a and p mod. #2 tissues
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Module #2 Histology
Histology – the study of tissues
Four tissue types:Epithelial ConnectiveMuscleNerve
![Page 2: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Epithelial
Tissuehttp://lima.osu.edu/biology/images/anatomy/Stratified%20squamous%20epithelium%20400X.jpg
![Page 3: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
General Features of Epithelial Tissue
•Cells are closely packed with little extracellular material (between cells)
•Are in continuous sheets
•Single or multiple layered
![Page 4: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
General Features of Epithelial Tissue
•Epithelia is avascular meaning “without blood vessels”.
•Nutrients and wastes are exchanged by diffusion with the adjacent connective tissue.
![Page 5: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
General Features of Epithelial Tissue
•have a free surface which is exposed to a body cavity, lining of an internal organ, or the exterior of the body, and
• a basal surface which is attached to the basement membrane.
![Page 6: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
basal surface
![Page 7: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
General Features of Epithelial Tissue
•Subject to wear, tear and injury, so has a high capacity for renewal (high mitotic rate).
•Functions include protection, filtration, lubrication, secretion, digestion, absorption, transportation, excretion, sensory reception, and reproduction.
![Page 8: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
General Features of Epithelial Tissue
•Epithelial tissue sits on a basement membrane located between it and the tissue underneath.
http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/13_04.jpg
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
![Page 9: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
There are two kinds epithelial tissue based on function:
(1) lining or covering epithelium – covers the skin and outside of some internal organs, forms the inner lining of body cavities, blood vessels, and internal organs.
Epithelial Tissue con’t
![Page 10: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
There are two kinds epithelial tissue (function):
(2) glandular epithelium - consists of cells that secrete substances. (ex. Thyroid/sweat/oil glands)
Epithelial Tissue con’t
![Page 11: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Epithelial tissue can be divided into categories based on……
>the shape of the cells and
> the number of layers of cells.
![Page 12: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
SHAPES of epithelium:
1. Squamous -flat cells-thin which allows substances to pass through (diffuse) them. -have limited cell structures due to size
![Page 13: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
2. Cuboidal cube shapedImportant in secretion and absorptionHave more cell structures than squamousUses active transport to secrete and absorb substances
![Page 14: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
3. Columnar cells are tall and cylindrical Have the most cell structures Most complex Most secretion ability
![Page 16: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
4. Transitional •cells can readily change shape from squamous to columnar•change shape due to stretching, of body parts. (ex. Found in bladder)
![Page 17: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Arrangement of Layers
1. Simple epithelium a single layer of cellsfound in areas where diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion and absorption occur.Can be squamous, columnar, or cuboidal Ex. lungs
![Page 18: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Arrangement of Layers
2. Stratified epithelium contains two or more layers of cells protects underlying tissues found where there is wear and tearEx. Skin Named by the free surface.
![Page 23: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Arrangement of Layers
3. Pseudostratified epithelium contains a single layer of a mixture of cell typeshas a stratified appearance but is a single layerAll cells touch basementmembrane
![Page 25: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Glandular EpitheliumColumnar epithelium that contains special cells capable of synthesizing and secreting certain substances such as enzymes, hormones, milk, mucus, sweat, wax and saliva
![Page 27: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Glandular Epithelium
Goblet cells :
Special columnar cells that their function is to secret mucin which mixes with water to form mucous - intestines
![Page 28: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Goblet cell
![Page 29: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Glandular Epithelium
There are two types of glands:
1. Exocrine glands • secrete their products to
the target by ducts• most glands in the body
are exocrine glands (sweat/salivary)
• All have secretory portion and a duct
![Page 30: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Exocrine Gland
![Page 31: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Exocrine glands come in many arrangements/types:
![Page 32: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Glandular EpitheliumThere are two types of glands:
1. Exocrine glands
Types of exocrine glands based on how they secrete:
a. Merocrine glands – by exocytosis (without losing cellular material) into the duct.
Example sweat glands.
![Page 33: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Merocrine gland directly secretes into duct.
http://www.med.umich.edu/histology/fieldTrip/sweatGland.jpg
![Page 34: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Glandular EpitheliumThere are two types of glands:
1. Exocrine glands
Types of exocrine glands based on how they secrete: a. Merocrine glands
b. Apocrine glands - a portion of the plasma membrane containing the secretion and some cytoplasm buds off the cell and enters the duct.
Ex. Mammary glands
![Page 35: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Apocrine Gland
![Page 36: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
There are two types of glands:
1. Exocrine glands
Types of exocrine glands based on how they secrete: a. Merocrine glands
b. Apocrine glands
c.holocrine gland - the entire cell containing its secretion
disintegrates in the duct.
Ex. Oil glands
![Page 37: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Glandular EpitheliumThere are two types of glands:
1. Exocrine glands
2. Endocrine gland no ducts secrete hormones by exocytosis intointerstitial fluids that surround cellsand blood stream picks them up.Ex. Thyroid gland
![Page 39: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Endocrine Glands
![Page 40: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Type Function LocationSimple Squamous Diffusion Blood vessels, lungsSimple Cuboidal Diffusion and secretion Kidneys
Simple Columnar Mucous producing Stomach and intestines
Stratified Squamous Protection, secreting Skin, lining mouth
Stratified Cuboidal Protection, secreting Protect Salivary glands - rare
Stratified Columnar Protection, secreting Pharynx, larynx, uterus - rare
Stratified Transitional Stretches, changes shape Urinary bladder
Epithelial Tissue – Functions and locationsHandout
![Page 41: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Why does skin flake off? Cells at top of skin are so far from nutrients that they are dead.
Keratin – protein that fills dead epidermal cells at top layer
Keratinized membrane – top layer of skin cells that are dead and filled with keratin.
![Page 42: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Where quiz stops
![Page 43: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
FUNCTION: insulate, support and bind (infrastructure)
![Page 44: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE continued
CHARACTERISTICS:
Greater space between cells (extracellular space) compared to epithelial tissue
cells secrete extracellular material or MATRIX which fills space between cells
![Page 45: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE continued
CHARACTERISTICS:
Matrix is the material between the cell which contains ground substance (non-collagenous part of matrix) and collagen protein fibers.
![Page 46: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE continued
CHARACTERISTICS:
Connective Tissue is classified according to the type of extracellular matrix it produces
![Page 47: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:1. connective tissue proper2. cartilage3. bone4. blood
![Page 48: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
TYPE 1: Connective Tissue Proper
Guess how many kinds of connective tissue proper
there are?
4
![Page 49: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
TYPE 1: Connective Tissue Proper
Four types of Connective Tissue Proper:
A. Loose connective tissueExtracellular matrix is not strong
Is used for light binding and flexibility
Also called areolar connective tissue
![Page 50: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
TYPE 1: Connective Tissue Proper
Four types of Connective Tissue Proper:
A. Loose connective tissue
Found between the skin and the muscles holding the skin to musclesHas fibroblasts which make tissue’s ground substance, protein fibers, collagen fibersMature fibroblast are called
fibrocytes
![Page 51: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Loose Connective Tissue Proper
fibroblast
![Page 52: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Four types of Connective Tissue Proper:A. Loose connective tissue
B.Dense irregular connective tissue
Part of the skin
Collagen fibers more densely packed than loose connective tissue
![Page 53: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
B. dense irregular connective tissue continued
Denser packing give tissue more strength
Irregular because fibers run every which way
![Page 54: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Dense irregular connective tissue proper
![Page 55: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Four types of Connective Tissue Proper:A. Loose connective tissueB. Dense irregular connective tissue
C. Dense regular connective tissue properCollagen fibers run in one
direction giving more strength called tensile strength
Found in tendons which hold muscle to bones and ligaments that hold bone to bone
![Page 56: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
c. Dense regular connective tissue proper
Tendons and ligaments take a long time to heal when injured because of dense amount of extracellular material (fibers, etc.) that they must manufacture.
![Page 57: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Dense regular connective tissue proper
![Page 58: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Four types of Connective Tissue Proper:A. Loose connective tissueB. Dense irregular connective tissueC. Dense regular connective tissue proper
D. Adipose tissue
Fatty tissue
it has fat cells in it as well as connective tissue cells
![Page 59: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
D. Adipose tissue
Function is to store energy, insulate, and to hold organs in place
Example – kidneys are protected and held in place by adipose tissue
![Page 60: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:1. connective tissue proper
2. Cartilage Supporting connective
tissue with tensile strength and supporting fibers of collagen in the ground substance
![Page 62: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:1. connective tissue proper2. Cartilage
• Firmer than connective tissue proper
• Has no blood supply• Thin matrix• Found in nose, ear,
larynx• Often replaced by bone
![Page 63: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:1. connective tissue proper2. Cartilage
Chondroblasts – immature cartilage cells that produce the matrix fibers.
![Page 64: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:1. connective tissue proper2. Cartilage
Chondrocytes – mature chondroblast that become trapped in matrix and live in hollow spaces called lacuna in the cartilage tissue.
![Page 65: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Lacuna (histology), a small space containing an osteocyte in bone or chondrocyte in cartilage
![Page 66: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:1. connective tissue proper2. Cartilage
3 types of cartilage:
A. Hyaline cartilage occurs at end of bones,
external ear, fetal skeleton, nose, ribs and vertebrae
Weakest and most common
![Page 67: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:1. connective tissue proper2. Cartilage3 types of cartilage:
B. Elastic cartilage found in epiglottis and
external ear contains elastic fibers great flexibility and is able to
withstand repeated bending
![Page 68: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:1. connective tissue proper2. Cartilage3 types of cartilage:
C. Fibrous cartilage Strongest Dense collagen fibers with limited
ground substance Found in disk between vertebrae and
skull Where bears great amount of weight Has fibrous appearance
![Page 69: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE - Cartilage
![Page 70: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:1. connective tissue proper2. Cartilage
3. Bone: Hardest connective tissue
Consist of cells, collagen fibers, and mineralized (calcium and phosphate) ground substance
![Page 71: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:1. connective tissue proper2. Cartilage3. Bone:
Ground substance becomes hard or calcified through a process known as calcification
![Page 72: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:1. connective tissue proper2. Cartilage3. Bone:
Has a rich blood supply
Properly known as osseous tissue
![Page 73: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:1. connective tissue proper2. Cartilage3. Bone
Types of bone cells:
A. Osteoblasts- make components of bone
![Page 74: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:1. connective tissue proper2. Cartilage3. Bone
Types of bone cells:
B. Osteocytes – mature osteoblasts found in lacuna
![Page 75: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:1. connective tissue proper2. Cartilage3. Bone
Types of bone cells:
C. Osteoclasts – reasorb bone and remodel it
![Page 76: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
![Page 77: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:1. connective tissue proper2. Cartilage3. Bone
4. Blood transports
Also known as vascular tissue
Two types of cells – red and white
![Page 78: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:1. connective tissue proper2. Cartilage3. Bone4. Blood
Ground substance = proteins in blood
Has fluid part – blood plasma
Has clotting fibers
![Page 79: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
QUIZ
![Page 80: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
New Topic: Membranes
Membrane = layers oftissue
There are three categories of membranes:
![Page 81: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
New Topic: Membranes
There are three categories of membranes:
1. Mucous found in linings of organ systems that open to the outside
![Page 82: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
New Topic: Membranes
There are three categories of membranes:
1. Mucous
Ex. Respiratory system, reproductive system, digestive system
Traps foreign material
![Page 83: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
New Topic: Membranes
There are three categories of membranes:
2. Serous line the body cavities that do not open directly to the outside
they cover the organs located in those cavities
![Page 84: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
![Page 85: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
New Topic: Membranes
There are three categories of membranes:
2. Serous
are covered by a thin layer of serous fluid that lubricates and is secreted by the epithelium
![Page 86: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
New Topic: Membranes
There are three categories of membranes:
2. Serous
Serous fluid lubricates the membrane and reduces friction and abrasion when organs move against each other or the cavity wall.
![Page 87: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
New Topic: Membranes
There are three categories of membranes:
3. Synovial membranes
connective tissue membranes that line the cavities of the freely movable joints such as the shoulder, elbow, and knee.
![Page 88: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
![Page 89: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
New Topic: Membranes
There are three categories of membranes:
3. Synovial membranes
secrete synovial fluid into the joint cavity, and this lubricates cartilage on the ends of the bones so that they can move freely and without friction.
![Page 90: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
New Topic: tissue repair
Remember: Tissues are made up of cells.
Two types of cells that make up tissue based on function:
1. Stromal cells – provide structure and support to tissue; usually connective tissue
![Page 91: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
New Topic: tissue repair
Remember: Tissues are made up of cells.
Two types of cells that make up tissue based on function:
1. Stromal cells – provide structure and support to tissue
2.Parenchymal cells – cells that actually perform the function of the tissue
![Page 92: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Organ Parenchyma
kidney nephron
lungs alveoli, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct and terminal bronchiole
spleen white pulp and red pulp
brain neuron
liver hepatocyte
![Page 93: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
New Topic: tissue repair
Categories of cells based on ability to reproduce or regenerate:1. Labile cells cells that multiply constantly
throughout life Most of cells in body ex. Parenchymal epithelial
cells replace themselves quickly
![Page 94: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
New Topic: tissue repair
Categories of cells based on ability to reproduce or regenerate:
2. Stable cells only multiply when receive
external stimulus to do so ex. Bone parenchymal cells
when a bone is broken can reproduce and repair the broken bone
![Page 95: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
New Topic: tissue repair
Categories of cells based on ability to reproduce or regenerate:
3. Permanent cells do not have the ability to
multiply
Nervous system parenchymal cells (neurons) are permanent; can’t be replaced.
![Page 96: A and P Mod. #2 Tissues](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/555a915ed8b42a991b8b4952/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
New Topic: tissue repair
So, if cells are parenchymal permanent and die they will be replaced by labile stromal cells..
This is why brain damage or heart damage is said to be irreversible.