a brief history of recorded music

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A Brief History of Recorded Music Some background to where we are now

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An introduction to our work on Music and Talk Radio

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Page 1: A brief history of recorded music

A  Brief  History  of  Recorded  Music

 Some  background  to  where  we  are  now  

Page 2: A brief history of recorded music

The  Beginning

•  Before  'recording'  as  we  understand  it,  music  could  be  played  automa;cally  through  devices  like  'player  pianos'  -­‐  a  strip  of  paper  or  card  with  indenta;ons  or  spikes  read  by  a  machine  that  'played  the  piano'  for  you  •  The  earliest  technologies  to  'capture'  music  emerged  in  the  1860s  -­‐  first  as  a  device  that  recorded  the  waveform  with  a  stylus  in  sand,  crea;ng  a  'diagram'  that  couldn't  be  played  back,  and  then  with  something  similar  that  could  then  'play'  the  waveform  of  vibra;ons  back  through  a  stylus  to  a  loudspeaker.  •  Before  the  end  of  the  19th  Century,  every  piece  of  music  -­‐  in  fact  every  sound  -­‐  ever  heard  by  anybody,  was  heard  'live'  as  it  was  made.    The  only  way  to  listen  to  music  was  to  go  to  a  performance  or  to  perform  yourself.  

Page 3: A brief history of recorded music

Early  Hardware

• Music  on  disk  was  available  from  the  late  19th  Century  and  remained  the  dominant  home  technology  for  nearly  a  hundred  years.  •  Electrical  amplifica;on  and  recording  came  along  in  the  1920s,  improving  sound  quality.  The  first  electronic  audio  recording  released  in  the  UK  was  the  service  of  burial  of  the  Unknown  Soldier  in  1920.  •  In  the  1950s  magne;c  tape  became  the  dominant  recording  medium,  and  also  ran  alongside  records  as  a  home-­‐technology  for  listening  to  music  (and  making  mix-­‐tapes)  aRer  the  compact  casseSe  was  developed  in  the  1960s  

Page 4: A brief history of recorded music

Analogue  to  Digital

• Un;l  the  mid  1980s  music  was  available  to  buy  on  record  or  casseSe  and  could  be  listened  to  as  well  on  the  radio,  and  on  a  very  small  number  of  TV  shows.  • CD  was  developed  as  a  new  digital  technology  and  released  in  the  mid  1980s.    Music  companies  soon  stopped  releasing  songs  on  vinyl  and  casseSe,  so  audiences  had  no  choice  other  than  to  go  to  CD  or  leave  the  game.  •  The  industry  also  achieved  the  great  business  coup  of  making  people  re-­‐buy  lots  of  things  they  already  had  in  this  crucial  new  format  (see  also  VHS/DVD/BluRay)  

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Early  fears  about  Piracy

•  Since  the  1960s,  people  have  been  able  to  use  casseSes  to  copy  records.    The  music  industry  objected  to  this  'piracy'  and  put  a  log  on  their  products  -­‐  "Home  taping  is  killing  music".  They  didn't  want  people  to  copy  material  that  they  held  the  copyright  to.  For  every  blank  tape  sold,  a  few  pennies  went  to  the  record  companies  as  a  'piracy  levy'.  • ARer  home  technology  had  caught  up,  the  industry  made  sure  they  also  got  their  piracy  levy  on  blank  CDs  

Page 6: A brief history of recorded music

CDs  and  onward

• CDs  were  played  in  CD  players  and  nothing  much  else  un;l  the  mid  1990s  saw  the  growth  of  Personal  Computer  ownership.  • People  could  finally  use  their  computers  to  not  only  listen  to  CDs,  but  to  copy  the  content  onto  the  computer  and  to  burn  fresh  copies.  •  There  were  prac;cal  problems  with  this  -­‐  uncompressed  music  files  were  big  and  computer  memory  capacity  was  small.  •  There  were  also  CD  walkmen  but  they  had  their  own  prac;cal  problems  -­‐  unlike  tape  walkmen  (and  later  .mp3  players)  they  needed  to  be  held  fairly  steadily  or  they  would  skip.  

Page 7: A brief history of recorded music

Life  Online

•  The  internet  and  the  world  wide  web  developed  quickly  through  the  1990s  and  a  number  of  new  music  formats  arose  to  challenge  the  dominance  of  the  CD.    By  the  end  of  the  decade,  a  number  of  these  were  compressed  formats  -­‐  files  like  .wma,  .mp3  and  .aac  maintained  a  good  audio  standard  but  only  used  about  10%  of  the  data  of  uncompressed  .wav  files.  • At  the  same  ;me  the  storage  space  on  home  computers  slowly  started  to  grow...  

Page 8: A brief history of recorded music

Online  Piracy

•  As  well  as  finding  an  easier  way  to  store  music,  the  WWW  gave  people  the  chance  to  copy  and  share  songs.    Suddenly,  instead  of  making  tapes  for  your  friends,  you  could  share  your  songs  on  the  WWW  to  anyone  else  who  was  looking.    The  trouble  is,  they  aren’t  your  songs,  they  ‘belong’  to  the  record  company  or,  very  occasionally,  to  the  recording  ar;st.  

•  One  website  in  par;cular  that  led  the  way  in  file  sharing  was  Napster.    As  it  was  first  set  up,  Napster  opened  up  all  of  your  media  files  (your  songs)  and  made  them  available  for  anybody  else  to  copy  over  the  WWW.    In  the  same  way  you  could  copy  anybody  and  everybody  else’s  songs.  Every  song  stored  on  a  computer  connected  to  the  web  was  available  to  you.    All  for  free.    Who  would  ever  spend  money  on  music  again?  

Page 9: A brief history of recorded music

Responsible,  Law-­‐Abiding  Metallica

•  The  industry  fought  back.    Some  bands  hated  Napster  and  thought  that  their  fans  were  stealing  from  them.    Metallica  led  the  way  in  taking  legal  ac;on  against  people  who  had  shared  their  songs  –  uploaded  them  (put  them  on  the  WWW  for  people  to  share)  or  downloaded  them  (copied  them  from  somebody  else  online).    •  Eventually  Napster  as  a  free  file  sharing  site  was  shut  down.    The  record  industry  con;nues  to  pick  on  individuals  and  takes  them  to  court  in  the  hope  of  frightening  as  many  people  as  possible  out  of  downloading  or  uploading  songs.  •  At  the  same  ;me  people  find  more  and  more  ways  to  share  files  online  -­‐  through  newsgroups  and  other  online  communi;es,  through  torrent  files,  through  file  dumps  and  online  storage,  and  even  just  simply  aSached  to  emails  for  a  friend...  

Page 10: A brief history of recorded music

Industry  Reponses

•  Some  file  formats  have  copyright  protec;on  capabili;es  –  .mp3    and  .aac  both  have  this  feature.    This  makes  it  impossible  to  copy  a  file  more  than  a  specified  number  of  ;mes,  or  it  ;es  a  file  to  a  par;cular  iTunes  library  or  mobile  device  so  it  won't  play  on  any  other.  •  The  record  industry  is  encouraging  legal  downloads,  either  through  monthly  subscrip;ons  to  download  sites  or  as  pay-­‐per-­‐song,  and  by  including  legal  download  sales  in  the  official  charts,  as  well  has  having  a  separate  download  chart.    In  the  last  few  years,  thanks  to  the  success  of  streaming  sites  like  Spo;fy  and  the  dominance  of  YouTube  (who  have  made  their  own  business  deals  with  the  industry)  playcounts  from  streaming  sites  are  also  big  news.  This  is  having  an  effect  upon  the  charts,  as  songs  appear  before  their  official  release  date  and  stay  in  the  charts  for  longer,  and  on  what  gets  played  on  the  radio,  because  playlist  mee;ngs  pay  close  aSen;on  to  what  people  are  listening  to,  however  they  might  be  listening  to  it.  

Page 11: A brief history of recorded music

Music  On  The  Go

•  Music  players  have  developed  alongside  the  new  file  formats  to  enable  people  to  listen  to  music  on  the  go.    From  small(ish)  mobile  radios  in  the  1970s,  to  casseSe  personal  stereos  (like  the  Sony  Walkman)  in  the  1980s,  to  minidisk  players  in  the  1990s,  to  MP3  players  (like  Apple’s  iPod)  now,  and  mobile  phones  incorpora;ng  large  memories  and  inbuilt  MP3  players.  

•  As  larger  and  larger  memory  became  physically  smaller  and  more  affordable,  it  seemed  possible  that  a  movement  away  from  compressed  audio  to  higher  quality  files  might  be  possible.  

•  However,  instead  larger  memory  players  are  disappearing  from  the  market,  and  instead  the  more  advanced  players  concentrate  on  integra;ng  a  music  player  with  a  web  browser,  social  media  access,  streaming  rights  and  cameras.  Apple  have  cut  the  biggest  memory  iPod  they  market  from  160GB  to  64GB  in  the  last  few  weeks  

•  There  has  always  been  a  trade  off  in  recorded  music  between  quality  and  quan;ty.  It  seems  that  quan;ty  -­‐  including  the  'quan;ty'  of  non-­‐audio  content  to  go  with  the  songs  -­‐  is  s;ll  winning.