a brief overview of factory made mortar in europe
TRANSCRIPT
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF
FACTORY MADE
MORTAR IN EUROPE
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
INTRODUCTION
Background to today's talk
The history of factory mortars
European standards
Different factory made types
Issues and concerns
The future
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
BACKGROUNDCEN/TC125/WG2
1988 The first meeting!
Jean Daniel Merlet. CSTB France
WG2/TG2 Masonry mortars
Eric Kjaer. Danish Brick & Lime Association
WG2/TG1 Plastering & rendering mortars. Prof. Schmidt. Vienna laboratory chief
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
HISTORY OF FACTORY MORTAR
Webber and Broutin
Paris circa. 1910. 100 year anniversary?
Peltz
UK circa. 1937
But perhaps for 200 years on a small scale
Germany ?
Portugal ?
Megamix Holland circa. 1970
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
FACTORY MADE MORTAR
TYPESLime:sand mortar
Weakly hydraulic
Some reactive siliceous component
Ash:lime mortar
Lime:sand mortar
Hydrated lime
Retarded ready-to-use mortar
Megamix twin silo mortars
Dry silo/dry bagged mortars
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
EUROPEAN STANDARDS
EN 998-1
EN 998-2
Precedence given to rendering mortars
But a smaller market in many countries
Shows the diversity of the European
situation
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
EN 1996-2:2006
• Performance based – the first statement
• Suitability (durability) based on established– local experience
• until a durability test is available
• For site mixing, performance needs to be stated
• Durability via passive, moderate and severe exposure as per Annex B
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
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EN 1996-2:2006 (cont)
• Annex B. Durability in various exposure conditions
• Three exposure conditions
– P mortar subjected to passive exposure
– M subjected to moderate exposure
– S subjected to severe exposure
“In the present state of the art guidance will generally need to be obtained….”
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
EN 1996-2:2006 (cont)• Table B.2 – Acceptable specifications of
mortars for durability. (slightly abridged*)
Exposure class (see table A.1) Mortar
MX1 P, M or S
MX2.1 M, or S
MX 2.2 M or S
MX 3.1 M or S
MX 3.2 S
MX 4 Make assessment*
MX 5 Make specific assessment of reactions*
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
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Tel 0044 1386 852635
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EN 998-2
• Contains the three exposure conditions
– Severe
– Moderate
– Passive
• Either performance based, or in the UK,
may be a prescriptive mix with a fixed
compressive strength as per National
Annex. (Is this still prescriptive though?)
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
EN 998-2 & BS EN 998-2
• Designed mortars
– Bond strength declared as initial shear
strength
• By testing
• By reference to a declared value
– Attestation level 2+
• Requires third party quality scheme and audit
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
Attestation levels
• Various levels of attestation
• Range from onerous to light
• Originally determined with reference to
health and safety and criticality
• Level 1 stringent
• Level 4 self certifying
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
Attestation levels• Six levels of attestation
• 1+ Conformity certification & audit tests
• 1 Conformity certification, no audit tests
• 2+ fpc with continuous surveillance
• 2 fpc without surveillance
• 3 Initial type testing
• 4 Manufacturers involvement only, fpc
and initial type testing
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
Attestation levels for mortar
• Masonry mortar
– If designed, level 2+
– If prescribed, level 4
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
EN 998-2 (cont)
• Prescribed mortars
– Required to contain stated proportions of
constituents
– No shear strength requirement
– No compressive strength requirement,
– But UK national annexe does incorporate a
strength requirement.
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
CE marking for designed masonry
mortar
• Compressive strength
• Bond strength
– Test or tabulated value
• Chloride content
– A max value stated
• Reaction to fire, Euroclass A
• Water absorption
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
CE marking for designed masonry
mortar (cont)
• Water vapour permeabilty
– Test or tabulated value
• Thermal conductivity
– Tabulated value
• Durability
– Requires a statement in the absence of a test
• A difficult area
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
CE marking for prescribed masonry
mortar• Proportions of constituents
– By mass or volume
• Chloride content
• Reaction to fire
• Water absorption
• Water vapour permeability
• Thermal conductivity
• Durability. Still a difficult area!
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
What are the tentative conclusions
and implications?• The new standard, called up by the
Eurocode, is generally more logical than
old prescriptive standards
• The question of durability remains rather
uncertain, with the potential for problems
• The relationship in a national annexe
between mix proportions and assumed
strength needs to be correct
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
Issues arising from new materials
(1)• Limes
– EN 459
– Hydraulic and natural hydraulic limes
• Cements
– BS 12 and other national early standards
• 5% other materials
– EN 197
– Cem ii
Slag, ash, many other pozzolans
Just the beginning?
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
Issues arising from new materials
(2)
• Admixtures
– No issues
• Sand (aggregate)
• Historic (prescribed) standards
– EN 13139 (Still prescribed). Designation 0/2
MP or 0/2 FP, fines category 3
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
Issues arising from new test
methods• Test methods are the EN 1015 series
• Originally 21 tests, some of the less useful
ones now lost
• Some interpretation issues with one air
content test
• Render durability test has attracted some
controversy
• Workable life test widely critisised
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
Test method issues (cont)
• Some tests are for obscure design
parameters
– Water absorption
• Overall though no real issues
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
Test method issues (cont)
• 1 There are many tests! Maybe too
many
• 2 There are many more test values
– Drying temperatures
– Curing temperatures
– Test relative humidities
– Rates of application of load in compression
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
Can we change the European
Standards here in Portugal?
• Yes
• Revised/amended/confirmed every 5
years
• Can request changes then
• Request via Mr Duarte at APFAC
– And/or via a national delegate
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
Conclusions
• Need to address durability
• Confirm prescription/strength relationship
• Overall no problems
• Probably a lot better, in many small ways,
than the old standards
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
Personal thoughts/conclusions
• Finally, positive but cynical
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
Conclusions
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
Conclusions (cont)
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
Conclusions (cont)
Neil Beningfield and Associates LtdWillowbrook Nr Broadway
WR11 7HF UK.
Tel 0044 1386 852635
0044 7889 175463 (mob)
A FINAL PERSONAL
CONCLUSION
• We can build excellent structures without
the new Standards
• They can be long lasting
• But to move forward, to build
economically, elegantly, with slender
members, performance based European
Standards are here to help