A British officer in India, 1870s

The young, pro-British Maharaja of Bharatpur, 1860:The princely states contained nearly half of India’s land

but only 20% of its people

Nripendra Naravan Bhup

Bahadur, Maharaja of Cooch

Behar, photographed in

London in the uniform of a

lieutenant-colonel of the 6th Bengal

Cavalry, 1899

Russia expands into Turkmenistan, 1880-1900

THE SECOND AFGHAN WAR, 1878-80

Aug. 1878

News that a Russian general was in Kabul impels Lord Lytton to demand that the Amir negotiate restrictions on his sovereignty

Nov.-Dec. 1878

General Roberts forces the Khyber Pass and occupies Kabul; Yakub Khan becomes Amir

Sep. 1879Enraged Kabul mob kills the British Agent Cavignari and his Sikh escort; Roberts occupies Kabul again

July 1880 Ayub Khan declares jihad, defeats the British at Mawand, near Kandahar

Sep 1880General Roberts defeats Ayub Khan, installs Abdul Rahman Khan, and withdraws

Aerial photograph of the Khyber Pass

Pathan riflemen in the Second Afghan War (1878-1880)

Afghan tribal elders in Kabul, 1878

The North-West Frontier (especially

Waziristan) has been a site of continual conflict since 1840

An Anglo-Indian force in the Kurram Valley, 1897

“A gallant subaltern saves a wounded

Sepoy” (1898)

A few advertisers sought to capitalize on the Empire

THE MARCH OF PROGRESS:

By 1900 India had285 million people;5 million literates;

23,000 college students;

25,000 miles of railway.But only 65 of 1,244 members of the ICS

were Indian.

Indian peasants with farm

implements and a yoke for oxen

(1870)

Starving Indian peasants during the great famine

of 1876/77, when millions died.

Famine recurred in 1895/96 and 1899/1900

A labor camp to provide famine relief in 1897.

Only in 1907 did the British

introduce a system to distribute food to villages in drought-

stricken regions

Heavy-handed measures to combat bubonic plague in Bombay in 1896/97 provoked violent riots and the

assassination of two British officials by Hindu nationalists.

Lord Curzon at the Delhi Durbar of

1903:He was the most

gifted and energetic of

viceroys, dedicated to government

FOR the Indians but not BY the

Indians

Lord Curzon, Tory Viceroy (1898-1905),

who favored enlightened absolutism.

John Morley, Liberal

Secretary of State, 1905-10

Curzon repressed dissent harshly but championed Indian economic interests. Morley decentralized the administration and created elected provincial councils to promote cooperation with the Indian

middle class.

At its first meeting in Bombay, 1885, the “India National Congress” only demanded

increased participation by educated Indians in the administration

Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948)

Grows up in Gujarat 1888-91: Studies

law in London 1893: Establishes

law practice in South Africa

1894-1914: Heads Natal Indian Congress

1900: Volunteers as stretcher bearer

1906: Organizes first “satyagraha”

1909: Publishes “Indian Home Rule”

CORE ARGUMENTS OF “INDIAN HOME RULE” (1909)

What Europeans call “civilization” has the sole aim to “make bodily welfare the object of life…. It was not that we did not know how to invent machinery, but our forefathers knew that, if we set our hearts after such things, we would become slaves and lose our moral fiber.”“Passive resistance is a method of securing rights by personal suffering; it is the revers of resistance by arms….Passive resistance cannot proceed a step without fearlessness…. A would-be warrior will have to observe chastity and to be satisfied with poverty as his lot.”“I would say to the extremists: ‘Hom Rule for India is not to be had for your asking. Everyone will have to take it for himself…. It would not be proper for you to say that you have obtained Home Rule if you have merely expelled the English.”“I would say to the moderates: …To say that British rule is indispensable, is almost a denial of the Godhead…. Anarchy under Home Rule were better than orderly foreign rule.”