a brief introduction to western history and culture
DESCRIPTION
A brief introduction to western history and cultureTRANSCRIPT
Clarity Sep. 9/10
+ 1 India 2 United States 3 Pakistan 4 Nigeria 5 Philippines 6 United Kingdom 7 South Africa 8 Sudan 9 Kenya 10 Canada 11 Uganda 12 Ghana 13 Australia 14 Madagascar 15 Jamaica 16 Singapore 17 Republic of Ireland 18 New Zealand 19 Malta 20 Antigua and Barbuda
+ Antigua, Barbuda and Redonda is a country in the Leeward Islands in the Eastern Caribbean, English as official language, also Creole;
+ Discovered in 1493 by Columbus and settled in 1632. In 1981 it gained its independence within the Commonwealth.
+ Malta 马耳他 ( 地中海的岛国 ) ；+ Barbados 巴巴多斯岛 ( 加勒比海最东面岛
国 ) ；+ Marshall Islands 马绍尔岛 [ 西太平洋 ] ； Fiji
斐济+ Botswana 博茨瓦纳 ( 位于南非共和国内 )
Zimbabwe 津巴布韦； Zambia 赞比亚 ( 非洲 ) Gambia 冈比亚 ( 非洲西部沿海一殖民地 ) Namibia 纳米比亚；
+ More than fifty countries in general……
+ The European Union is a supranational union composed of 27 member states. The combined total English speaking population is 229,850,000 (out of a total population of 500,000,000 - 46%) including 61,850,000 native speakers and 168,000,000 non-native speakers, and would be ranked 3rd if it were included.
+ 375,000,000 first language;375,000,000,second language; 750,000,000 foreign language
+ 英联邦（英语： Commonwealth of Nations ，原名： British Commonwealth of Nations ）是一个以英国为主导的国家联合体，由 54 个主权国家（含属地）所组成，成员大多为前大英帝国的殖民地或附属国。
+ 英联邦是英国对联邦其他成员国在政治、军事、财政经济和文化上施加影响的组织。
+ 第一次世界大战后，英国势力遭到削弱，各殖民地人民纷纷要求独立，便逐渐用英联邦代替英帝国的称号。
+ 英联邦没有设立任何权力机构。主要组织机构有：联邦政府首脑会议、亚太地区英联邦政府首脑会议、联邦财政部长会议及其他部长级专业会议。
+ Pre-feudal Society+ The Growth of Feudalism+ The Decline of Feudalism in England+ Growth of Capitalism and the Rule of the Tudors+ The Bourgeois Revolution+ The Industrial Revolution+ Colonial Expansion and Parliamentary Reforms+ The two World War: Commonwealths and
European Union
+ Before the great Ice Age, Great Britain was joined to Europe: cave men/stone men
+ 6000-5000 B.C., severing of land bridge: English Channel
+ 3000 B.C., Iberians from Mediterranean lands arrived and settled in the islands.
+ 750 B.C., the Celts called Britons arrived.
+ In 1066, The Norman Conquest and William the Conqueror from Normandy;
+ French’s influence of the English language+ The consolidation of Monarchy+ The beginning of Parliament
+ The Hundred Year’s War+ The War of the Roses+ The House of Tudor Henry Ⅷ Bloody Mary Elizabeth Ⅰ
+ Economic development and the Enclosure Movement
+ Foreign Trade and Commercial expansion: Plantation, Slave trade, the EastIndiaCompany
+ War with Spain (invincible Armada) in 1588 + The strengthening of the Centralized Monarch+ Religious Reformation+ Renaissance: Thomas More; Francis Bacon;
Shakespeare
+ The bourgeois revolution + The Absolutist Rule of the Stuarts+ The civil war : Charles Ⅰ+ The Restoration: Charles Ⅱ+ The House of Hanover+ The Industrial Revolution+ Colonial Expansion: Seven Year’s War + Victoria the queen (1837-1901)
+ The Monarchy+ Parliament+ The Government+ Parties and Elections+ The Judiciary
+ 牛津大学 Oxford Uni.+ 剑桥大学 Cambridge+ 圣 安德鲁斯大学 Uni. of St. Andrews+ 格拉斯哥大学 Uni. of Glasgow+ 亚伯丁大学 Uni. of Aberdeen+ 爱丁堡大学 Uni. of Edinburg+ 杜伦大学 Uni. of Durham+ 伦敦大学 Uni. of London+ 白金汉大学 Buckingham Uni.
+ The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district.
+ The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south.
+ The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait.
+ The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. + The country also possesses several territories in the
Caribbean and Pacific.
+ Indigenous peoples of Asian origin have inhabited what is now the mainland United States for many thousands of years. This Native American population was greatly reduced by disease and warfare after European contact.
+ The United States was founded by thirteen British colonies located along the Atlantic seaboard. On July 4, 1776, they issued the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed their right to self-determination and their establishment of a cooperative union.
+ The United States is a diverse country racially and ethnically. Six races are recognized: White, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and people of Two or more races;
+ Americans are also classified as "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino", which identifies Hispanic and Latino Americans as a racially diverse ethnicity that composes the largest minority group in the nation.
+ Color problems concerning with Asians, Puerto Ricans( most of them are Spanish & Portugal), the American Indians, and the American negroes.
+ Policies and movements
