‡Õ° “√‡º¬·æ√à∑“ß« ‘™“°“√¢Õß “√‡§¡...
TRANSCRIPT
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‡Õ° “√‡º¬·æ√à∑“ß«‘™“°“√¢Õß “√‡§¡’‡©æ“–‡√◊ËÕß
1,2-‰¥§≈Õ‚√Õ’‡∑π1,2-DICHLOROETHANE
”π—°®—¥°“√°“°¢Õ߇ ’¬·≈– “√Õ—πμ√“¬°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘…
°√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡
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‡Õ° “√‡º¬·æ√à∑“ß«‘™“°“√¢Õß “√‡§¡’‡©æ“–‡√◊ËÕß1,2-‰¥§≈Õ‚√Õ’‡∑π 1,2-Dichloroethane
æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë 1 æ.». 2551
®”π«π 500 ‡≈à¡
®—¥∑”‚¥¬
°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘…
°√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡
ISBN 978-974-286-527-6
∑’˪√÷°…“„π°“√‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß
π“ß ÿ≥’ ªî¬–æ—π∏ÿåæß»å ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√ ”π—°®—¥°“√°“°¢Õ߇ ’¬·≈– “√Õ—πμ√“¬
π“ß “«æ√æ‘¡≈ ‡®√‘≠ àß ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√ à«π “√Õ—πμ√“¬
π“ß “«≈—§π“ ®ÿ≈· ß π—°«‘™“°“√ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ 7«
π“ß “«æ—∑∏π—π∑πå μ“√‘π π—°«‘™“°“√ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ 5
π“ß “« ÿ«≈—°…≥å ‡¬“«åπÿàπ π—°«‘™“°“√ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡
‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß‚¥¬
¥√. ÿ‡∑æ ‡√◊Õß«‘‡»…
¥√. πß≈—°…≥å ‡√◊Õß«‘‡»…
π. æ. ªî¬«—≤πå “¬æ—π∏ÿå
¿≠. πƒ¡≈ ‚æ∏‘Ï»√’∑Õß
æ‘¡æå∑’Ë
‚√ßæ‘¡æå·Ààß®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬
‚∑√ 0 2215 1991-2 μàÕ 11-14, 0 2218 3557, 0 2218 3563
http://www.cuprint.chula.ac.th
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ªí®®ÿ∫—π “√‡§¡’®”π«π¡“°‡¢â“¡“¡’∫∑∫“∑ ”§—≠μàÕ°“√¥”√ß™’«‘μª√–®”«—π¢Õß
¡πÿ…¬å„π¥â“πμà“ßÊ ‡™àπ „™â‡ªìπ à«πª√–°Õ∫À√◊Õª√ÿß·μàßÕ“À“√ ¬“√—°…“‚√§ ‡§√◊ËÕß ”Õ“ß
„™â‡ªìπ “√‡§¡’ªÑÕß°—π°”®—¥»—μ√Ÿæ◊™·≈– —μ«å ·≈–„™â„π°√–∫«π°“√º≈‘μ∑“ߥâ“πÕÿμ “À°√√¡
“√‡§¡’™π‘¥μà“ßÊ ∑’Ë¡πÿ…¬åπ”¡“„™âª√–‚¬™πå‡À≈à“π’È ‰¥â‡¢â“¡“ªπ‡ªóôÕπÕ¬Ÿà„π ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡
·≈–‡¢â“ Ÿà√à“ß°“¬¡πÿ…¬å ∑”„Àâ ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡·≈– ÿ¢¿“æ‡ ◊ËÕ¡‚∑√¡≈ß
°“√ªÑÕß°—π·≈–·°â ‰¢ªí≠À“¥—ß°≈à“« ®”‡ªìπμâÕß∑√“∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡°’ˬ«°—∫ “√‡§¡’π—ÈπÊ
”π—°®—¥°“√°“°¢Õ߇ ’¬·≈– “√Õ—πμ√“¬ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘… ®÷߉¥â√«∫√«¡¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ “√‡§¡’
„π¥â“πμà“ßÊ §◊Õ °“√∫àß≈—°…≥–·≈–§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘ º≈‘μ¿—≥±å·≈–°“√§â“ °√√¡«‘∏’°“√º≈‘μ
°“√„™â ∑“߉ª Ÿà ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√∑¥ Õ∫°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß„π
‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß∑“ß™’«‡§¡’„π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ
§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…μàÕ —μ«å‡≈’Ȭß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡ °“√»÷°…“§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…‡©æ“–¥â“π º≈μàÕ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ
„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ß °“√‡μ√’¬¡μ—«Õ¬à“ß·≈–°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå °“√À°√¥ °“√∫”∫—¥
‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥æ‘… °“√®—¥°“√°“°¢Õ߇ ’¬ μ≈Õ¥®π¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–·≈–°≈‰°∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬ ∑—Èßπ’È
‡æ◊ËÕª√–‚¬™πåμàÕ°“√®—¥°“√ “√‡§¡’Õ¬à“ß∂Ÿ°μâÕß·≈–ª≈Õ¥¿—¬
°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘… À«—߇ªìπÕ¬à“߬‘Ëß«à“ ‡Õ° “√‡º¬·æ√à∑“ß«‘™“°“√‡≈à¡π’È®–‡ªìπ
ª√–‚¬™πåμàÕπ—°«‘™“°“√·≈–ºŸâ π„®∑—Ë«‰ª
”π—°®—¥°“√°“°¢Õ߇ ’¬·≈– “√Õ—πμ√“¬
°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘…
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∫∑∑’Ë Àπâ“
1 °“√∫àß≈—°…≥–·≈–§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘ (identification and properties) ................................ 2
2 º≈‘μ¿—≥±å·≈–°“√§â“ (production and trade) .............................................................. 5
3 °√√¡«‘∏’°“√º≈‘μ (production processes) ...................................................................... 7
4 °“√„™â (use) ................................................................................................................................ 8
5 ∑“߉ª Ÿà ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (pathways into the environment) ............................................ 9
6 §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (concentrations) ................................................................10
6.1 °“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬·≈–°“√§ß ¿“æ (loss and persistence) ..................................10
6.2 §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ (concentrations) .................................................................................11
6.3 °“√√—∫ “√¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å (human intake) ...................................................................13
7 °“√∑¥ Õ∫°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (environmental fate tests) ............. 14
7.1 °“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·≈–°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ√Ÿª‚¥¬™’«¿“æ
(biodegradation and biotransformation) .........................................................14
7.2 °“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬· ß (photodegradation) ........................................................14
7.3 °“√·μ° ≈“¬¥â«¬πÈ” (hydrolysis) ..........................................................................14
7.4 °“√√«¡μ—« (sorption) ..................................................................................................15
7.5 °“√°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ (evaporation) .................................................................................15
7.6 °“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ÕÕ°´‘‡¥™—π (oxidation) ................................................................15
7.7 °“√»÷°…“√Ÿª·∫∫∑“ß√–∫∫𑇫» (model ecosystem studies) ................... 15
8 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (environmental fate) ................................................16
9 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß∑“ß™’«‡§¡’„π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ (chemobiokinetics) ...................................17
9.1 °“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡ (absorption) ..............................................................................................17
9.2 °“√·æ√à°√–®“¬ (distribution) .................................................................................17
9.3 °“√ – ¡„π√à“ß°“¬ (bioconcentration) ..............................................................17
9.4 ‡¡∑μ“‚∫≈‘´÷¡ (metabolism) .....................................................................................18
9.5 °“√¢—∫ÕÕ°®“°√à“ß°“¬ (excretion) ........................................................................18
10 §«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…μàÕ —μ«å‡≈’Ȭß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡ (mammalian toxicity) .....................................19
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∫∑∑’Ë Àπâ“
11 °“√»÷°…“§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…‡©æ“–¥â“π (special toxicity studies) .................................21
11.1 ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“∑“ß™’«‡§¡’ (biochemical interactions) ...........................................21
11.2 °“√‡ªìπ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß (carcinogenicity) ...........................................................21
11.3 °“√‡ªìπ “√°àÕ‡°‘¥°“√°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿå (mutagenicity) ..........................................22
11.4 °“√‡ √‘¡æ‘…/°“√μàÕμâ“πæ‘… (potentiation/antagonism) ...........................22
11.5 §«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…μàÕ√–∫∫ª√– “∑ (neurotoxicity) ...............................................23
11.6 °“√√–§“¬‡§◊Õ߇∫◊ÈÕßμâπ (primary irritation) ...................................................23
11.7 º≈μàÕ°“√æ—≤π“¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ (embryotropic action) ...................................23
11.8 §«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…μàÕ¿Ÿ¡‘§ÿâ¡°—π (immunotoxicity) ...................................................24
11.9 §«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘μàÕ°“√ ◊∫æ—π∏ÿå (reproduction) ....................................................24
11.10 §«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘∑’ˇ°‘¥„π∑“√° (teratogenicity) ....................................................24
11.11 æƒμ‘°√√¡ (behavior) ..............................................................................................24
12 º≈μàÕ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (effects on organisms in the environment) ......... 25
12.1 ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ„ππÈ” (aquatic) .........................................................................................25
12.2 ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ∫π∫° (terrestrial) ...................................................................................26
13 °“√‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ß °“√‡μ√’¬¡μ—«Õ¬à“ß ·≈–°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå
(sampling/preparation/analysis) ....................................................................................27
13.1 °“√‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ß (sampling) ..................................................................................27
13.2 °“√‡μ√’¬¡μ—«Õ¬à“ß·≈–°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå (preparation/analysis) .................... 27
14 °“√À°√¥ (spills) .....................................................................................................................30
14.1 °“√À°√¥ ......................................................................................................................30
14.2 °“√‡°‘¥Õ—§§’¿—¬À√◊Õ√–‡∫‘¥ .......................................................................................31
15 °“√∫”∫—¥‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥æ‘… (treatment of poisoning) .........................................................33
15.1 °“√ª∞¡æ¬“∫“≈ ........................................................................................................33
15.2 §”·π–π” ”À√—∫·æ∑¬å ...........................................................................................33
16 °“√®—¥°“√°“°¢Õ߇ ’¬ (waste management) .............................................................34
17 ¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–·≈–°≈‰°∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬
(recommendations/legal mechanisms) ......................................................................35
‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß ...........................................................................................................................38
¿“§ºπ«° 1 ...............................................................................................................................46
¿“§ºπ«° 2 ...............................................................................................................................51
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μ“√“ß∑’Ë Àπâ“
1 §ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘∑“߇§¡’·≈–°“¬¿“æ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane ..................................... 4
2 ª√‘¡“≥π”‡¢â“ 1,2-dichloroethane ®“°μà“ߪ√–‡∑»
√–À«à“ߪï æ.». 2546 - 2550 ......................................................................................... 6
3 §à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane „π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ...........................................10
4 §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane „πÕ“°“»¢Õߪ√–‡∑»μà“ßÊ ................ 12
5 §à“ LD50 ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane „π —μ«å‡≈’Ȭß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡ ..............................20
6 §à“ LC50 ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane „π —μ«å‡≈’Ȭß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡ ..............................20
7 §à“ LC50 ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane „π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ„ππÈ” .........................................25
8 «‘∏’‡μ√’¬¡μ—«Õ¬à“ß «‘∏’«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥ ·≈–§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âππâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥
∑’Ë«‘‡§√“–À剥â¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane ....................................................................28
9 °ÆÀ¡“¬·≈–¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–∑’Ë„™â§«∫§ÿ¡ 1,2-dichloroethane
„πμà“ߪ√–‡∑» ..................................................................................................................37
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1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 1
1,2-dichloroethane ‡ªìπ¢Õ߇À≈«„ ‰¡à¡’ ’ ¡’°≈‘Ëπ‡©æ“–μ—« √–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ
‰¥â¥’ μ‘¥‰øßà“¬ ≈–≈“¬πÈ”‰¥â¥’ ª√–‚¬™πåÀ≈—°„™â ”À√—∫º≈‘μ vinyl chloride ·≈–‡ªìπ
μ—«∑”≈–≈“¬ πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß„™â‡ªìπ lead scavenger „ππÈ”¡—π‡∫π´‘π∑’˺ ¡ “√μ–°—Ë«
‡æ◊ËÕ„™â‡ªìπ “√°—ππÁÕ° (anti-knocking agent) 1,2-dichloroethane ‡ªìπ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å
√–‡À¬ßà“¬ (volatile organic compound) μ√«®æ∫‰¥â„π∫√√¬“°“»¢Õߪ√–‡∑»μà“ßÊ
1,2-dichloroethane ¡’æ‘…‡©’¬∫æ≈—ππâÕ¬μàÕ —μ«å‡≈’Ȭß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡‚¥¬°“√„Àâ∑“ߪ“°
·≈–‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡ „π¡πÿ…¬å 1,2-dichloroethane ¡’ƒ∑∏‘Ï°¥ª√– “∑ à«π°≈“ß Õ“°“√
‡ªìπæ‘…®“°°“√°‘πÀ√◊Õ°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡¡’≈—°…≥–§≈⓬°—π §◊Õ ª«¥»’√…– ¡÷πßß ÕàÕπ‡æ≈’¬
°≈â“¡‡π◊ÈÕ‡°√Áß Õ“‡®’¬π À¡¥ μ‘ ·≈–Õ“®‡ ’¬™’«‘쉥â 1,2-dichloroethane – ¡„π√à“ß°“¬
‡æ’¬ß‡≈Á°πâÕ¬ à«π„À≠à∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°∑“ßªí “«– 1,2-dichloroethane ‡ªìπ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß
„π —μ«å∑¥≈ÕßÀ≈“¬ ªï™’ å ·μà¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß„π¡πÿ…¬å¡’®”°—¥ International Agency
for Research on Cancer ®÷ß°”Àπ¥„Àâ 1,2-dichloroethane ‡ªìπ “√„π Group 2B
(possibly carcinogenic to humans) ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â¡’ª√–°“»°√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡
‡√◊ËÕß ∫—≠™’√“¬™◊ËÕ«—μ∂ÿÕ—πμ√“¬ æ.». 2546 ÷́ËßÕÕ°μ“¡§«“¡„πæ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘«—μ∂ÿ
Õ—πμ√“¬ æ.». 2535 °”Àπ¥„Àâ 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride) ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π
§«“¡√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫¢Õß°√¡«‘™“°“√‡°…μ√ °√–∑√«ß‡°…μ√·≈– À°√≥å ‡ªìπ«—μ∂ÿÕ—πμ√“¬
™π‘¥∑’Ë 4 À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ Àâ“¡¡‘„Àâ¡’°“√º≈‘μ °“√π”‡¢â“ °“√ àßÕÕ° À√◊Õ°“√¡’‰«â„π
§√Õ∫§√Õß ·≈–ª√–°“»°√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ ‡√◊ËÕß ∫—≠™’√“¬™◊ËÕ«—μ∂ÿÕ—πμ√“¬ (©∫—∫∑’Ë 2)
æ.». 2547 °”Àπ¥„Àâ 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride) ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„𧫓¡√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫
¢Õß ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√Õ“À“√·≈–¬“ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ ‡ªìπ«—μ∂ÿÕ—πμ√“¬™π‘¥∑’Ë 4
·≈– 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride) ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„𧫓¡√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫¢Õß°√¡‚√ßß“π
Õÿμ “À°√√¡ °√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ ‡ªìπ«—μ∂ÿÕ—πμ√“¬™π‘¥∑’Ë 3 À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ °“√º≈‘μ
°“√π”‡¢â“ °“√ àßÕÕ° À√◊Õ°“√¡’‰«â„π§√Õ∫§√ÕßμâÕ߉¥â√—∫„∫Õπÿ≠“μ
1,2-‰¥§≈Õ‚√Õ’‡∑π 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE
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1,2-‰¥§≈Õ‚√Õ’‡∑π2
1.1 °“√∫àß≈—°…≥– (identification)(1) ™◊ËÕ “¡—≠ 1,2-dichloroethane
(2) CASRN (Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number)
107-06-2
(3) EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial
Chemical Substances) 203-458-1
(4) UN Class 3 (flammable liquid) ·≈– 6.1 (toxic substance)
(5) UN Number 1184
(6) ™◊ËÕ‡§¡’ 1,2-dichloroethane
(7) ™◊ËÕÕ◊Ëπ 1,2-bichloroethane dichloro-1,2-ethane
α,β-dichloroethane s-dichloroethane
sym-dichloroethane ethane dichloride
ethylene chloride ethylene dichloride
1,2-ethylene dichloride freon 150
glycol dichloride
(8) Ÿμ√‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ C2H4Cl2
(9) Ÿμ√‚§√ß √â“ß‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈
(10) πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ 98.96
CH2
Cl
H2C
Cl
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1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 3
(11) conversion factor (∑’Ë 25°´, 1 ∫√√¬“°“»)
1 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡ = 4.05 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√
1 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ = 0.247 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡
(12) NFPA 704 code
(13) IMO code
1.2 §ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘∑“߇§¡’·≈–°“¬¿“æ (chemical and physical properties)1,2-dichloroethane ‡ªìπ¢Õ߇À≈«„ ‰¡à¡’ ’ ¡’°≈‘Ëπ‡©æ“–μ—« √–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ
‰¥â¥’ μ‘¥‰øßà“¬ ≈–≈“¬πÈ”‰¥â¥’ §ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘∑“߇§¡’·≈–°“¬¿“æ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane
· ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 1
14 3
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1,2-‰¥§≈Õ‚√Õ’‡∑π4
®ÿ¥À≈Õ¡‡À≈« (°´) − 35 IPCS (1995)
®ÿ¥‡¥◊Õ¥ (°´) 83 IPCS (1995)
®ÿ¥«“∫‰ø (°´) 18 Merck (2006)
Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘μ‘¥‰ø‰¥â‡Õß (°´) 413 NFPA (2002)
§«“¡∂à«ß®”‡æ“– 1.2569 Merck (2006)
°“√≈–≈“¬πÈ” (°√—¡/≈‘μ√, ∑’Ë 20°´) 8.69 IPCS (1995)
¥—™π’À—°‡À· ß 1.4443 Merck (2006)
§«“¡¥—π‰Õ (¡‘≈≈‘‡¡μ√ª√Õ∑, ∑’Ë 25°´) 78.9 Toxnet (2008)
§«“¡Àπ“·πàπ‰Õ (Õ“°“» = 1) 3.42 Toxnet (2008)
™à«ß§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπμ‘¥‰ø‰¥â (√âÕ¬≈–„πÕ“°“») 6.2 - 16 NFPA (2002)
Henryûs law constant 1.18 × 10− 3 Toxnet (2008)
(∫√√¬“°“» × ≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√/‚¡≈)
n-octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow)
log Kow 1.48 Hansch et al. (1995)
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 §ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘∑“߇§¡’·≈–°“¬¿“æ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane
-
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 5
1,2-dichloroethane ‰¡à¡’°“√º≈‘μ„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ®÷ßμâÕßπ”‡¢â“®“°μà“ߪ√–‡∑»
°“√π”‡¢â“ 1,2-dichloroethane √–À«à“ߪï æ.». 2546-2550 ¡’ª√‘¡“≥¡“°°«à“ 220 ≈â“π
°‘‚≈°√—¡/ªï °“√π”‡¢â“ 1,2-dichloroethane „πªï æ.». 2546, 2547, 2548, 2549 ·≈–
2550 ¡’ª√‘¡“≥°“√π”‡¢â“ 247,099,835 ; 223,299,994 ; 336,125,880 ; 234,574,534
·≈– 289,153,097 °‘‚≈°√—¡ μ“¡≈”¥—∫ ®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“ª√‘¡“≥°“√π”‡¢â“„π·μà≈–ªï‰¡à§ß∑’Ë
Õ“®®–¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫ ¿“«–‡»√…∞°‘®¢Õߪ√–‡∑»„π·μà≈–ªï ∑—Èßπ’Ȫ√–‡∑»∑’Ë¡’°“√π”‡¢â“
’˪√–‡∑»À≈—° ‰¥â·°à ª√–‡∑»°“μ“√å ´“Õÿ¥‘Õ“√–‡∫’¬ À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ ·≈–Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬
‚¥¬¡’ª√‘¡“≥π”‡¢â“√«¡°—π¡“°°«à“√âÕ¬≈– 90 ¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥π”‡¢â“√«¡„π·μà≈–ªï ª√‘¡“≥
π”‡¢â“ 1,2-dichloroethane ®“°μà“ߪ√–‡∑»√–À«à“ߪï æ.». 2546 - 2550 · ¥ß„π
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 2
-
1,2-‰¥§≈Õ‚√Õ’‡∑π6
ª√‘¡“≥π”‡¢â“ (°‘‚≈°√—¡)
ª√–‡∑» 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550
°“μ“√å 20,718,244 29,503,053 55,308,942 60,990,402 58,753,286
‡°“À≈’„μâ - - - 3,252 -
´“Õÿ¥‘Õ“√–‡∫’¬ 55,919,613 68,741,232 89,487,564 51,450,229 62,000,080
‡∫≈‡¬’¬¡ - - - - 5,002,648
≠’˪ÿÉπ 17 15,733,668 15,292,004 - -
‰μâÀ«—π - - - 11,217,289 20,225,301
∫√“´‘≈ - - - 7,000,961 -
‡¬Õ√¡π’ - - - 7,812,472 67,534,505
À√“™Õ“≥“®—°√ 5,236,442 - - - -
À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ 126,587,322 82,513,753 108,404,829 56,105,115 17,702,245
‰Õ√å·≈π¥å 400 500 - - -
Õ‘À√à“π - - 5,249,836 - -
Õ‘π‡¥’¬ - - - 5,023,455 -
Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬ 38,637,797 26,807,788 62,382,554 34,971,359 57,935,032
Õ‘μ“≈’ - - 151 - -
√«¡ 247,099,835 223,299,994 336,125,880 234,574,534 289,153,097
∑’Ë¡“: °√¡»ÿ≈°“°√ (2545 - 2549)
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 2 ª√‘¡“≥π”‡¢â“ 1,2-dichloroethane ®“°μà“ߪ√–‡∑»√–À«à“ߪï æ.». 2546 - 2550
-
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 7
„π∑“ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ 1,2-dichloroethane º≈‘μ‚¥¬ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ chlorination ‚¥¬¡’
ethylene ‡ªìπ “√μ—Èßμâπ ¥—ß ¡°“√
ethylene chlorine 1,2-dichloroethane
C
Cl
HCl2+ C
Cl
HH
C
H
C
H
HH
H
-
1,2-‰¥§≈Õ‚√Õ’‡∑π8
ª√–‚¬™πå¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane ¡’¥—ßπ’È
1. ª√–‚¬™πåÀ≈—°¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane „™âº≈‘μ vinyl chloride ª√–¡“≥√âÕ¬≈–
99, 90 ·≈– 88 ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane ∑’˺≈‘μ¢÷Èπ„πª√–‡∑»·§π“¥“ À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“
·≈–≠’˪ÿÉπ „™â„π°“√º≈‘μ vinyl chloride πÕ°®“°π’È 1,2-dichloroethane ¬—ß„™â„π°“√
º≈‘μ “√‡§¡’Õ◊Ë𠇙àπ trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, vinylidine chloride ·≈–
1,1,1-trichloroethane ‡ªìπμâπ
2. „™â‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬„πÕÿμ “À°√√¡·≈–ÀâÕߪؑ∫—μ‘°“√
3. „™â‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬„ππÈ”¬“°”®—¥ ’ (paint remover) ·≈–º≈‘μ¿—≥±å∑”§«“¡ –Õ“¥
‚≈À– (metal cleaning agent)
4. „™âÕ∫‡¡≈Á¥æ◊™ (seed fumigant) ‡æ◊ËÕªÑÕß°—π°“√∑”≈“¬‚¥¬·¡≈ß
5. „™â‡ªìπ lead scavenger „ππÈ”¡—π∑’˺ ¡ “√μ–°—Ë«´÷Ëß„™â‡ªìπ “√°—ππÁÕ° (anti-
knocking agent)
-
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 9
1,2-dichloroethane ‡¢â“ Ÿà ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‰¥âÀ≈“¬∑“ß ¥—ßπ’È
1. °“√º≈‘μ·≈–°“√·∫àß∫√√®ÿ∑”„Àâ 1,2-dichloroethane ‡¢â“ Ÿà∫√√¬“°“»‰¥â √«¡∑—Èß
°“√‡°Á∫√—°…“ ·≈–°“√¢π àß Õ“®∑”„Àâ 1,2-dichloroethane ‡¢â“ Ÿà ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‰¥â®“°°“√
√—Ë«‰À≈ À√◊ÕÕÿ∫—쑇Àμÿ
2. °“√„™â ∑“ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ ÀâÕߪؑ∫—μ‘°“√ ·≈–°“√„™â‡ªìπ lead scavenger
„ππÈ”¡—π‡∫π ‘́π∑’˺ ¡ “√μ–°—Ë«‡æ◊ËÕ„™â‡ªìπ “√°—ππÁÕ°
3. °“√®—¥°“√°“°¢Õ߇ ’¬ ∫“ß·Ààß°“√®—¥°“√°“°¢Õ߇ ’¬∑’ˉ¡à∂Ÿ°μâÕß ‡™àπ °“√‡∑
1,2-dichloroethane ∑’ˇÀ≈◊Õ®“°°“√„™â„πÀâÕߪؑ∫—μ‘°“√≈ß∑àÕ√–∫“¬πÈ”‚¥¬μ√ß °“√≈â“ß
¿“™π–∫√√®ÿ 1,2-dichloroethane ·≈–πÈ”≈â“ß∑’Ë¡’ 1,2-dichloroethane ªπ‡ªóôÕπ‰À≈≈ß Ÿà
·À≈àßπÈ”‚¥¬‰¡à¡’°“√∑”≈“¬æ‘…‡∫◊ÈÕßμâπ°àÕπ °Á®–∑”„Àâ 1,2-dichloroethane ªπ‡ªóôÕπ„π
·À≈àßπÈ”
-
1,2-‰¥§≈Õ‚√Õ’‡∑π10
6.1 °“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬·≈–°“√§ß ¿“æ (loss and persistence)°“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane „πÕ“°“» ‡ªìπ°“√∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°—∫Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–
‰Œ¥√Õ°´‘≈ (hydroxyl), Õ—≈§Õ°´‘≈ (alkoxyl) ·≈–‡æÕ√Õ°´‘≈ (peroxyl) ‚¥¬°“√∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“
°—∫Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–‰Œ¥√Õ° ‘́≈‡ªìπªØ‘°‘√‘¬“À≈—°¢Õß°“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane
„πÕ“°“» °“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·∫∫„™âÕÕ°´‘‡®π (aerobic biodegradation) ‡ªìπ
ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“À≈—°¢Õß°“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane „ππÈ”„μ⥑π ·≈–¥‘π §à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ
¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane „π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡· ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 3
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3 §à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane „π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡
‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ §à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ §”Õ∏‘∫“¬
Õ“°“» 12.2 - 122 «—𠧔π«≥®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ÕÕ°´‘‡¥™—π‚¥¬· ß
(photooxidation)
πÈ”º‘«¥‘π 100 «—π - 6 ‡¥◊Õ𠧔π«≥®“°Õ—μ√“°“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬„π·¡àπÈ”
πÈ”„μ⥑π 100 «—π - 12 ‡¥◊Õ𠧔π«≥®“°μ—«Õ¬à“ߥ‘π∑’ˇ°Á∫®“°·À≈àßπÈ”
„μ⥑π ·≈–°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·∫∫„™â
ÕÕ° ‘́‡®π„ππÈ” (aqueous aerobic bio-
degradation)
¥‘π 100 «—π - 6 ‡¥◊Õ𠧔π«≥®“°°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·∫∫„™â
ÕÕ° ‘́‡®π
∑’Ë¡“: Howard et al. (1991)
-
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 11
6.2 §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ (concentrations)1,2-dichloroethane μ√«®æ∫‰¥â„π∫√√¬“°“»¢Õߪ√–‡∑»μà“ßÊ °“√»÷°…“„π
ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‚¥¬°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘… ·≈–°√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‰¥âμ√«®«‘‡§√“–Àå
À“ª√‘¡“≥ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å√–‡À¬ßà“¬ (volatile organic compounds; VOCs) √«¡∑—Èß
1,2-dichloroethane „πÕ“°“»„π‡¢μÕÿμ “À°√√¡¡“∫μ“æÿ¥ ®—ßÀ«—¥√–¬Õß √«¡ 6 ∂“π’
·≈–„π‡¢μ°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√´÷Ëß∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë»÷°…“·∫à߇ªìπ 3 ∫√‘‡«≥ §◊Õ ∫√‘‡«≥∂ππ (roadside)
5 “¬ ∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ëæ—°Õ“»—¬ (residential) 5 ·Ààß ·≈–∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’°“√√âÕ߇√’¬π‡√◊ËÕß°≈‘Ëπ
(near source) 7 ·Ààß ‚¥¬‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ß√–À«à“߇¥◊Õπ ‘ßÀ“§¡ 2549 - °√°Æ“§¡ 2550
§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ‡©≈’ˬμ≈Õ¥ªï (annual average concentration) ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane
¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 0.19 - 2.7; 0.03 - 0.10; 0.04 - 0.17 ·≈– 0.07 - 0.09 ‰¡‚§√°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√
μ“¡≈”¥—∫ º≈°“√»÷°…“· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane ∑’Ëæ∫„π‡¢μ
°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√¡’§à“μË”°«à“¡“μ√∞“πμ“¡ª√–°“»§≥–°√√¡°“√ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡·Ààß™“μ‘
©∫—∫∑’Ë 30 (æ.». 2550) ‡√◊ËÕß °”Àπ¥¡“μ√∞“π§à“ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å√–‡À¬ßà“¬„π∫√√¬“°“»
‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª„π‡«≈“ 1 ªï ´÷Ëß°”Àπ¥„Àâ¡’ 1,2-dichloroethane „π∫√√¬“°“»‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª‰¥â‰¡à‡°‘π
0.40 ‰¡‚§√°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ „π¢≥–∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ‡©≈’ˬμ≈Õ¥ªï¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane
∑’Ëæ∫„π‡¢μÕÿμ “À°√√¡¡“∫μ“æÿ¥ ®—ßÀ«—¥√–¬Õß ¡’§à“§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ‡©≈’ˬ¢Õß 1,2-dichloro-
ethane Àπ÷Ëß ∂“π’‡°‘π¡“μ√∞“π §◊Õ ¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 2.7 ‰¡‚§√°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ (PCD and
DEQP, 2008)
Ras-Mallorqui ·≈–§≥– (2007) √“¬ß“π°“√μ√«®§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å
√–‡À¬ßà“¬√«¡∑—Èß 1,2-dichloroethane „πÕ“°“»¢Õ߇¡◊Õß Tarragona ª√–‡∑» ‡ªπ
´÷Ë߇°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ß√–À«à“߇¥◊Õπ∏—𫓧¡ 2548 - ¡°√“§¡ 2549 æ∫§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß
1,2-dichloroethane ¡’§à“√–À«à“ß 0.02 - 5.5 ‰¡‚§√°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√
Ting ·≈–§≥– (2008) √“¬ß“π°“√μ√«®§ÿ≥¿“æÕ“°“»¢Õ߇¡◊Õß Beijing
ª√–‡∑»®’π „πªï æ.». 2548 æ∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ√–À«à“ß 0.7 - 2.5
‰¡‚§√°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√
Barletta ·≈–§≥– (2002) √“¬ß“π°“√μ√«®ª√‘¡“≥ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å√–‡À¬ßà“¬ ®”π«π
72 “√ √«¡∑—Èß 1,2-dichloroethane „πÕ“°“»¢Õ߇¡◊Õß Karachi ª√–‡∑»ª“°’ ∂“π
√–À«à“ß 10 ∏—𫓧¡ 2541 - 11 ¡°√“§¡ 2542 æ∫ §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane
„πÕ“°“»¡’§à“√–À«à“ß 9.18 - 120 ‰¡‚§√°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ ‚¥¬„π™à«ß∑’Ë∑”°“√»÷°…“π—Èπ
ª√–‡∑»ª“°’ ∂“π¬—ß¡’°“√„™âπÈ”¡—π‡∫π´‘π∑’Ë¡’ “√μ–°—Ë«´÷Ëß„™â‡ªìπ “√°—ππÁÕ°º ¡Õ¬Ÿà
-
1,2-‰¥§≈Õ‚√Õ’‡∑π12
·≈–πÈ”¡—π¥—ß°≈à“«¡’°“√º ¡ 1,2-dichloroethane ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ lead scavenger ®÷ß∑”„Àâ
μ√«®æ∫ 1,2-dichloroethane „πÕ“°“»∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ§àÕπ¢â“ß Ÿß
§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane „πÕ“°“»¢Õߪ√–‡∑»μà“ßÊ · ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 4
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 4 §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane „πÕ“°“»¢Õߪ√–‡∑»μà“ßÊ
ª√‘¡“≥
‡¡◊Õß/ª√–‡∑» ªï∑’Ë»÷°…“ ‰¡‚§√°√—¡/ ‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß
≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√
®—ßÀ«—¥√–¬Õß .§. 2549 - 0.19 - 2.7 PCD and DEQP
‡¢μÕÿμ “À°√√¡ °.§. 2550 (2008)
¡“∫μ“æÿ¥
°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√
∫√‘‡«≥∂ππ 5 “¬ 0.03 - 0.10
∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ëæ—°Õ“»—¬ 5 ·Ààß 0.04 - 0.17
∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’°“√√âÕ߇√’¬π 0.07 - 0.09
‡√◊ËÕß°≈‘Ëπ 7 ·Ààß
ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬
‡¡◊Õß Tarragona ∏.§. 2548 - < 0.02 - 5.5 Ras-Mallorqui et al.
ª√–‡∑» ‡ªπ ¡.§. 2549 (2007)
‡¡◊Õß Beijing ªï æ.». 2548 0.7 - 2.5 Ting et al. (2008)
ª√–‡∑»®’π
‡¡◊Õß Karachi 10 ∏.§. 2541 - 9.18 - 120 Barletta et al. (2002)
ª√–‡∑»ª“°’ ∂“π 11 ¡.§. 2542
-
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 13
6.3 °“√√—∫ “√¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å (human intake)U.S. EPA (2008a) §”π«≥§à“ oral carcinogenic potency slope (CPSo) ¢Õß
1,2-dichloroethane ®“°√“¬ß“π¢Õß National Cancer Institute (NCI, 1978) ÷́Ëß
‡ªìπ°“√»÷°…“„πÀπŸ rat “¬æ—π∏ÿå Osborne-Mendel ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπÀπŸ§«∫§ÿ¡ 1 °≈ÿà¡
·≈–ÀπŸ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane 2 °≈ÿà¡ ÀπŸ·μà≈–°≈ÿࡪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ÀπŸ‡æ»ºŸâ 50 μ—«
·≈–ÀπŸ‡æ»‡¡’¬ 50 μ—« ‚¥¬„Àâ 1,2-dichloroethane ∑“ߪ“°·°àÀπŸ∑¥≈Õߥ—ß°≈à“«„πª√‘¡“≥
47 ·≈– 95 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π μ“¡≈”¥—∫ ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 78 —ª¥“Àå º≈°“√»÷°…“
μ√«®æ∫¡–‡√ÁߢÕß°√–‡æ“–Õ“À“√ à«πμâπ (forestomach squamous-cell carcinoma)
·≈–¡–‡√ÁߢÕߺπ—߇ âπ‡≈◊Õ¥ (circulatory system hemangiosarcoma) „πÀπŸ‡æ»ºŸâ
·≈–æ∫¡–‡√Á߇μâ“π¡ (mammary adenocarcinoma) „πÀπŸ‡æ»‡¡’¬
U.S. EPA (2008a) „™â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√ÁߢÕߺπ—߇ âπ‡≈◊Õ¥„πÀπŸ‡æ»ºŸâ ”À√—∫
§”π«≥§à“ oral carcinogenic potency slope (CPSo) ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane
‚¥¬„™â linearized multistage model CPSo ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane ¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫
9.1 × 10− 2 (¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π)− 1 (¥Ÿ√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥‡√◊ËÕß°“√ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡‡ ’ˬß
„π¿“§ºπ«° 2)
°“√‰¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ¢Õߪ√–™“™π®“° ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡
ª√–™“™π “¡“√∂‰¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ®“° ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ¥—ßπ’È
1. Õ“°“» ‡ªìπ«‘∏’À≈—°∑’˪√–™“™π‰¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ®“° ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡
‡π◊ËÕß®“° 1,2-dichloroethane √–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‰¥â¥’ ª√–™“™π°≈ÿࡇ ’ˬ߮“°°“√‰¥â√—∫
1,2-dichloroethane ®πÕ“®‡°‘¥º≈°√–∑∫μàÕ ÿ¢¿“æÕπ“¡—¬ ‰¥â·°à
- §πß“π„π‚√ßß“πº≈‘μ 1,2-dichloroethane ·≈–‚√ßß“πÕÿμ “À°√√¡∑’Ë„™â
1,2-dichloroethane ‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬·≈–º≈‘μ “√‡§¡’Õ◊Ëπ
- ª√–™“™π∑’Ë„™âº≈‘μ¿—≥±å∑’Ë¡’ 1,2-dichloroethane ‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬º ¡Õ¬Ÿà
‡™àπ πÈ”¬“°”®—¥ ’ ·≈–º≈‘μ¿—≥±å∑”§«“¡ –Õ“¥‚≈À–
- π—°«‘∑¬“»“ μ√åμ≈Õ¥®ππ—°«‘®—¬∑’ËμâÕß„™â 1,2-dichloroethane ª√‘¡“≥¡“°
„πÀâÕߪؑ∫—μ‘°“√
2. πÈ”¥◊Ë¡ ª√–™“™π¡’‚Õ°“ ‰¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ®“°°“√∫√‘‚¿§πÈ”‰¥â„π
ª√‘¡“≥∑’ËμË”¡“° ·¡â«à“ 1,2-dichloroethane ≈–≈“¬πÈ”‰¥â°Áμ“¡ ‡π◊ËÕß®“° 1,2-dichloro-
ethane ¡’°≈‘Ëπ ∂â“πÈ”¡’ 1,2-dichloroethane ªπ‡ªóôÕπ ª√–™“™π®–ªØ‘‡ ∏°“√¥◊Ë¡πÈ”∑’Ë
ªπ‡ªóôÕππ—Èπ
-
1,2-‰¥§≈Õ‚√Õ’‡∑π14
7.1 °“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·≈–°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ√Ÿª‚¥¬™’«¿“æ(biodegradation and biotransformation)°“√»÷°…“„πÀâÕߪؑ∫—μ‘°“√ æ∫«à“ 1,2-dichloroethane ∂Ÿ°¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ
‰¥â∑—Èß·∫∫„™âÕÕ°´‘‡®π·≈–‰¡à„™âÕÕ°´‘‡®π Tabak ·≈–§≥– (1981) √“¬ß“π«à“ 1,2-
dichloroethane ∂Ÿ°¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·∫∫„™âÕÕ°´‘‡®π‰¥â√âÕ¬≈– 20 - 63 ¿“¬„π 7 «—π
Bouwer ·≈– McCarty (1983) √“¬ß“πº≈°“√»÷°…“„πÀâÕߪؑ∫—μ‘°“√æ∫«à“ °“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬
1,2-dichloroethane ‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·∫∫‰¡à„™âÕÕ°´‘‡®π‰¥â°ä“´ carbon dioxide π—Èπ oxygen
„π‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈¢Õß°ä“´ carbon dioxide ‰¥â¡“®“° “√∑’Ë‡μ‘¡≈ß„πÕ“À“√‡≈’Ȭ߇™◊ÈÕ ‡™àπ sodium
acetate
·∫§∑’‡√’¬„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’Ëæ∫«à“ “¡“√∂¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬ 1,2-dichloroethane ‰¥â·°à
Ancylobacter aquaticus, Methylosinus trichosporium ·≈– Xanthobacter
autotrophicus (Oldenhuis et al., 1989; Van den Wijngaard et al., 1992; Janssen
et al., 1985)
7.2 °“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬· ß (photodegradation)1,2-dichloroethane “¡“√∂¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ß∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬“«§≈◊ËππâÕ¬°«à“ 290 π“‚π‡¡μ√
¥—ßπ—Èπ 1,2-dichloroethane „π∫√√¬“°“»™—Èπ troposphere ®÷߉¡à∂Ÿ°¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬
· ß·¥¥´÷Ëß¡’§«“¡¬“«§≈◊Ëπ¡“°°«à“ 290 π“‚π‡¡μ√ (Environment Canada, 1994)
7.3 °“√·μ° ≈“¬¥â«¬πÈ” (hydrolysis)ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°“√·μ° ≈“¬¥â«¬πÈ”¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane ‡°‘¥‰¥â™â“¡“° ¡’§à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ
∑’Ë pH 7 ·≈–Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 25°´ ‡∑à“°—∫ 72 ªï (Barbash and Reinhard, 1989) º≈º≈‘μ¢Õß
ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ §◊Õ vinyl chloride ·≈– 2-chloroethanol (Jeffers et al., 1989)
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1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 15
7.4 °“√√«¡μ—« (sorption) —¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘Ï°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫„π¥‘π (Koc) ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane ´÷Ëߧ”π«≥®“°§à“
log Kow ¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 33 · ¥ß«à“ 1,2-dichloroethane √«¡μ—«°—∫¥‘π‰¥â‡æ’¬ß‡≈Á°πâÕ¬
®÷ß “¡“√∂‡§≈◊ËÕπμ—«„π¥‘π‰¥â¥’
7.5 °“√°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ (evaporation)1,2-dichloroethane ¡’§à“ Henryûs law constant ‡∑à“°—∫ 1.18 × 10− 3 ∫√√¬“°“»
× ≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√/‚¡≈ · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ 1,2-dichloroethane ∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ„π·À≈àßπÈ”√–‡À¬
°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‰¥â¥’¡“° ®“°°“√§”π«≥‚¥¬„™â·∫∫®”≈Õß∑“ߧ≥‘μ»“ μ√å 1,2-dichloroethane
∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ„π·¡àπÈ”∑’Ë¡’§«“¡≈÷° 1 ‡¡μ√ πÈ”‰À≈¥â«¬§«“¡‡√Á« 1 ‡¡μ√/«‘π“∑’ ·≈–§«“¡‡√Á«≈¡
‡Àπ◊Õ·¡àπÈ”‡∑à“°—∫ 3 ‡¡μ√/«‘π“∑’ ¡’§à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ¢Õß°“√√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‡∑à“°—∫ 4 ™—Ë«‚¡ß
”À√—∫·À≈àßπÈ”∑’ËπÈ”‰À≈™â“·≈–≈¡æ—¥§àÕπ¢â“ߙⓠ1,2-dichloroethane ®–√–‡À¬°≈“¬
‡ªìπ‰Õ‰¥âÕ¬à“ß™â“Ê ®“°°“√§”π«≥‚¥¬„™â·∫∫®”≈Õß∑–‡≈ “∫∑’Ë¡’§«“¡≈÷° 1 ‡¡μ√ πÈ”‰À≈
¥â«¬§«“¡‡√Á« 0.05 ‡¡μ√/«‘π“∑’ ·≈–§«“¡‡√Á«≈¡‡Àπ◊Õ∑–‡≈ “∫‡∑à“°—∫ 0.5 ‡¡μ√/«‘π“∑’
§à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ¢Õß°“√√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane ¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 4 «—π (Lyman
et al., 1990)
7.6 °“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ÕÕ°´‘‡¥™—π (oxidation)1,2-dichloroethane „πÕ“°“»∂Ÿ°ÕÕ° ‘́‰¥ å‚¥¬Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–‰Œ¥√Õ° ‘́≈‰¥â formyl
chloride, chloroacetyl chloride, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide ·≈– hydrochloric
acid ‚¥¬¡’§à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ‡∑à“°—∫ 12.2 - 122 «—π 1,2-dichloroethane ∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°—∫‚Õ‚´π
„π∫√√¬“°“»™—Èπ stratosphere ‰¥âπâÕ¬¡“° §◊Õ ¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π‡æ’¬ß
0.001 ‡∑à“‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫ CFC-11 (trichlorofluoromethane) (Spence and Hanst, 1978)
7.7 °“√»÷°…“√Ÿª·∫∫∑“ß√–∫∫𑇫» (model ecosystem studies)1,2-dichloroethane ∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ„π·À≈àßπÈ”√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‰¥â¥’¡“° ∑”„Àâ
1,2-dichloroethane ªπ‡ªóôÕπ„π·À≈àßπÈ”πâÕ¬ 1,2-dichloroethane ¡’æ‘…‡©’¬∫æ≈—πμàÕ
—μ«åπÈ”πâÕ¬¡“° ·≈– – ¡„π —μ«åπÈ”‰¥â‡æ’¬ß‡≈Á°πâÕ¬‡∑à“π—Èπ 1,2-dichloroethane ®÷ß¡’
º≈μàÕ√–∫∫𑇫»πâÕ¬¡“°
-
1,2-‰¥§≈Õ‚√Õ’‡∑π16
1,2-dichloroethane √–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‰¥â¥’ ¡’§à“§«“¡¥—π‰Õ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 25°´
‡∑à“°—∫ 78.9 ¡‘≈≈‘‡¡μ√ª√Õ∑ ¥—ßπ—Èπ 1,2-dichloroethane à«π„À≠à∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ„πÕ“°“»®÷ß
Õ¬Ÿà„π√Ÿª¢Õ߉Õ√–‡À¬ °“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane „πÕ“°“»‡ªìπ°“√∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“
°—∫Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–‰Œ¥√Õ° ‘́≈‚¥¬¡’· ߇ªìπμ—«‡√àߪؑ°‘√‘¬“ º≈º≈‘μ¢Õߪؑ°‘√‘¬“ §◊Õ formyl
chloride, chloroacetyl chloride, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide ·≈– hydrochloric
acid ‡π◊ËÕß®“° 1,2-dichloroethane ≈–≈“¬πÈ”‰¥â¥’ ¥—ßπ—Èπ 1,2-dichloroethane „πÕ“°“»
®÷ß∂Ÿ°™–‚¥¬§«“¡™◊Èπ„πÕ“°“»·≈–Ωπ≈ß Ÿà·À≈àßπÈ”º‘«¥‘π·≈–¥‘π
°“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane ∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ„π·À≈àßπÈ” à«π„À≠à‡ªìπ°“√√–‡À¬
°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ ´÷Ëß· ¥ß‰¥â®“°§à“ Henryûs law constant ‡∑à“°—∫ 1.18 × 10− 3 ∫√√¬“°“» ×
≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√/‚¡≈ ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°“√·μ° ≈“¬¥â«¬πÈ”¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane ‡°‘¥‰¥â™â“¡“°
º≈º≈‘μ¢Õߪؑ°‘√‘¬“ §◊Õ vinyl chloride ·≈– 2-chloroethanol °“√»÷°…“„πÀâÕߪؑ∫—μ‘°“√
æ∫«à“ 1,2-dichloroethane „ππÈ”∂Ÿ°¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“扥â∑—Èß·∫∫„™âÕÕ°´‘‡®π·≈–‰¡à„™â
ÕÕ° ‘́‡®π 1,2-dichloroethane – ¡„π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ„ππÈ”‰¥â‡æ’¬ß‡≈Á°πâÕ¬ ¡’§à“ biocon-
centration factor (BCF) „πª≈“ bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) ‡∑à“°—∫ 2
(Barrows et al., 1980)
1,2-dichloroethane √–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‰¥â¥’ ¥—ßπ—Èπ 1,2-dichloroethane ∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ
„π¥‘π∑’Ë¡’§«“¡™◊ÈπμË” ∫“ß à«π®÷ß√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ°≈—∫‡¢â“ Ÿà∫√√¬“°“» 1,2-dichloroethane
√«¡μ—«°—∫¥‘π‰¥â‡æ’¬ß‡≈Á°πâÕ¬ ¥—ßπ—Èπ 1,2-dichloroethane ®÷ß∂Ÿ°™–≈ß ŸàπÈ”„μ⥑π‰¥â
1,2-dichloroethane „π¥‘π¬—ß∂Ÿ°¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·∫∫„™âÕÕ° ‘́‡®π‰¥âÕ¬à“ß™â“Ê
°“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane „ππÈ”„μ⥑π à«π„À≠à‡ªìπ°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ
·∫∫„™âÕÕ°´‘‡®π
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1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 17
9.1 °“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡ (absorption)1,2-dichloroethane ¥Ÿ¥´÷¡‰¥âÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«®“°√–∫∫∑“߇¥‘πÕ“À“√ °“√»÷°…“„π
ÀπŸ rat ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ∑“ߪ“°ª√‘¡“≥ 25, 50 ·≈– 150 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/
°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—« ‡æ’¬ß§√—È߇¥’¬«°Á “¡“√∂μ√«®æ∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ª√‘¡“≥ Ÿß ÿ¥
„π‡≈◊Õ¥‰¥â„π‡«≈“‡æ’¬ß 10 - 15 π“∑’À≈—߉¥â√—∫ “√ (Reitz et al., 1982)
1,2-dichloroethane ¥Ÿ¥´÷¡‰¥âÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«®“°√–∫∫∑“߇¥‘πÀ“¬„® ÀπŸ rat ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫
1,2-dichloroethane ‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 600 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ ‡ªìπ‡«≈“
6 ™—Ë«‚¡ß “¡“√∂μ√«®æ∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ª√‘¡“≥ Ÿß ÿ¥„π‡≈◊Õ¥‰¥â„π‡«≈“ 1 - 2 ™—Ë«‚¡ß
À≈—߉¥â√—∫ “√ (Reitz et al., 1982)
9.2 °“√·æ√à°√–®“¬ (distribution)°“√»÷°…“„π¡πÿ…¬å·≈– —μ«å∑¥≈Õß æ∫«à“ 1,2-dichloroethane ∑’Ë¥Ÿ¥´÷¡·≈â«®–·æ√à
°√–®“¬‰ª∑—Ë«√à“ß°“¬ °“√»÷°…“„πÀπŸ rat ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ∑“ߪ“°ª√‘¡“≥
25, 50 ·≈– 150 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—« ‡æ’¬ß§√—È߇¥’¬« æ∫«à“ 1,2-dichloroethane
à«π„À≠à·æ√à°√–®“¬‰ª∑’ˇπ◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ‰¢¡—π·≈–μ—∫ ´÷Ëß®–æ∫ª√‘¡“≥ 1,2-dichloroethane
Ÿß ÿ¥„πμ—∫æ∫‰¥â„π‡«≈“‡æ’¬ß 10 π“∑’ À≈—߉¥â√—∫ “√ §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane
„πμ—∫ Ÿß°«à“∑’Ëæ∫„π‡≈◊Õ¥ 1.3 - 2.2 ‡∑à“ ·≈–¬—ßμ√«®æ∫ª√‘¡“≥ 1,2-dichloroethane Ÿß ÿ¥
„π‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ‰¢¡—π„π‡«≈“‡æ’¬ß 45 - 60 π“∑’À≈—߉¥â√—∫ “√ §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß 1,2-dichloro-
ethane „π‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ‰¢¡—π Ÿß°«à“∑’Ëæ∫„π‡≈◊Õ¥ 3.9 - 8.3 ‡∑à“ (Spreafico et al., 1980)
9.3 °“√ – ¡„π√à“ß°“¬ (bioconcentration)1,2-dichloroethane ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫‚¥¬°“√°‘πÀ√◊Õ‚¥¬°“√À“¬„®®– – ¡„π√à“ß°“¬‡æ’¬ß
‡≈Á°πâÕ¬‡∑à“π—Èπ à«π„À≠à∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°∑“ßªí “«– ·≈–¡’‡æ’¬ß∫“ß à«π∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°∑“ß≈¡À“¬„®
·≈–Õÿ®®“√– ¥—ß√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥„πÀ—«¢âÕ 9.5 °“√¢—∫ÕÕ°®“°√à“ß°“¬ (excretion)
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1,2-‰¥§≈Õ‚√Õ’‡∑π18
9.4 ‡¡∑μ“‚∫≈‘´÷¡ (metabolism)1,2-dichloroethane ∂Ÿ°‡¡∑μ“‚∫‰≈ å‚¥¬ 2 «‘∂’ (pathway) §◊Õ
1. ∂Ÿ°ÕÕ°´‘‰¥ å‚¥¬‡Õπ‰´¡å cytochrome P-450 ‰¥â‡ªìπ 2-chloroacetaldehyde
·≈– 2-chloroethanol ∑—Èßπ’È 2-chloroacetaldehyde ®–∂Ÿ°ÕÕ° ‘́‰¥ åμàÕ‰¥â 2-chloroacetic
acid ∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°∑“ßªí “«– ”À√—∫ 2-chloroethanol ®–√«¡μ—«°—∫ glutathione ·≈–
∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°∑“ßªí “«–„π√Ÿª¢Õß N-acetyl-S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine ·≈–
thiodiglycolic acid
2. √«¡μ—«°—∫ glutathione ‚¥¬¡’‡Õπ‰´¡å glutathione-S-transferase ‡ªìπμ—«‡√àß
ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‰¥â S-(2-chloroethyl)-glutathione ÷́Ëß®–∂Ÿ°‡¡∑μ“‚∫‰≈ åμàÕ·≈–¢—∫ÕÕ°∑“ß
ªí “«–„π√Ÿª¢Õß S,Sû-ethene bis-L-cysteine (IPCS, 1995)
9.5 °“√¢—∫ÕÕ°®“°√à“ß°“¬ (excretion)1,2-dichloroethane à«π„À≠à∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°®“°√à“ß°“¬∑“ßªí “«– °“√»÷°…“„π
ÀπŸ rat ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ∑“ߪ“°ª√‘¡“≥ 150 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«
À√◊Õ‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 600 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 6 ™—Ë«‚¡ß æ∫«à“
¿“¬„π 48 ™—Ë«‚¡ßÀ≈—߉¥â√—∫ “√ 1,2-dichloroethane ®–∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°∑“ßªí “«–„π√Ÿª¢Õß
‡¡∑μ“‚∫‰≈∑å ∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°∑“ß≈¡À“¬„®„π√Ÿª¢Õß°ä“´ carbon dioxide ∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°∑“ß
Õÿ®®“√–„π√Ÿª¢Õ߇¡∑μ“‚∫‰≈∑å ·≈–μ°§â“ß„π√à“ß°“¬ §‘¥‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– 84, 7 - 8, 2 ·≈– 4
¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥ 1,2-dichloroethane ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫ μ“¡≈”¥—∫ (Reitz et al., 1982)
°“√»÷°…“„πÀπŸ rat æ∫«à“ 1,2-dichloroethane “¡“√∂ºà“π√°‡¢â“ Ÿàμ—«ÕàÕπ„π§√√¿å
·≈–∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°∑“ßπÈ”π¡‰¥â (IPCS, 1995)
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1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 19
1,2-dichloroethane ¡’æ‘…‡©’¬∫æ≈—ππâÕ¬μàÕ —μ«å‡≈’Ȭß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡‚¥¬°“√„Àâ∑“ß
ª“°·≈–‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡ §à“ LD50 ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane „πÀπŸ rat ÀπŸ mouse ·≈–
°√–μà“¬ ¡’§à“„°≈⇧’¬ß°—π §◊Õ 680, 870 - 950 ·≈– 860 - 970 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«
μ“¡≈”¥—∫ Õ¬à“߉√°Á¥’ Munson ·≈–§≥– (1982) √“¬ß“π§à“ LD50 ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane
„πÀπŸ mouse ∑’ËμË”°«à“ §◊Õ ¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 489 ·≈– 413 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«
”À√—∫ÀπŸ‡æ»ºŸâ·≈–‡æ»‡¡’¬ ÿπ—¢‡ªìπ —μ«å‡≈’Ȭß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‰«μàÕæ‘…‡©’¬∫æ≈—π¢Õß
1,2-dichloroethane πâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥ §◊Õ ¡’§à“ LD50 ‡∑à“°—∫ 2,500 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«
§à“ LD50 ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane „π —μ«å‡≈’Ȭß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡· ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 5
§à“ LC50 ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane ‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡∑’Ë 6 ™—Ë«‚¡ß „πÀπŸ rat ‡∑à“°—∫
5,100 - 6,660 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ ÀπŸ mouse ¡’§«“¡‰«μàÕæ‘…‡©’¬∫æ≈—π‚¥¬°“√
Ÿ¥¥¡¡“°°«à“ÀπŸ rat §◊Õ §à“ LC50 ∑’Ë 6 ™—Ë«‚¡ß ‡∑à“°—∫ 1,060 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√
§à“ LC50 ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane „π —μ«å‡≈’Ȭß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡· ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 6
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1,2-‰¥§≈Õ‚√Õ’‡∑π20
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 5 §à“ LD50 ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane „π —μ«å‡≈’Ȭß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 6 §à“ LC50 ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane „π —μ«å‡≈’Ȭß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡
LD50 ªï™’ å
«‘∏’(¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡ ‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßՑ߆
†‰¥â√—∫ “√
πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«) †
ÀπŸ rat ∑“ߪ“° 680 McCollister et al. (1956)
ÀπŸ mouse ∑“ߪ“° 870 - 950 Larson et al. (1985)
ÀπŸ mouse ‡æ»ºŸâ ∑“ߪ“° 489 Munson et al. (1982)
‡æ»‡¡’¬ 413
°√–μà“¬ ∑“ߪ“° 860 - 970 Larson et al. (1985)
ÿπ—¢ ∑“ߪ“° 2,500 Barsoum and Saad (1934)
ÀπŸ rat ©’¥‡¢â“™àÕß∑âÕß 807 Lewis (1996)
ÀπŸ mouse ©’¥‡¢â“™àÕß∑âÕß 370 Hayes and Laws (1991)
ÀπŸ rat ©’¥‡¢â“„μ⺑«Àπ—ß 700 Hayes and Laws (1991)
√–¬–‡«≈“‰¥â√—∫ “√LC50
ªï™’ å(™—Ë«‚¡ß)
(¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/ ‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßՑ߆
† † ≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√) †
˹٠rat 6 6,660 Bonnet et al. (1980)
6 5,100 Spencer et al. (1951)
˹٠mouse 6 1,060 Gradiski et al. (1978)
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1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 21
11.1 ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“∑“ß™’«‡§¡’ (biochemical interactions)„π¡πÿ…¬å°“√‰¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ®“°°“√°‘πÀ√◊Õ°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡ ∑”„Àâ√–¥—∫
‡Õπ‰´¡åÀ≈“¬™π‘¥„π‡≈◊Õ¥‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ‰¥â·°à serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase
(SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), lactate dehydrogenase,
creatinine phosphokinase ·≈– ornitine carbamoyl transaminase ÷́Ë߇ªìπº≈¡“®“°
1,2-dichloroethane ∑”≈“¬‡´≈≈åμ—∫ ®÷ß∑”„Àâ‡Õπ‰´¡å¥—ß°≈à“«∂Ÿ°ª≈àÕ¬‡¢â“ Ÿà°√–· ‡≈◊Õ¥
(Nouchi et al., 1984)
11.2 °“√‡ªìπ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß (carcinogenicity)°“√»÷°…“„π —μ«å∑¥≈Õßæ∫«à“ 1,2-dichloroethane °àÕ„À⇰‘¥¡–‡√Áß„πÕ«—¬«–
μà“ßÊ °“√»÷°…“„πÀπŸ rat “¬æ—π∏ÿå Sprague-Dawley ·≈–ÀπŸ mouse “¬æ—π∏ÿå Swiss
∑—Èß Õ߇滉¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 20, 40, 202 ·≈–
607 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ 7 ™—Ë«‚¡ß/«—π 5 «—π/ —ª¥“Àå ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 78 —ª¥“Àå æ∫«à“
ÀπŸ rat ‡æ»‡¡’¬‡°‘¥¡–‡√Á߇μâ“π¡ (mammary fibroademona)
°“√»÷°…“„πÀπŸ rat “¬æ—π∏ÿå Osborne-Mendel ∑—Èß Õ߇滉¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloro-
ethane ∑“ߪ“°ª√‘¡“≥ 47 ·≈– 95 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π 5 «—π/ —ª¥“Àå ‡ªìπ‡«≈“
78 —ª¥“Àå ª√“°Ø«à“ μ√«®æ∫¡–‡√Áß°√–‡æ“–Õ“À“√ à«πμâπ (forestomach squamous
cell carcinoma) „πÀπŸ‡æ»ºŸâ ¡–‡√Á߇μâ“π¡ (adenocarcinoma of the mammary gland)
„πÀπŸ‡æ»‡¡’¬ ·≈–¡–‡√Á߇ âπ‡≈◊Õ¥ (haemangiosarcoma) „πÕ«—¬«–μà“ßÊ „πÀπŸ∑—Èß Õ߇æ»
1,2-dichloroethane ‡ªìπ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß„π —μ«å∑¥≈ÕßÀ≈“¬ ªï™’ å ·μà¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈°“√
‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß„π¡πÿ…¬å¡’®”°—¥¡“° ¥—ßπ—Èπ International Agency for Research on Cancer
®÷ß°”Àπ¥„Àâ 1,2-dichloroethane ‡ªìπ “√„π Group 2B (possibly carcinogenic to
humans) (IARC, 2008)
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1,2-‰¥§≈Õ‚√Õ’‡∑π22
11.3 °“√‡ªìπ “√°àÕ‡°‘¥°“√°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿå (mutagenicity)°“√»÷°…“°“√°àÕ‡°‘¥°“√°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿå¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane ‚¥¬ Ames test
∑’Ë„™â·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Salmonella Typhimurium ¡’º≈¢—¥·¬âß°—π ·≈–¬—߉¡à “¡“√∂ √ÿªº≈‰¥â
Õ¬à“ß™—¥‡®π
Brem ·≈–§≥– (1974) √“¬ß“π«à“ 1,2-dichloroethane ‡ªìπ “√°àÕ‡°‘¥°“√
°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿå„π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Salmonella Typhimurium “¬æ—π∏ÿå TA 1530, TA 1535 ·≈–
TA 1538 „π°“√∑¥ Õ∫∑’Ë¡’‡Õπ‰´¡å®“°μ—∫ÀπŸ™à«¬„π°√–∫«π°“√‡¡∑μ“‚∫≈‘´÷¡
King ·≈–§≥– (1979) æ∫«à“ 1,2-dichloroethane ‰¡à‡ªìπ “√°àÕ‡°‘¥°“√
°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿå„π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Salmonella Typhimurium “¬æ—π∏ÿå TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535,
TA 1537 ·≈– TA 1538 „π°“√∑¥ Õ∫∑’ˉ¡à¡’‡Õπ‰´¡å®“°μ—∫ÀπŸ™à«¬„π°√–∫«π°“√
‡¡∑μ“‚∫≈‘´÷¡
Principe ·≈–§≥– (1981) √“¬ß“π«à“ 1,2-dichloroethane ‰¡à‡ªìπ “√°àÕ‡°‘¥
°“√°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿå„π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Salmonella Typhimurium “¬æ—π∏ÿå TA 98, TA 100, TA 1537
·≈– TA 1538 „π°“√∑¥ Õ∫∑’Ë¡’À√◊Õ‰¡à¡’‡Õπ‰´¡å®“°μ—∫ÀπŸ™à«¬„π°√–∫«π°“√‡¡∑μ“‚∫-
≈‘́ ÷¡
°“√»÷°…“‚¥¬„™â·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Escherichia coli “¬æ—π∏ÿå K12/343/113 æ∫«à“
1,2-dichloroethane ‰¡à‡ªìπ “√°àÕ‡°‘¥°“√°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿå„π°“√∑¥ Õ∫∑’Ë¡’·≈–‰¡à¡’‡Õπ‰´¡å
®“°μ—∫ÀπŸ™à«¬„π°√–∫«π°“√‡¡∑μ“‚∫≈‘´÷¡ (King et al., 1979)
°“√»÷°…“‚¥¬„™â‡´≈≈å¢Õß —μ«å‡≈’Ȭß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡ æ∫«à“ 1,2-dichloroethane ‡ªìπ
“√°àÕ‡°‘¥°“√°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿå„π°“√»÷°…“∑’Ë„™â‡´≈≈åÀπŸ hamster CHO/HGPRT ·≈– ‡´≈≈å
¡πÿ…¬å human lymphoblast MCL-5 (Tan and Hsie, 1981; Doherty et al., 1996)
11.4 °“√‡ √‘¡æ‘…/°“√μâ“πæ‘… (potentiation/antagonism)1,2-dichloroethane ∂Ÿ°ÕÕ° ‘́‰¥ å‚¥¬‡Õπ‰´¡å cytochrome P-450 ‰¥â‡ªìπ
2-chloroacetaldehyde ·≈– 2-chloroethanol ‡¡∑μ“‚∫‰≈∑å∑—Èß Õß®–∂Ÿ°‡¡∑μ“‚∫‰≈ å
μàÕ·≈–∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°∑“ßªí “«– ́ ÷Ë߇ªìπ°√–∫«π°“√¢—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ÕÕ°®“°√à“ß°“¬
°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√∑’Ë “¡“√∂¬—∫¬—È߇Õπ‰´¡å cytochrome P-450 ®–∑”„Àâ 1,2-dichloroethane
∂Ÿ°‡¡∑μ“‚∫‰≈ å·≈–∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°πâÕ¬≈ß
°“√»÷°…“„πÀπŸ rat “¬æ—π∏ÿå Sprague-Dawley ‰¥â√—∫ disulfuram ∑’˺ ¡„π
Õ“À“√§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 1.5 °√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡Õ“À“√ ·≈–‰¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ‚¥¬°“√©’¥
‡¢â“™àÕß∑âÕߪ√‘¡“≥ 150 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—𠇪ìπ‡«≈“ 30 «—𠧫“¡‡ªìπæ‘…
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1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 23
∑’Ëæ∫¡’ Õߪ√–°“√ §◊Õ ÀπŸ¡’πÈ”Àπ—°μ—∫‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’°“√ – ¡¢Õ߉¢¡—π„πμ—∫‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ
‡°‘¥‡ªìπ fatty acid ÷́Ëßπ—∫‡ªìπÕ“°“√‡∫◊ÈÕßμâπ¢Õߧ«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…¢Õß “√‡§¡’μàÕμ—∫ ·≈–
ÀπŸ¡’πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«≈¥≈ß ‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫ÀπŸ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫ disulfuram À√◊Õ 1,2-dichloroethane
‡æ’¬ß “√‡¥’¬« ∑—Èßπ’ȇæ√“– disulfuram ´÷Ëß„™â‡ªìπ¬“√—°…“Õ“°“√‡¡“®“°°“√¥◊Ë¡ ÿ√“
“¡“√∂¬—∫¬—È߇Õπ‰´¡å cytochrome P-450 „πμ—∫‰¥â ®÷ß∑”„Àâ 1,2-dichloroethane
∂Ÿ°‡¡∑μ“‚∫‰≈ å·≈–∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°®“°√à“ß°“¬πâÕ¬≈ß ∑”„Àâ¡’ 1,2-dichloroethane Õ¬Ÿà„π
√à“ß°“¬¡“°®π‡°‘¥æ‘…μàÕμ—∫ (Igwe et al., 1986)
°“√»÷°…“¥—ß°≈à“« “¡“√∂π”¡“„™â‡ªìπ¢âÕ§«√√–«—ß ”À√—∫§πß“π∑’Ë∑”ß“π„π
‚√ßß“π À√◊Õ∫ÿ§≈“°√∑’Ë∑”ß“π„πÀâÕߪؑ∫—μ‘°“√∑’ËμâÕß„™â 1,2-dichloroethane ‡ªìπª√–®”
§«√√–«—߉¡à„™â¬“ disulfuram Õ¬à“ßμàÕ‡π◊ËÕ߇ªìπ‡«≈“π“π ‡æ√“–Õ“®∑”„Àâ¡’ª√‘¡“≥
1,2-dichloroethane „π‡≈◊Õ¥‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ®π‡°‘¥Õ—πμ√“¬μàÕμ—∫‰¥â
11.5 §«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…μàÕ√–∫∫ª√– “∑ (neurotoxicity)„π¡πÿ…¬å 1,2-dichloroethane ¡’ƒ∑∏‘Ï°¥ª√– “∑ à«π°≈“ß (CNS depression)
Õ“°“√æ‘…®“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ®“°°“√°‘πÀ√◊Õ°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡¡’≈—°…≥–§≈⓬°—π
§◊Õ ª«¥»’√…– ¡÷πßß ÕàÕπ‡æ≈’¬ °≈â“¡‡π◊ÈÕ‡°√Áß Õ“‡®’¬π À¡¥ μ‘ ∂Ⓣ¥â√—∫ª√‘¡“≥¡“°
Õ“®‡ ’¬™’«‘쉥â (IPCS, 1995)
11.6 °“√√–§“¬‡§◊Õ߇∫◊ÈÕßμâπ (primary irritation)°“√‰¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡®–∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√√–§“¬‡§◊ÕßμàÕ
√–∫∫∑“߇¥‘πÀ“¬„®
°“√‰¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ∑“ߺ‘«Àπ—ß®–∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√√–§“¬‡§◊Õß ‡°‘¥º◊Ëπ
·¥ß ·≈–·º≈æÿæÕß ∂Ⓣ¥â√—∫‡ªìπ‡«≈“π“π ®–∑”„À⺑«Àπ—߉À¡â (burn) ‰¥â ‰Õ√–‡À¬¢Õß
1,2-dichloroethane ∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√√–§“¬‡§◊ÕßμàÕμ“ ·≈–∂Ⓣ¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane
∑’ˇªìπ¢Õ߇À≈«∑’Ëμ“®–∑”„Àâ쓇°‘¥°“√√–§“¬‡§◊ÕßÕ¬à“ß√ÿπ·√ß
°“√‰¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ‚¥¬°“√°‘π®–∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√√–§“¬‡§◊ÕßμàÕ√–∫∫
∑“߇¥‘πÕ“À“√ ¡’Õ“°“√§≈◊Ëπ‰ â Õ“‡®’¬π ·≈–∑âÕ߇ ’¬ (°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘…, 2550)
11.7 º≈μàÕ°“√æ—≤π“¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ (embryotropic action)°“√»÷°…“„π —μ«å∑¥≈Õß æ∫«à“ 1,2-dichloroethane ‰¡à¡’º≈μàÕ°“√æ—≤π“¢Õß
μ—«ÕàÕπ °“√»÷°…“„π·¡àÀπŸ rat ·≈–·¡à°√–μà“¬´÷Ë߉¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡
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1,2-‰¥§≈Õ‚√Õ’‡∑π24
∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 405 ·≈– 1,215 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ 7 ™—Ë«‚¡ß/«—π √–À«à“ß«—π∑’Ë 6 - 15
¢Õß°“√μ—Èß∑âÕß ”À√—∫ÀπŸ ·≈–√–À«à“ß«—π∑’Ë 6 - 18 ¢Õß°“√μ—Èß∑âÕß ”À√—∫°√–μà“¬ º≈°“√
»÷°…“°“√æ—≤π“¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπÀπŸ·≈–°√–μà“¬„π«—π∑’Ë 16 ·≈– 19 ¢Õß°“√μ—Èß∑âÕß μ“¡≈”¥—∫
ª√“°Ø«à“ ‰¡àæ∫§«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘„¥Ê „πμ—«ÕàÕπ¢ÕßÀπŸ·≈–°√–μà“¬ ‚¥¬æ“√“¡‘‡μÕ√å∑’Ë»÷°…“
§◊Õ ¢π“¥¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ ®”π«πμ—«ÕàÕπ/§√Õ° ®”π«πμ—«ÕàÕπ∑’Ë쓬·≈–∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥°≈—∫‡¢â“ºπ—ß¡¥≈Ÿ°
(resorption)/§√Õ° ·≈–°“√æ—≤𓂧√ß √â“ߢÕßμ—«ÕàÕπ (Rao et al., 1980)
11.8 §«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…μàÕ¿Ÿ¡‘§ÿâ¡°—π (immunotoxicity)°“√»÷°…“„π°√–μà“¬ ·≈–ÀπŸ mouse æ∫«à“ 1,2-dichloroethane ¡’ƒ∑∏‘Ï°¥
√–∫∫¿Ÿ¡‘§ÿâ¡°—π™π‘¥ humoral immunity À√◊Õ°“√ √â“ß antibody ·μà‰¡à¡’º≈μàÕ√–∫∫
¿Ÿ¡‘§ÿâ¡°—π™π‘¥ cell-mediated immunity (IPCS, 1995)
11.9 §«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘μàÕ°“√ ◊∫æ—π∏ÿå (reproduction)„πÀπŸ mouse “¬æ—π∏ÿå ICR Swiss ∑—Èß Õß‡æ» (ÀπŸ√ÿàπ F0) ‰¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloro-
ethane ∑’˺ ¡„ππÈ”ª√‘¡“≥ 5, 10 ·≈– 50 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—𠇪ìπ‡«≈“
25 —ª¥“Àå ·≈â«®÷ß„À⺠¡æ—π∏ÿå°—π “¡§√—È߉¥â≈Ÿ° F1a, F1b ·≈– F1c ‡¡◊ËÕÀπŸ F1a À¬à“π¡
®÷߉¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 11 —ª¥“Àå ·≈â«„À⺠¡æ—π∏ÿå°—π Õߧ√—È߉¥â≈Ÿ° F2a·≈– F2b ª√“°Ø«à“ ‰¡àæ∫§«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘„¥Ê „π≈Ÿ°ÀπŸ F1 ·≈– F2 ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ ´÷Ëߪ√–‡¡‘π‚¥¬
„™âæ“√“¡‘‡μÕ√å ®”π«π≈Ÿ°ÀπŸ/§√Õ° ®”π«π≈Ÿ°ÀπŸ∑’Ë¡’™’«‘μ√Õ¥/§√Õ° πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«¢Õß≈Ÿ°ÀπŸ
·≈–°“√μ√«®æ¬“∏‘ ¿“æ¢Õß≈Ÿ°ÀπŸ (Lane et al., 1982)
11.10 §«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘∑’ˇ°‘¥„π∑“√° (teratogenicity)°“√»÷°…“„πÀπŸ mouse “¬æ—π∏ÿå ICR Swiss æ∫«à“ 1,2-dichloroethane
‰¡à°àÕ„À⇰‘¥§«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘„π∑“√° ¥—ß√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥„πÀ—«¢âÕ 11.9 §«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘μàÕ°“√
◊∫æ—π∏ÿå (reproduction)
11.11 æƒμ‘°√√¡ (behavior)°“√‰¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ‡ªìπ‡«≈“π“π Õ“®∑”„Àâ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬§«“¡®” ‡ ’¬°“√
∑√ßμ—« ‡¥‘π‡´ ¡’æƒμ‘°√√¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß Õ“®¡’Õ“°“√ÕàÕπ·√ß ·≈–™“∫√‘‡«≥ª≈“¬¡◊Õ
ª≈“¬‡∑â“®“°°“√‡ ◊ËÕ¡¢Õ߇ âπª√– “∑ à«πª≈“¬‰¥â («‘π—¬, 2541)
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1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 25
12.1 ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ„ππÈ” (aquatic)1,2-dichloroethane ¡’æ‘…‡©’¬∫æ≈—ππâÕ¬μàÕª≈“∑ÿ° ªï™’ å∑’Ë∑¥ Õ∫ ¡’§à“ LC50
∑’Ë 96 ™—Ë«‚¡ß ¡“°°«à“ 110 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘μ√ §à“ LC50 ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane „π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ
„ππÈ”· ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 7
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 7 §à“ LC50 ¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane „π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ„ππÈ”
√–¬–‡«≈“ LC50 ªï™’ å °“√∑¥≈Õß (¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/ ‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß
(™—Ë«‚¡ß) ≈‘μ√)
ª≈“ bluegill 24 > 600 Buccafusco et al. (1981)
(Lepomis macrochirus) 96 430 Buccafusco et al. (1981)
96 550 Dawson et al. (1977)
ª≈“ sheephead minnow 96 130 - 230 Heitmuller et al. (1981)
(Cyprinodon variegatus)
ª≈“ fathead minnow 96 136 Geiger et al. (1985)
(Pimephales promelas) 96 116 Walbridge et al. (1983)
ª≈“ rainbow trout 96 225 Johnson and Finley (1980)
(Salmo gairdneri)
-
1,2-‰¥§≈Õ‚√Õ’‡∑π26
12.2 ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ∫π∫° (terrestrial)¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈º≈°“√»÷°…“¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane „π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ∫π∫°¡’®”°—¥¡“°
°“√»÷°…“„π·¡à‰°à white leghorn ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane º ¡„πÕ“À“√§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ
250 ·≈– 500 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡Õ“À“√ æ∫«à“ ·¡à‰°à∑’ˉ¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane º ¡
„πÕ“À“√§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 250 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡Õ“À“√ „Àâ®”π«π‰¢àª°μ‘·μà‰¢à¡’πÈ”Àπ—°≈¥≈ß
”À√—∫·¡à‰°à∑’ˉ¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane º ¡„πÕ“À“√§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 500 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/
°‘‚≈°√—¡Õ“À“√ „Àâ®”π«π‰¢à·≈–πÈ”Àπ—°‰¢à≈¥≈ß (Alumot et al., 1976)
-
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 27
13.1 °“√‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ß (sampling)Õ“°“» ‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ßÕ“°“»‚¥¬„™âÀ≈Õ¥‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ßÕ“°“»∑’Ë∑”®“°·°â«¿“¬„π
∫√√®ÿ¥â«¬ºß∂à“π (charcoal) ‡ªìπ«— ¥ÿ¥Ÿ¥´—∫ ‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ßÕ“°“»¥â«¬Õ—μ√“ 0.2 ≈‘μ√/π“∑’
∂Ⓣ¡à “¡“√∂«‘‡§√“–À剥â∑—π∑’ „À⇰Á∫√—°…“À≈Õ¥‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ß„πμŸâ‡¬ÁπÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ − 5 ∂÷ß 0°´
À√◊Õ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ÀâÕß·≈–§«√«‘‡§√“–Àå¿“¬„π 15 «—π ´÷Ëß®–¡’ 1,2-dichloroethane §ß‡À≈◊Õ
ª√–¡“≥√âÕ¬≈– 92.4 ·≈– 91.6 ¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥∑’Ëæ∫„π«—π∑’ˇ°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ß (OSHA, 2008)
πÈ” ‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ßπÈ”„Àâ‡μÁ¡¢«¥·°â« ’™“‚¥¬‰¡à¡’øÕßÕ“°“» ·≈–ªî¥ª“°¢«¥„Àâ π‘∑
¥â“π„π¢ÕßΩ“¢«¥μâÕ߇ªìπ polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) ‡°Á∫√—°…“μ—«Õ¬à“ß∑’Ë 4°´
μ√«®«‘‡§√“–Àå∑—π∑’ ∂Ⓣ¡à “¡“√∂«‘‡§√“–À剥â∑—π∑’„Àâ‡μ‘¡ 6 N HCl ®”π«π 4 À¬¥μàÕ
μ—«Õ¬à“ßπÈ” 40 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘μ√ ‡æ◊ËÕªÑÕß°—π°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ ∂â“„πμ—«Õ¬à“ßπÈ”¡’§≈Õ√’π
Õ‘ √– (residual chlorine) ªπ‡ªóôÕπÕ¬Ÿà„Àâ‡μ‘¡°√¥·Õ §Õ√å∫‘° (ascorbic acid) 25 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡
À√◊Õ‚´‡¥’¬¡‰∏‚Õ´—≈‡øμ (sodium thiosulfate) 3 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡ À√◊Õ‚´‡¥’¬¡´—≈‰øμå (sodium
sulfite) 3 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡μàÕμ—«Õ¬à“ßπÈ” 40 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘μ√ ‡°Á∫√—°…“μ—«Õ¬à“ßπÈ”‰«â∑’Ë 4°´ ·≈–§«√
«‘‡§√“–Àå¿“¬„π 7 «—π (Standard Methods, 2004)
¥‘π ‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ߥ‘π„π¢«¥·°â«ª“°°«â“ß¢π“¥ 250 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘μ√·≈–ªî¥ª“°¢«¥„Àâ
π‘∑ ¥â“π„π¢ÕßΩ“¢«¥μâÕ߇ªìπ polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) ∂Ⓣ¡à “¡“√∂«‘‡§√“–Àå
‰¥â∑—π∑’„À⇰Á∫√—°…“μ—«Õ¬à“ß∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘μË”°«à“ 6°´ ·≈–§«√«‘‡§√“–Àå¿“¬„π 14 «—π ·μà∂â“
°—¥ 1,2-dichloroethane ÕÕ°®“°μ—«Õ¬à“ߥ‘π·≈â« “¡“√∂‡°Á∫√—°…“‰«â ‰¥â 40 «—π
(U.S. EPA, 2008b)
13.2 °“√‡μ√’¬¡μ—«Õ¬à“ß·≈–°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå (preparation/analysis)«‘∏’‡μ√’¬¡μ—«Õ¬à“ß «‘∏’«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥ ·≈–§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âππâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥∑’Ë«‘‡§√“–À剥â
¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane · ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 8
-
1,2-‰¥§≈Õ‚√Õ’‡∑π28
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1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 29
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1,2-‰¥§≈Õ‚√Õ’‡∑π30
¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥°“√À°√¥À√◊ÕÕ—§§’¿—¬¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane (°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡
¡≈æ‘… 2550; °√¡‚√ßß“πÕÿμ “À°√√¡, 2544)
14.1 °“√À°√¥(1) „Àâ°—Èπ·¬°∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’°“√À°√¥¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 50 ‡¡μ√
(150 øÿμ) ‚¥¬√Õ∫∑—π∑’ °—π∫ÿ§§≈∑’ˉ¡à‡°’ˬ«¢âÕßÕÕ°®“°®ÿ¥‡°‘¥‡Àμÿ „ÀâÕ¬Ÿà
‡Àπ◊Õ≈¡
- °√≥’∑’Ë¡’°“√À°√¥¡“° „ÀâÕæ¬æºŸâ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„μâ≈¡ÕÕ°‰ªÕ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 300 ‡¡μ√
(2) °”®—¥·À≈àß°”‡π‘¥‰ø∑ÿ°™π‘¥ Àâ“¡ Ÿ∫∫ÿÀ√’Ë ®ÿ¥æ≈ÿ‰ø À√◊Õ°“√∑”„À⇰‘¥
ª√–°“¬‰ø ‡ª≈«‰ø„πæ◊Èπ∑’ˇ°‘¥‡Àμÿ
(3) Õÿª°√≥å∑ÿ°™π‘¥∑’Ë„™â„π°“√∂à“¬‡∑À√◊Õ¢π¬â“¬ 1,2-dichloroethane μâÕßμàÕ
“¬¥‘π
(4) Àâ“¡ —¡º— À√◊Õ‡¥‘π¬Ë”∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’ 1,2-dichloroethane À°√—Ë«‰À≈
(5) ªÑÕß°—π‰¡à„Àâ 1,2-dichloroethane ‰À≈≈ß Ÿà·À≈àßπÈ” ∑àÕ√–∫“¬πÈ” ™—Èπ„μ⥑π
À√◊Õ∫√‘‡«≥∑’ËÕ—∫Õ“°“»
(6) °“√„™â‚ø¡©’¥¥—°®—∫‰Õ√–‡À¬ Õ“®™à«¬≈¥§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ‰Õ√–‡À¬¢Õß 1,2-
dichloroethane 䴉
- °√≥’∑’Ë¡’°“√À°√—Ë«‰À≈ª√‘¡“≥¡“° °“√„™âπÈ”©’¥‡ªìπ≈”ΩÕ¬Õ“®™à«¬≈¥
‰Õ√–‡À¬¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane ‰¥â ·μàÕ“®ªÑÕß°—π°“√≈ÿ°μ‘¥‰ø¢Õß
1,2-dichloroethane „π∑’ËÕ—∫Õ“°“»‰¡à‰¥â
(7) ¥Ÿ¥´—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ∑’ËÀ°√—Ë«‰À≈¥â«¬¥‘π ∑√“¬ À√◊Õ«— ¥ÿÕ◊Ëπ∑’ˉ¡àμ‘¥‰ø
·≈⫇°Á∫„π¿“™π–‡æ◊ËÕ𔉪°”®—¥ ‚¥¬„™âÕÿª°√≥å∑’Ë –Õ“¥·≈–‰¡à°àÕ„À⇰‘¥
ª√–°“¬‰ø‡°Á∫√«∫√«¡ 1,2-dichloroethane ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥´—∫
- °√≥’∑’Ë¡’À°√—Ë«‰À≈ª√‘¡“≥¡“° „Àâ √â“ß∑”π∫°—Èπ 1,2-dichloroethane ∑’Ë
À°√—Ë«‰À≈‡æ◊ËÕ√Õ°“√°”®—¥
-
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 31
14.2 °“√‡°‘¥Õ—§§’¿—¬À√◊Õ√–‡∫‘¥(1) 1,2-dichloroethane ‡ªìπ “√∑’ˉ«‰ø Ÿß ≈ÿ°μ‘¥‰øßà“¬‡¡◊ËÕ‰¥â√—∫§«“¡√âÕπ
ª√–°“¬‰ø À√◊Õ‡ª≈«‰ø ‡¡◊ËÕ 1,2-dichloroethane º ¡°—∫Õ“°“»Õ“®‡°‘¥
à«πº ¡∑’Ë√–‡∫‘¥‰¥â
- À“°‡°‘¥‡æ≈‘߉À¡â„°≈â°—∫·∑âß§å §Õπ‡∑π‡πÕ√å√∂‰ø À√◊Õ√∂§Õπ‡∑π‡πÕ√å
∫√√∑ÿ° 1,2-dichloroethane „Àâ°—Èπ·¬°∫√‘‡«≥‚¥¬√Õ∫∑—π∑’ 800 ‡¡μ√
(1/2 ‰¡≈å) ·≈–æ‘®“√≥“Õæ¬æª√–™“™π„π∫√‘‡«≥¥—ß°≈à“«
(2) ‰Õ√–‡À¬¢Õß 1,2-dichloroethane Õ“®‡§≈◊ËÕπ∑’ˉª¬—ß·À≈àß∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√
μ‘¥‰ø·≈–≈ÿ°μ‘¥‰ø¬âÕπ°≈—∫‰ª¬—ßμâ𰔇𑥰“√√—Ë«‰À≈‰¥â
(3) ‡¡◊ËÕ 1,2-dichloroethane ‰¥â√—∫§«“¡√âÕπ ŸßÀ√◊Õ‡¡◊ËÕ‰ø‰À¡â®– ≈“¬μ—«„Àâ
§«—π∑’Ë¡’ƒ∑∏‘Ï°—¥°√àÕπ ∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√√–§“¬‡§◊Õß À√◊Õ‡ªìπæ‘…
- „π°“√¥—∫‡æ≈‘ß„Àâ «¡™ÿ¥ªÑÕß°—π‰Õ√–‡À¬∑’˪‘¥™‘¥∑—Èßμ—« æ√âÕ¡‡§√◊ËÕߙ૬
À“¬„®™π‘¥¡’∂—ßÕ“°“»„πμ—« (self contained breathing apparatus,
SCBA)
(4) °“√‡°‘¥Õ—§§’¿—¬
°√≥’‡°‘¥‡æ≈‘߉À¡â¢π“¥‡≈Á°
- „™âºß‡§¡’·Àâß §“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å πÈ”©’¥‡ªìπ≈”ΩÕ¬ À√◊Õ‚ø¡¥—∫‡æ≈‘ß™π‘¥
alcohol-resistance foam
°√≥’‡°‘¥‡æ≈‘߉À¡â¢π“¥„À≠à
- „Àâ©’¥πÈ”‡ªìπ≈”ΩÕ¬ À¡Õ° À√◊Õ‚ø¡¥—∫‡æ≈‘ß™π‘¥ alcohol-resistance
foam Àâ“¡©’¥πÈ”‡ªìπ≈”μ√߉ª¬—ß∑’ˇ°‘¥‡æ≈‘ß
- ∂Ⓣ¡à‡ ’ˬßÕ—πμ√“¬ „À⇧≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬¿“™π–∫√√®ÿÀ√◊ÕÀ’∫ÀàÕ∑’ˉ¡à‡ ’¬À“¬
ÕÕ°®“°∫√‘‡«≥∑’ˇ°‘¥‡æ≈‘߉À¡â
°√≥’‡°‘¥‡æ≈‘߉À¡â¿“™π–∫√√®ÿÀ√◊Õ„°≈â°—∫¿“™π–∫√√®ÿÀ√◊Õ√∂¢π àß
- „ÀâÕæ¬æºŸâ§πÀà“ßÕÕ°‰ªÕ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 1,000 ‡¡μ√‚¥¬√Õ∫∑—π∑’
- Àâ“¡Õ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥À—«À√◊Õ∑⓬¢Õß∑àÕÀ√◊Õ¿“™π–∫√√®ÿ‡æ√“–¿“™π–∫√√®ÿ
Õ“®√–‡∫‘¥
- „ÀâÕ¬Ÿà‰°≈®“°¿“™π–∫√√®ÿ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°‰ø≈ÿ°∑à«¡
- „À⥗∫‡æ≈‘ß®“°√–¬–‰°≈∑’Ë ÿ¥ À√◊Õ„™âÀ—«©’¥πÈ”™π‘¥∑’Ë ‰¡àμâÕß„™â§π∂◊Õ
À√◊Õ„™â·∑àπ©’¥πÈ”·∑π ·μàÀ“°‰¡à¡’„Àâ∂Õπ°”≈—ßÕÕ°®“°æ◊Èπ∑’Ë·≈–ª≈àÕ¬„Àâ
≈ÿ°‰À¡â®π‰ø¥—∫‰ª‡Õß
-
1,2-‰¥§≈Õ‚√Õ’‡∑π32
- Àâ“¡©’¥πÈ”‰ª∑’Ë√Õ¬√—Ë«À√◊ÕÕÿª°√≥å√–∫“¬‰Õπ‘√¿—¬‚¥¬μ√ß ‡æ√“–Õ“®
∑”„À⇰‘¥πÈ”·¢Áߢ÷Èπ‰¥â
- ∂â“Õÿª°√≥å√–∫“¬§«“¡¥—ππ‘√¿—¬¢Õß¿“™π–∫√√®ÿ‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß¥—ßÀ√◊Õ¿“™π–
∫√√®ÿ‡ª≈’Ë¬π ’ „Àâ∂Õπ°”≈—߇®â“Àπâ“∑’ËÕÕ°®“°∫√‘‡«≥π—Èπ∑—π∑’‡æ√“–Õ“®
‡°‘¥√–‡∫‘¥‰¥â
(5) πÈ”®“°°“√¥—∫‡æ≈‘ß¡’ƒ∑∏‘Ï°—¥°√àÕπÕ“®‡ªìπæ‘…·≈–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥ªí≠À“πÈ”‡ ’¬
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1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 33
15.1 °“√ª∞¡æ¬“∫“≈°√≥’‰¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ∫√‘‡«≥º‘«Àπ—ß „Àâ∂Õ¥‡ ◊ÈÕºâ“∑’ˇªóôÕπÕÕ°∑—π∑’
≈â“ߺ‘«Àπ—ß∫√‘‡«≥∑’ˇªóôÕπ¥â«¬πÈ” –Õ“¥·≈– ∫Ÿà °√≥’‰¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ∫√‘‡«≥
μ“À√◊Õº‘«Àπ—ß„Àâ≈â“ߥ⫬πÈ” –Õ“¥ ‚¥¬‡ªî¥πÈ”„Àâ ‰À≈ºà“πÕ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 20 π“∑’ ∂⓺Ÿâ∫“¥‡®Á∫
¡’Õ“°“√πÈ”μ“‰À≈¡“° √–§“¬‡§◊Õß μ“∫«¡ À√◊Õª«¥μ“ „Àâ√’∫π” àß·æ∑¬å
°√≥’‰¥â√—∫ 1,2-dichloroethane ‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡ À√◊Õ‚¥¬°“√°‘π „Àâπ”ºŸâ∫“¥‡®Á∫
ÕÕ°®“°∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’ 1,2-dichloroethane À°√¥„Àâ ‰¥â√—∫Õ“°“»∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï √—°…“√à“ß°“¬¢Õß
ºŸâ∫“¥‡®Á∫„ÀâÕ∫Õÿàπ Àâ“¡„™â«‘∏’º“¬ªÕ¥¥â«¬«‘∏’‡ªÉ“ª“° „Àℙ⇧√◊ËÕߙ૬À“¬„®·∫∫Àπâ“°“°
™π‘¥∑àÕ‡ªÉ“ª“°·∫∫∑“߇¥’¬« (one-way valve) À√◊ÕÕÿª°√≥å™à«¬À“¬„®∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡
„ÀâÕÕ° ‘́‡®π∂⓺Ÿâ∫“¥‡®Á∫À“¬„®≈”∫“° ·≈–√’∫π” àß·æ∑¬å (°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘… 2550;
°√¡‚√ßß“πÕÿμ “À°√√¡, 2544)
15.2 §”·π–π” ”À√—∫·æ∑¬å1,2-dichloroethane ‡ªìπ¢Õ߇À≈«√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‰¥â ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√√—°…“欓∫“≈
®÷ßμâÕß√–«—߇√◊ËÕß√–∫∫∑“߇¥‘πÀ“¬„® ‰¡à§«√∑”