a brief history of the english language
DESCRIPTION
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Henry, M. (1990). Words: Integrated decoding and spelling instruction based on word origin and word structure. Austin: PRO-ED. Facts. Over ___________ people speak English (half the population of the world) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Henry, M. (1990). Words: Integrated decoding and spelling instruction based on word
origin and word structure. Austin: PRO-ED.
Facts
Over ___________ people speak English (half the population of the world)
When we learn English, we are actually learning _______ languages- each with its own phonology and structure
Germanic Influence
English is classified as a Germanic language However, less than __________ of the words
are Germanic The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes came from
northern Germany bringing their language with them (Anglo-Saxon)
Germanic Words
Relatively few in number Common, everyday words in the language Includes all words on the _____________ All words on any lists of the
“__________________” are Germanic
Features of Germanic Words
Short because over time, the endings dropped off Most of our one-syllable words are Germanic
Examples: _______________________ ____________ words in the language Least ___________________ Most _______________to spell
Examples: they, could, was, write, old, most, thought Silent letters, vowel pairs, and unfamiliar behavior of
vowels are characteristics of the Germanic strain of language
Anglo-Saxon Letter-Sound Correspondences
CONSONANTS
Single Blends Diagraphsb, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z
bl, cl, fl, gl, pl, sl
br, cr, dr, fr, gr, pr, tr
sc, sk, sl, sp, st, sw …
Final: ft, lk, lt, mp, nd…
ch, sh th wh
chat ship this when
thin
(-ck, -tch, -dge, -ng)
VOWELS
Single Letter(Short/Long)
-r & -l Controlled Diagraphs
cap - capepet - Petepinning - piningrob - robecutter – cuter(y)
er, ir, ur
ar, or
arr, err
all
al
1 sound:
ee; oy, oi; oa; ai, ay;
aw, au
2 sounds:
ea, ow, ou, ie, ei, ew
Latin Words
__________________ the words in the English language are based on Latin
A handful of Latin words entered during the language during the Roman era
Most of the Latin words came by way of French (a romance language) Ex. glamour
Latin
Scholars in England borrowed words directly from Latin itself
Christian Church (with its center in Rome) adopted Latin for its services)
As Christianity spread over western Europe, the people attending services learned Latin words
Latin was also the required language at ____________________ Ex. calculus
Characteristics of Latin Words
Consist of a __________________________ Examples: pre dic tion, in somni a
Seldom use __________________ Use consonant-vowel-e or vowel alone for long
sound Examples: invade, denote
Never uses sh for /sh/; instead, the sound is spelled ______________________ Examples: invention, social, permission, complexion
Latin Layer of Language
Students encounter these words in ______grade ______________ sound is the most notable
feature (unaccented vowel sound found in unaccented syllables) ~ Letter-sound correspondences are otherwise the same as Anglo-Saxon machine, soda, ahead, about, magazine
Latin Layer ________________: usually stressed & contain the
major meaning of the word spect, rupt, vis, aud, vent, flect, script, gress, dict, tract, lit,
duct, struct, pend, ped ______________: pre, re, bi, pro, mid, sub, dis, inter,
intro, intra, il, extra, per, ultra, trans Many have the schwa sound
aggressive, appearance, connect, collect, attach
Greek Words
________ of the English vocabulary is based on Greek
Greek words came into the language from 2 sources:
1. Latin (as every educated Roman knew Greek)
2. Borrowed by scientists
Greek Layer of Language Same letter-sound correspondences as those in Anglo-
Saxon words, Use ___ for /f/ (Example: physics) Use __ for /k/ (Example: chemistry) Use __ for /i/ (Example: gym, type) Often contain silent p (pneumonia, pseudonym) mn as in mnemonics
Usually specialized words in science, though some are common (television) Scientists use Greek when they want a new word for a discovery or
invention (Examples: neutron, electron, cardiogram Greek has become the language of science
Often consists of 2 elements joined by a connecting o (Example: hydrogen, photograph
Greek Combining Forms
Not called prefixes and suffixes but combining forms since there are usually 2 parts of equal stress and importance
Greek Combining FormsBEGINNING
auto = self phono = sound photo = light hydro = water tele = distance micro = small therm = heat
biblio, hyper, chron, chrom, arch, phys, pysch, peri, bi, semi, hemi, mono, meta, mega, metro, philo, soph, theo, techni
ENDING graph, gram =
written/drawn meter = measure ology = study scope = watch, see sphere, crat, cracy, polis
GREEK Specialized words used mostly in science, though some
(i.e., television) are common
ROMANCE
Technical, sophisticated words used primarily in more formal settings such as literature & textbooks
ANGLO-SAXON
Common, everyday, down-to-earth words used frequently in ordinary situations and found in school primers