a brief overview of english grammar

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A summary of the unit English Grammar: with examples from ‘The Book Thief’ The following is a weekbyweek summary of the topics that will be covered in this unit. Some of the most commonly used terminology is introduced and explained here. As the unit progresses, these topics will be covered in much more detail, and consequently, much more depth of understanding of these topics will be expected from you than is presented here! Language is hierarchical: small ‘bits’ join together with other small bits to form ‘bigger bits’. These ‘bigger bits’ then join together with other ‘bigger bits’ to form larger ‘chunks’ and so on (Note that words like ‘bits’ and ‘chunks’ are not technical terms!). This is the approach we will take in this unit. Therefore, in order to understand the content and terminology found in week 9, for example, you will need to understand the content and terminology of all the preceding weeks. Examples for each of the topics are taken from the following quote: Hans took out two paint tins and invited him to sit down. Before he accepted the invitation, the young man extended his hand and introduced himself. ‘My name is Kugler. Walter. I come from Stuttgart’. (The Book Thief, p. 199) Week Topic 1. English Grammar is about the way we put words together to make sentences and the labels we use to talk about it. ‘Nouns’, ‘verbs’, and ‘phrases’ are examples of such labels. 2. We say words belong to the same word class when they share similar properties. These properties are: a. The kind of meaning expressed (e.g. nouns refer to ‘things’, like tins). b. What a word looks like (e.g. s can be added to tin to show that there is more than one). We refer to this as the form of the word. c. The role the word plays in a sentence (e.g. Hans is a noun. Nouns can come first in the sentence and tell us who or what the sentence is about.). This is called function. Nouns are words like Hans, tins, man, Stuttgart. 3. Pronouns are words that can be used instead of a noun, like I, himself, my. 4. Adjectives are words that describe nouns. They come before the noun, as in young man or after a linking verb (see below) like is as in the man is young. 5. We put words together into groups. We call these groups of words phrases. Words belong in one group when together they express one meaning. Two kinds of phrases are noun phrases and prepositional phrases. Noun phrases always have a noun in them (like tins) and you can add other words like two and paint in front of them. Prepositional phrases are groups of words that include small words like in, at, on. Many prepositional phrases tell us about a time or a place. So ‘from Stuttgart’ is a prepositional phrase and refers to a place.

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Page 1: A Brief Overview of English Grammar

A  summary  of  the  unit  English  Grammar:  with  examples  from  ‘The  Book  Thief’    The  following  is  a  week-­‐by-­‐week  summary  of  the  topics  that  will  be  covered  in  this  unit.    Some  of  the  most  commonly  used  terminology  is  introduced  and  explained  here.    As  the  unit  progresses,  these  topics  will  be  covered  in  much  more  detail,  and  consequently,  much  more  depth  of  understanding  of  these  topics  will  be  expected  from  you  than  is  presented  here!        Language  is  hierarchical:  small  ‘bits’  join  together  with  other  small  bits  to  form  ‘bigger  bits’.    These  ‘bigger  bits’  then  join  together  with  other  ‘bigger  bits’  to  form  larger  ‘chunks’  and  so  on  (Note  that  words  like  ‘bits’  and  ‘chunks’  are  not  technical  terms!).    This  is  the  approach  we  will  take  in  this  unit.    Therefore,  in  order  to  understand  the  content  and  terminology  found  in  week  9,  for  example,  you  will  need  to  understand  the  content  and  terminology  of  all  the  preceding  weeks.          Examples  for  each  of  the  topics  are  taken  from  the  following  quote:    Hans  took  out  two  paint  tins  and  invited  him  to  sit  down.  Before  he  accepted  the  invitation,  the  young  man  extended  his  hand  and  introduced  himself.  ‘My  name  is  Kugler.  Walter.  I  come  from  Stuttgart’.  (The  Book  Thief,  p.  199)    Week   Topic  

1. English  Grammar  is  about  the  way  we  put  words  together  to  make  sentences  and  the  labels  we  use  to  talk  about  it.    ‘Nouns’,  ‘verbs’,  and  ‘phrases’  are  examples  of  such  labels.  

2. We  say  words  belong  to  the  same  word  class  when  they  share  similar  properties.    These  properties  are:  

a. The  kind  of  meaning  expressed  (e.g.  nouns  refer  to  ‘things’,  like  tins).  

b. What  a  word  looks  like  (e.g.  s  can  be  added  to  tin  to  show  that  there  is  more  than  one).  We  refer  to  this  as  the  form  of  the  word.  

c. The  role  the  word  plays  in  a  sentence  (e.g.  Hans  is  a  noun.  Nouns  can  come  first  in  the  sentence  and  tell  us  who  or  what  the  sentence  is  about.).  This  is  called  function.  

Nouns  are  words  like  Hans,  tins,  man,  Stuttgart.  3. Pronouns  are  words  that  can  be  used  instead  of  a  noun,  like  I,  himself,  my.      4. Adjectives  are  words  that  describe  nouns.  They  come  before  the  noun,  as  

in  young  man  or  after  a  linking  verb  (see  below)  like  is  as  in  the  man  is  young.    

5. We  put  words  together  into  groups.  We  call  these  groups  of  words  phrases.    Words  belong  in  one  group  when  together  they  express  one  meaning.  Two  kinds  of  phrases  are  noun  phrases  and  prepositional  phrases.  Noun  phrases  always  have  a  noun  in  them  (like  tins)  and  you  can  add  other  words  like  two  and  paint  in  front  of  them.  Prepositional  phrases  are  groups  of  words  that  include  small  words  like  in,  at,  on.  Many  prepositional  phrases  tell  us  about  a  time  or  a  place.    So  ‘from  Stuttgart’  is  a  prepositional  phrase  and  refers  to  a  place.  

Page 2: A Brief Overview of English Grammar

6. Verbs  are  words  related  to  ‘doing’  and  ‘being’.  Words  related  to  ‘doing’,  like  extended  are  called  action  verbs;  words  related  to  ‘being’,  like  is  in  ‘My  name  is  Kugler’  are  called  linking  verbs  because  they  join  two  parts  of  the  sentence  together.  

7. Some  action  verbs  like  to  have  a  noun  following  them.  We  call  these  action  verbs  transitive.  These  verbs  tell  us  that  someone  is  doing  something  to  someone  or  something.    For  example,  ‘The  young  man  extended  his  hand’.    Other  verbs  don’t  need  anything  to  follow  them  because,  while  an  activity  is  taking  place,  it  does  not  affect  someone  else.    These  verbs  are  called  intransitive.    Sit  or  sit  down  is  an  action  but  it  does  not  affect  anyone  else.    Transitivity  is  about  the  differences  between  these  two  types  of  sentences  and  the  verbs  in  them.    

9. Verbs  are  important  in  English  because  we  use  them  as  the  place  to  show  when  something  happened.  We  use  the  term  tense  to  describe  the  way  English  expresses  differences  in  time  by  the  form  of  the  verb.  We  often  add  additional  letters  (e.g.  a  suffix)  to  a  verb  to  show  what  the  tense  is.    So,  to  talk  about  past  time  we  either  add  -­‐ed  (invite  vs  invited)  or  change  the  vowels  in  the  word  (take  vs.  took).  We  call  the  form  with  -­‐ed  or  the  changed  vowel,  ‘past  tense’.  

10. We  can  join  groups  of  words,  called  phrases,  together  in  a  sentence  by  using  words  like  and  and  but;  we  can  also  use  these  words  two  join  two  clauses  together.  These  words  are  called  conjunctions.  Before  is  another  kind  of  conjunction  in  the  sentence  ‘Before  he  accepted  the  invitation,  the  young  man  extended  his  hand  and  introduced  himself.’  shows  the  connection  between  the  two  events  in  terms  of  time.    

11. There  are  different  ways  in  which  words  are  put  together  to  form  sentences.  The  sentences  from  The  Book  Thief  show  the  same  basic  pattern.  English  uses  other  patterns,  such  as  the  kinds  used  to  ask  questions.  Different  patterns  are  discussed  under  sentence  types.    

12. The  parts  of  sentences  can  sometimes  be  put  together  in  different  ways,  to  achieve  a  different  sense.    For  example,  another  way  of  saying  ‘Hans  took  out  two  paint  tins’  could  be  Two  paint  tins  were  taken  out  by  Hans.    The  first  sentence  type  is  called  active,  and  the  second  type  passive.    Sentences  can  also  be  either  positive  or  negative.    To  form  ‘negative’  sentences  we  use  the  word  not.          

We  use  all  of  these  labels  so  that  we  have  a  way  of  agreeing  on  what  we  are  talking  about  when  we  describe  the  words  and  patterns  in  English.  The  most  important  thing  to  understand  is  not  that  there  are  labels  for  all  these  things  but  that  English,  like  all  other  languages,  puts  words  together  in  predictable  ways  that  we  can  explain  and  that  it’s  amazing  to  think  we  all  learn  to  do  this  naturally  from  the  time  we  are  very  young  (even  if  we  never  learn  what  the  labels  are).  For  discussion:  

1. What  is  your  definition  of  ‘noun’  or  ‘verb’  or  ‘adjective’  (based  on  your  existing  knowledge)?  

2. Can  you  identify  a  pattern  used  in  the  sentences  from  The  Book  Thief  passage?  

3. Identify  two  things  that  you  would  like  to  have  explained  in  more  detail,  or  with  more  examples,  from  the  summary  above.