

o&e$ )o**'n%&y $e!o'$)e! !o'+d "e )a++ed '-on &o )on&$%"'&e &o &e ee)&%(e $ea"%+%&a&%on o

'(en%+e! %n a )o**'n%&y !e&&%n/.46

"9 E1%!&%n/ P$o(%!%on! %n Ban/+ade!, Ind%a Pa2%!&an and P$a)&%)e

U-on %nd%n/ a )%+d, &e Co'$& Boa$d *ay %*-o!e one o &e o++o#%n/ d%!-o!%&%on!:

Ad*on%!*en& and d%!)a$/eF

Re+ea!e on -$o"a&%on %n &e )a$e o a -a$en& o$ o&e$ %& -e$!on, and 'nde$ &e

!'-e$(%!%on o a P$o"a&%on O%)e$ o$ a -e$%od o '- &o &$ee yea$!F

Co**%&*en& &o a )e$&%%ed %n!&%&'&%on o$ a *%n%*'* o &#o yea$! and *a1%*'* o

&en yea$!, "'& no& e1&end%n/ "eyond &e a/e o 5= yea$! 8%n Ban/+ade!9 o$ d%$e)&

&e '(en%+e &o "e !en& &o a !-e)%a+ o*e 'n&%+ e!e &'$n! e%/&een, o$ %n &e

)a!e o a '(en%+e #o %! o(e$ !e(en&een yea$!, o$ a -e$%od o no& +e!! &an &#o








yea$! 8%n Ind%a9 o$ -+a)e &e )%+d %n a "o$!&a+ %n!&%&'&%on 'n&%+ 5= yea$! o$ o$ &e

-e$%od o %*-$%!on*en& !&%-'+a&ed o$ &e oen)e, #%)e(e$ %! ea$+%e$ 8 %n Pa2%!&an9

d%$e)& &e '(en%+e &o -a$&%)%-a&e %n /$o'- )o'n!e+%n/ and !%*%+a$ a)&%(%&%e! 8Ind%a9

I &e oen)e %! !e$%o'! %n na&'$e o$ &e )%+d %! o !o 'n$'+y o$ de-$a(ed o

)a$a)&e$ &a& e!e )anno& "e -+a)ed %n a )e$&%%ed %n!&%&'&%on, &e )%+d )an "e

%*-$%!oned o$ '- &o &e *a1%*'* &%*e !&%-'+a&ed o$ &a& oen)e %n &e Pena+

Code 8 %n Ban/+ade! and Ind%a9

o$de$ &e '(en%+e &o -e$o$* )o**'n%&y !e$(%)eF 8Ind%a9

o$de$ &e -a$en& o &e '(en%+e o$ &e '(en%+e %*e$!e+ &o -ay a %ne, % e %!

o(e$ o'$&een yea$! o a/e and ea$n! *oneyF 8Ind%a9

d%$e)& &e '(en%+e &o "e $e+ea!ed on -$o"a&%on o /ood )ond')& and -+a)ed 'nde$ &e

)a$e o any -a$en&, /'a$d%an o$ o&e$ %& -e$!on o$ '- &o &$ee yea$!F 8Ind%a9

$ed')e -e$%od o %*-$%!on*en& o$ -$o"a&%on %n &e )a!e #e$e &e )o'$& %!

!a&%!%ed &a& '$&e$ %*-$%!on*en& o$ -$o"a&%on %! 'nne)e!!a$y 8Ind%a and Pa2%!&an9.

en *a2%n/ an o$de$ 'nde$ &e A)&, &e Co'$& *'!& &a2e %n&o )on!%de$a&%on &e )a$a)&e$ and

a/e o &e )%+dF &e )%$)'*!&an)e! %n #%) &e )%+d %! +%(%n/F and &e $e-o$& $o* a P$o"a&%onO%)e$ a! &o &e )%+d! "a)2/$o'nd and a*%+y %!&o$y.4@<6 Ho#e(e$, Co'$&! do no& )on!%!&en&+y

$e3'e!& &e!e $e-o$&!, and -$o"a&%on o%)e$! &$o'/o'& &e $e/%on /ene$a++y +a)2 &e !2%++! and

$e!o'$)e! &o )ond')& )o*-$een!%(e a!!e!!*en&!. Ind%a! !&$a&e/y o$ o(e$)o*%n/ &%! -$o"+e* %!

&o -e$*%& (o+'n&ee$!, /ene$a++y !o)%a+ #o$2e$! a&&a)ed &o NGO!, &o -$e-a$e $e-o$&!.

In Ban/+ade!, &e C%+d$en A)& doe! no& %n)+'de any !&a&e*en& o -$ee$en)e o$ non0)'!&od%a+

d%!-o!%&%on!, and &e$e a$e no /'%de+%ne! /o(e$n%n/ &e Co'$&! e1e$)%!e o %&! !en&en)%n/

d%!)$e&%on. Te A)& -$o(%de! +%*%&ed !)o-e o$ non0)'!&od%a+ d%!-o!%&%on!. In -$a)&%)e &e Co'$&!

&end &o %*-o!e )'!&od%a+ !en&en)e!, e(en o$ *%no$ oen)e!, !%n)e &%! %! &e ea!%e!& o-&%on.

P$o"a&%on $e*a%n! 'nde$0'&%+%!ed. 4@56Ind%a -$o(%de! &e "$oade!& $an/e o non0)'!&od%a+

!en&en)%n/ o-&%on!. P+a)e*en& 'nde$ &e !'-e$(%!%on o a -a$en&, -$o"a&%on o%)e$ o$ %& -e$!on










a$e &e *o!& )o**on a+&e$na&%(e! o$ )o**'n%&y !e$(%)e and )o'n!e+%n/ %n Ind%a. In Ban/+ade!

)%+d$en *ay "e %*-$%!oned o$ non0-ay*en& o a %ne, #%+e Ind%a e1-+%)%&+y -$o%"%&! %&.

Te -$%n)%-+e! o -$o-o$&%ona+%&y and de-$%(a&%on o +%"e$&y a! a +a!& $e!o$& a(e no& "een ado-&ed

any#e$e %n &e $e/%on and %n!&%&'&%ona+%a&%on, "o& %n +a# and %n -$a)&%)e, %! &e -$%*a$y &oo+

'!ed &o $ea"%+%&a&e )%+d$en %n )on+%)& #%& &e +a#, $e/a$d+e!! o &e !e$%o'!ne!! o &e oen)e

)o**%&&ed. E(en #e$e a+&e$na&%(e! e1%!& %n +a#, )%+d$en a$e $o'&%ne+y !'"e)& &o de&en&%on o$

*%no$. In Ban/+ade!, Ind%a and Pa2%!&an, &e +en/& o &%*e a )%+d %! )o**%&&ed &o an %n!&%&'&%on

%! no& -$o-o$&%ona&e &o &e oen)e o$ o$ &e !o$&e!& a--$o-$%a&e -e$%od. In!&ead, +e/%!+a&%on

e%&e$ !&%-'+a&e! a !-e)%%) &e$* &a& %! a--+%ed &o a++ )%+d$en !'"e)& &o a )'!&ody o$de$

8*a1%*'* 5< %n Ban/+ade!9, o$ %*-o!e! a -$e!'*-&%on %n a(o'$ o %n!&%&'&%ona+%!a&%on 'n&%+ &e

)%+d &'$n! e%/&een 8Ind%a, Pa2%!&an9. en a--+%ed &o *%no$ )$%*e!, &e!e &e$*! a$e #e++ %n

e1)e!!%(e o #a& &e oen)e #a$$an&!, and a$!e$ &an #a& an ad'+& #o'+d a(e $e)e%(ed o$

&e !a*e )$%*e. 7o$ e1a*-+e, #%+e -e&&y &e& #o'+d $a$e+y $e!'+& %n a -$%!on &e$* o$ an ad'+&,

%n Ind%a a !e(en yea$0o+d #o )o**%&! &e& )an "e !'"e)& &o de-$%(a&%on o +%"e$&y o$ 55 yea$!.

A++ )%+d$en "e&#een &e a/e! o 5@ and 5= a$e !'"e)& &o ad'+& -ena+&%e! 8%n)+'d%n/ +%e

%*-$%!on*en&9 %n Ban/+ade!. In add%&%on, )%+d$en *ay "e e1)+'ded $o* !-e)%a+ !en&en)%n/

)on!%de$a&%on! and !'"e)& &o ad'+& &e$*! o de&en&%on % &ey a$e o'nd &o "e

'n$'+y o$ de-$a(ed 8Ban/+ade!9, o$ % &ey a$e 5@ yea$! o$ o+de$ and )o**%& a !e$%o'!

oen)e 8Ind%a9. Unde$ &e!e -$o(%!%on!, )%+d$en a! yo'n/ a! n%ne %n Ban/+ade! a$e !'"e)& &o

+%e %*-$%!on*en&.

In Pa2%!&an, )%+d$en #o a(e $ea)ed -'"e$&y a$e !'"e)& &o )o$-o$a+ -'n%!*en& o$ )e$&a%n

oen)e! 'nde$ I!+a*%) +a#.4@6 Te dea& -ena+&y *ay "e %*-o!ed on )%+d$en "e&#een &e a/e!

o 5@ and 5= %n Ban/+ade!, !%n)e &e C%+d$en A)& -$o&e)&%on! a--+y on+y &o )%+d$en 'nde$ 5@.

B'&, &%! !%&'a&%on *ay "e )an/ed #%& &e ena)&*en& o &e D$a& C%+d$en A)&, <5<. In

Pa2%!&an, )%+d$en o a++ a/e! #o )o**%& )$%*e! %n &e ede$a++y ad*%n%!&e$ed &e$$%&o$%e! o$

'nde$ &e H'dood La#! a$e !'"e)& &o dea& -ena+&y.








In a++ )o'n&$%e!, e!-e)%a++y %n Ban/+ade! and Pa2%!&an, '(en%+e a$e o&en !'"e)& &o )o$-o$a+

-'n%!*en& %n)+'d%n/ dea& -ena+&y. Te )o'$& a! &enden)y &o de&e$ '(en%+e %n!&ead o *o(%n/

&o#a$d! o&e$ o$* o -'n%!*en& +%2e )o'n!e+%n/, en/a/%n/ &e* %n !o)%a+ a)&%(%&%e!, !end &e*

&o &$a%n%n/ %n!&%&'&e e&). Te D$a& C%+d$en A)&, <5< o Ban/+ade! )on&a%n! *any a+&e$na&%(e

-'n%!*en& *e&od!.

@. D%(e$!%on and A+&e$na&%(e Sen&en)%n/


Te CRC $e3'%$e! S&a&e -a$&%e! &o -$o*o&e &e e!&a"+%!*en& o *ea!'$e! o$ dea+%n/ #%&

'(en%+e! %n )on+%)& #%& &e +a# #%&o'& $e!o$&%n/ &o 'd%)%a+ -$o)eed%n/!, -$o(%d%n/ &a& '*an

$%/&! and +e/a+ !ae/'a$d! a$e '++y $e!-e)&ed.@ Te Be%%n/ R'+e! -$o(%de '$&e$ /'%dan)e on

d%(e$!%on, !&a&%n/ &a& )on!%de$a&%on !a++ "e /%(en, #e$e(e$

a--$o-$%a&e, &o dea+%n/ #%& '(en%+e oende$! #%&o'& $e!o$&%n/ &o o$*a+ -$o)eed%n/!.

Te -o+%)e, &e -$o!e)'&%on o$ o&e$ a/en)%e! dea+%n/ #%& '(en%+e )a!e! !a++ "e e*-o#e$ed &o

d%!-o!e o !') )a!e!, a& &e%$ d%!)$e&%on and #%& &e )on!en& o &e '(en%+e, o$ e$ o$ %!

-a$en&! o$ /'a$d%an, #%&o'& %n%&%a&%n/ o$*a+ -$o)eed%n/!, %n a))o$dan)e #%& &e )$%&e$%a +a%d

do#n o$ &a& -'$-o!e %n &e $e!-e)&%(e +e/a+ !y!&e* and a+!o %n a))o$dan)e #%& &e -$%n)%-+e!

)on&a%ned %n &e R'+e! and !') d%!-o!a+ *'!& "e !'"e)& &o $e(%e# "y a )o*-e&en& a'&o$%&y. In

o$de$ &o a)%+%&a&e &e d%!)$e&%ona$y d%!-o!%&%on o '(en%+e )a!e!, eo$&! !a++ "e *ade &o -$o(%de

o$ )o**'n%&y -$o/$a**e!, !') a! &e*-o$a$y !'-e$(%!%on and /'%dan)e, $e!&%&'&%on, and

)o*-en!a&%on o (%)&%*!.@>

"9 Re+e(an& P$o(%!%on %n Ban/+ade!, Ind%a and Pa2%!&an

None o &e )o'n&$%e! a(e a! ye& *ade, &e )on)e-&! o d%(e$!%on and $e!&o$a&%(e

'!&%)e a! a )o$e ea&'$e o '(en%+e '!&%)e +e/%!+a&%on. None a(e e!&a"+%!ed *e)an%!* and

)$%&e$%a o$ )%+d$en &o "e d%(e$&ed $o* &e o$*a+ !y!&e* &$o'/ -o+%)e )a'&%on%n/, *ed%a&%on

o$ !o*e o&e$ o$* o %no$*a+ d%!-'&e $e!o+'&%on. In Ban/+ade! *any *%no$ oen)e! a$e



$e!o+(ed %no$*a++y #%&%n &e )o**'n%&y &$o'/ )'!&o*a$y and &$ad%&%ona+ d%!-'&e $e!o+'&%on

*e)an%!*!. Ho#e(e$, )on)e$n! a(e "een e1-$e!!ed &a& *any o &e!e -$a)&%)e! do no&

ade3'a&e+y -$o&e)& &e $%/&! o )%+d$en, %n)+'d%n/ &e%$ $%/& &o -a$&%)%-a&e %n &e -$o)eed%n/!

and &o "e -$o&e)&ed $o* a$! o$ de/$ad%n/ -'n%!*en&!. @

Te *o!& )o**on %! &o $e+ea!e &e )%+d 'nde$ &e !'-e$(%!%on o a -a$en& o$ -$o"a&%on o%)e$,

&o'/ !o*e )o'n&$%e! a+!o %n)+'de -$o(%!%on o$ )o'n!e+%n/ o$de$!8Ind%a9, )o**'n%&y !e$(%)e

#o$2 8Ind%a9 and $ee$$a+ &o a non0$e!%den&%a+ !o)%a+ %n!&%&'&%on 8 Ind%a9. Ho#e(e$, &$o'/o'& &e

$e/%on, (e$y +%*%&ed -$%o$%&y a! "een /%(en &o e!&a"+%!%n/ &e ne)e!!a$y %n$a!&$')&'$e &o *a2e

&e!e o-&%on! a(a%+a"+e and ee)&%(e. Te Da& C%+d$en A)&,<5< o Ban/+ade! a++o#! -o+%)e o$

&e )o'$& &o $e!o+(e &e *a&&e$ &$o'/ &e -$o)e!! o a+&e$na&%(e d%!-'&e $e!o+'&%on !') a!

$e+ea!e on o$ #%&o'& #a$n%n/ o$ "y 2ee-%n/ 'nde$ !'-e$(%!%on o$ *anda&o$y !)oo+%n/ e&).5 Se)

@? 5

T$o'/o'& &e $e/%on, &e$e a$e n'*e$o'! NGO! -$o(%d%n/ a $an/e o %nno(a&%(e -$o/$a**e!

&a& )o'+d "e '!ed &o -$o(%de !'-e$(%!%on and )o*-e&en)y de(e+o-*en& &o )%+d$en on -$o"a&%on,

%n)+'d%n/ !e*%0)'!&od%a+ !e+&e$!, (o)a&%ona+ &$a%n%n/, -ee$ ed')a&o$!*en&o$!, +%e !2%++!

-$o/$a**e!, non0o$*a+ ed')a&%on, e&).

Ho#e(e$, %n /ene$a+, -$o"a&%on !e$(%)e! %n &e $e/%on a(e no& "een /ea$ed &o#a$d! an

%nd%(%d'a+%!ed )a!e *ana/e*en& a--$oa) and &e$e a$e no )+ea$ *e)an%!*! and

-$o)ed'$e! o$ )%+d$en &o "e $ee$$ed &o &e!e -$o/$a**e!. Te$e a(e "een !o*e

%nno(a&%(e /o(e$n*en&NGO -a$&ne$!%-! -%+o&%n/ non0)'!&od%a+ o$*! o $ea"%+%&a&%on,

"'& &%! %! /ene$a++y ad o), a& &e %n%&%a&%(e o NGO!, and no& "a!ed on a -e$*anen&, !&$')&'$ed

!y!&e* o$ )oo$d%na&%on "e&#een +a# eno$)e*en& and )%(%+ !o)%e&y.

Pe$!ona+ A!!e!!*en&

Ban/+ade! #o'+d an e1)e-&%on %n -$o*o&%n/ a+&e$na&%(e !en&en)%n/ and d%(e$!%on, &e D$a&

C%+d$en A)&, <5< #%++ ena)&ed. B'& &e -$o"+e* %! &e -$o(%!%on! a$e *ade a--+%)a"+e &o a++

oen)e! #%) *%/& %nde$ &e end! o '!&%)e. Un&%+ &en Ind%a #%++ "e &$ea&ed a! an e1a*-+e.

@.= Co$$e)&%ona+ In!&%&'&%on! Cond%&%on! %n De&en&%on




Te CRC $e3'%$e! &a& e(e$y '(en%+e de-$%(ed o +%"e$&y *'!& "e &$ea&ed #%& '*an%&y and

$e!-e)& o$ &e%$ %ne$en& d%/n%&y, and %n a *anne$ #%) &a2e! %n&o a))o'n& &e need! o -e$!on!

o %! o$ e$ a/e. J'(en%+e! *'!& "e !e-a$a&ed $o* ad'+&! %n a++ -+a)e! o de&en&%on. Te JDL! !e&

o'& a )o*-+e&e )ode o$ &e )a$e and &$ea&*en& o '(en%+e! de-$%(ed o &e%$ +%"e$&y, #%& a (%e#

&o )o'n&e$a)&%n/ &e de&$%*en&a+ ee)&! o %n!&%&'&%ona+%!a&%on. Te R'+e! -$o*o&e &e

e!&a"+%!*en& o !*a++, de)en&$a+%!ed a)%+%&%e! o$ '(en%+e! #%& no*%na+ !e)'$%&y. C%+d$en %n

de&en&%on *'!& "e ao$ded &e !a*e $%/& &o "a!%) ed')a&%on a! o&e$!, and !o'+d a(e a))e!! &o

(o)a&%ona+ &$a%n%n/ and o&e$ *ean%n/'+ a)&%(%&%e!. E*-a!%! %! -+a)ed on -$o*o&%n/ )o**'n%&y

)on&a)& &$o'/ +ea(e! o a"!en)e, o'&!%de !)oo+%n/, and +%"e$a+ a*%+y (%!%& -o+%)%e! 8%n

-$%n)%-+e on)e -e$ #ee29. R'+e! !o'+d a+!o "e %n -+a)e &o en!'$e &a& )%+d$en a$e no& !'"e)& &o

)o$-o$a+ -'n%!*en&, !o+%&a$y )on%ne*en&, o$ o&e$ )$'e+ and %n'*ane -'n%!*en&!.

"9 Re+e(an& P$o(%!%on! %n Ban/+ade!, Pa2%!&an and Ind%a

In Ban/+ade!, e$e a$e &$ee 8&#o o$ "oy! a& Ton/% and Je!!o$e, and one o$ /%$+! a& Kona"a$%9

!-e)%a+%!ed %n!&%&'&%on! o$ &e de&en&%on o )%+d oende$!, $e)en&+y $ena*ed C%+d De(e+o-*en&

Cen&$e! 8KUK9, #%) a$e 'nde$ &e $e!-on!%"%+%&y o &e De-a$&*en& o So)%a+ Se$(%)e! o &e

M%n%!&$y o So)%a+ e+a$e.

Te!e a$e +a$/e %n!&%&'&%ona+ )en&e$! 85<0<< )%+d$en ea)9, and )a$e o$ a *%1 o )%+d$en %n

-$e0&$%a+ de&en&%on, )%+d oende$! 'nde$ &e a/e o 5@ #o a(e "een !en&en)ed "y &e )o'$&!,

and )%+d$en (o+'n&a$%+y ad*%&&ed "y &e%$ -a$en&! o$ "e%n/ 'n)on&$o++a"+e. One ne# KUK %!

'nde$ )on!&$')&%on %n Joy-'$a& d%!&$%)&, and &$ee *o$e a$e %n &e -$o)e!! o $e)e%(%n/ a--$o(a+.

Ea) #o'+d a(e a )a-a)%&y o ><<.4@>6

Te KUK -$o(%de /ene$a+ ed')a&%on '- &o -$%*a$y +e(e+ and !o*e (o)a&%ona+ &$a%n%n/.

C%+d$en a+!o -a$&%)%-a&e %n #ee2+y )'+&'$a+ -$o/$a**e!, !-o$&! and e1e$)%!e. Ea) a! a& +ea!&

one !o)%a+ )a!e #o$2e$ on !&a &o -$o(%de %nd%(%d'a+ and /$o'- )o'n!e+%n/ and &o -$o*o&e





"ea(%o$a+ de(e+o-*en&. Te Cen&e$! a$e o'!ed on 3'%&e +a$/e /$o'nd!, #%& /a$den! and

a)%+%&%e! o$ o'&doo$ /a*e!.4@?6

A+&o'/ &e !&a&ed o"e)&%(e o &e!e Cen&e$! %! &o -$o*o&e &e $ea"%+%&a&%on and $e%n&e/$a&%on

o )%+d$en, %n -$a)&%)e &ey do no& a(e &e $e3'%$ed !2%++! o$ $e!o'$)e! &o '+%++ &%! o"e)&%(e

ee)&%(e+y, and a(e "een )$%&%)%ed o$ "e%n/ !%*-+y -+a)e! o )on%ne*en&. Con)e$n! $a%!ed "y

(a$%o'! $e-o$&! %n)+'de:4@6

Te 3'a+%&y and 3'an&%&y o ood %! %n!'%)%en&F

Vo)a&%ona+ &$a%n%n/ -$o/$a**e! do no& -$o(%de )e$&%%)a&e! o 3'a+%%)a&%on and &e

ne)e!!a$y e3'%-*en& %! /ene$a++y %nade3'a&eF

%+e &e KUK a%* &o -$o(%de an %nd%(%d'a+ )a!e *ana/e*en& a--$oa), &ey do no&

a(e ade3'a&e+y &$a%ned and 3'a+%%ed !&a &o '+%+ &%! 'n)&%onF

Te e*-a!%! $e*a%n! on )on%ne*en&, $a&e$ &an $ea"%+%&a&%onF

7o++o#%n/ an e!)a-e a&&e*-& a& Ton/%, a++ o &e "oy! #e$e 2e-& +o)2ed %n &e%$ do$*!

?0o'$! -e$ day o$ !e(e$a+ *on&! and #e$e no& -e$*%&&ed &o -a$&%)%-a&e %n!)oo+%n/, (o)a&%ona+ &$a%n%n/, o$ $e)$ea&%on -$o/$a**e!F

Co$-o$a+ -'n%!*en& and o&e$ de/$ad%n/ -'n%!*en&! a$e '!ed %n a++ &e %n!&%&'&%on!,

%n)+'d%n/ "ea&%n/!, an/%n/ "y &y%n/ and! #%& a $o-e, and and)'%n/. Co$-o$a+

-'n%!*en& %! o%)%a++y !an)&%oned 'nde$ &e C%+d$en R'+e!, #%) -e$*%& )an%n/

no& e1)eed%n/ &en !&$%-e! a! a -'n%!*en& o$ (%o+a&%n/ any one o &e >< !&%-'+a&ed

$'+e! o )ond')&

Many )%+d$en a(e +%*%&ed a*%+y )on&a)&, &a& )%+d$en a$e -e$*%&&ed on+y &#o

+e&&e$! -e$ *on& and &#o (%!%&! #%& -a$en&! -e$ *on&. T%! +%*%&ed -$%(%+e/e *ay

"e )an)e++ed a! -'n%!*en&, o$ %n)$ea!ed &o one (%!%& e(e$y 5< day! on /ood

"ea(%o'$ 4@@6










Te$e %! +%*%&ed !'--o$& o$ $e%n&e/$a&%on o )%+d$en #o a$e $e+ea!edF

%+e !o*e )%+d$en a$e $e+ea!ed $o* KUK '-on &'$n%n/ 5=, o&e$! a$e !en& &o a%+

o$ &e $e*a%n%n/ -e$%od o &e%$ !en&en)e. T%! de-end! on &e -$e)%!e o$*'+a&%on

o &e 'd/e*en&, and %! /ene$a++y 'n$e+a&ed &o &e !e$%o'!ne!! o &e oen)e.

Te JJA <<< o Ind%a, !&a&e! &a& S-e)%a+ Ho*e! a$e &o "e e!&a"+%!ed "y &e S&a&e o$ (o+'n&a$y

o$/an%!a&%on o$ &e $e)e-&%on and $ea"%+%&a&%on o )%+d$en %n )on+%)& #%& &e +a#. Mo!& S&a&e!

a(e e!&a"+%!ed one o$ *o$e S-e)%a+ Ho*e! and a(e e!&a"+%!ed R'+e! o$ &e )e$&%%)a&%on and

*ana/e*en& o &e o*e!.

In !o*e )a!e!, Go(e$n*en&NGO -a$&ne$!%-! a$$an/e*en&! a(e "een e!&a"+%!ed #e$e%n

NGO -e$!onne+ a$e -$o(%d%n/ ed')a&%on, (o)a&%ona+ &$a%n%n/ and o&e$ -$o/$a**e! %n

%n!&%&'&%on! &a& a$e *ana/ed and !&aed "y &e /o(e$n*en&. Te !&a&e o And$a P$ade! a! -'&

%n&o -$a)&%)e a !)e*e o )o0*ana/e*en& o &e S&a&e;! )%+d$en;! %n!&%&'&%on! #%& !e+e)&ed

NGO!. In o&e$ )a!e!, &e S&a&e /o(e$n*en& a! )e$&%%ed S-e)%a+ Ho*e! &a& a$e '++y o-e$a&ed

and *ana/ed "y a &$'!&ed NGO, #%& S&a&e 'nd%n/ !'--o$&. T%! a! $e-o$&ed+y %*-$o(ed &e

3'a+%&y and $an/e o !e$(%)e! "e%n/ -$o(%ded &o &e )%+d$en, !%n)e NGO! /ene$a++y a(e

!-e)%a+%!ed !&a and a$e a"+e &o *o"%+%!e )o**'n%&y %n(o+(e*en& and (o+'n&ee$ -$oe!!%ona+

!e$(%)e! $o* do)&o$!, +a#ye$!, e&).4@6

Ano&e$ )on)e$n %! &a&, #%+e &e %n!&%&'&%on! a(e "e)o*e *o$e o-en &o NGO %n(o+(e*en&, &e

R'+e! &e*!e+(e! )on&%n'e &o -$o*o&e an en(%$on*en& "a!ed on )on%ne*en& $a&e$ &an

)o**'n%&y )on&a)&. 7o$ e1a*-+e, 'nde$ &e Mode+ R'+e!, a )%+d %! -e$*%&&ed a a*%+y *ee&%n/

on+y on)e -e$ *on&, and &e$e a$e !&$%)& +%*%&a&%on! on +ea(e! o a"!en)e and o&e$ )o**'n%&y

)on&a)&. Te R'+e! a+!o do no& %n)+'de any $e!&$%)&%on! on d%!)%-+%ne and '!e o o$)e a/a%n!&

)%+d$en %n %n!&%&'&%on!. In &e$*! o $e%n&e/$a&%on o )%+d$en #o a(e )o*-+e&ed &e%$ &e$* %n a

S-e)%a+ Ho*e, &e JJA <<< *a2e! -$o(%!%on o$ a&e$0)a$e -$o/$a**e! &o a!!%!& &e* &o +ead

an one!&, %nd'!&$%o'! and '!e'+ +%e. %+e &e A)& %! no& !-e)%%) #%& $e!-e)& &o #a& &%!

%n(o+(e!, &e %*-+%)a&%on %! &a& a&e$0)a$e %! a+!o -$e*%!ed on an %n!&%&'&%ona+ a--$oa).

Te Mode+ R'+e! *a2e -$o(%!%on o$ &e e!&a"+%!*en& o a&e$0)a$e o*e!, "'& do no& -$o(%de






/'%dan)e #%& $e!-e)& &o )o**'n%&y0"a!ed a&e$0)a$e !e$(%)e!. T%! d%!)$e&%ona$y add%&%ona+

&$ee0yea$ -e$%od o %n!&%&'&%on a++o)a&%on %! e1)e!!%(e and 'n#a$$an&ed.

Te JJSO o Pa2%!&an a++o#! o$ &e e!&a"+%!*en& o Bo$!&a+ In!&%&'&%on! #e$e )%+d oende$!

*ay "e de&a%ned and -$o(%ded ed')a&%on and &$a%n%n/. Te '!e o and)'!, e&&e$! and )o$-o$a+

-'n%!*en& a/a%n!& )%+d$en %n %n!&%&'&%on! %! e1-+%)%&+y -$o%"%&ed, and )%+d$en *ay no& "e

$e3'%$ed &o do +a"o'$. To da&e, &#o '(en%+e "o$!&a+ %n!&%&'&%on! o$ &$a%n%n/ !)oo+! a(e "een

e!&a"+%!ed 0 &e P'na" Bo$!&a+ In!&%&'&%on %n Baa#a+-'$ and &e Yo'& Oende$ Ind'!&$%a+

S)oo+! %n Ka$a)%. Bo& a$e o$ "oy!, and &e$e a$e no !e-a$a&e "o$!&a+ %n!&%&'&%on! o$ /%$+!. Te

P'na" Bo$!&a+ In!&%&'&%on %! /o(e$ned "y P'na" Bo$!&a+ S)oo+! A)& and R'+e!, #%) $e3'%$e

&e !)oo+! &o a(e ade3'a&e a))o**oda&%onF -$o-e$ !an%&a&%onF #a&e$

!'--+yF ood and )+o&%n/F *ean! &o -$o(%de %nd'!&$%a+ &$a%n%n/F !)oo+ a)%+%&%e! 8/ene$a+

ed')a&%on and &$ade!9F and a o!-%&a+ o$ %n%$*a$y. C%+d$en a$e &o o++o# a !&$%)& da%+y $e/%*e o

ed')a&%on, (o)a&%ona+ &$a%n%n/ and #o$2. V%!%&! #%& -a$en&! a$e !&$%)&+y $e/'+a&ed, on)e -e$

*on& o$ < *%n'&e!, and a$e )on!%de$ed a -$%(%+e/e &a& *ay "e #%&d$a#n a! -'n%!*en&.

C%+d$en #o a$e no& !en& &o &e!e &#o %n!&%&'&%on! a$e de&a%ned %n ad'+& -$%!on!. Te

JJSO doe! no& $e3'%$e &a& )%+d$en "e !e-a$a&ed $o* ad'+&! %n a++ -+a)e! o de&en&%on.

Te P$%!on A)& and R'+e! %n)+'de !e(e$a+ !-e)%a+ -$o(%!%on! o$ &e &$ea&*en& o )%+d$en 'nde$

&e a/e o 5= #o a$e %n %n!&%&'&%on!. J'(en%+e! !o'+d "e -+a)ed %n a !e-a$a&e '(en%+e #a$d, o$ %

&e$e %! no !') #a$d, &ey !o'+d "e )on%ned %n a !e-a$a&e )e++ a& n%/&. 7o$ e1a*-+e, &e

7$on&%e$ P$o(%n)e a! a !e-a$a&e J'(en%+e C%$)+e %n &e Cen&$a+ P$%!on 8Pe!a#a$9, &e -$%!on %n

Ha$%-'$ a! a '(en%+e )a*- +o)a&ed %n Na&%a/a+%, and %n Ba+o)%!&an, &e '(en%+e! a$e o'!ed.

E(e$y %n*a&e !en&en)ed &o *o$e &an one yea$ *'!& "e -$o(%ded an ed')a&%on )o'$!e )on!%!&%n/

o $ead%n/, #$%&%n/ and a$%&*e&%) o$ &#o o'$! -e$ day.> en a '(en%+e -$%!one$ %! d'e o$

$e+ea!e and $e3'%$e! a!!%!&an)e &o !e&&+e %n +%e, &e S'-e$%n&enden& *'!& !end an %n%&%a&%on &o &e

Se)$e&a$y o &e D%!&$%)& Co**%&&ee o &e P$%!one$! e+a$e So)%e&y one *on& -$%o$ &o $e+ea!e.

4@=6

P$a)&%)e:





In a++ )o'n&$%e!, +a#! ando$ -$%!on $'+e! $e3'%$e &a& )%+d$en "e !e-a$a&ed $o* ad'+&! %n a++

-+a)e! o de&en&%on.4@6 Ho#e(e$, %n Pa2%!&an &e!e -$o&e)&%on! a$e no& a(a%+a"+e o$ /%$+!, #o

a$e de&a%ned &o/e&e$ #%& ad'+& e*a+e!. In Ind%a and Ban/+ade! &e$e %! a /ene$a+ -$o%"%&%on

on %*-$%!on*en& o )%+d$en 8#%& !&%-'+a&ed e1)e-&%on!9, and )%+d$en *'!& "e !en& %n!&ead &o a

!-e)%a+%ed '(en%+e $ea"%+%&a&%on )en&$e. In Ind%a, Ban/+ade!, and Pa2%!&an, )%+d$en %n )on+%)&

#%& &e +a# a$e *%1ed %n &e !a*e %n!&%&'&%on! #%& )%+d$en %n need o -$o&e)&%on, %n)+'d%n/

)%+d (%)&%*! o a"'!e and e1-+o%&a&%on.

Ea) )o'n&$y a! e!&a"+%!ed one o$ *o$e !-e)%a+ '(en%+e $ea"%+%&a&%on )en&$e. To!e %n

Ban/+ade! and Pa2%!&an a$e *ode+ed on &e o+d B$%&%! "o$!&a+ *ode+, '!%n/ a !&$%)& da%+y

$e/%*e &o $ea"%+%&a&e de+%n3'en& and %n)o$$%/%"+e )%+d$en %n&o -$od')&%(e )%&%en!. S&'d%e! on

&e )ond%&%on! o )%+d$en %n %n!&%&'&%on! %n Ban/+ade!, Ind%a and Pa2%!&an a(e $a%!ed !e$%o'!

)on)e$n! a"o'& &e &$ea&*en& o )%+d$en %n %n!&%&'&%ona+ )a$e. 7o$ &e *o!& -a$&, &e *a%n

'n)&%on o &e!e %n!&%&'&%on! %! )on&a%n*en&, and *o!& +a)2 &e ne)e!!a$y !&a and $e!o'$)e! &o

ee)&%(e+y -$o*o&e $ea"%+%&a&%on and $e%n&e/$a&%on. Ba!%) a)%+%&%e! a$e o&en -oo$ and %n

d%!$e-a%$, e# -$o(%de ed')a&%on "a!ed on &e )o$e !)oo+ )'$$%)'+'*, )o'n!e+%n/ %! +%*%&ed, and

a*%+y (%!%&! a$e &%/&+y $e!&$%)&ed. Ea) )o'n&$y a! a +%*%&ed n'*"e$ o !-e)%a+%ed '(en%+e

%n!&%&'&%on! 8&#o %n Pa2%!&an9 #%) a$e no& d%!&$%"'&ed e(en+y, $e!'+&%n/ %n )%+d$en "e%n/

&$an!e$$ed +on/ d%!&an)e! $o* &e%$ a*%+%e! o$ de&a%ned +o)a++y %n ad'+& a%+!. G%$+! a$e

-a$&%)'+a$+y ('+ne$a"+e "e)a'!e &e$e a$e e#e$ !-e)%a+%ed %n!&%&'&%on! o$ &e*. D'e &o

-$o+on/ed -e$%od! o %n!&%&'&%ona+%a&%on and +%*%&ed )o**'n%&y )on&a)&, *any )%+d$en +a)2

"a!%) +%(%n/ !2%++! and a*%+y)o**'n%&y !'--o$& ne&#o$2! &o $e%n&e/$a&e %n&o &e )o**'n%&y

a&e$ &e%$ de&en&%on -e$%od a! e1-%$ed. Te $e!-on!e %n Ind%a a! "een &o %n&$od')e an add%&%ona+

&$ee0yea$ -e$%od o a&e$0)a$e %n!&%&'&%ona+%a&%on.

Te '!e o )o$-o$a+ -'n%!*en& and o&e$ de/$ad%n/ -'n%!*en&! %! )o**on &$o'/o'& &e

$e/%on. Pa2%!&an -$o%"%&! )o$-o$a+ -'n%!*en&, and)'! and +a"o'$. 7'$&e$*o$e, %n

Ban/+ade! and Pa2%!&an )%+d$en )on&%n'e &o "e %*-$%!oned %n ad'+& a)%+%&%e!, o&en #%& no

!e-a$a&%on $o* &e ad'+& -o-'+a&%on.

Ban/+ade! and Pa2%!&an %n -a$&%)'+a$ a(e )on!%!&en&+y %/ n'*"e$! o )%+d$en %n ad'+&

-$%!on!. T%! a! /ene$a++y "een a&&$%"'&ed &o a +a)2 o !'%)%en& !-e)%a+ a)%+%&%e! o$ )%+d$en,





-oo$ /eo/$a-%)a+ d%!&$%"'&%on o )%+d$en! %n!&%&'&%on!, and +a)2 o a#a$ene!! on &e -a$& o

-o+%)e and *a/%!&$a&e!. So*e -$%!on! a(e a !e-a$a&e '(en%+e #a$d #e$e )%+d$en a$e 2e-&,

o#e(e$ %n a$ea! #e$e no !e-a$a&e a)%+%&%e! e1%!&, )%+d$en a$e -+a)ed %n )e++! #%& ad'+&!, #e$e

&ey a$e !'"e)&ed &o -y!%)a+ and !e1'a+ a"'!e.

In Ind%a eo$&! a(e "een *ade &o %*-$o(e )ond%&%on! and !e$(%)e! %n %n!&%&'&%on! &$o'/ &e

!'--o$& o +o)a+ and %n&e$na&%ona+ NGO!. T$o'/ ne# +e/%!+a&%on -a!!ed %n <<<, Ind%a a!

%n&$od')ed an %nno(a&%(e -a$&ne$!%- a--$oa) o$ &e *ana/e*en& o )%+d$en! %n!&%&'&%on!.

Unde$ &e +a#, S&a&e /o(e$n*en&! *'!& e!&a"+%! !-e)%a+ )%+d$en! o*e! on &e%$ o#n, o$ 'nde$

a/$ee*en& #%& (o+'n&a$y o$/an%!a&%on!. T%! -a$&ne$!%-! a--$oa) %! "e%n/ a)&%(e+y en)o'$a/ed

"y &e )en&$a+ /o(e$n*en&, and a! !o#n )on!%de$a"+e !'))e!!.

One )on)e$n $a%!ed #a! &a&, #%+e &e JJA <<< )+ea$+y d%e$en&%a&e! "e&#een O"!e$(a&%on

Ho*e! 8o$ )%+d$en !'"e)& &o -$e0&$%a+ de&en&%on9F S-e)%a+ Ho*e! 8o$ )%+d$en )on(%)&ed o an

oen)e9F and C%+d$en! Ho*e! 8o$ )%+d$en %n need o -$o&e)&%on9, %n -$a)&%)e *any o*e! a$e

)e$&%%ed 'nde$ one o$ *o$e o &e!e )a&e/o$%e!. T%! a! $e!'+&ed %n &e )on&%n'ed *%1%n/

)%+d$en %n )on+%)& #%& &e +a# #%& )%+d$en %n need o -$o&e)&%on, &e$e"y 'nde$*%n%n/ &e

d%!&%n)&%on &e A)& %! &$y%n/ &o -$o*o&e.

O(e$)$o#d%n/ %n -$%!on! %! a )$on%) -$o"+e*, and n'&$%&%on and !an%&a&%on a$e -oo$. Te$e a$e

+%*%&ed $e)$ea&%on! a)%+%&%e!, *o!& +a)2 ade3'a&e a)%+%&%e! o$ ed')a&%on, (o)a&%ona+ &$a%n%n/,

)o'n!e+%n/ and a++ )on(%)&ed -$%!one$! a$e $e3'%$ed &o -e$o$* *an'a+ +a"o'$. A+&o'/ &e A)&

!&a&e! &a& &ey *'!& no& "e a++o#ed &o a!!o)%a&e #%& ad'+& -$%!one$!,4<6 %n -$a)&%)e &%! %! no&

a+#ay! $e!-e)&ed. Te$e a(e "een n'*e$o'! $e-o$&ed )a!e! o )%+d$en "e%n/ !'"e)&ed &o

-y!%)a+ and !e1'a+ a"'!e %n a%+!. A 5? *ed%)a+ $e-o$& )ond')&ed on '(en%+e %n*a&e! o &e

Lao$e D%!&$%)& Ja%+ $e(ea+ed &a& =< o &e )%+d$en #e$e !e1'a++y a"'!ed, *o!& o &e*

$e-ea&ed+y.>= S&a +a)2 &e ne)e!!a$y !-e)%a+%ed &$a%n%n/ and !2%++! &o and+e '(en%+e -$%!one$!,

and *o!& ad +%*%&ed 2no#+ed/e o &e CRC and JJSO.456

In %&! Con)+'d%n/ O"!e$(a&%on! on Pa2%!&an! Se)ond Pe$%od%) Re-o$& 'nde$ &e CRC, &e UN

Co**%&&ee on &e R%/&! o &e C%+d e1-$e!!ed %&! dee- )on)e$n a& &e %/ n'*"e$ o )%+d$en








%n -$%!on!, #o a$e de&a%ned %n -oo$ )ond%&%on!, o&en &o/e&e$ #%& ad'+& oende$! and &'!

('+ne$a"+e &o a"'!e and %++0&$ea&*en&.46

Te D$a& C%+d$en A)&, <5< -$o(%de! -$o(%!%on o$ e!&a"+%!*en& o &e C%+d e+a$e Boa$d &o

#%) )%+d$en #%++ "e !en& % &ey need !-e)%a+ )a$e and -$o&e)&%on.4>6


Te$e %! +a)2 o ade3'a&e 3'an&%&y and 3'a+%&y o )o$$e)&%ona+ %n!&%&'&%on. In Ind%a /o(e$n*en&

and NGO! -a$&ne$!%- )o$$e)&%ona+ %n!&%&'&e! *a2e '/e )an/e %n &%! $e/a$d. Ban/+ade! a!

&o e!&a"+%! *o$e )o$$e)&%ona+ %n!&%&'&e! a(%n/ a--$o-$%a&e a)%+%&y o$ ed')a&%on, !-o$&! e&).

Mo$eo(e$ %n Ban/+ade! $ea"%+%&a&%on o '(en%+e %! /%(en +e!! %*-o$&an)e &an %n Ind%a. So

Ban/+ade! %! $e3'%$ed &o -$o(%de 3'a+%&y ed')a&%on, (o)a&%ona+ &$a%n%n/ e&) &o &e '(en%+e, on+y

&en &e $ea"%+%&a&%on o '(en%+e #%++ "e en!'$ed.

@. Ro+e o P$o"a&%on O%)e$

A -$o"a&%on o%)e$ %! a -e$!on a--o%n&ed "y &e Go(&4?6.F o$ "y &e )en&$a+ o$ !&a&e /o(&46.

He a! &o -+ay a (%&a+ $o+e %n &e '(en%+e '!&%)e !y!&e*. Te )o'$& o$ Boa$d a! &o )on!%de$ %!

$e-o$& #%+e and+%n/ '(en%+e oende$. D'&%e! o &e P$o"a&%on O%)e$ a$e &o (%!%& o$ $e)e%(e

(%!%&! $o* &e )%+d a& $ea!ona"+e %n&e$(a+!F &o !)$'&%n%e &a& &e )ond%&%on! o "ond a$e '+%++edF

&o $e-o$& &e )o'$& a! &o &e "ea(%o'$ o &e )%+dF &o ad(%!e, a!!%!& and "e$%end &e )%+d and,

#en ne)e!!a$y endea(o'$ &o %nd !'%&a"+e e*-+oy*en& and a+!o %n)+'de

a9 &o *a2e %n3'%$%e! a"o'& &e )%+d! )a$a)&e$, ed')a&%ona+, !o)%a+ and *o$a+ "a)2/$o'nd.

"9 To a&&end &e )o'$& and !'"*%& $e-o$&.

)9 Mee& and /%(e #a$n%n/ 8% ne)e!!a$y9 &o &e /'a$d%an o$ o&e$ -e$!on on #o!e )a$e &e

)%+d %! -+a)ed, e&).

P$a)&%)e %n Ban/+ade!, Ind%a and Pa2%!&an

Te $ea+%&y %! &a& &e '(en%+e )o'$& o$ Boa$d doe! no& -ay *') a&&en&%on on &e $e-o$& *ade

"y &e -$o"a&%on o%)e$ #%+e %*-o!%n/ -'n%!*en& on &e '(en%+e. Mo$eo(e$ &ey a$e -oo$

%n n'*"e$ and a(e no& -$o-e$+y &$a%ned &o dea+& #%& &e '(en%+e oende$!.











Pe$!ona+ A!!e!!*en&:Te -$o"a&%on o%)e$ a!, &o'/ no& !een any )o'n&$y, &o -+ay a (%&a+ $o+e %n '(en%+e '!&%)e

!y!&e*. Mo$e !') o%)e$! !o'+d "e a--o%n&ed. Tey *'!& a(e 2no#+ed/e on -!y)o+o/y

o )%+d.

@.5< In&e$0a/en)y Coo$d%na&%on, Mon%&o$%n/ and Re-o$&%n/

A '(en%+e '!&%)e $eo$* %n%&%a&%(e %! on0/o%n/ %n Ban/+ade!, Ind%a and Pa2%!&an. Ho#e(e$, a +a)2

o )+ea$ !&$a&e/%) o)'! and %n&e$0a/en)y )oo$d%na&%on *e)an%!* a! $e!'+&ed %n *any %n&e$(en&%on!

"e%n/ d%!o%n&ed and 'n!'!&a%na"+e. 7o++o#%n/ a S'-$e*e Co'$& 'd/*en& on )%+d$en %n de&en&%on

%n <<>, Ban/+ade! e!&a"+%!ed a %/0+e(e+, %n&e$0a/en)y Na&%ona+ Ta!2 7o$)e 8NT79 &a!2ed #%&

%*-$o(%n/ &e )ond%&%on! o )%+d$en %n a%+ and &o -$o(%de /$ea&e$ )oo$d%na&%on a)$o!! &e '!&%)e

!e)&o$. #%) %! $e!'+&ed %n &e d$a& C%+d$en A)&, <5<.

Mon%&o$%n/ )%+d$en! $%/&! %n /ene$a+ and &e $%/&! o )%+d$en %n )on+%)& #%& &e +a# %n

-a$&%)'+a$, $e*a%n! #ea2 .In a++ )o'n&$%e!, an a/en)y a! "een de!%/na&ed &o *on%&o$ %*-+e*en&a&%on

o &e $%/&! o &e )%+d, and &o $e-o$& on -$o/$e!! &o &e UN Co**%&&ee on &e R%/&! o &e C%+d.

In Pa2%!&an, &e Na&%ona+ Co**%!!%on o$ C%+d e+a$e and De(e+o-*en& 8NCCD9, %!

e!&a"+%!ed %n 5=< &o )oo$d%na&e &e %*-+e*en&a&%on o )%+d$en! $%/&!. Ho#e(e$, da&a )o++e)&%on

$e*a%n! a )a++en/e, and no )o'n&$y %n &e $e/%on a! e!&a"+%!ed a )o*-$een!%(e !e& o '(en%+e

'!&%)e %nd%)a&o$ &o *on%&o$ and e(a+'a&e &e !%&'a&%on o )%+d$en %n )on+%)& #%& &e +a#.

Ind%a %! %n&$od')%n/ a #e"0ena"+ed da&a"a!e &o )o++e)& da&a on )%+d -$o&e)&%on &$o'/o'& &e

)o'n&$y, and Pa2%!&an a! -%+o&ed &e /+o"a+ %nd%)a&o$! %n !e+e)&ed -$o(%n)e!. Te H'*an R%/&!

Co**%!!%on -e$o$*! *on%&o$%n/ 'n)&%on. Te +a)2 o ee)&%(e *e)an%!* &o *on%&o$ &e

&$ea&*en& o )%+d$en "y -o+%)e and %n de&en&%on %! )a'!e o$ )on)e$n. No )o'n&$y %n &e $e/%on a! a

'++y0'n)&%on%n/ !y!&e* &o $e/'+a$+y %n!-e)& a++ -+a)e! o de&en&%on. J'd/e! and *a/%!&$a&e!

$e-o$&ed+y )ond')& $e/'+a$ (%!%&! &o %n!&%&'&%on! %n Pa2%!&an, Ban/+ade!, and Ind%a, "'& &%! %! +a$/e+y

de-enden& on %nd%(%d'a+ %n%&%a&%(e. In &e!e )o'n&$%e! !o*e %nde-enden& )'!&ody *on%&o$%n/ %!

)ond')&ed "y na&%ona+ '*an $%/&! )o**%!!%on! o$ "y +o)a+ NGO! !') a! A-a$aeyo, BLAST and

SC70UK %n Ban/+ade!, ECHO, Pa$ay! Sae Ho*e e&). Te C%+d R%/&! Co**%!!%on %! /o%n/ &o

"e e!&a"+%!ed %n Ban/+ade!.




In a++ )o'n&$%e! *any *on%&o$%n/ o$/an%a&%on +%2e NT7 %n Ban/+ade!, NCCD %n Pa2%!&an

a(e "een e!&a"+%!ed &o *on%&o$ and )oo$d%na&e '(en%+e !y!&e* %n $e!-e)&%(e )o'n&$%e!. In

Ban/+ade!, a C%+d Co**%!!%on %! /o%n/ &o "e e!&a"+%!ed and %& #%++ "e a"+e )an/e &e

e1%!&%n/ '(en%+e '!&%)e !y!&e*. Be!%de! &e!e, NGO! na*e+y BLAST SC7 UK, A-a$aoyo a$e

#o$2%n/ a$d &o *a2e %/e$ &e '(en%+e !y!&e*.



@.55 T$a%n%n/ and Ca-a)%&y B'%+d%n/


Te Be%%n/ R'+e! !&a&e &a& -$oe!!%ona+ ed')a&%on, %n0!e$(%)e &$a%n%n/, $e$e!e$

)o'$!e! and o&e$ a--$o-$%a&e *ode! o %n!&$')&%on !o'+d "e '&%+%ed &o e!&a"+%! and *a%n&a%n

&e ne)e!!a$y -$oe!!%ona+ )o*-e&en)e o a++ -e$!onne+ dea+%n/ #%&

'(en%+e )a!e!.4@6

P$a)&%)e

Ban/+ade!

C'$$en&+y, &e e1%!&%n/ )'$$%)'+'* oe$ed &$o'/ &e Ban/+ade!% P'"+%) Ad*%n%!&$a&%on

T$a%n%n/ Cen&$e, Po+%)e A)ade*%e!, Po+%)e De&e)&%(e T$a%n%n/ S)oo+, Ban/+ade!% C%(%+ Se$(%)e

Ad*%n%!&$a&%on A)ade*y, J'd%)%a+ Ad*%n%!&$a&%on T$a%n%n/ In!&%&'&e, and +a# !)oo+! a(e

+%*%&ed o$ no )o*-onen& #%& $e!-e)& &o &e C%+d$en A)& and '(en%+e '!&%)e.46

Ind%a

S%n)e &e ena)&*en& o &e JJA <<<, &e$e a(e "een !%/n%%)an& and on/o%n/ &$a%n%n/ and

)a-a)%&y "'%+d%n/ %n%&%a&%(e! &a$/e&%n/ a++ '!&%)e !e)&o$ -$oe!!%ona+!. Te )en&$a+ /o(e$n*en& a!

&a2en &e +ead %n )a-a)%&y "'%+d%n/ and a! 'nded e1&en!%(e &$a%n%n/ and !en!%&%!a&%on &$o'/

&e Na&%ona+ In!&%&'&e o$ So)%a+ Deen)e 8NSID9. I**ed%a&e+y o++o#%n/ &e %n&$od')&%on o &e

JJA <<<, $e/%ona+ #o$2!o-! #e$e )ond')&ed a%*ed a& %no$*%n/ 2ey S&a&e0+e(e+ -e$!onne+ o

&e -$o(%!%on! o &e A)&, and -$o*o&%n/ &e de(e+o-*en& o S&a&e R'+e!. NSID &en de(e+o-ed a

!e$%e! o &$a%n%n/ *an'a+! en&%&+ed J'!&%)e o$ C%+d$en o$ '(en%+e '!&%)e 'n)&%ona$%e!. A )ad$e

o !en%o$0+e(e+ *a!&e$ &$a%ne$! a! "een %den&%%ed &$o'/o'& &e )o'n&$y &o a)& a! &$a%ne$! and

$e!o'$)e -eo-+e o$ !&a&e0+e(e+ &$a%n%n/ #o$2!o-!. NSID !'--o$&! &$ee0day $e/%ona+ and S&a&e0

+e(e+ &$a%n%n/ #o$2!o-! o$ *e*"e$! o &e JJB and CC, -o+%)e, !o)%a+ #e+a$e o%)e$! and

-$o"a&%on o%)e$!, %n!&%&'&%on !&a, and NGO! #o$2%n/ %n '(en%+e '!&%)e. NSID %! a+!o %n &e

-$o)e!! o de(e+o-%n/ a one0*on& )e$&%%)a&e )o'$!e on C%+d P$o&e)&%on o$ -e$!onne+ #o$2%n/







%n &e '(en%+e '!&%)e !e)&o$, and %! a+!o de(e+o-%n/ a !y++a"'! %n '(en%+e '!&%)e o$ +a#

'nde$/$ad'a&e! %n &e BL, LLB )'$$%)'+'* and J'd%)%a+ A)ade*%e!.

Te Na&%ona+ J'd%)%a+ A)ade*y a! a+!o -+ayed an a)&%(e $o+e %n "'%+d%n/ &e -$oe!!%ona+ !2%++!

o *a/%!&$a&e! and 'd/e! &$o'/ %&! on/o%n/ J'(en%+e J'!&%)e T$a%n%n/ P$o/$a**e. Te

A)ade*y $e/'+a$+y "$%n/! &o/e&e$ *e*"e$! o &e JJB! and CC! $o* a++ o(e$ &e )o'n&$y o$

&$a%n%n/ and e1-e$%en)e0!a$%n/. Re!-e)&ed H%/ Co'$& J'd/e! a$e %n(%&ed a! $e!o'$)e -eo-+e,

#%) +end #e%/& &o &e -$o)eed%n/! and a(e /$ea&e$ %*-a)& on JJB Ma/%!&$a&e! &an NGO0

a)%+%&a&ed &$a%n%n/. Te #o$2!o-! a(e %n)+'ded !o*e %nno(a&%(e %n&e$0a)&%(e &$a%n%n/ *e&od!,

%n)+'d%n/ o--o$&'n%&%e! o$ &o d%!)'!! and $e!o+(e "a$$%e$! &o %*-+e*en&a&%on. One &$a%n%n/

!e!!%on %n Ke$a+a %n(o+(ed an ana+y!%! o &e '(en%+e )o'$& !e&&%n/ 0 -a$&%)%-an&! #en& &o o"!e$(e

JJB -$o)eed%n/!, &en $e&'$ned &o &e )+a!!$oo* #e$e &ey ana+y!ed #a& &ey !a# and

d%!)'!!ed o# &o *a2e &e !e&&%n/ and -$o)ed'$e! *o$e )%+d0$%end+y.

Ca-a)%&y "'%+d%n/ %n%&%a&%(e! a(e a+!o "een !'--o$&ed "y n'*e$o'! NGO! and INGO!

&$o'/o'& &e )o'n&$y, #%) a(e e%&e$ )ond')&ed &e%$ o#n '(en%+e '!&%)e &$a%n%n/ o$ +o)a+

-$oe!!%ona+!, o$ a(e )on&$%"'&ed a! $e!o'$)e -eo-+e &o &e NSID &$a%n%n/

-$o/$a**e!.

Pa2%!&an

C'$$en&+y &e$e %! no %n!&%&'&%ona+%!ed and !y!&e*a&%) &$a%n%n/ on '(en%+e '!&%)e

%n)o$-o$a&ed %n&o &e )o$e )'$$%)'+'* a& -o+%)e a)ade*%e!, &e J'd%)%a+ A)ade*y, a%+ !&a

&$a%n%n/ )en&$e!, and +a# !)oo+!.

Ho#e(e$, !%n)e &e %n&$od')&%on o &e JJSO, a !%/n%%)an& n'*"e$ o &$a%n%n/ and )a-a)%&y0

"'%+d%n/ %n%&%a&%(e! a(e "een 'nde$&a2en &o $a%!e a#a$ene!! on &e ne# -$o(%!%on! and &o

!en!%&%!e 'd/e!, *a/%!&$a&e!, -o+%)e, -$o"a&%on o%)e$!, #e+a$e o%)e$!, a%+ !&a and o&e$

o%)%a+! on &e $%/&! o )%+d$en %n )on+%)& #%& &e +a#.



Te 7ede$a+ J'd%)%a+ A)ade*y, #%& &e !'--o$& o UNICE7, a! )ond')&ed '(en%+e '!&%)e

&$a%n%n/ o$ 'd/e! and *a/%!&$a&e! &$o'/o'& &e )o'n&$y &o a*%+%a$%!e &e* #%& &e JJSO and

%n&e$na&%ona+ '(en%+e '!&%)e !&anda$d!. In add%&%on, UNICE7 a! !'--o$&ed a )a-a)%&y0"'%+d%n/

%n%&%a&%(e 'nde$&a2en "y &e S%nd Jo'$na+%!&! Ne&#o$2 o$ *ao$ !&a2eo+de$! %n &e '(en%+e

'!&%)e !y!&e* %n)+'d%n/ 'd%)%a$y, -o+%)e, -$%!on, -$o"a&%on, -a$o+e, !o)%a+ #e+a$e de-a$&*en&!

and NGO!. T$ee0day &$a%n%n/ #o$2!o-! #e$e )ond')&ed %n !%1 d%!&$%)&! o$ o%)%a+! $o*

d%e$en& /o(e$n*en& de-a$&*en&!. Te #o$2!o-! %n)+'ded a a%+ (%!%&, and a& &e end o &e

!e!!%on -a$&%)%-an&! #e$e a!2ed &o d%!)'!! &e -$o"+e*! %n &e '(en%+e '!&%)e !y!&e* and -$e-a$e

!'//e!&%on! &o o(e$)o*e &e!e )on!&$a%n&!. A )o*-$een!%(e !e& o $e)o**enda&%on! e*e$/ed

#%& %n-'& $o* a++ !&a2eo+de$!, %n)+'d%n/ )%(%+ !o)%e&y.

In add%&%on, &e Con!o$&%'* o$ S&$ee& C%+d$en, %n -a$&ne$!%- #%& AMAL, %*-+e*en&ed a

-$oe)& on !&$ee& )%+d$en and '(en%+e '!&%)e. In <<>, a *ao$ a!!e!!*en& o &e !%&'a&%on o

!&$ee& )%+d$en #a! 'nde$&a2en, #%) %n(o+(ed !e(e$a+ )on!'+&a&%(e #o$2!o-! #%& na&%ona+ and

%n&e$na&%ona+ o$/an%a&%on!, *%n%!&$%e! and +a# eno$)%n/ a/en)%e!, and !&$ee& )%+d$en. Te

o"e)&%(e! o &e!e )on!'+&a&%(e #o$2!o-! %n)+'ded $a%!%n/ a#a$ene!! and -$o*o&%n/ a "e&&e$

'nde$!&and%n/ o &e $%/&!, +a#!, -o+%)%e! and -$o/$a**e! o$ !&$ee& )%+d$en %n &e '(en%+e

'!&%)e !y!&e*, and de(e+o-%n/ $ea+%!&%) and !y!&e*a&%) -+an! &o add$e!!e! &e %!!'e!. Te 2ey

%nd%n/! o &e )on!'+&a&%(e #o$2!o-! #e$e &en d%!)'!!ed %n a na&%ona+ )one$en)e %n I!+a*a"ad

a&&ended "y *o$e &an @< -a$&%)%-an&! $o* d%e$en& /o(e$n*en&a+ *%n%!&$%e!, NGO! and

INGO!.T%! a! e+-ed &o /'%de $eo$* %n%&%a&%(e! "e%n/ 'nde$&a2en on &e (a$%o'! -$o(%n)e!. >

In add%&%on &o &e!e '(en%+e '!&%)e0!-e)%%) $eo$*!, Pa2%!&an %! a+!o %n &e -$o)e!! o

%*-+e*en&%n/ "$oade$ $eo$*! &o &e '!&%)e !y!&e*, %n)+'d%n/ J'!&%)e Reo$* and Po+%)e Reo$*

%n%&%a&%(e! "e%n/ !'--o$&ed "y UNDP and &e A!%an De(e+o-*en& Ban2.

Te!e )a-a)%&y0"'%+d%n/ %n%&%a&%(e! a(e $e-o$&ed+y "e/'n &o !o# !o*e $e!'+&! %n

&e$*! o o(e$a++ a#a$ene!! and a--+%)a&%on o &e JJSO. Ho#e(e$, *o$e !'!&a%na"+e,

!y!&e*a&%) &$a%n%n/ and !en!%&%!a&%on #%++ "e needed &o ae)& $ea+ )an/e %n &e a&&%&'de!

and "ea(%o'$! o 'd/e!, +a#ye$! and -o+%)e.

Pe$!ona+ A!!e!!*en&



To'/, &$a%n%n/ %n!&%&'&%on! a(e "een e!&a"+%!ed &o -$o(%de %nd')&%on &$a%n%n/ and -$oe!!%ona+

de(e+o-*en& &o '!&%)e0!e)&o$ o%)%a+!, %n)+'d%n/ -o+%)e a)ade*%e!, 'd%)%a+ a)ade*%e!, -$%!on

!&a &$a%n%n/ )en&e$!, "a$ )o'n)%+!, and +a# !)oo+!, "'& e# o &e!e %n!&%&'&%on! a(e

%n)o$-o$a&ed na&%ona+ and %n&e$na&%ona+ '(en%+e '!&%)e -$o(%!%on! %n&o &e )o$e )'$$%)'+'*.

e$e )%+d$en! %!!'e!

a$e )o(e$ed, (e$y +%*%&ed &%*e %! ded%)a&ed. Kno#+ed/e o na&%ona+ )%+d$en! +a#! %!

/ene$a++y +o# a)$o!! &e '!&%)e !e)&o$, and +%*%&ed !&e-! a(e "een &a2en &o *a2e '(en%+e '!&%)e

+a#! *o$e a))e!!%"+e "y &$an!+a&%n/ &e* %n&o a/en)y /'%de+%ne!, -o+%)e -$o&o)o+!, )o'$& $'+e!,

'd%)%a+ "en) "oo2! and %n!&%&'&%on *an'a+!.

In ea$+y <<, &e M%n%!&$y o Ho*e Aa%$! o Ban/+ade! %!!'ed d%$e)&%(e! on -o+%)e

$e!-on!%"%+%&%e! $e/a$d%n/ !'!-e)&ed )%+d oende$! #%) $e3'%$e -o+%)e &o no&e a++ )%+d$en!

a/e! %n $ed %n2, &o -$e-a$e !e-a$a&e )a$/e and %no$*a&%on !ee&! o$ a$$e!&ed )%+d$en, and &o

%**ed%a&e+y no&%y a P$o"a&%on O%)e$ o &e a$$e!&.

In Ind%a, &e )en&$a+ /o(e$n*en& a! 'nded an e1&en!%(e, na&%on0#%de '(en%+e '!&%)e &$a%n%n/

-$o/$a**e &$o'/ &e Na&%ona+ In!&%&'&e o$ So)%a+ Deen)e, and &e Na&%ona+ J'd%)%a+ A)ade*y

$e/'+a$+y "$%n/! &o/e&e$ *e*"e$! o &e J'(en%+e J'!&%)e Boa$d! o$ &$a%n%n/ and e1-e$%en)e0

!a$%n/. Re!-e)&ed H%/ Co'$& J'd/e! a$e %n(%&ed a! $e!o'$)e -eo-+e, #%) +end #e%/& &o &e

-$o)eed%n/! and a(e /$ea&e$ %*-a)& on JJB Ma/%!&$a&e! &an NGO0a)%+%&a&ed &$a%n%n/.

@.5 P'"+%) A#a$ene!! and Ad(o)a)y

CRC and UN G'%de+%ne!

Te CRC $e3'%$e! S&a&e! Pa$&%e! &o 'nde$&a2e &o *a2e &e -$%n)%-+e! and -$o(%!%on! o &eCon(en&%on #%de+y 2no#n, "y a--$o-$%a&e and a)&%(e *ean!, &o ad'+&! and )%+d$en a+%2e.4=6

C%+d$en %n )on+%)& #%& &e +a# a$e /ene$a++y !o*e o &e *o!& *a$/%na+%ed %n !o)%e&y and &end

&o /ene$a&e +%*%&ed -'"+%) !y*-a&y. P'"+%) a#a$ene!! a)&%(%&%e! )an e+- %n+'en)e )o**'n%&y

&%n2%n/ a"o'& '(en%+e )$%*e and o!&e$ !'--o$& o$ *o$e $e!&o$a&%(e, )%+d0)en&e$ed $e!-on!e!.

In add%&%on, -$o(%d%n/ )%+d$en %n )on+%)& #%& &e +a# and &e%$ -a$en&! #%& )+ea$ and a))e!!%"+e





%no$*a&%on a"o'& )%+d$en! $%/&! #%&%n &e '!&%)e -$o)e!! )an e+- e*-o#e$ &e* &o -$o&e)&

&e*!e+(e! $o* a"'!e o$ a$"%&$a$y a)&%on "y '!&%)e !e)&o$ o%)%a+!.

Pe$!ona+ A!!e!!*en&

A++ )o'n&$%e! a(e 'nde$&a2en -'"+%) a#a$ene!! on &e $%/&! o )%+d$en and &e CRC %n /ene$a+,

"'& a(e no& a! ye& 'nde$&a2en o)'!ed a#a$ene!! a)&%(%&%e! on

&e $%/&! o )%+d$en %n )on+%)& #%& &e +a#. In /ene$a+, ad(o)a)y and a#a$ene!! *a&e$%a+! on

'(en%+e '!&%)e a(e "een &a$/e&ed a& '!&%)e !e)&o$ o%)%a+!, "'& no& &o &e -'"+%) a& +a$/e. In

Pa2%!&an, NGO! !') a! SPARC and AMAL and )%+d$en! a)&%(%!&! a(e "een -'"+%)+y

)a*-a%/n%n/ on &e $%/&! o )%+d$en %n )on+%)& #%& &e +a#, and ne&#o$2%n/ "e&#een )%+d

$%/&! NGO! and &e *ed%a %n Ban/+ade! a! $e!'+&ed %n an %n)$ea!e o *ed%a $e-o$&%n/ on &e

-+%/& o )%+d$en %n -$%!on!.

Re)o**enda&%on: Te ay 7o$#a$d

Te o$e/o%n/ )a-&e$! 3'%&e )on(%n)%n/+y e!&a"+%! &e a)& &a& &e e1%!&%n/ '(en%+e '!&%)e

!y!&e* %n Ban/+ade! %! a$ $o* &e %n&e$na&%ona+ !&anda$d. %+e &e C%+d$en A)& %n)+'de!

!o*e %*-o$&an& -$o)ed'$a+ -$o&e)&%on!, %& doe! no& -$o(%de a -a$&%)'+a$+y !o'nd "a!%! o$ &e

de(e+o-*en& o a )%+d0)en&e$ed, $%/&!0"a!ed '(en%+e '!&%)e !y!&e*. Te A)& d$a#! ea(%+y

$o* &'$n o &e )en&'$y B$%&%! +e/%!+a&%on, #%) -+a)ed -$%*a)y on o$*a+ )o'$& !&$')&'$e!,

+e/a+%!&%) $e!-on!e! and %n!&%&'&%on0"a!ed $ea"%+%&a&%on.

Te a&&%&'de -$o"+e* o -o+%)e &o#a$d! '(en%+e! %! no& a+!o a !e/$e/a&ed -$o"+e* "'& on+y a

)o$o++a$y o a dee- $oo&ed )$%!%!. C%+d$en a$e a+!o !'"e)& &o ad'+& !en&en)e!, %n)+'d%n/ +%e

%*-$%!on*en&, $o* a! yo'n/ a! n%ne, and &e$e a$e no '(en%+e -$o&e)&%on! o$ )%+d$en "e&#een

&e a/e! o 5@ and 5=. S%n)e <<>, &e$e a! "een !%/n%%)an& *o*en&'* "'%+d%n/ o$ '(en%+e

'!&%)e $eo$*, and &e$e %! )+ea$ )o**%&*en& &o )an/e a& &e %/e!& +e(e+!. Te d$a& Na&%ona+

So)%a+ Po+%)y on A+&e$na&%(e Mode+! o Ca$e and P$o&e)&%on o$ C%+d$en %n Con&a)& #%& &e La#

a! !%/na+ed a )+ea$ -o+%)y !%& &o#a$d! d%(e$!%on and )o**'n%&y0"a!ed $ea"%+%&a&%on o



)%+d$en %n )on+%)& #%& &e +a#. N'*e$o'! %n%&%a&%(e! a(e "een 'nde$&a2en &o %*-$o(e -o+%)e

and )o'$& -$a)&%)e!, and &o -$o*o&e non0)'!&od%a+ a+&e$na&%(e!. Ho#e(e$, *any o &e!e

%n%&%a&%(e! a(e "een )ond')&ed %n %!o+a&%on, #%&%n /eo/$a-%)a++y $e!&$%)&ed a$ea! and #%&

+%*%&ed !&$a&e/%) o)'!. Te Na&%ona+ Ta!2 7o$)e a! de(e+o-ed a +%!& o -$%o$%&y %!!'e! &o "e

add$e!!ed %n &e '(en%+e '!&%)e !y!&e*, "'& &e$e %! no )+ea$ a)&%on0o$%en&ed -+an. 7o$ $eo$*! &o

"e !'!&a%na"+e, &ey #%++ need &o "e %n!&%&'&%ona+%ed #%&%n /o(e$n*en& !&$')&'$e!, and

%n)o$-o$a&ed %n&o a o+%!&%), !&$a&e/%) a--$oa) &o $eo$*%n/ a++ a!-e)&! o &e !y!&e*.

In add%&%on &o &e Gene$a+ Re)o**enda&%on! %n &%! Pa-e$, &e o++o#%n/ a$e $e)o**ended o$

)on!%de$a&%on:

5. An O*"'d!*an !o'+d "e a--o%n&ed #o *'!& a(e -o#e$ &o %n(e!&%/a&e

and *a2e $e-o$& on '(en%+e '!&%)e !y!&e*.

. Te a/e &o "e de&e$*%ned a! )%+d !a++ "e e1&ended $o* 5@ &o 5=.

>. Te '++0+ed/ed a--+%)a&%on o &e C%+d$en A)& 5? %$$e!-e)&%(e o o&e$

+a#! 'nde$ #%) a )%+d *ay "e a))'!ed e./. S-e)%a+ Po#e$! A)& o$ Con&$o+

o O--$e!!%on o o*en C%+d$en o$ any o&e$ +a#!. In e(e$y $e!-e)& a

)%+d !o'+d "e &$%ed %n a '(en%+e )o'$& #%) *'!& a"%de "y &e -$o(%!%on!

%n !e)&%on 5 o &e C%+d$en A)& 5?. Te Ma/%!&$a&e %n d%!-o!%n/ o &e

)a!e *'!& )on!'+& #%& &e -$o"a&%on o%)e$! and +a#ye$! e!-e)%a++y !2%++ed

%n '(en%+e aa%$!.

?. I -o!!%"+e, %n e(e$y d%!&$%)& &e$e !o'+d "e a J'(en%+e Co'$& 'nde$ &e

'$%!d%)&%on o a 5!& )+a!! Ma/%!&$a&e &o dea+ #%& &e *a&&e$. en &e

$e!ea$) &ea* a!2ed a"o'& &e ea!%"%+%&y o J'(en%+e Co'$& %n ea) d%!&$%)&, a++

&e *a/%!&$a&e! and +a#ye$! %n&e$(%e#ed !a%d, I %& %! -o!!%"+e &o e!&a"+%!

o*en and C%+d$en Re-$e!!%on T$%"'na+ %n ea) d%!&$%)& %& #%++ "e -o!!%"+e



&o e!&a"+%! J'(en%+e Co'$&! a+!o. Ho#e(e$, %& *ay "e $e3'%$ed &a& &e

*a/%!&$a&e a--o%n&ed %n a '(en%+e )o'$& *ay a+!o -e$o$* o&e$ )%+d $e+a&ed

%!!'e! +%2e )%+d +a"o'$, )%+d a"'!e e&). I %& %! no& -o!!%"+e &o e!&a"+%!

!e-a$a&e J'(en%+e Co'$& %n ea) d%!&$%)& '!& no#, &en %*-+e*en&a&%on o

!e).? !o'+d "e en!'$ed.

. Te e!&a"+%!*en& o '(en%+e )o'$& %! no& eno'/F &e J'd/e! Ma/%!&$a&e!

a--o%n&ed &o &e )o'$& *'!& a(e !-e)%a+ 2no#+ed/e o$ &$a%n%n/ %n )%+d

-!y)o+o/y o$ )%+d #e+a$e.

@.

In *y o-%n%on, na*e o &e '(en%+e )o'$& a! &o "e )an/ed "e)a'!e

e(e$yone %n o'$ )o'n&$y a! ne/a&%(e a--$een!%on &o#a$d! )o'$&

e!-e)%a++y dea+%n/ #%& )$%*e!. I& *ay "e na*ed a! J'(en%+e J'!&%)e

Co'n)%+.

. A!)e$&a%n%n/ a/e %! &e *a%n -$o"+e* #%+e dea+%n/ #%& '(en%+e!. La)2

o "%$& )e$&%%)a&e and *ed%)a+ &e!& a! *ade &e !%&'a&%on $o* "ad &o

#o$!e. A))o$d%n/ &o !e).@@ %& %! de)%ded on &e a)e o a--ea$an)e o &e

)%+d and &e -$e!'*-&%on o &e 'd/e. So, *ed%)a+ &e!& !y!&e* o$

de&e$*%n%n/ a/e %! &o "e %n&$od')ed. I*-+e*en&a&%on o )o*-'+!o$y "%$&

$e/%!&$a&%on !y!&e* %! a+!o ne)e!!a$y.

=. Te Go(e$n*en& a! &o &a2e %n%&%a&%(e &o e!&a"+%! a !-e)%a+ -o+%)e 'n%&

'n&%+ &en, a--o%n&*en& o 5 o$ -o+%)e o%)e$! 8IO9 !-e)%a++y &$a%ned &o

dea+ #%& '(en%+e! %n e(e$y -o+%)e !&a&%on %! e1-ed%en&. Tey #%++ #o$2

and %n and #%& -$o"a&%on o%)e$!. %+e %n&e$(%e#%n/ &e '(en%+e!

)o*%n/ %n )on&a)& #%& +a# &ey !o'+d #ea$ )%(%+ d$e!!e!. Te o"! o &e

-o+%)e !o'+d "e #e++ -a%d and -$o-e$ %n)en&%(e! &o &e!e o%)e$! !o'+d

a+!o "e /%(en. Se).?= o &e C%+d$en A)& +ay! do#n &a& #e$e a )%+d %!



a$$e!&ed on a )a$/e o a non0"a%+ a"+e oen)e and )anno& "e "$o'/&

o$&#%& "eo$e a )o'$& &e OC o &e -o+%)e !&a&%on *ay $e+ea!e %* on

"a%+ on !e)'$%&y "e%n/ /'a$an&eed. Te -$o(%!%on o &%! !e)&%on !o'+d "e

e1e$)%!ed. S-e)%a+ Po#e$! A)&, !e).? o C$.P.C. e&). #%) e*-o#e$!

-o+%)e &o a$$e!& on !'!-%)%on and /ene$a++y %n(o+(e +e!! !)$'&%ny and +on/e$

!&ay! !o'+d "e $e-ea+ed.

. Mo$eo(e$ &e '!e o and)' !o'+d "e -$o%"%&ed #%+e -o+%)e a$e

dea+%n/ #%& '(en%+e )o*e! %n )on+%)& #%& +a#.

5<. Ane# )a-&e$ on P$e0&$%a+ &$ea&*en& o )%+d$en 8-$o)ed'$e! on a$$e!&,

"a%+ e&).9 !o'+d "e %n&$od')ed %n &e C%+d$en A)&. C%+d (%)&%*! !o'+d

"e 2e-& a& $e*and o*e! and )a$%&a"+e o$/an%a&%on!. Po+%)e )'!&ody

!o'+d "e &e +a!& $e!o$&. Sae$ a+&e$na&%(e! &o -o+%)e )'!&ody a$e ye& &o "e

de(e+o-ed o$ )%+d (%)&%*!. S') a+&e$na&%(e! )an "e -$o(%ded %n shishu

polli e!&a"+%!ed 'nde$ De-a$&*en& o So)%a+ e+a$e. Go(e$n*en& *ay

a+!o !a$e &e "'$den o -$o(%d%n/ !') !e+&e$ &o &e (%)&%* #%& &e

NGO!, 2ee-%n/ &e *a%n )on&$o+ on %&! o#n and.

55. I& %! e1-ed%en& &o e!&a"+%! a )o0)oo$d%na&%n/ and !'-e$(%!o$y )o**%&&ee

+%2e C%+d e+a$e Boa$d %n e(e$y d%!&$%)& &o !'-e$(%!e &e #o$2! o &e

-o+%)e, -$o"a&%on o%)e$ and *a/%!&$a&e. Te )o**%&&ee *ay )o*-$%!e o

NGO a)&%(%!&!, -o+%)e, -$o"a&%on o%)e$, !o)%a+ #e+a$e o%)e$ e&). and

)a%$ed "y DC o ea) d%!&$%)&. Te$e !o'+d "e a )en&$a+ )o**%&&ee a+!o &o

*on%&o$ &e -o+%)e a)&%(%&%e! %n ea) d%!&$%)&. E!-e)%a++y, &e -$e0&$%a+

)on&a)& o '(en%+e! #%& -o+%)e !o'+d "e %/+y !)$'&%n%ed !o &a& &e

-o+%)e &e*!e+(e! a"%de "y &e +a#. Te -o+%)e *'!& "e $e3'%$ed &o /%(e

!e-a$a&e )a$/e !ee& o$ '(en%+e oende$!.



5. De*a$)a&%on o '(en%+e! %n &e )o$$e)&%ona+ %n!&%&'&e on &e "a!%! o &e

a/e, )$%*e, *en&a+%&y !o'+d "e *ade. Te )o$$e)&%on *e&od %! &o "e

$e(%!ed %n a))o$dan)e #%& &e ad(%)e o E1-e$&!. Te -$e!en& )o$$e)&%on

*e&od %! $a&e$ -'n%&%(e &an $eo$*a&%(e. Se-a$a&e !ae&y o*e !o'+d "e e!&a"+%!ed %n e(e$y d%!&$%)& o$ 'nde$0&$%a+ '(en%+e!. Ne)e!!a$y

-$o(%!%on! o$ &e !e-a$a&%on o )%+d$en $o* ad'+&! a& &e -$e0&$%a+ !&a/e

!o'+d "e %n)+'ded %n &e C%+d$en A)&, 5?. Rea"%+%&a&%on o &e

'(en%+e! $e+ea!ed $o* )o$$e)&%ona+ %n!&%&'&e. a! a$ a! -o!!%"+e. 7o$

e1a*-+e0 &ey *ay "e &$a%ned 'nde$ J'"o Unnoyon P$o2o+-o and

%nan)ed "y Ko$*o!on/!&an Ban2 o$ !e+0e*-+oy*en&. Ee)&%(e and

)on!&$')&%(e o++o#0'- and a&e$0)a$e !e$(%)e! o '(en%+e! !o'+d "e

ad*%!!%"+e #en &ey #%++ $e&'$n &o &e%$ a*%+y and )o**'n%&y. T%! )an

"e a)%e(ed "y &e )on)e$&ed eo$&! o &e /o(e$n*en&, NGO! e&).

5>. Con!'+&a&%on and -a$&%)%-a&%on o )%+d$en %n d$a#%n/ '- ne# +a#! !o'+d

"e &a2en %n&o a))o'n&. en any '(en%+e )o'$& a! no& "een e!&a"+%!ed %n

any +o)a+ a$ea, &e )on)e$ned Ba$ A!!o)%a&%on )an e1e$& -$e!!'$e &o

%*-+e*en& !e)&%on ? o &e C%+d$en A)&. Te S&a&e 8PP and APP9 a! #e++

a! )on)e$ned 2ey -e$!on! !o'+d %n&e$(ene $e/a$d%n/ %!!'e! a(%n/

%n(o+(e*en& #%& '(en%+e! 2e-& %n !ae )'!&ody #%&o'& +e/a+

$e-$e!en&a&%on. Te Ba$ and Ben) !o'+d "e )o0o$d%na&ed &o -$e(en& *a+0

-$a)&%)e! "y !o*e +a#ye$!. Ban/+ade! Ba$ Co'n)%+ *ay a+!o &a2e

%n%&%a&%(e &o !a&%!y &a& &e '(en%+e! a$e -$o-e$+y $e-$e!en&ed %n &e )o'$&.

Con!)%o'!ne!! !o'+d "e $a%!ed '- &$o'/ $e/'+a$ &$a%n%n/ and #o$2!o-

on &e )%+d $%/& and )%+d -!y)o+o/y a*on/ &e &$a%ne$! o &e

)o$$e)&%on )en&$e, 'd/e!, *a/%!&$a&e!, -o+%)e o%)e$!, a%+ o%)e$!,

-$o!e)'&o$!, -$o"a&%on o%)e$, NGO! and o&e$ dea+%n/ #%& '(en%+e

'!&%)e.



5?. Ade3'a&e n'*"e$ o -$o"a&%on o%)e$! #%& and!o*e !a+a$y !o'+d "e

a--o%n&ed !-e)%a++y o$ '(en%+e oen)e %n e(e$y d%!&$%)&. Te -$o"a&%on

o%)e$! !o'+d "e de-'&ed #%& !'%)%en& -o#e$ $e/a$d%n/ %n(e!&%/a&%on,

&$%a+ and $ea"%+%&a&%on o '(en%+e!. P$a)&%)e o -$o"a&%on !o'+d "e)on!%de$a"+y %n)$ea!ed.

5. Co**'n%&y +eade$!, +o)a+ a!!o)%a&%on! and $e+%/%o'! %n!&%&'&%on! !o'+d

a+!o "e %n(o+(ed %n $ea"%+%&a&%on and )o$$e)&%on o '(en%+e oende$! and

o# &o !'--o$& ('+ne$a"+e yo'n/ -eo-+e. D%!)'!!%on! and o)'! /$o'-!

)an !o# o# )o**'n%&%e! "ea(e &o#a$d! ('+ne$a"+e /$o'-!, !&$ee&

#o$2e$!, !&$ee& )%+d$en e&). T%! 2no#+ed/e %! %*-o$&an& o$ -$e(en&%(eand $ea"%+%&a&%(e &a!2. Yo'n/ -eo-+e $o* )%&y !+'* a$ea! and !&$ee&

)%+d$en !o'+d "e %n(o+(ed %n d%!)'!!%on! and de"a&e! &a& a++o# &e* &o

%den&%y &e%$ -$o"+e*! and %n&e$e!&!. P$o/$a**e! *ay "e )ond')&ed &o

%n&%*a&e &e* o *o$a+ (a+'e!, +%e !&y+e!, -$%*a$y +e/a+ 2no#+ed/e 8!')

a! )ond')&ed "y S&$ee& La# P$o/$a**e9 !'$(%(a+ !&$a&e/%e! and -$%o$%&%e!

o )%+d$en and yo'n/ -eo-+e.

5@. Po+%&%)%an! !o'+d "e *o&%(a&ed no& &o '!e )%+d$en 8e!-e)%a++y !&$ee&

)%+d$en9 %n a$&a+!, a/%&a&%on a/a%n!& o--o!%&%on -a$&%e! e&). In&$od')%n/

*ea!'$e! o a*a+/a*a&%n/ )%(%+ $e*ed%e! and )$%*%na+ !an)&%on #%) #%++

)o*-en!a&e &e e1-+o%&ed o$ (%)&%*%ed )%+d %n o$de$ &o *a2e e1-+o%&a&%on

o )%+d$en 'n-$o%&a"+e o$ &e e1-+o%&e$ a& &e !a*e &%*e #%++ -$o(%de &e

)%+d an a+&e$na&%(e o$ !'$(%(a+. A )o'-+e o -a)2a/e -$o/$a**e! *ay "e

ado-&ed. Te o"e)& o &e -$o/$a**e! !o'+d "e &o %nd o'& &e $ea!on o$

)o**%&&%n/ oen)e. In &%! $e!-e)& &e R%yad G'%de+%ne! -$o(%de a

)o*-$een!%(e $e(%e# &o -$e(en& '(en%+e de+%n3'en)y %n a -$oa)&%(e #ay,

&$o'/ '*an%&a$%an !e$(%)e! &o ('+ne$a"+e )%+d$en. Te G'%de+%ne!

)o(e$ (%$&'a++y e(e$y !o)%a+ a$ea: &e a*%+y, !)oo+ and )o**'n%&y, a!

#e++ a! &e $o+e o &e *ed%a, !o)%a+ -o+%)y, +e/%!+a&%on and '(en%+e '!&%)e



ad*%n%!&$a&%on. Tey o)'! on '-/$ad%n/ &e 3'a+%&y o +%e, $a&e$ &an

-$e(en&%on o )o**%&&%n/ )$%*e %n a ne/a&%(e !en!e.

5. D%(e$!%on %.e. non0'd%)%a+ *e&od o $e!o+(%n/ -e&&y d%!-'&e! a+&e$na&%(e!

&o %*-$%!on*en& !o'+d "e %n&$od')ed. A d%e$en& )a-&e$ on *ode+! o

d%(e$!%on! a! "een %n)+'ded %n &e ne1& )a-&e$.

5=. Le/a+ a%d !o'+d "e -$o(%ded &o '(en%+e &e NT7 "e de!%/na&ed a! &e

2ey )oo$d%na&%n/ *e)an%!* o$ a++ '(en%+e '!&%)e $eo$*!, and &a& %&

+%*%& %&! o)'! &o )o$e '(en%+e '!&%)e %!!'e!. T$o'/ a )on!'+&a&%(e

-$o)e!!, &e NT7 !o'+d de(e+o- a de&a%+ed, !&$a&e/%) $eo$* -+an. Te

-+an !o'+d !e& )+ea$ and *ea!'$a"+e o"e)&%(e! %den&%y *a%n !&$a&e/%e!

and )on)$e&e a)&%(%&%e! &a& need &o "e 'nde$&a2en &o a)%e(e &o!e

o"e)&%(e!, and de!%/na&e $e!-on!%"+e a/en)%e! and &%*e0$a*e! o$

)o*-+e&%on. A++ on/o%n/ dono$ and NGO0!'--o$&ed $eo$* %n%&%a&%(e!

!o'+d "e %n&e/$a&ed %n&o &e $eo$* !&$a&e/y, #%& a )+ea$ !&$a&e/y o$ o#

-%+o&ed %n%&%a&%(e! #%++ "e %n&e/$a&ed and !'!&a%ned a! -a$& o &e '(en%+e

'!&%)e !y!&e*.

Con)+'!%on:

& %! e(%den& &a& &e$e %! a de%n%&e need o$ &e -$o/$e!!%(e o$%en&a&%on o -o+%)%e! on '(en%+e '!&%)e &o#a$d!

de)$%*%na+%!a&%on, de-ena+%!a&%on, d%(e$!%on and de0%n!&%&'&%ona+%!a&%on o )%+d$en %n )on+%)& #%& &e +a#. Te

'(en%+e '!&%)e !y!&e* %n %&! -$e!en& !&a&e %n Ban/+ade! a! *o(ed "eyond &e o"e)&%(e o -'"+%) o$de$ and !ae&y and

"e)o*e *o$e en/$o!!ed #%& ad'+& -e$)e-&%on! and 'd/e*en& o '(en%+e "ea(%o'$. In a !o)%e&y #e$e )%+d$en a$e den%ed an

I



e3'%&a"+e !a$e o !o)%o0e)ono*%) o--o$&'n%&%e!, $o+e o &e !&a&e )anno& "e o(e$!&$e!!ed. Te !&a&e -+ay! a )$')%a+ $o+e %n &e

-$o*o&%on and -$o&e)&%on o )%+d$en;! $%/&! e(en #en &ey )o*e %n )on+%)& #%& +a#. T%! $e!-on!%"%+%&y o &e !&a&e,

$e)o/n%ed "y &e Con!&%&'&%on, a! "een o$*a++y endo$!ed "y Ban/+ade! #%& &e $a&%%)a&%on o &e Con(en&%on on &e

R%/&! o &e C%+d 8CRC9. A+&o'/ !e$(%)e! "y &e !&a&e o$ )%+d$en %n Ban/+ade! )anno& )o*-a$e #%& &o!e o

de(e+o-ed )o'n&$%e!.

I& %! %/ &%*e o$ &e Go(e$n*en& o Ban/+ade! &o -'& a&&en&%on on '(en%+e %!!'e and &o &a2e

a--$o-$%a&e *ea!'$e! &o &a)2+e &e*. In &%! $e/a$d &e /o(&. a! &o *od%y e1%!&%n/ -$o(%!%on!

dea+%n/ #%& '(en%+e! and !e&! '- a !-e)%a+%ed -o+%)e 'n%& and *a/%!&$a&e a(%n/ 2no#+ed/e o$

&$a%n%n/ %n )%+d -!y)o+o/y o$ )%+d #e+a$e. Mo$eo(e$ %& a! &o e!&a"+%! *o$e )o$$e)&%ona+

%n!&%&'&e! and !o'+d /%(e e*-a!%! on $ea"%+%&a&%on o '(en%+e $a&e$ &an -'n%!%n/ &e*.

Mo$e -$o"a&%on o%)e$! !o'+d "e a--o%n&ed %n e(e$y d%!&$%)&.

In do%n/ !o, &e /o(e$n*en& )an &a2e e+- $o* &e NGO! e%&e$ +o)a+ 8A-a$aoyo, BLAST e&).9

%n&e$na&%ona+ 8UNICE79 o$ $o* o&e$ dono$ /$o'-!.

A& +a!& #e /e& &e !'n!%ne #en &e ne# C%+d$en A)&, <5< a! "een d$a&ed #%) *ee&! *any

%n&e$na&%ona+ !&anda$d *e)an%!*! )on)e$ned #%& '(en%+e '!&%)e !y!&e*. 7%na++y, I %/+y '$/e

&e Go(e$n*en& &o ena)& &%! A)& a! !oon a! -o!!%"+e and &o en+%/&en &e )+o'dy !2y o J'(en%+e

J'!&%)e Ad*%n%!&$a&%on. On+y &en, )%+d$en *%/& "e a"+e &o &a2e &e "a&on o -$o!-e$%&y $o* &e

-$e!en& /ene$a&%on.

a comparative study on juvenile justice

Documents