a. atomic mass the average atomic mass is the number at the bottom of each square the average atomic...
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A. Atomic MassA. Atomic Mass
The average atomic mass is The average atomic mass is the number at the bottom of the number at the bottom of each squareeach square
Found by averaging the Found by averaging the natural abundances of its natural abundances of its isotopesisotopes
Atomic mass = # pAtomic mass = # p++ + n+ n00
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B. IsotopesB. Isotopes
Atoms of the same element with Atoms of the same element with different mass numbers.different mass numbers.
C126Mass #
Atomic #
Nuclear symbol:Nuclear symbol:
Hyphen notation: Hyphen notation: carbon-12carbon-12
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B. IsotopesB. Isotopes
© Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
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B. IsotopesB. Isotopes
Chlorine-37Chlorine-37
– atomic #:atomic #:
– mass #:mass #:
– # of protons:# of protons:
– # of electrons:# of electrons:
– # of neutrons:# of neutrons:
1717
3737
1717
1717
2020
Cl3717
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Ch. 3 - The Periodic Ch. 3 - The Periodic Table Table
OrganizationOrganizationMetallic CharacterMetallic CharacterRows & ColumnsRows & ColumnsTable Sections Table Sections
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A. Metallic CharacterA. Metallic Character
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
MetalsMetals NonmetalsNonmetals MetalloidsMetalloids
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MetalsMetals
Good Good conductorsconductors of heat and of heat and electricityelectricity
Found in Groups 1 & 2, middle of Found in Groups 1 & 2, middle of table in 3-12 and some on right side table in 3-12 and some on right side of tableof table
Have Have lusterluster, are , are ductileductile and and malleablemalleable
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Alkali MetalsAlkali Metals
Group 1Group 1 Very reactiveVery reactive Form +1 ionsForm +1 ions CationsCations Examples: H, Li, NaExamples: H, Li, Na
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Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metals
Group 2Group 2 ReactiveReactive Form 2+ ionsForm 2+ ions CationsCations Examples: Be, Mg, Ca, etcExamples: Be, Mg, Ca, etc
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Transition MetalsTransition Metals
Groups 3-12 on the Periodic TableGroups 3-12 on the Periodic Table Much less reactive than Alkali or Much less reactive than Alkali or
Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metals Only 1 that is a liquid at room tempOnly 1 that is a liquid at room temp
– Mercury – HgMercury – Hg Examples: Cr, Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Ag, AuExamples: Cr, Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Ag, Au
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NonmetalsNonmetals
Not good conductorsNot good conductors Found on right side of periodic table Found on right side of periodic table
– AND hydrogen– AND hydrogen Usually brittle solids or gasesUsually brittle solids or gases
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HalogensHalogens
Group 17Group 17 Very reactiveVery reactive Form 1- ionsForm 1- ions AnionsAnions Examples: F, Cl, Br, etcExamples: F, Cl, Br, etc
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Noble GasesNoble Gases
Group 18Group 18 Unreactive, inert, “noble”Unreactive, inert, “noble” Have a 0 charge, no ionsHave a 0 charge, no ions Examples: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, etcExamples: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, etc
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MetalloidsMetalloids
Sometimes called semiconductorsSometimes called semiconductors Form the “stairstep” between metals Form the “stairstep” between metals
and nonmetalsand nonmetals Have properties of both metals and Have properties of both metals and
nonmetalsnonmetals Examples: B, Si, Sb, Te, As, GeExamples: B, Si, Sb, Te, As, Ge
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State at Room TemperatureState at Room Temperature
Most are solidMost are solid State changes with change in State changes with change in
temperaturetemperature
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B. Table SectionsB. Table Sections
1
2
3
4 5
6
7
Representative ElementsRepresentative Elements Transition MetalsTransition Metals Inner Transition MetalsInner Transition Metals
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B. Table SectionsB. Table Sections
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Lanthanides - part of period 6
Actinides - part of period 7
Overall Configuration
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C. Columns & RowsC. Columns & Rows
1
2
3
4 5
6
7
Group Group (Family)(Family) PeriodPeriod
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Ch. 3 - The Periodic Ch. 3 - The Periodic Table Table
Periodic TrendsPeriodic TrendsTermsTerms
Periodic Trends Periodic Trends
Dot DiagramsDot Diagrams
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Periodic LawPeriodic Law
– Properties of elements repeat Properties of elements repeat
periodically when the elements are periodically when the elements are
arranged by increasing atomic number.arranged by increasing atomic number.
A. TermsA. Terms
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A. TermsA. Terms
Valence ElectronsValence Electrons– ee-- in the outermost energy level in the outermost energy level
Atomic RadiusAtomic Radius
– Measure of the size of an atomMeasure of the size of an atom
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B. Periodic TrendsB. Periodic Trends
Group # = # of valence eGroup # = # of valence e -- (except He) (except He)– Families have similar reactivity.Families have similar reactivity.
Period # = # of energy levelsPeriod # = # of energy levels
1A
2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
8A
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C. Lewis DiagramsC. Lewis Diagrams
Dots represent the valence eDots represent the valence e--
EXEX: Sodium: Sodium EXEX: Chlorine: Chlorine