a cathode-ray oscillograph with rotating-drum camera

2
A Cathode-Ray Oscillograph With Rotating-Drum Camera E. G . DOWNIE ASSOCIATE AIEE T HE equipment and methods to be de- scribed have been developed to meet a need for a simple and effective means of photographing recurring or non-recurring waves viewed on the screen of the cathode ray oscillograph. The recording camera is simple and easy to operate and very economical of film. The recording method also provides for photographing any num- ber of voltage or current waves, and later comparing the phase angles of all the waves. This oscillograph is designed pri- marily for slow speed work, particularly on waves of 60 cycle fundamental fre- quency, and in this feature is entirely dif- ferent from the high speed cathode ray oscillograph described by Kuehni and Ramo. 1 The cathode ray tube used is a high vacuum, seven inch screen tube. The screen is of the "fast" type with a highly actinic spot of short persistence. A suit- able enclosing sheet steel case and a separately boxed 3,000 volt d-c power supply unit were constructed. W h e n t h e equipment is used for visual work, sweep Figure 1. Camera arranged for spring opera- tion of drum voltage is applied to one pair of deflecting plates from an independent sweep circuit. Permanent records of the screen images are obtained with a revolving drum camera focused on the screen. No sweep voltage is used so that the wave to be photographed appears as a single straight line on the screen; with the moving film providing the time axis. The camera con- sists of an 8V2 in. by 6V2 in. by 3 in. sheet steel box with light tight cover, a 5 1 / 2 in. diameter drum (taking 35 mm. film) mounted on a single ball bearing with shaft and control arm extending out of box; and a Biotar lens of 50 mm. focal length, F1A aperture. In use, the camera is spaced approximately 15 in. from the tube screen by a light tight tapered sheet steel shield. This spacing is such that the image of t h e screen approximately fills the usable width of the perforated 35 mm. film. Rotation of t h e film d r u m i s accom- plished by two methods. The first method, involving only a single revolution of the drum, is used for low film speed, and has been found especially useful for recording 60 cycle wave forms. As shown in figure 1, the drum control lever is locked at the beginning and end of a revolution by spring catches. At the start, the lever is given a short impulse by a spring ten- sioned lever, when released from the first spring catch. The ball bearing mounted drum has sufficient inertia to make the revolution at practically constant speed, and at the end is stopped by the rubber padded bolt and held by the second spring catch. Drum speed is controlled by changing the impulse lever spring tension and is fairly constant at a fixed setting during successive exposures. The film exposure is made by opening a simple shutter at the start of the revolution and closing it at the end. Transients may be initiated at about one third of the drum revolution by the small toggle switch operated by the drum control lever. The switch is double throw, so it may be used to open or close a circuit, as may be re- quired. The second method of drum operation is by synchronous motor drive. Continuous rotation is permitted by removing the stop and spring catch assembly. The motor most frequently used was made from a synchronous phonograph motor by special gearing, to give a speed of 550 rpm. The resulting film speed is 13.6 ft. per sec. and the span of one cycle of a 60 cycle wave is 2.72 in. This is a convenient speed for 60 cycle phase angle measure- ments to be later described. Exposure of t h e film i n t h i s c a s e i s m a d e b y opening of the shutter during a single revolution, or V10 second. Synchronization of the shutter with t h e d r u m is desirable but not absolutely necessary. The motor and camera assembly are shown in figure 2 and the complete assembly with oscillo- graph in figure 3. In use, of course the tapered shield fits tightly in the end of the oscillograph case. Available materials made it more convenient t o m o u n t the V10 second shutter in the shield, instead of on the camera proper, as would be more desirable. The film drum is removed from the case for convenient loading of the film. T h e 3 5 m m . film (either unperforated or the standard perforated motion picture film) is cut to proper length, wrapped tightly around the drum, and fastened at the ends with a small piece of adhesive tape. Loading must of course be done in a dark room. Film used is the most sensi- tive obtainable, Eastman Super-XX, or Agfa Ultra-Speed Panchromatic; and is developed to high contrast in a "maxi- mum energy" developer such as formula D-82. Such extreme sensitivity is not needed for low frequency waves, but is required when high frequency surges are to be recorded. In practice the intensity of the oscillograph beam is the only fac- tor changed to provide proper exposure at different frequencies. Too high in- Paper 41-155, recommended by the AIEE com- mittee on instruments and measurements, and pre- sented at the AIEE South West District meeting, St. Louis, Mo., October 8-10, 1941. Manuscript submitted March 23, 1938; made available for preprinting August 11, 1941. E. G. DOWNIE is with the General Electric Com- pany, Fort Wayne, Ind. 1. For all numbered references, see list at end of paper. Figure 2. Camera with syn- chronous motor drive 984 TRANSACTIONS Downie—Cathode-Ray Oscillograph ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Upload: e-g

Post on 24-Mar-2017

216 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: A cathode-ray oscillograph with rotating-drum camera

A Cathode-Ray Oscil lograph W i t h

Rotat ing-Drum Camera

E. G . D O W N I E ASSOCIATE AIEE

TH E e q u i p m e n t a n d m e t h o d s t o b e d e ­s c r i b e d h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p e d t o m e e t a

n e e d for a s i m p l e a n d ef fec t ive m e a n s of p h o t o g r a p h i n g r e c u r r i n g or n o n - r e c u r r i n g w a v e s v i e w e d o n t h e s c r e e n of t h e c a t h o d e r a y o s c i l l o g r a p h . T h e r e c o r d i n g c a m e r a is s i m p l e a n d e a s y t o o p e r a t e a n d v e r y e c o n o m i c a l of fi lm. T h e r e c o r d i n g m e t h o d a l so p r o v i d e s for p h o t o g r a p h i n g a n y n u m ­b e r of v o l t a g e o r c u r r e n t w a v e s , a n d l a t e r c o m p a r i n g t h e p h a s e a n g l e s of a l l t h e w a v e s . T h i s o s c i l l o g r a p h is d e s i g n e d p r i ­m a r i l y for s low s p e e d w o r k , p a r t i c u l a r l y o n w a v e s of 60 c y c l e f u n d a m e n t a l fre­q u e n c y , a n d i n t h i s f e a t u r e i s e n t i r e l y dif­f e r e n t f r o m t h e h i g h s p e e d c a t h o d e r a y o s c i l l o g r a p h d e s c r i b e d b y K u e h n i a n d R a m o . 1

T h e c a t h o d e r a y t u b e u s e d i s a h i g h v a c u u m , s e v e n i n c h s c r e e n t u b e . T h e s c r e e n is of t h e " f a s t " t y p e w i t h a h i g h l y a c t i n i c s p o t of s h o r t p e r s i s t e n c e . A s u i t ­a b l e e n c l o s i n g s h e e t s t e e l c a s e a n d a s e p a r a t e l y b o x e d 3 ,000 v o l t d -c p o w e r s u p p l y u n i t w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d . W h e n t h e e q u i p m e n t is u s e d for v i s u a l w o r k , s w e e p

F i g u r e 1 . C a m e r a a r r a n g e d f o r s p r i n g o p e r a ­t i o n o f d r u m

v o l t a g e is a p p l i e d t o o n e p a i r of de f l e c t i ng p l a t e s f r o m a n i n d e p e n d e n t s w e e p c i r c u i t .

P e r m a n e n t r e c o r d s of t h e s c r e e n i m a g e s a r e o b t a i n e d w i t h a r e v o l v i n g d r u m c a m e r a f o c u s e d o n t h e s c r e e n . N o s w e e p v o l t a g e i s u s e d so t h a t t h e w a v e t o b e p h o t o g r a p h e d a p p e a r s a s a s i ng l e s t r a i g h t l i n e o n t h e s c r e e n ; w i t h t h e m o v i n g fi lm p r o v i d i n g t h e t i m e a x i s . T h e c a m e r a c o n ­s i s t s of a n 8V2 i n . b y 6V2 i n . b y 3 i n . s h e e t s t e e l b o x w i t h l i g h t t i g h t c o v e r , a 51/2 i n . d i a m e t e r d r u m ( t a k i n g 35 m m . fi lm) m o u n t e d o n a s i ng l e b a l l b e a r i n g w i t h s h a f t a n d c o n t r o l a r m e x t e n d i n g o u t of b o x ; a n d a B i o t a r l e n s of 5 0 m m . foca l l e n g t h , F1A a p e r t u r e . I n u s e , t h e c a m e r a is s p a c e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 15 i n . f r o m t h e t u b e s c r e e n b y a l i g h t t i g h t t a p e r e d s h e e t s t e e l sh i e ld . T h i s s p a c i n g i s s u c h t h a t t h e i m a g e of t h e s c r e e n a p p r o x i m a t e l y fills t h e u s a b l e w i d t h of t h e p e r f o r a t e d 35 m m . film.

R o t a t i o n of t h e film d r u m is a c c o m ­p l i s h e d b y t w o m e t h o d s . T h e first m e t h o d , i n v o l v i n g o n l y a s i ng l e r e v o l u t i o n of t h e d r u m , is u s e d for l o w film s p e e d , a n d h a s b e e n f o u n d e s p e c i a l l y use fu l for r e c o r d i n g 60 c y c l e w a v e f o r m s . A s s h o w n i n figure 1, t h e d r u m c o n t r o l l e v e r is l o c k e d a t t h e b e g i n n i n g a n d e n d of a r e v o l u t i o n b y s p r i n g c a t c h e s . A t t h e s t a r t , t h e l e v e r is g i v e n a s h o r t i m p u l s e b y a s p r i n g t e n -s i o n e d l eve r , w h e n r e l e a s e d f r o m t h e first s p r i n g c a t c h . T h e b a l l b e a r i n g m o u n t e d d r u m h a s suff ic ient i n e r t i a t o m a k e t h e r e v o l u t i o n a t p r a c t i c a l l y c o n s t a n t s p e e d , a n d a t t h e e n d is s t o p p e d b y t h e r u b b e r p a d d e d b o l t a n d h e l d b y t h e s e c o n d s p r i n g c a t c h . D r u m s p e e d is c o n t r o l l e d b y c h a n g i n g t h e i m p u l s e l e v e r s p r i n g t e n s i o n

a n d i s f a i r l y c o n s t a n t a t a fixed s e t t i n g d u r i n g s u c c e s s i v e e x p o s u r e s . T h e film e x p o s u r e i s m a d e b y o p e n i n g a s i m p l e s h u t t e r a t t h e s t a r t of t h e r e v o l u t i o n a n d c l o s i n g i t a t t h e e n d . T r a n s i e n t s m a y b e i n i t i a t e d a t a b o u t o n e t h i r d of t h e d r u m r e v o l u t i o n b y t h e s m a l l t o g g l e s w i t c h o p e r a t e d b y t h e d r u m c o n t r o l l eve r . T h e s w i t c h is d o u b l e t h r o w , so i t m a y b e u s e d t o o p e n o r c lose a c i r c u i t , a s m a y b e r e ­q u i r e d .

T h e s e c o n d m e t h o d of d r u m o p e r a t i o n is b y s y n c h r o n o u s m o t o r d r i v e . C o n t i n u o u s r o t a t i o n is p e r m i t t e d b y r e m o v i n g t h e s t o p a n d s p r i n g c a t c h a s s e m b l y . T h e m o t o r m o s t f r e q u e n t l y u s e d w a s m a d e f r o m a s y n c h r o n o u s p h o n o g r a p h m o t o r b y s p e c i a l g e a r i n g , t o g i v e a s p e e d of 550 r p m . T h e r e s u l t i n g film s p e e d i s 13.6 ft . p e r sec . a n d t h e s p a n of o n e c y c l e of a 60 c y c l e w a v e is 2 .72 in . T h i s i s a c o n v e n i e n t s p e e d for 60 c y c l e p h a s e a n g l e m e a s u r e ­m e n t s t o b e l a t e r d e s c r i b e d . E x p o s u r e of t h e film i n t h i s c a s e i s m a d e b y o p e n i n g of t h e s h u t t e r d u r i n g a s i n g l e r e v o l u t i o n , o r V10 s e c o n d . S y n c h r o n i z a t i o n of t h e s h u t t e r w i t h t h e d r u m i s d e s i r a b l e b u t n o t a b s o l u t e l y n e c e s s a r y . T h e m o t o r a n d c a m e r a a s s e m b l y a r e s h o w n i n figure 2 a n d t h e c o m p l e t e a s s e m b l y w i t h osc i l lo­g r a p h i n figure 3 . I n u s e , of c o u r s e t h e t a p e r e d s h i e l d fits t i g h t l y i n t h e e n d of t h e o s c i l l o g r a p h c a s e . A v a i l a b l e m a t e r i a l s m a d e i t m o r e c o n v e n i e n t t o m o u n t t h e V10 s e c o n d s h u t t e r i n t h e s h i e l d , i n s t e a d of o n t h e c a m e r a p r o p e r , a s w o u l d b e m o r e d e s i r a b l e .

T h e film d r u m is r e m o v e d f r o m t h e c a s e for c o n v e n i e n t l o a d i n g of t h e film. T h e 3 5 m m . film ( e i t h e r u n p e r f o r a t e d o r t h e s t a n d a r d p e r f o r a t e d m o t i o n p i c t u r e film) is c u t t o p r o p e r l e n g t h , w r a p p e d t i g h t l y a r o u n d t h e d r u m , a n d f a s t e n e d a t t h e e n d s w i t h a s m a l l p i e c e of a d h e s i v e t a p e . L o a d i n g m u s t of c o u r s e b e d o n e i n a d a r k r o o m . F i l m u s e d i s t h e m o s t s e n s i ­t i v e o b t a i n a b l e , E a s t m a n S u p e r - X X , o r Agfa U l t r a - S p e e d P a n c h r o m a t i c ; a n d is d e v e l o p e d t o h i g h c o n t r a s t i n a " m a x i ­m u m e n e r g y " d e v e l o p e r s u c h a s f o r m u l a D - 8 2 . S u c h e x t r e m e s e n s i t i v i t y i s n o t n e e d e d for l o w f r e q u e n c y w a v e s , b u t i s r e q u i r e d w h e n h i g h f r e q u e n c y s u r g e s a r e t o b e r e c o r d e d . I n p r a c t i c e t h e i n t e n s i t y of t h e o s c i l l o g r a p h b e a m is t h e o n l y fac ­t o r c h a n g e d t o p r o v i d e p r o p e r e x p o s u r e a t d i f f e ren t f r e q u e n c i e s . T o o h i g h i n -

Paper 41-155, recommended by the AIEE com­mittee on instruments and measurements, and pre­sented at the AIEE South West District meeting, St. Louis, Mo., October 8-10, 1941. Manuscript submitted March 23, 1938; made available for preprinting August 11, 1941. E. G. DOWNIE is with the General Electric Com­pany, Fort Wayne, Ind. 1. For all numbered references, see list at end of paper.

F i g u r e 2 . C a m e r a w i t h s y n ­c h r o n o u s m o t o r d r i v e

9 8 4 TRANSACTIONS Downie—Cathode-Ray Oscillograph ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Page 2: A cathode-ray oscillograph with rotating-drum camera

F i g u r e 3 . C a m e r a a n d o s c i l l o g r a p h a s s e m b l y

t e n s i t y b e a m a t l o w f r e q u e n c i e s wi l l c a u s e s c r e e n r e t e n t i o n a n d b l u r r i n g o n t h e r e ­c o r d i n g film. T h e film m a y c o n v e n i e n t l y b e d e v e l o p e d , f o u r l e n g t h s a t a t i m e , i n a s m a l l t a n k s u c h a s u s e d for 36 e x p o s u r e m i n i a t u r e c a m e r a film.

T h e s y n c h r o n o u s m o t o r d r i v e p r o v i d e s a u n i f o r m t i m e a x i s , for c o m p a r i s o n of s u c c e s s i v e films. A r e f e r e n c e p o i n t of p h a s e p o s i t i o n o n e a c h film t h e n , w o u l d a l so p e r m i t c o m p a r i s o n of p h a s e a n g l e of w a v e s o n s u c c e s s i v e films. T h i s r e f e r e n c e

F i g u r e 4 . P h a s e - a n g l e m e a s u r e m e n t o f l u m i ­n o u s t u b e t r a n s f o r m e r v o l t a g e s

p o i n t i n e a c h ha l f c y c l e i s o b t a i n e d b y s u p e r i m p o s i n g a s m a l l p e a k e d v o l t a g e o n t h e w a v e b e i n g s t u d i e d . T h i s i s p r o v i d e d b y a co i l m o u n t e d o u t s i d e t h e t u b e c a r r y ­i n g c u r r e n t f r o m a s p e c i a l t r a n s f o r m e r 2

w h i c h p r o d u c e s a s m a l l p e a k e d v o l t a g e of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 d e g r e e s d u r a t i o n i n e a c h ha l f c y c l e . T h e m a g n e t i c field f r o m t h e coi l de f l ec t s t h e c a t h o d e b e a m i n c o n ­j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e e l e c t r o s t a t i c field f r o m t h e i n t e r n a l p l a t e s . T h i s t r a n s f o r m e r m u s t b e e x c i t e d f r o m t h e s a m e s o u r c e a s t h e w a v e s b e i n g r e c o r d e d . T h e v o l t a g e s h o w s u p o n t h e film a s a p e a k o r r i p p l e s u p e r i m p o s e d o n t h e o r i g i n a l w a v e . I t c a n b e e a s i l y i d e n t i f i e d o n a n y e x c e p t v e r y i r r e g u l a r h i g h f r e q u e n c y w a v e s .

A d j u s t m e n t of t h e p h a s e p o s i t i o n of t h e p e a k e d v o l t a g e is o f t en d e s i r a b l e t o p l a c e t h e p e a k w h e r e i t wi l l l e a s t i n t e r f e r e a n d b e e a s i e s t d i s t i n g u i s h e d o n t h e t e s t w a v e . S o m e m o d e l s of t h e p e a k e d v o l t a g e t r a n s ­f o r m e r p r o v i d e a l i m i t e d p h a s e sh i f t b y a v a r i a b l e r e s i s t a n c e i n o n e p a r t of a d i ­v i d e d p r i m a r y w i n d i n g . A t h r e e - p h a s e o r i g i n a l v o l t a g e s o u r c e c a n a l so b e u t i l i z e d t o p r o v i d e a s u i t a b l e p h a s e p o s i t i o n .

A se r ies of films t a k e n b y t h e a b o v e m e t h o d m a y b e a n a l y z e d a s s h o w n i n figure 4 . T h e films a r e first a r r a n g e d i n ca re fu l r e g i s t e r , w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e p e a k e d v o l t a g e , o n a p r i n t i n g f r a m e a n d a n e g a ­t i v e film c o p y m a d e f r o m t h e m . E n ­l a r g e d p r i n t s a r e t h e n m a d e f r o m t h i s n e g a t i v e , g i v i n g b l a c k l ines o n a w h i t e b a c k g r o u n d . T h e v e r t i c a l l i ne d r a w n t h r o u g h t h e p e a k s is t h e p h a s e r e f e r ence , f r o m w h i c h m e a s u r e m e n t s m a y b e m a d e o n t h e v a r i o u s w a v e s . F i g u r e 4 s h o w s o s c i l l o g r a m s t a k e n of l u m i n o u s t u b e t r a n s ­f o r m e r s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e s , t o s h o w t h e p h a s e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n n o l o a d a n d v a r i ­o u s t u b i n g l o a d c o n d i t i o n s . T h i s i s n o t c o n v e n i e n t l y d o n e w i t h a m e c h a n i c a l o s c i l l o g r a p h , s i n c e o n l y t h e c a t h o d e r a y o s c i l l o g r a p h , t h r o u g h a c a p a c i t a n c e v o l t ­a g e d i v i d e r , g i v e s a t r u e i n d i c a t i o n of l u m i n o u s t u b e v o l t a g e s .

I n r e c o r d i n g a n u n k n o w n o r m i x e d f r e q u e n c y w a v e , s u c h a s p r o d u c e d b y

F i g u r e 5 . O s c i l l o g r a m s t a k e n w i t h s p r i n g o p e r a t i o n o f d r u m

' ;:V|3^1sip^life -

NOVEMBER 1 9 4 1 , VOL. 6 0 Downie—Cathode-Ray Oscillograph TRANSACTIONS 9 8 5