9th biology urdu notes (iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com)

8/9/2019 9th Biology Urdu Notes (Iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com)

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!*ÇßY» ¬gspD c*_·X Z]» D Logos p Z]X Entomon: ZAñßY X11pD c*_·XZŠz c*]¯äZzgZŠz c*]» Y0+ZgzV6,ZW,Z]Y+» D Logos pZŠz c*]X Pharmaco: ÃgâÃ ßY X12

pD c*_·XYâgzVÆgz-VZzg¬ŠZ]Y+» D Logos p¬Š] c*gztX Ethos: ZHßY (OR) Îì!*ÇßY X13:¡ð» _· ârßY X14

Composed By:RASHID-SAHIL

14/9-R Khanewal

Mob:0346-3985843

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http://www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com/


3/59

!*ÇßŠ¿)§»C §i» g(

Z(‚³ §i» gT~§»C)b Ã iH YñX!*ÇßŠ¿B @*ìX !*ÇßŠ¿:

ei+ ±

n . ç IEE¯** OR XZ 5Z`¯** 4 X Gz£úŠb 3 Xx @Z]™ ** 2 X§»CXÅ Ty™ ** 1 !*ÇßŠ)b ÆiÆ %Zi:X}òÅ g7g^»g™ ** 7 X}ò» Üā¯** 6 X Š!*]™ ** 5

¹g~ÔÑYZzg6,±:Z# Ë Gz£6,!*g!*g Š!*]GYN Zzgz{ßU*"$:ƒÂZ, Gz£Å ¯6,' × h+ Gz2úŠYDXZ, Gz2!*g!*gY‘ ¹g~:

YäÆ!*zŠL šŠ:ƒVX¹g~B DX

Zq- ¹g~6 Gz27™ CìZzgZyÃ Y™Y@*ìXZk¹g~Ã âC Ù è§»]Å §sÐPäÅ C Ù eÃ ÒÅ YCìX ÑY: OR 6,±ÑY0YCìXª6,±Zq- **‡ &ÿ E LF,Šh+¹g~ìX OR Z¤ /Zq- ¹g~ïzWÆÌ̂‡ìgìÂZ+¹g~6,±

¡q» py( ) z{¤ /z\TÐ Š!*C¤ /z\» ñZi:H YñX N zw¤ /z\:z{¤ /z\TÃ Y™Yg;ƒZkÆÓxqÑ] N zw¤ /z\zZáƒDÎZñ oÆX Š!*C¤ /z\:

pLLƒZóóXâè~ßv t ìw™ D¸ā n }0*ãÅ zzÐƒZiC Ù ~ Aria pLLn ~óóX Mala Z¤ß~i!*y» Â: U c*Ð0¥â]:ƒYCìXZkƒZ~‚÷©8ìz{¿Zq- {mFg~~2ƒY@*ìXZkzzÐZkFg~Ã U c*¹ Y@*ìX

Y~ U c*~2Y %ÉVÆpy» âMzj


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!*ÇßŠ¿)§»C §i» g(

)ZŸ°(:Z# „ŠS:]ÆŠzh}ZN „™ Zk~ñŠƒVÂZyÅ Z Å 5 Î æGEWiZŠZ: ² - . 5 4 øY

GGH~YD w» ÑYWsZ&+ " 5 4 5 å G FGEH.$ZÎg¹X

ei+ ± n . ç IEE: Gz2Ã Šg„ ây™ ZkÐáµ}òZ~.GYDXZy}òÃ ei+ ± n . ç IEE¹ Y@*ìX

Gz2Å S:]:XWiâñZzgY‘YäÆ‡.Þ ƒ 5 XÂuJ- ‚Š{ƒ 4 XŠ ø7[x @Z]Ð5ƒ 3 XïÔ ìwƒ 2 XÀòÒyƒ 1

XZÐPä» ZkyñŠƒ 6


14/9-R Khanewal

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5/59

!*ÇeZÇg;) " 3 ð GE ‰ Pq§](

Û tXª) ²» Û tZzgC Ù ) ²ÆZ0+gñŠY0+ZgzV» Û t!*ÇeZÇg; Diversity i0+Ï X Bios » ÂŠzZÖp: Biodiversity !*ÇeZÇg;:Ì¹ Y@*åX (Natural Diversity) B @*ìX!*ÇeZÇg;Ã âè~ ¡~eZÇg;

XèXŠz u~) ²Å ñŠÏ (Altitude) W[zƒZXZz™ð !*ÇeZÇg;» Z®g:´̧V~Á (Polar) ´̧V~Ìi c*Š{XQ} (Temperate) ¤ /x´̧V~i c*Š{X5w !*ÇeZÇg;Å „:

Y0+ZgzV» Z(¤ /z{LL ¡~îgóó6,W:~ÒÂ6™ MhƒVZzgÒÂ6Å ZqzZá6Y0+ZgaZ™ ÃX :(Species) ) ²~„™ **X¤ /z:Å ZZlx (Sub-Groups) Y0+ZgZxÃ Zq- ÜZâZqÆ¤ /z:Zzgƒ ¤ /z: ¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è G

EGGIE:)¤ /z{È~(:

ā −ŠgZ)) ²(Ð Ñzqƒ™ Zz‘ŠgZ)k x(6,»ƒCX

XY0+ZgzVÆŠgxyx¹ZzgZ%s³™ **@*ā _·~W‚ãƒ 1 ¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è GE

GGIEÆ£œ:XY0+ZgzVÆŠgxyZg»ðmˆl™ ** 2

!*ÇßYÅ Zëá cXZká c~Y0+ZgzVÅ ¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è GE

GGIEÅ YCìX :(Taxonomy) Ø âòZká c~Y0+ZgzVÅ ¯ ]

4 © 5 » 4 j è GE

GGIEÆ´z{Zg»ð@*gõ» ÌèÎ c*Y@*ìX :(Systematics) ] 4 h 4 - ) 4 5 ½ øGHGGH

:(Taxonomic Hierachy) Ø âò» ÂÄ %ZA$:

z{¤ /z:X~Y0+ZgzVÅ )®) È~Å YCìXØ B DX)zZu:ƒy( Ø :k ' × ~„H Y@*ìXā Šg•fs 5 p!*Šá {Xaè tZ•ðZz™ŠgzìZknZkÃ !*Šá {¹ Y@*ìXY0+ZgzVÃ Kingdom k ' × :

Animal Kingdom

Plant Kingdom

Monera Kingdom

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Mycota OR Kingdom Fungi

k ' × Ã xŒVÅ ãCŠ6,gLØ ~' × h+-V„H Y@*ìX

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6/59

!*ÇeZÇg;) " 3 ð GE ‰ Pq§](

Phylum Œ Û R¯ k» ¤ /z\Ã " 5 Ð ê JG

Class Œ Û RWgeg» ¤ /z\¯ kOrder Œ Û RÄ» ¤ /z\WgegFamily Œ Û R 8 5 4 ø EG

E» ¤ /z\Ä

genus Œ Û R) ²» ¤ /z\ 8 5 4 ø EGE

Zq- ÜS(]zZáSpecies Y0+ZgzV» ¤ /z\) ²

¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è GE

GGIEÅ ãCŠ~Z» ðLL) ²óóìX ¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è GE

GGIEÅ ãCŠ~Z» ð:

¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è GE

GGIEÅ @*gõ:ZgT-**ã# å̂XZgTäY0+ZgzVÅ ¤ /z{È~» ªÄŠ c*XZkäY0+ZgzVÃ &¯ w~„H X :(Aristotle) ZgT

(Human Beings) XZK̈y 3 (Animalia) XYâg 2 (Plantae) X7Š} 1

) ²Å S:]» E+™ {H XZkÆ´z{w4VÆqÑ‹i0+Ï Æ!*g}~Ì ’ k,H X 350 ZkäZKÂ [~YâgzVÅ Z1¢y /ZÎx:óó» ²!~F,ÀH X (de Animia) Y~¤ /z{È~6,ZgTÅ Â [LLe~Z & 4 - . 5 é G

EGG 1172 Zkä :(Avveroes) Z #è EE Lg”

(Andrea Caesalpino 1519-1603AD) Zhg c* ] 4 h

ÿ G & 4

3 ð FGE

¤ /z:~„H XZzgZy¤ /z:» **x 8 2 . ç EGEZg3 X 15 7ŠzVÃ

(John Ray 1627-17-5 AD) Yyg}',¤â~â 8 ç X L ¡]Yyg}ä7ŠzVÅ ¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è G

EGGIE6,» xH ƒZ» xá ù™ zZ c*X

(Augustus Rivinus 1652-1723 AD) W ± h 4 øY Hg~zZb

óó» ƒy”gs™ zZ c*X (Order) ̀ðâ 8 ç X Lm@*]X¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è GE

GGIE~LLWgeg

(Tounefort 1656-1708 AD) Igã¯g^óÆØ ”gs™ zZñX (Species) óZzgL) ² (Class) Û Zúâ 8 ç X Lm@*]X¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è G

EGGIE~L¯ k

(Carlous Linnaeus 1707-1778 AD) » gÖ É 4 5 4 ø GEG

Y~ZkäZq- Â [ 1735 Îi+y!*Çß¡XZkÆ» x6,].h+¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è GE

GGIEÅ ãCŠXZkäxËKãS:]Æ_.) ²Å ¤ /z{È~Å Xóá ù™ zZðT~¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è G

EGGIEZzgY0+ZgzVÃ **xŠ¶» §i ’ k,H Š HìX Systema NaturaeL

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7/59

!*ÇeZÇg;) " 3 ð GE ‰ Pq§](

tƒ Ð6,Z**ÄìXZkÄÆ_.Y0+ZgŠzk ' × ~ Šzk x¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è GE

GGIEÄ:(Kingdon Animalia) Xk xZ & 4 - . 5 Ò 5 é G

EGG

G2 (Kingdom Plantae) Xk xö‹ 1

ZkÄÅ ãCŠY0+ZgzVÅ pgZu »g™ äÅ &¢A 6,ìXWIR,Z~Ã k xö‹~g3 Š HZzg ‘zR,Z~Ã k xZ & 4 - . 5 Ò 5 é GEGGG~g3 Š HXZkÆ´z{ Ù c* Z5Zzg¡ðÅ ¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è G

EGGIEªC Ù ~xŒVÅ ãCŠ6,k xö‹~Å ˆ X

Y0+ZgZKpgZu pŠ»g:™ Ã ‘zR,Z~: Y0+ZgZKpgZu pŠ»g™ Ã WIR,Z~:óó?m,H XZkk xÄ~ Ù c* (Protista) Y~Zgê«äY0+ZgzVÆnZq- ŠZk xLL6,z $ k 5 é HH 1866 &k x¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è G

EGGIEÄ:

Ã Ì6,z $ k 5 é HH~g3 Š H²¡ðÃ k xö‹~„gŠ c*

k x¯

] 4 © 5 » 4 j è

GEGGIEÄ”gs™ zZ c*XZkÄÅ ãCŠŠg`fspZm6,ìX 5 Y~gZ',^zK ä 1967 0*õk x¯

] 4 © 5 » 4 j è

GEGGI

EÄ:XpgZu Æ ”w c*»g~Æ §j 2 (Cellular Orgnization) X+°Wgk H,̂c 1 (Fungi OR Mycota) X¡ð c*ârN* 3 (Protista) X6,z $ k 5 é HH 2 (Monera) Xñ .Z 1 k ' × : 5

(Animalia) XZ & 4 - . 5 Ò 5 é GEGGG 5 (Plantae) Xö‹ 4

k ' × Å S:]: 5:(Kingdom Monera) Xk xñ .Z 1

Óx6,z P -S- Y0+Zgá ïXZk~á ïY0+Zg-ã+°ƒDXpZyÅ ¼ Zlx» ß*VÔõ Zzg» ß*V¯CX ‘zR,ZsƒDXX‚Å Ù c* 2 X Ù c* 1 p¼ ³ gz…ƒäÅ zzÐ̄I

] 4 - ā ö EG

©™ MhXk xñ .Z~ŠzZZlxÆY0+Zg

X~zZãE ® Ò 5 4 ø JGñŠƒ@*ìX - P -S- Y0+Zg: X~E ® Ò 5 4 ø JGzZã7ƒ@*X 6,z P -S- Y0+Zg::(Kingdom Protista) k x6,z $ k 5 é HH

7ƒDXZzgZ ' - . ç GE-7¯DX (Sex Organs) :Z,Y0+ZgX~mWg · . ç Y EE ‚Š{R+°Y0+Zg -ã+°Zzg‚Š{R+°Y0+Zgá ïX

6,z

$ h 4 øHHÅ

Zl

x::(Protozoa) 6,zIizZ X1tYâgzVÐxËY è ZyÆŸ]~−zZwZzg³ gz…7ƒDXÓx6,zIiz4,-ã+°X†ZƒZzg cZ $ 4 o - ê G

IG

:(Algae) XZ5 2t7ŠzVÆxËY è ZZyÆŸ]~−zZwZzg³ gz…ñŠƒDXZ5-ã+°Zzg‚Š{R+°Y0+ZgX

(Ulva) †µzzñ**kÔzZßz¾ ÔZßZX¼ Z,6,z $ h 4 ø

HHÌ¡ðÅ §bƒDX 3

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8/59

!*ÇeZÇg;) " 3 ð GE ‰ Pq§](

:(Kingdom Fungi OR Kingdom Mycota) k xârN* OR k x¡ð

B @*ìX ârßY XZyÅ ¬xVB ² ā )

4 5 é EGVX¡ð» _· (Decomposer) - P -S- R+°Zzg ‘zR,Z’ Y0+ZgXi c*Š{F,¡ðe~ì ig:(Kingdom Plantae) k xö‹

- P -S- R+°WIR,Z~)7Š}(á ïXR+°mWg · . ç Y EEgnp ZzgÑ̀‚¡~Z ' - . ç GE-¯DX

:(Kingdom Animalia) k xZ & 4 - . 5 Ò 5 é GEGGG

‘zR,Z~R+°XZy~−zZw7ƒCXYâgzVÃ ' × h+Šz¤ /z:~„H Š Hì %gl,|Å A~zZáYâg :(Invertebrate) )NgtYâg X2 gl,|Å A~zZáYâg :(Vertebrate) NgtYâg X1

:(Virus And Kingdom) zZ],kZzgk xÐZ~.H Š HìX± iC Ù XzZ],k:Â6,z P -S- ìZzg:„- P -S- Y è Zy~+°Wgk H,̂c7ƒCX Venome zZ],kÑHÂ¼ â 8 ç X L§»]zZ],kÃ "Yy¦g™ DY è :

Xti0+{ ö!*yÆ´z{} Ì›zú70*D 4 XZy~wÐ 1²x» ¿7ƒ@* 3 XZy~6,zIöix7ƒ@* 2 XZy~+°Wgk H,̂c7ƒCX 1X™ ·0YäÅ {¤Å ¯6,Z¹"Yy¦gH Y@*ì 5¼ â 8 ç X L§»]zZ],kÃ YyŠZg¦g™ DY è :

6,Œƒ@*ì RNA Zzg DNA Xt 1XZy~ñŸ)e~XZ+XZ}~p~(ƒCì 2XtâjwÐZW,Jw™ D 3Xt cZ‚V$ZzgŠz u}Y0+ZgzV~Fg c*V;DX 4Xt Üsi0+{û~Y™ „Â6™ DX 5¼ â 8 ç X L§»]Æ_.zZ],kY0+ZgZzg"YyÆŠgxyXZknzZ],kÃ Ë Ìk x~7g3 Š HX

:(Binomial Nomenclature) !*ðâ $ 4 5 ÿ JGâð ® Í - ? ç G FSpecies XŠz uZ**x genus pŠz**xXª**x Binomial Y0+ZgzVÃ ‚³ **xŠ¶» §i!*ðâ $ 4 5 ÿ JGâð ® Í - ? ç G FB @*ìX!*ðâ $ 4 5 ÿ JG

» gÖ Å 5 4 5 4 ø GEJGä« %û”gs™ zZ c*Zzg« %ûZ(gÌ™ zZ c*XZkÑÆnZkäÑHZÖp» ZEwH X

:(Rules & Regulations) ZßwzçZ*;BÐ˜ z‰Ü **xÆnâq X Homo sapiens N*U$H Y@*ìX‰ (Italics) X‚³ **ñVÃ Àâ dJ– Y@*ìXªZß 1

Homo sapiens‰Æ**xÃ (,}wsÐ ÑzqH Y@*ìX²) ²Æ**xÃ ågLwsÐ ÑzqH Y@*ìeìtºmZÌ„Y V:ƒX (Genus) X 8 5 4 ø EG

E 2

Escherichia Coli X‚³ **xÃ Z# « %ûZEwH YñÂå **x– Y@*ìpŠC Ù ZñYäÅ ßg]~**x» Ã– Y@*ì‰ 3E. coli Ã Šz!*g{-V– YñÇ

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9/59

!*ÇeZÇg;) " 3 ð GE ‰ Pq§](

!*ðâ $ 4 5 ÿ JGâð ® Í - ? ç G FÅ ZÌ:Onion ‚³ ïÆŠzgZy¬x**ñVÆZEwÐ¹Ð)b aZƒD¸X¹Ð´̧V~Zq- „Y0+ZgÆZ**xƒD¸X†

Ã ZgŠz~\ië X0*Î yÆZ´̧V~ZÐo ZÔzZËZzg!*ËÆ**ñVÐågZY@*ìXZÏ §bŠz u}̃´ ~ZkÆZ**xóìX Allium Cepa X‚b~\i» **xL

!*ðâ $ 4 5 ÿ JGâð ® Í - ? ç G F~Zq- „**xÓxi!*âVZzgÓxŠ*~ZEwƒ@*ìXTÅ zzÐïÆŠzgZy)]ÐXYYìX

(Extint species) **a) ²:Z+) ²Š*~} ÌñŠ:ƒX**a) ²B CX

0*Î y~YâgzVÅ **a) ²: èÔN*ÂÔÎ[C Ù yÔZ&++1¢ JÔ» ÑC Ù yÔ 3 4 5 ½ ð XGEY w

(Deforestation) Í]» {Ø:ÍCi}Ã )ÍC¯äÆnŠg½VÅ É ðÍ]» {ØB CìX

Í]Æ{ØÆZW,Z]:Xè~0*ãZzgc~&Å lZgÍ]Æ{ØÐOW,ƒCìX 1XŠg½VÅ ¶ iF̂É ƒ » !*)̄ kìX 2XÍ]» {ØR,Z $ k 5 é E F],cÆ¿Ã Á ™ @*ìZzgZkzzÐ!*ŠwÁ ‘WZzg!*g/Á ƒCX 3XŠg c*ƒ VÅ §sÕzZàèÐ0*ã» gZ3ÈƒY@*ìXc[» :L áCìX 4XÍ]Æ{ØÐâjwÆÂZiy~yZ!WYCìX 5


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10/59

(Cytology) ‚ç ßY OR (Cell Biology) −!*ÇßY(Cytology)

D c*_·X 7 Ò 0 î E MGÅ ‚|# Zzg 7 Ò 0 î E MGÆZbZY» _·‚ç ßYB @*ìX pLogos p 7 Ò 0 î E MGX KytosÂ :(Cytolgy) ‚ç ßY

:(Cell) −)3(:(Robert Hooke) gZ',^H (Cell) óXp # {Ô{:X',¤â~‚0ZygZ',^H ä» gu » x @{H ÂZkägL{äŠA XZy{âVÃ Zkä− Cella ÑHÂL

ó~á ù™ zZ c*X Hooke's Micrographia Y~ZKÂ [L 1665 » **xŠ c*XZkäZCîC» x

:(Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek) Z " 5 4 - ö GEHEzZyCyH ;C» â 8 ç X L ¡]XZkägZ',^H Æˆi0+{Ÿ]» x @{H Zzg@*Ñ[ÆnñŠi0+{ûª Ù c*Ô6,zIizZÃ ZKâMzj\ÆnŠ¬ X

g3 X (Animalcules) ZkäZy» **xZ & 4 - ) Ó ½ 3 ð GEGG²

:( J . B de-Lamarck) å & 4 5 4 i ï EG FHHe~úgu Y~Zkät ìw7H åā Ÿ~i0+Ï 7ƒCZ# J- ā ZkÆ{Ÿ]6,Œ:ƒV c*ZyÃ Ÿ]ä:¯ c*ƒX 1809 Û Z $ k 5 4 g ö

EGGâ 8 ç X L ¡]X

:(Robert Brown) gZ',^',Zƒ yY~«!*g7Š}Æ 7 Ò 0 î E MG~E ® Ó 4 øGŠg c*ÄH X 1831 ',¤â~â 8 ç X Lm@*]X

(Schleiden & Schwann Cell Theory) −¹g~ / ] Ò 5 å IGHyZzgØZyY~Zkä7ŠzVÆAi» _·™ Æ−¹g~» ªÒyŠ c*ā Óx7Š}:LZ,Z ÐZŠ~û» ù·ā å îg6, 1838 ] Ò 5 å IGHỳðâ 8 ç X Lm@*]X

WiZŠƒDóXY~ ( Ÿ 5 å GGHgØZyäÒyŠ c*ā :LYâgÌZ ÐZŠ~ûÐ‘WóX 1839−¹g~Ã Z’Zð̂~ ] Ò 5 å IGHyZzgØZyä7H TÆ_.ÓxY0+Zgi0+{Ÿ]Ð¶ƒDX

:(Rudolf Virchow) gez³zga(Omnis Cellula e cellula) Y~−¹g~~ZëZŸ†H XZkäÒyŠ c*ā LÓxû¬ÐñŠûÐ‘WX 1855 ̀ðÉX

:(Louis Pasteur) ßõ 0* ˜Y~ßõ 0* ˜äZk ìwÃ Š!*Cîg6,U*"$™ Š3 c*X 1862

:(Rules Of Cell Theory) −¹g~ÆZßwXÓxY0+ZgZq- c*Zq- ÐiZZ+ûÐ¶ƒDX 1X−ÓxY0+ZgzVÅ ãCŠ~Z» ðìX 2X−Y0+ZgzV~‚|# ZzgZdwÅ ãCŠ~Z» ðìX 3

Xû¬ÐñŠûÅ „ÐzŠ~WDX 4

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11/59


0*g


12/59


pŸ Skeleton p 7 Ò 0 î E MGX Kytos :(Cytoskeleton) ‚ç ] ½ 5 Ó 4 è GHE

‚ç ] ½ 5 Ò 5 4 è GGHE−» Zq- ZëZzgë{zìXt−Å Ã̂ ¯@*Zzg',Œ Û Zgg‚rìX‚ç ] ½ 5 Ó 4 è GHEF §bÆ#ñÐï™ áCìXX~Šz#ñi c*Š{XâMz#ñ 2 XâMzkç² 1 ZëX

âMz#ñ âMzkç²6,z”Ð¶ƒDX (Actin)* âMz#ñZ & » 4 è GHE 6,z”Ð¶ƒDX (Tubulin) âMzkç²kçÞ

tâMzkç²ÐÌi c*Š{!*gq- ƒDXt3Ã p̂s™ ä~æŠŠïX

tûÅ Ã̂ ',Œ Û Zggnp X¶ŒZzg _ 5 Ò 5 é GGÅ ‚|# » (,ZzÌâMzkç²¯DX

pÃqX™ y ActisX*Actin*−~ñŠgK‚ 8 5 4 è

EGGºmZdw uZxŠ,X−Wg ± 4 5 Ô . ç

Y EGGEB CXZëWg ± 4 5 Ô . ç Y EGGEÅ , Šg`fsìX −Wg ± 4 5 Ô . ç

Y EGGE:Y~Šg c*ÄH X 1831 ÆXE ® Ó 4 øGÃ gZ',^',Zƒ yä (Nut) E ® Ó 4 øGÑHÂìTÆpZyz^ :(Nucleus) XE ® Ó 4 øG 1

E ® Ó 4 øGD~ÔÍ wÔhwúZzgîwú^ÆƒDXE ® Ó 4 øGYâgÆ−ÆŠgxy~ñŠƒ@*ì²7ŠzV~zÃ wÅ ñŠÏ Æ!*)̄ Zq- E ä Zew\ë X OR Y+$ƒ@*ìXE ® Ó 4 øG- P -S- −~ƒ@*ì²6,z P -S- −~7ƒ@*Xte.Þ M+~¦8ƒ@*ì&E ä M+

6,Œƒ@*ìXEè öix~ŠzZqÐ i~ RNA :E ä M+~ŠZäŠZg(wâùƒ@*ì&Eè öix¹ Y@*ìXt0*ãÔ6,z”Zzg Eè öixX™ zñÎx 2 XEè Ö 1 ‚ 8 5 4 è

EGG0*ðYC

:)¦(XEè öix~ŠzEè Ñð0*ñYDXEè ÖÍ ŵÆƒDXt }g8 - » ´‘ìXtgZÆÎï Eè Ñð )zZu( Eè Ö:Zzg6,z”6,Œƒ@*ìX RNA

pŸXgÄ ZgŸ soma pg8 - X Chroma ™ zñÎx:tŠJ§ ú‚ 8 5 4 è

EGGƒCXt−ezn,yÆŠzgZy ÃWDpZ# −ezn,y:ƒg„ƒÂt!*gq- ŠJ§ ú‚½VÅ ^~ƒDÎ™ zâH

Zzg6,z”Ðï™ ‘WX DNA ¹ Y@*ìX™ zñÎ' × (Chromatin)

pŸ Soma XRNApRibo :(Ribosomes) gZÆÎ' × X2Y~Z ¼zyâMzj\Å æŠÐ‚ç öix~ŠZäŠZg‚½V» x @{H ZzgZy‚½VÃ âMzÎ' × 1941ä(Claude) ƒ Ð¬¯ e}

Y~gZÆÎx» **xŠ c*Xt‚ 8 5 4 è EG

G c*Â‚ç öix~WiZŠZ: ¾C 1958ä (Palade) ¹ Xˆ~ŠZäŠZg‚½VÃ öe} (Microsomes)Ðï™ ‘WXgZÆÎ' × Æ¤ /Š M+7ƒCX (RNA) WgZ+Z} 50% 6,z”Zzg 50% c* QZhzöiî gÃ̈ Ý÷ Ba~ƒCXgZÆÎ' ×

óÌ¹ Y@*ìX (Protein Factories) gZÆÎ' × z{Ç˜V6,z " 2 . ç HGEEÅ »gƒCZkngZÆÎ' × Ã L6,z” 1m,

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13/59


(Granules) pŠZä Chondrion pŠJ§ X Mitos :(Mitochondria) Xâç Ã &+g c* 3Y~̀ð‚ç ß¡LŠZó 1897 ó¹ X (Bioplasts) Y~âç Ã &+g c*Ã Šg c*ÄH ZzgL!*Çö† 1886äAltman ƒ Ð¬

äZÐâç Ã &+g c*» **xŠ c*Xte.Þ M+~nƒð‚ 8 5 4 è EGGXt‚ 8 5 4 è EGG Üs- P -F~0*ðYCXZkÅ Ûzã M+ûZgƒC (Benda)¹ Y@*ìX (cristae) ~¹Ï (


14/59


eD Î' × . Ç 5™ . Ç 5!*em, - XÇ 5Z6, 6

(Golgi Apparatus,Golgi Bodies,Golgi Complex , Dictyosomes)äŠg c*ÄH X ² - . 5 Ò ð GGÇ 5Zq- Z¤ß~‚ Û cåXZkä–”ú‚½V» Zq- ÃL Šg c*ÄH (Camillo Golgi) Y~ ² - . 5 Ò ð GGÇ 5 1898 Ç 5!*em,Ã

¹ Š HX¹Ð ÃãZkÃL ~Zq- Šz u}ÆZz6,e ƒÅ ßg]~ƒDX Ãã» tå ÃL Ç 5Z6,B @*ì (Cisternae) & Ãã

t7ŠzVZzgYâgzVÆû~0* c*Y@*ìXÇ 5!*em,Ã Z**xŠ‰ā Šg•fs(Dictyosome) XeD Îx 4 (Golgi Complex) XÇ 5™ 3 (Golgi Body) XÇ 5!*e~ 2 (Golgi Apparatus) XÇ 5Z6, 1

(Golgisomes) XÇ 5Î' × 6 (Lipochondria) XjÃ &+g c* 5ÐWäzZáâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²~p~™ ÆZ7gKgK M+~nƒð2V~g™ **ìXt¼VÇ 5zm, $ ¹ Î æ GEB CX Rough E.R Zk» » x

pŸ soma X (Splitting) pZµ ƒY** Lysis :(Lysosomes) XÑ $ i ð JÎ' × 7(Enzymes) Y~Ñ $ i ð JÎ' × Šg c*ÄGXtŒ M+~aeƒñWg ± 4 5 Ô . ç

Y EGGEX~ !ZW,gpp zZáeZð 7 4 h 4 ð EGH{ %} 1955 ™ tg´e~e-zäƒDpgZu ZzgZgâŠzVÅ Cd$» g~~æŠŠïX

kç²6,Œƒ@*ìXC Ù 9 t ÜsYâgzV~0* c*YäzZÑWg ± 4 5 Ð ö Y E

GìXtYgúWg ± 4 5 Ô . ç Y EGGEXZq- ç-w :(Centrioles) X ç-² 8

âMzkç²ƒCX 3 k[~ë X (Centrosome) YâgÆ−~E ® Ó 4 øGÆŒ Û d$Šz ç-²0*ñYDXŠzâV ç-²Ã ù¦îg6,Zq- çzÎx çzÎx:

t−ezn,yÆŠzgZy¶wÃ $¯DX

p{àX Vacuus ÑHÂ: :(Vacoules) zÃ ²tŒ M+~aeƒDXt(wâùÐ ½}ƒDX‚ç öix~¹ÐgLzÃ ²ƒDX7Š}Æ−Æ!*Úƒä6,ÓxzÃ ²0*ã_.[™ ÆW:~æƒYDZzgZk §bZq- (,ZzÃ w0Y@*ìX

Zzg & À . 3 ï FY EHfí{™ DXZkÆ´z{iC Ù Yâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²Ìfí{gnp @*ā !~pg (Sugar) t−Ã Úƒ Å qª~',Œ Û Zggnp Xt0*ãÔ]

YâgzVÐXYnX

6,z P -S- Zzg- P -S- û~ Û t:- P -S- û 6,z P -S- û

XE ® Ó 4 øGzZãƒ@*ìX 1 XzZãE ® Ó 4 øG7ƒ@*X 10*ñYDX E.R Xâç Ã &+g c*XÇ 5Z6,Zzg 2 70*ñYDX E.R Xâç Ã &+g c*XÇ 5Z6,Zzg 2

XgZÆÎ' × (,}ƒDX 3 XgZÆÎ' × - P -S- ûÅ ÚgLƒDX 3X−zZw+ßi c*» & 4 è

JHEÅ µƒCìX 4 X−zZwƒ[+z† & » 4 è J

GEÅ µƒCìX 4

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15/59


pyX Diffundere ÑHÂ :(Diffusion & Facilitated Diffusion) eAjyZzg ¢ 4 k 5 Ð ö E

GG & 4 5 å HGHHeAjyâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²» i c*Š{Zg‚izZá´‘ÐÁ Zg‚izZá´‘Å §sw• ™ **LeAjyóB @*ìX

e¤ /~¤ /i+ÐZz6,ƒ 273 e¤ /~ú y c*t 0 ûÆZ0+gZzg− M+ÆWg0*gâŠzVÅ w• » Zßà §ieAjyB @*ìXZ,â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²X» ŠgzwZg]w• ~gTXi c*Š{â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²i c*Š{ÐÁ Zg‚iÅ §sw• ™ D@*ë¼ â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²Á Ði c*Š{Zg‚iÅ §sÌw• ™ DX

!eAjyÆfg)„ƒ@*ìXeAjy Zzg µzV~u V» nŠ (Gills) » g0eZðW‚ [+ZzgWx eAjyÆfg)− M+Ð¦ /gDX1 ~Ã ðÂZ**ðya7ƒCX

¼ â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²#Ö Zzgeg`Å zzÐ− M+ÆWg0*geAjy7™ 0*DXt» x :(Facilitated Diffusion) ¢ 4 k 5 Ð ö E

GG & 4 5 å HGHHeAjy− M+~Ð R,Z¡ĝ6,z " 2 . ç HGEEÅ æŠÐH Y@*ìX®Z

LLZ¤ /R,Z¡g^6,z”Ë â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GGwÃ i c*Š{ÐÁ Zg‚izZá´‘Å §sYä~æŠŠ}ÔZ+eAjyÃ ¢ 4 k 5 Ð ö EGG & 4 5 å HGHHeAjy¹ Y@*ìóóXZkeAjy~ÌÃ ðÂZ**ðya7ƒCX

pŠd Osmos -**ãÂ :(Osmosis) ZzÈ‹LL0*ãÆâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²» ½6,òZ " 5 ÿ GE M+Ð* g™ Á Zg‚izZáÎC×Ði c*Š{Zg‚izZáÎC×Å §sY**LZzÈ‹óB @*ìóóX

ZzÈ‹ÆZßwÃ KÆnN* & 4 o - ö EGH» ÃtŠ¬ Y@*ìXN* & 4 o - ö

EGHÐ %ZŠLLŠz²Ñ]~ÎCFÅ pÐ ƒ lZgóóìX :(Tonicity) N* & 4 o - ö EGH

pi c*Š{ Hyper p;ƒ Ô Tonic Xi c*Š{ÎC^X HYPERTONICX1

pÁ Hypo p;ƒ Ô Tonic XÁ ÎC^X HYPOTONICX2p',Z', Isos p;ƒ Ô Tonic X',Z',ÎC^X ISOTONICX3

LL−ÆZ0+gzã0*ãÐ−zZw6,!*C Ù Å §s7,äzZáŠ!*ƒ Ã R,¤ /6, b¹ Y@*ìóóX :(Turgor Pressure) R,¤ /6, b¹ Y@*ìX (Turgidity) Zkqª~−~Úƒ WY@*ìX&Úƒ Å qª

pe¡7,Y** Lysis pßg]X Plasmo :(Plasmolysis) öiñÑ $ l ç JE

LL−Ð0*ãÆZyZ`Å zzÐ‚ç öix−ÆZ0+giY@*ìX‚ç öixÆZk §biäÅ qªöiñÑ $ l ç JEB CìóóX

: (Osmosis & Gaurd Cells) ZzÈ‹ZzgÇ geû7ŠzVÅ Ûzã¢Å µ :(Epidermis) Z3egéhwú 7 Í / õ EG7ŠzVÅ Z3egé~ñŠ:wÐ Æ¤ /Š¦ƒDZzg7Š}Å ™«™ DX :(Gaurd Cells) Ç geûŠyÆz‰Ü ‰ Ã i¯DXZknz{ZLZgŠ¤ /ŠñŠZ3egïûÅ Ú; †N*7- ƒDX

Z3egé~ñŠgLgLÎgZc:wÐ B DX~Ð0*ã» ZyZ`ƒ@*ìX :(Stomata) :wÐ

z{¿T~gLâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²Ã 0*ãÆ6, bÅ æŠÐ½6,òZ " 5 ÿ GE M+Ð* ZgZY@*ìLL 7cóóB @*ìX :(Filtration) 7c

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16/59


:(Active Transport) ZÐ R,Z¡g^Å ßg]~ÂZ**ðyaƒC ATP LLâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²» ZLÁ Zg‚izZá´‘Ði c*Š{Zg‚izZá´‘Å §sw• ™ **LZÐ R,Z¡gó̂B @*ìóóXZk¿~

ATP- Adinosine Triphosphate ìXÅ ßg]~yaƒäzZàZ3,Y6,z " 2 . ç HGEEZEw™ CX ATP t¿6,z”Æfg) uZxŠ c*Y@*ìXZzg ¹ Y@*ìX (Carrier Proteins) Zy6,z " 2 . ç HGEEÃ P J6,z " 2 . ç HGEE

p3 Kytos pZ0+gX Endo :(Endocytosis) Zhz‚ç ‹z{¿T~−ZK M+Ã Z0+gzã §sñh™ i c*Š{#Ö zZáâŠzVÃ Á_ìXZhz‚ç ‹B @*ìX

(Pinocytosis) X0*Å‚ç ‹ 2 (Phagocytosis) X ¢ 5 ½ ð EGY

‚ç ‹ 1 ZkÅ ŠzZlx

p 7 Ò 0 î E MG Cytosis p3 **X Phagein :(Phagocytosis) ¢ 5 ½ ð EGY ‚ç ‹ X1Zk¿~̂kâŠzVÃ ‚)3 c*(Y@*ìX

p 7 Ò 0 î E MG Cytosis pÁCX Pinein :(Pinocytosis) X0*Å‚ç ‹ 2Zk¿~âùâŠzVÃ ¢zVÅ ßg]~Z0+g‹ c*Y@*ì)\Y@*ì(X

p 7 Ò 0 î E MG cytosis p!*C Ù X Exo :(Exocytosis) Z; ‚ç ‹Zk¿~i c*Š{#Ö zZáâŠzVÃ −Ð!*C Ù ïwŠ c*Y@*ìX

YâgzVZzg7ŠzVÆAi::p & 4 5 é E NEE Texere ÑHÂ: :(Tissue)A

LLû» ¤ /z\Zq- ‰ƒDZzgÓxûZq- „÷ uZxŠïóóX c*LL¹‚g}ûW:~ï™ A¯DóóX

(,~ZlxŠg`fsX 4 YâgzVÆAi:X3,zkA 4 XEA 3 X ´ 4 5 » 4 3 ð

EGHGA 2 XZ3 ( Ÿ 5 Ò 5 ÿ G

GGA 1

tŸÅ Ûzã §sñŠƒDXZ,A~ûŒ Û d$Œ Û d$ƒDXt{à»V :(Epithelial Tissues) XZ3 ( Ÿ

5 Ò 5 ÿ

G

GGAi (1)Å Z0+gzãµÌ¯DXZkAÃ Šg`fsZlx~„H YYì

t¡ûÅ qV6,ŒƒDXtŠwZzg¤z $ h Î æ GE~ñŠƒDXtA¢ a ?Ã ZL :(Squamous Epithelium) X ] ¼ - . ø GZ3

( Ÿ 5 Í - ê G

GG (i)

Z0+gÐ¦ /gäŠêìXk ^ÆûÅ µƒCìX¤ /ŠzVÅ **CVZzggLU i~ñŠƒDXtA :(Cuboidal Epithelium) XY !*[+wZ3

( Ÿ 5 Í - ê G

GG (ii)

¯DX (Secretions) gî{tKF,}ûÅ µ6,ŒƒDXteZ

# - C 4 h 4 ð JGEGHJ wZzgÇ w›g~ñŠƒDXtZ «Z Z :(Columnar Epitheliam) X» Å - . ç EZ3

( Ÿ 5 Í - ê G

GG (iii)

¯@*ìX (Secretions) 6,Œgî{

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17/59


Zk~ _ 5 Ò 5 é GGzZáKF,}ûñŠƒDXtZL _ 5 Ò 5 é GGÅ w• Ðñ¾ :(Ciliated Columnar Epithelium) X'Z " 5 å GHH» Å - . ç EZ3 ( Ÿ 5 Í - ê G

GG (iv)

Ã !*C Ù ŠjìX (Mucous)

ZK̈ãn{~ñ¾ U iûƒDñ¾ {g`™ DXtZq- gî"$ìn}Å Š-ZgÃ µ 4 n . ç Y GHu kÆ !Z!ZW,ÐXCìX ñ¾ :t¡ûÅ qV6,Œƒ@*ìXtìZzgZÁ ¢ 5 ½ ø

EGY

Å Z0+gzãŠ-Zg :(Stratified Squamous Epithelium) X 7¨Ã[+ ] ¼ - . ø GZ3

] ¼ - . ø G (v)

~¢Å ÛzãR6,ñŠƒ@*ìZzgZk» » xZLÐZ0+gzã §sñŠAiÅ ™«™ **ìX

(Cartilage) tAhäZzgmaZ™ DXZkAÅ ¬xVBA~ÔpyZzg» g " 5 Í -

÷ HGGE :(Connective Tissue) X ´ 4 5 » 4 3 ð

EGHGAi (2)A-VÆ) gzVÔ Ûzã» yÔ**u ZzgR,− ~0* c*Y@*ìX (Cartilage) X» g

" 5 Í - ÷

HGGE

tEEûÆ³²6,Œƒ@*ìXÃ EÃ $ië XZkAÆû~iäÅ &¢A ƒC :(Muscle Tissue) XEA (3)ìXEAiÅ Zlx:

t¦EŠJg~ŠZgZzgYgúû6,ŒƒDXtŸ~A-V÷ Ba}ƒDX :(Skeletal Muscles) X ] ½ 5 Ó 4 5 ÿ GGH¦ (i)tZL» xÆÒpÐ )ZgZŠ~XtZ & Í - ) 4 2 . ç GGGEH~J wÔV:Zzg¤z $ h Î æ GEÅ Š-ZgzV~ñŠƒDX :(Smooth Muscles) XÈB¦ (ii)

Zy» » xZâŠzVÃ w• Šbì†%O[ÔpgZu Zzgpyz ){XtŠJg~ŠZgû6,ŒƒDXtá cŠZgƒDXtŠwÅ Š-ZgzV~0*ñYDXZzgŠwÅ :(Cardiac Muscles) X» geq- ¦ (iii)

Š PÁ aZ™ DX6,ŒƒD (Neurons) tAŸ~¥â]ÆnŠ!» Zq- Âx¯@*ìXtA3,zûªEgZ4, :(Nervous Tissue) X3,zkA (4)

ÔŠârZzg3,zi~ñŠƒ@*ìX (Spinal Cord) Xt3,zZ ! 5 Ò ø FÅ ^~â]àäÆnºmƒDXtA 3F» ge

7ŠzV~AiÅ Šz(,~ZlxX :(Plant Tissues) 7ŠzVÆAiXá ƒ &+Ai 2 XÓAi 1

tAi ÜsZq- nÆû6,ŒƒDXZkÅ ŠzlxX :(Simple Tissues) XÓAi 1tAiZ,û6,ŒƒD„ƒäÅ &¢A gnp XZyÆûÅ S:]Šg` :(Meristematic Tissue) X ÷~ ] 4 - ) 4 5 ë HGGHAi (i)

fsXt¡−zZwgnp (3) XzÃ ²‚,̂~gLƒD c*ñŠ7ƒD (2) X−~(,ZE ® Ó 4 øGƒ@*ì (1)

XZkAiÆûÆŠgxy{àÇ7ƒ'X (4)ZkÅ ' × h+ŠzZlxX

tazVZzgàVÆ uzV6,0*ñYDXZy~ezn,yÆ¿Ð7Š}Å Mð~ZŸ† :(Apical Meristems) )Z³(Z3À ÷~ ] 4 - , ç HGE

ƒ@*ìZ+›zúÃ 6,Z Î~›zúë X

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18/59


tAàVZzgazVÆZ §Zs6,0* c*Y@*ìXtAezn,yÆ¿~7Š}ÆZ|;ƒ » :L :(Lateral Meristems) )[( {w ÷~ ] 4 - , ç HGE

‘WZ+›zúCg~¤ /zBB CìX {w ÷~ ] 4 - , ç HGEÅ ' × h+ŠzZlxX

tj & Ð ê JZzgiZ " 5 Ð ê JGAÆŠgxy0*ðYCìX :(Vascular Cambium) z $ h ½ ð G° ² - ) 4 - ê GEG (a)t ÛzãZ §Zs~ƒCìXZkÆû» gu Å µ¯CìX :(Cork Cambium) » gu

² - ) 4 - ê GEG (b)

tAi ÷~ ] 4 - ) 4 5 ë HGGHAiÐï™ ‘WXZkÆû„ƒäÅ &¢A 7gnp X :(Permanent Tissues) 6,â " 3 ï EEHAi (ii)tûÅ Zq- µ6,ŒƒDX :(Epidermal Tissues) Z3egïAi (i) 6,â " 3 ï EEHAiÅ Zlx:

aÆ¤ /ŠñŠZ3egïAi0*ãZzgn*]Ã _.[™ DXZ3egïAi~Zû0*ñYDŠz u}ZdwÆnºmƒDXB CìXtàVZzgêVÐ0*ãÅ ógzÇ ìX (Cuticle) {g`™ DXY HÅ µY ç (Cutin) tAiãZzgíÆ¤ /ŠY H

tÓAi cy» [û

Ð‘W

Xtû

Í wƒD1 ˜VÐtŠz u}û÷

Ba

}ƒD :(Ground Tissues)

¤ /Zƒ

&+Ai

(ii)

ë ˜V̄I ] 4 - ā ö EG ©ƒCìX² (Mesophyll) z;VÐ¡ƒYDXZyÅ 6,Z Î~−zZw!*gq- ƒCìXZyûÃ êV~ öz…Šz u} ”V~tgä],cZzg6,z " 2 . ç HGEEÅ »g~» » x™ DX

t7Š}~EZzg¢ïaZ™ DXZkÅ ' × h+ŠzZlxX :(Support Tissues) X7gÂi (iii)tZ3egéÆnàVÆ» gLÔYßVÆ & 4 5 Î æ FGHEZzgêVÅ çg[~ñŠƒDXZyÆû :(Collenchyma Tissue) XÃ Þ» [A (a)

EƒDXZyÅ 6,Z Î~−zZw )ûZg §jÐñKƒCìXZy» » xZyWg · . ç Y EEÃ –gZŠbìX~t0* c*Y@*ìX

tAZ,ûÐï™ áCìXÅ ²g~zZw )EZgƒCìXZy−zZ²Å ñÅ zzZq- :(Sclerenchyma Tissue) X ^ ¹ Ô . ç Gy» [A (b)

ZlxX 3 ¹ Y@*ìX!*Úû %Š{ƒDXZkAÅ ' × h+ (Lignin) ìX& É » 4 è Y

EE (Organic Chemical) Wg µ 4 5 ë Y GE¡ tEZzgÞŸ]XZyÆ) g}Zq- Šz u}Ã eJ|ƒDX0*ãZq- ÐŠz u}R, & ½ 5 å GGHi~Zz6,Å :(Trachieds) )Z³(R, & ½ 5 å GGHi

§sw• ™ @*ìXt %Š{ûƒDXtZq- Šz u}Ðï™ k[ú‚|# ¯DXZyÅ :(Vessels Cells OR Elements) Á Ü OR z $ h Î æ GEû )[(

²g~zZwñKƒCìXtZq- Zq- ™ Æ ) }ƒñƒDZzgL ¤ /z:Å ^~ƒDXtZy ”VÃ ¢ïZzgÚƒ Û Zë™ D :(Sclereids) ^ ¹ Ô . ç Gi+i )`(

X~t0*ñYDX

tZ(AìT~Zq- Ði c*Š{ZlxÆûñŠƒDXt Üsz $ h ½ ð G°7ŠzV~ :(Compound Tissues) Xá ƒ &+Ai 20* c*Y@*ìXZyÅ VBiZ " 5 Ð ê JGZzgjìAiX

tAazVÐ0*ãZzgi”{âŠzVÃ i}Ð_.[™ Æ7Š}ÆZ ”VJ- àDXiZ " 5 Ð ê JGA7Š}Æ :(Xylem Tissue) XiZ " 5 Ð ê JGA (i)ŸÃ –gZŠêìX

ZyAi» » xŸÆZ ”V~Wg µ 4 5 ë Y GEâŠzV» à**ìXZy~ŠznÆûƒDX :(Phloem Tissue) XjìA (ii)tûEƒDX¹Ï±k[ûï™ D±k),¯DX :(Sieve Tube Cells) X±k[û (a)

tû±k[ûÆn6,z " 2 . ç HGEE»g™ DX :(Companion Cells) X ² .

5 4 5 4 è FGEGEû (b)

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19/59


¿ÎZÑ]zZ!*]:

ÎZw:ƒ[+z† " 5 » 4

è

J

GGEH ì?tZâÅZŒZzgØ¤ /» ¯ƒZ7 Ê - , ç GìX6,z P -FÅ −zZwZÏ¡ ÐµƒCìX Z[:ÎZw:™ zñÎ' × ¾ Ð‘W?

6,z”Ð‘WX (Histone) Zzg 4 h 4 ð XHy DNA ™ zñÎ' × Z[:ÎZw:ZK̈ãŸ~X ZlxÆû0*ñYD?

ZlxÆûÐ

¯ƒ@*ì

X200

Z¨KãŸ~ Z[: ÎZw:Ç 5Z6,ÆZ**x ’ k,™ ,??)',ZñZŸ°¥â](

(Golgi Complex) XÇ 5™ 3 (Golgi Body) XÇ 5!*e~ 2 (Golgi Apparatus) XÇ 5Z6, 1 Z[:(Golgisomes) XÇ 5Î' × 6 (Lipochondria) XjÃ &+g c* 5 (Dictyosome) XXeD Îx 4


14/9-R Khanewal

Mob:0346-3985843 r

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20/59

(Cell Cycle) −‚¡¬ÐñŠ‚½VZzgY0+ZgzVÜ5‚ 8 5 4 è

EGGZzg6Y0+ZgaZ™ ä» ¿ÔÂ6B @*ìX :(Reproduction) Â6

Zq- −Æ™ zñÎ' × 6™ zñÎ' × ¯DXZk §bûÐ6û‘WXûÅ g Tzë Ã −ezn,yë X

:(Cell Cycle & Phases) −‚¡ZzgZkÆ %ZiÆfg)ZL‰6û¯@*ì (Mitosis) ZyÓxzZu]» ŸX~Zq- −aZƒäÐ³âðI‹ :(Cell Cycle) −‚¡B @*ìX (Cell Cycle) −‚¡

Šz(,} %ZiŠg`fs :(Phases Of Cell Cycle) −‚¡Æ %Zi(Mitotic OR M-Phase) XâðIS- | c*Z* | 2 (Interphase) XZ Ú | 1

:ZkŠzgZy−ZLW\Ã ezn,y)„(Æn»g™ @*ìXZk %µÆŠzgZywÐ 1́ u¤ /xV ²z`6,ƒC (Interphase) XZ Ú | 1 %Zi 3 Z Ú |Æ

|Ð Ñzq™ @*ìZzgZk %³~ZLn6,z " 2 . ç HGEEÅ Û Zb(,J@*ìXâç Ã &+g c* G1 (:−ZC−‚¡ gap )ªÜ: :(G1 Phase) |1Y (i)Æ (Duplication) ~™ zñÎ' × Å Ü (S Phase) gZÆÎ' × Å ®ZŠ~ZŸ†ƒ@*ìXZk %µ~Z,Z «Z ZÅ »g~ƒCìZŒ %µ Zzg

n ¢zg~X( Synthesis :)»g~: (S Phase) Zö | (ii)Ì¹ Y@*ìXZk |~™ zñÎ' × Å » \V»gƒCXZk §bC Ù ™ zñÎxÆ0*kZq- Å OñŠz Ã (Synthetic Phase) Zk %µÃ _ 5 4 - £ 4 5 ë G

EGGH |

0YDX (sister chromatids) ™ âQ+i(gap :)Šz uZÜ: (G2 Phase) |2Y (iii)

¯äÆn ¢zg~XZk %µÆ−̂ezn,y |~ŠZ4ƒ@*ìX (Spindle Fibre) Zk %µ~−Z+6,z " 2 . ç HGEE»g™ @*ì¶wÃ $~„ƒY@*ìX (Daughter Cells) eZR,û 2 Å Tyâç ‹ìT~− (Division Phase) ezn,y |

|0 :Z,ûX~x c*¬gèîg6,„» ¿gu YñZ7pZËÏ Å qª~ŒY@*ìX−Å i0+Ï » t %³Y (G0 Phase) |0YB @*ìX (G0 Phase)

:(Mitotic Phase OR M-Phase) XâðIS- | c*Z* | 2tZq- ¿ %³ìXtZ Ú |÷ BW@*ìT~−ZLW\Ã ezn,yÆn»g™ @*ìX

ätx @{H ā „ƒD−~E ® Ó 4 øGp=VÆ (W. Flemming) Y~̀ð!*Çß¡zZ−g ¡ Í - . 5 ë E

GEY 1880 :(Mitosis) âðI‹B @*ìX (Mitosis) Zq- ŸÐ* g@*ìXtŸâðI‹

~„ƒY@*ìZzg™ zñÎ' × Å (Daughter Cells) ŠzeZR,û (Parent Cell) Zzg−ezn,yìT~W!*ð− (Nuclear) âðI‹E ä (Somatic Cells) ®ZŠZâ„ƒCìÎā W!*ð−~ƒCìXâðI‹ Üs- P -S- û~ƒCìXR+°Y0+ZgzV~âðI‹Îzû

~ƒCìXZkezn,yÃ Îz−ezn,yÌ¹ Y@*ì²6,z P -S- û~âðI‹Å §bZq- −ezn,yƒCì&!* I~ ¢ j è EIE¹ Y@*ìX

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21/59

(Cell Cycle) −‚¡:(Phases Of Mitosis) âðI‹Æ %Zi

âðI‹Ã Šz %Zi~„H Š Hì(Cytokinesis) X‚ç » " 5 4 l ç JEGE 2 (Karyokinesis) X P -» " 5 4 l ç JEGE 1

Zk %µ~E ® Ó 4 øGÅ „ƒCìXt %³ P -» " 5 4 l ç JEGEB @*ìX :(Karyokinesis) X P -» " 5 4 l ç JEGE 1:(Phases Of Karyokinesis) P -» " 5 4 l ç JEGEÆ %Zi

Zk %³~Šg`fsp´VƒC :(Prophase) X6,z | (a)X™ zñÎx!*‡°{̂~WY@*ìXZzg™ zñÎxñN*ƒ™ {m‚½V~$+wY@*ìZq- Šz u}ÐnƒCX 1

ƒYDX (Intermix) XE ® Ó 4 øGZzgE ä M+ZbZY~„ƒYDZk §b‚ç öixZzgEè öixW:~£ ç 2(Kinetochore) X Ã™ zâQ+zZãƒYDXtZq- „ çz ÞÐa}ƒDX çz Þ~6,z”ÐµZq- ‚|# ƒCì» ðnÃ g 3

B CìXZk£x6,¶wÃ $iaDXÅ §s−YDX (Opposite Poles) XC Ù ç-wŠz~„ƒ™ ŠzeZR, çzÎx¯@*ìXŠzâV çzÎ' × −Æ#³̈ 4

XŠzâV çzÎ' × ‚ç öix~ñŠkçÞ6,z " 2 . ç HGEEÃ h™ âMzkç²¯DÎ¶wÃ $i¹ Y@*ìX−~“WzZà¶wÃ $iÆå ÃL 5ë X (Mitotic Spindle) Ã âðIS- ¶w

Zk %³~Šg`fszZu]z̧q5+ k,ƒD :(Metaphase) XwÐ | (b)X™ zñÎ' × ñLZzg!*ÇzZãƒYDX™ zñÎ' × ¶wÃ $iÆfg) çz Þ÷ BaYDX 1

~F,KM ŠïXZzgZq- wÐ |P¯D (Equator) c*™ zñÎ' × pŠÃ −Æ 8û E LZ2Z (Chromatids) X™ âQ+i 2X ç-²ðhZ‚̈Å §sw• ™ DZzg¶wÃ $i#³‚zZáÃ $iÐaYDX 3

t ¿ %³ìT~Šg`fsp´VƒC :(Anaphase) XZb | (c)X¶wÃ $ çzÎxÅ §sc Ñzq™ ŠêìZk¿ ƒ ÆË~ Ã™ zâQ+e{ƒ™ #³̈~−YDX 1

Ã™ zâQ+Z[™ zñÎ' × B N ÐXX#³̈~îÆ™̂ zâQ+iÆŠz¤ /z: ç-²Æ¤ /ŠªC Ù ƒDX 2

t %³6,z |» Z« %³ìXZk %³~Šg`fsp´VƒC :(Telophase) X÷ | (d)X™ zñÎ' × EZzg )zZã0YDX 1XE ® Ó 4 øGZzgE ä M+Šz!*g{ªC Ù ƒYCìX 2X™ zñÎ' × Šz!*g{™ zâHÅ ^Z(g™ feX 3

Zk §bE ä ezn,yå ƒYCìp−ezn,yÃ å ƒäÆnZq- Zzg %³Ð¦ /g**ƒ@*ìX

‚ç öixÅ „Ô‚ç » " 5 4 l ç JEGEB CìX :(Cytokinesis) X‚ç » " 5 4 l ç JEGE 2YâgzV~‚ç » " 5 4 l ç JEGEè óÆfg=ƒCìXz{£x˜V P -» " 5 4 l ç JEGEÆŠzgZywÐ |PƒC¶ÔZq- L~kì YâgzVÆû~‚ç » " 5 4 l ç JEGE:

B CìXt L~' × h+ ~ƒYCìZzgW!*ð−Šz~„ƒY@*ìX (Cleavage Furrow) è ó Û z

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22/59

(Cell Cycle) −‚¡7ŠzVÆû~‚ç » " 5 4 l ç JEGE:

‚ç » " 5 4 l ç JEGE» ¿7ŠzV~ZìXÇ 5!*em,Ðå3zZà¼V)zm, $ ¹ Î æ GE(−ÆŠgxy~¦ƒYCZzgW:~æƒ™ M «~nZq- e‹ë X−P!*C Ù Å §s(,fìÂZk~' × h+zm, $ ¹ Î æ GEæƒYD (Phragmoplast) Û & À . ð G

Y ö† OR (Cell Plate) ¯C&−P

‘WX~ (Daughter Cells) XZzg−PÅ M «− M+÷ BïYCZzg−P» ñZŠ−zZw÷ BYMìXZk §bŠzeZR,ûC Ù Zq- ZK− M+Zzg−zZwg‚rìX

:(Significance Of Mitosis) âðI‹Å ZÌXâðI‹~W!*ð−Æ™ zñÎ' × ŠzŠ ºû~„ƒYDX 1X‚ç öixÌ',Z',„ƒY@*ìX 2X™ zñÎ' × Å ®ZŠ',Z',gSìX 3

XâðI‹ûÅ p~~æŠŠêìX6,ZäûÅ (6û‘WX 4X"‡1âðI‹ ã » !*)̄ kìX 5

ZLÅ ñƒñ!*izŠz!*g{0*©8ìX Sea Star X¼ Y0+ZgZLŸÆ ”VÃ âðI‹Æfg)Šz!*g{¯feX‰ 6

:(Errors In Mitosis) âðI‹~™VƒYñÂû„ƒ** (Mutation) ~ñŸ (Genes) ñŠƒDâðI‹6, N zwgnp pZ¤ /Zy 8 2 . ç EGEE (Genes) Óxû~Z, 8 2 . ç EGEE

B CX (Tumors) Yg~gnp XZk"‡1„Å zzÐgÎ1V0YCXtgÎ1Vk %i(Malignant Tumor)

X ! 5 Ò

5 ë G

G

Y " 3 ï

EEH

k %2 (Benign Tumor)

X!X**ík %

1

Å ŠzZlx(Tumor)

k %(Benign Tumor) Z,k %iŸÆŠz u} ”V~:́ ÉZÏ(g˜Vz{‘WÔ!**í : (Benign Tumor) X!X**ík % 1B DX

Z,k %i4,Šq- ÆAi6,ú™ ,ZzgZLZÝ£xÐŠzg−YN Ô ! 5 Ò 5 ë GGY " 3 ï EEHk %i c* ã kk % :(Malignant Tumor) X ! 5 Ò 5 ë GG

Y " 3 ï EEHk % 2¹ Y@*ìX (Metastasis) B DXZk¿Ã Fg~» Al (Malignant OR Cancerous Tumors)

pÁ ™ Šb c*gN*™ ŠbXòZz‹~™ zñÎ' × Å ®ZŠÁ ƒYCìX Meioun -**ãÂ :(Meiosis) òZz‹Y~ 1905 ~x @{H XZkx @}Ã (Ascaris) äƒ Ð¬òZz‹» Z ] ¿ . ç Gk E. van Beneden

» **xŠ c*X Meiosisä (J.E Morre) ZzgZXZ~ñg} (J.B Farmer) ZX!Ãg %Ì¹ Y@*ìX (Gametogenic Division) òZz‹Ã ² - ) 4 3 ð

Y GGH 7 4 5 ë EGEezn,y

Š º−aZ™ }ÔòZz‹B @*ìóóX (Haploid) 4 5 Õ ä X F[+ 4 −„ƒ™ (Daploid) LLZ(¿TÆŠzgZyZq- - P -S- eöàZ,ûX~™ zñÎ' × hzVÅ ^~ƒVÔeöàB DX :(Daploid:2n) eöàZ,ûX~™ zñÎ' × hzVÅ ^~7ƒDX™ zñÎ' × Å ®ZŠWŠSƒYCìÔ 4 5 Õ ä X FàB DX :(Haploid) 4 5 Õ ä X Fà

òZz‹Å »g~Æ %Ziz,„‰âðI‹Ð¬Z Ú |~¸X :(Phases Of Meiosis) òZz‹Æ %Zi

X II- ZzgòZz‹ I- òZz‹~ÌƒCXZ Ú |ÆˆŠz(,} %ZiòZz‹ G2 Phase Zzg S PhaseXG1 Phase

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23/59

(Cell Cycle) −‚¡~Šz %Zi P -» " 5 4 n . ç JEGGEZzg‚ç » " 5 4 n . ç J

EGGEX I òZz‹ :(Meiosis I) I òZz‹Æ P -» " 5 4 n . ç JEGGEÆŠg`fs %Zi I òZz‹

(Telophase I) I X÷ | (iv) (Anaphase I) I XZb | (iii) (Metaphase I) I XwÐ | (ii) (Prophase I) I X6,z | (i)tòZz‹» MF,+ %³ìXZk~ƒäzZàp´VŠg`fsX :(Prophase I) I X6,z | 1

B @*ìX (Bivalent) XW!*ðƒñßÈ ™ zñÎ' × hzVÅ ^~Zq- Šz u}ÆŒ Û d$WYDZzg™ zñÎx» C Ù hZ!*ðz & Ó 4 3 ï GGEH 1¹ Y@*ìX (Synapsis) Zk¿Ã ‚ð " 5 4 m ø

EG F

Ì¹ Y@*ìX (Tetrads) ™ zâQ+iƒDÎ 6i+i 4 XC Ù !*ðz & Ó 4 3 ï GGEH~ 2ZK»V6,Zq- Šz u}ÐaYDXZya~ƒð»VÃ (Non-sister Chromatids) **y Ã™ zâQ+i 2 XƒñßÈ ™ zñÎ' × Æ 3

ë X (Chiasmata) H iwÐ

ë X (crossing Over) XƒñßÈ ™ zñÎ' × Æ**y Ã™ zâQ+iW:~ ”V» nŠ!™ DZk¿Ã ™ ZZzzg 4X™ zñÎ' × ' × h+iDX 5XEè ÖZzgE ä M+¸T$ƒYCìX 6X ç-²−Æ#³̈~Y™ ¶wÃ $¯DX 7X¶wÃ $i™ zñÎ' × Æ¶wÃ $i÷ BZzgŠzâVZ §ZszZá**y» " 5 4 3 ð JEGHÃ gÃ $iZq- Šz u}÷ BaDX 8

Zk %³~Šg`fsp´VƒC :(Metaphase I )I XwÐ | 26,F,KM ŠïX (Equator) X™ zñÎ' × pŠÃ ¶wÆ 8û E LZ2Z 1

X¶wÃ $i çz Þ÷ Ba** ÑzqƒYDX 2Zk %³~ƒäzZàp´VŠg`fs :(Anaphase I ) I XZb | 3

X¶wÃ $ii™ gLƒYDZzgË~C Ù h}Æ™ zñÎ' × Zq- Šz u}ÐŠzgŒ X 1ÃL ‘WX (Haploid) XZq- ™ zñÎxC Ù h}~ÐZq- §s… ìZzgŠz 4 5 Õ ä X Fà 2

X™ zñÎxÆ0*kŠz Ã™ zâQ+iñŠƒDX 3Zk %³~ƒäzZàp´VŠg`fs :(Telophase I ) I X÷ | 4

X™ zñÎ' × å îg6,#³̈Å §s−YDX 1Å ^Z(g™ feEƒDX (Chromatin) X™ zñÎxŠz!*g{Á ™ ™ zâH 2

XEè ÖZzgE ä M+Šz!*g{ªC Ù ƒDX 3X¶wÃ $i» Yw¸T$ƒY@*ìX 4

YâgÆ−~− M+ÆŠ¶Zzg7Š}Æ−~5−zZw“WÆË~ŠzŠ º−‘WX :(Cytokinesis) ‚ç » " 5 4 n . ç JGEGE X5teg %ÖV6,Œƒ@*ìX :(Meiosis II ) II òZz‹

(Metaphase II) II XwÐ | (ii) (Prophase II) II X6,z | (i)

(Telophase II) II X÷ | (iv) (Anaphase II) II XZb | (iii)

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24/59

(Cell Cycle) −‚¡Zk %³~ƒäzZàp´VŠg`fs :(Prophase II ) II 6,z | X(i)

XE ä M+ZzgEè Ö¸T$ƒYD 1X™ zâHi™ gN*ƒY@*ìX 2

X ç-²̈Å §s−YDZzg¶wÃ $¯D 3Zk %³~ƒäzZàp´VŠg`fs :(Metaphase II ) II wÐ | X(ii)

X™ zñÎ' × ¶wÃ $i÷ BaYDX 16,F,KM ŠïX (Equator) X™ zñÎ' × pŠÃ 8û E LZ2Z 2

Zk %³~ƒäzZàp´VŠg`fs :(Anaphase II ) II Zb | X(iii)X çz ÞiI^YDX 1

X Ã™ zâQ+

ie{ƒYDXZ[ Ã™ zâQ

+iÃ Ã™ zñÎ'

× ¹ YñÇ XtÞZzg

EƒD

2

Zk %³~ƒäzZàp´VŠg`fs :(Telophase II ) II ÷ | X(iv)X™ zñÎ' × Šz!*g{Á YDX 1XE ä M+ZzgEè ÖŠz!*g{ªC Ù ƒDX 2

Š º 4 5 Õ ä X Fàû‘WX 4 X−Å ezn,yÐ 3ƒCìX (Haploid) XŠ ºû~™ zñÎ' × Å ®ZŠ 4 5 Õ ä X Fà 4

:(Significance Of Meiosis) òZz‹Å ZÌXòZz‹±Šg±™ zñÎ' × Å ®ZŠÃ xgBb ìX 1XòZz‹) ²Ã Z‹ YV~zgZ( pZ]aZ™ ä» ñµ Û Zë™ CìX 2XZK̈y~eöà ² - ) 4 3 ï

Y GGGHægûòZz‹Æfg) 4 5 Õ ä X Fà

² - . 5 4 øY

GGH¯DX3,ZzgâŠ{ï™ eöàiZ " 5 ½ ð JGY

^¯DT~!*g!*gòZz‹ƒCìX 3Zk §bz{Zq- 6ZK̈y~%0*Y@*ìX

:(Errors In Meiosis) òZz‹~™VÆŠzgZy Ã™ zâQ+iZµ Zµ II ~™ zñÎ' × Zµ Zµ ƒ™ #³̈Å §sYDX²Zb | I Zb | :(Disjunction) ekÇ

ë X (Non-Disjunction) B @*ìX‰Zz‡]teÏ **gï7ƒCZk¿Ã **yekÇ (disjunction) ƒDt¿ekÇ0YDX~™ zñÎ' × Å ®ZŠ**gïÐi c*Š{ c*Á ƒYCìX† (Gametes) Zk¿Æ!*)̄ Z,

² - . 5 4 øY

GGH

™ zñÎ' × ƒYDX 47 c*45 ZK̈y~:(Apoptosis & Necrosis) Zx$Zê‹Zzgm z‹

tûÅ ñ]ÆŠz¿X

Zk¿~−Å ñ]6,z¤ /ZxÆ_.ƒCìXZx$Zê‹Zkz‰Ü ƒCìZ# −n{ƒŠ HƒX :(Apoptosisi) Zx$Zê‹ X1

Zx$Zê‹ÆŠzgZy−iY@*ìXZk» ™ zâHiY@*ìZkÆ´z{E ä M+Ì»ƒYCìX− M+"‡°{%+i¯Cì

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25/59

(Cell Cycle) −‚¡¹ Y@*ìX (Apoptotic Bodies) Ã Zx$ZêS- !*em, (Blebs) B DXZy & Ò 2 . ç EGEE (Blebs) t%+i & Ò 2 . ç EGEE

ÆŠzgZyZx$Zê‹ÆìX† (Development) Y0+ZgÅ e-C;ðVZzg0*ƒ VÅ ZÄ_VW:~a~ƒCXZèVÆûZx$Zê‹Ð¦ /gDZzgZÄ_VZµ Zµ ƒYCX

:(Necrosis) m z‹ X2¹ Y@*ìX (Necrosis) qŠU*]Æ!*)̄ AiZzgûn{ƒYDXûÅ ZkqŠU*Cñ]Ã m z‹

m z‹Å z;]~inÔZ $ © 5 ½ j è EE

GIEZzg ã á ïXAn{ƒY@*ìz{ZLŒ Û R− c*AÃ Ìn{™ YìX

Composed By:

RASHID-SAHIL

14/9-R Khanewal

Mob:0346-3985843

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26/59

(Enzymes) Z «Z Zpp~ Metabole -**ãÂ :(Metabolism) wÐ 1²x

LLz{Óx!*Ç6 ðg~Z ¶ Y0+ZgzV~i0+Ï Å ’ÆnƒgìƒVXwÐ 1²xB DóóXwÐ 1²xY0+ZgzVÅ ‚½VÃ ‡ìgpp Ôâj1Cp=V» Z[Š¶Zzg›zúÆ‡.Þ ¯@*ìX

:(Types Of Metabolism) wÐ 1²xÅ Zlx(Anabolism) XZb1²x 2 (Catabolism) X ´ 4 5 é GH1²x 1 wÐ 1²xÅ ŠzZlx

pÂh** Katabole -**ãÂ: :(Catabolism) ´ 4 5 é GH1²x X1B DX ´ 4 5 é GH1²xÆŠzgZyÂZ**ð» ZyZ`ƒ@*ìT~Ð¼ ÂZ**ð (Catabolism) Z,g~Z ¶ X~â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²Å Cd$Å YCìX ´ 4 5 é GH1²x

Zb1²xÆnZEwƒCìXp¦X Bolein p(,J**X Ana Šz-**ãZÖp: :(Anabolism) Zb1²x X2

B DX (Anabolism) Z,g~Z ¶ X~â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²Ã hZY@*ìXªâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²Å yÅ YCìXZb1²xp Â”{ Enzymos -**ãÂ: :(Enzymes) Z «Z Z

B CóóX (Enzymes) LLZ+6,z " 2 . ç HGEE!*ÇßŠg~Z½ Ã !™ CppŠË p~Ð7¦ /g'XZ «Z ZZEwÅ ¶X (Friedrich Winhelm Kuhne) Y~ Û i+gu zy 4 5 Ð ê XGÃ ä 1878 Å Z˜bƒ Ð¬ (Enzyme) Z «Zì

B @*ìX (Enzymology) Z «Z Z» _·Z «Z ' . ð JßY :(Enzymology) Z «Z ' . ð JßYÃ Á ™ ŠïX (Activation Energy) Z «Z Zg~Z½ Å ZÐ cZ3,Y

B DX (Substrate) z{â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²X6,Z «Z ZZW,Z0+ZiƒDX ] 4 n . ç EHf$ :(Substrate) ] 4 n . ç EHf$(Activation Energy) z{Á ÐÁ ÂZ**ðË g~Z½ ÆW¸iÆn ¢zg~ƒXZÐ cZ3,Y :(Activation Energy) ZÐ cZ3,Y

B CìXZkZ3,YÅ ¢zg]g~Z½ Æ Ñzqƒä~g» z^» » x™ CìXÃ Á ™ ŠïX (Activation Energy) Z «Z ZŠg`fs §hVÐZÐ cZ3,Y

X ] 4 n . ç EHÅ p̂s™ ŠïTÐZ3,YÅ ¢zg]Á ƒYCìX 1X ] 4 n . ç EHf$Ã Šg„ ‚Zzg£x6,ÑD@*ā z{¿™ Ã 2Xâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²6,ñŠegbÅ „~ñeZwŠïX 3

:(Characteristics Of Enzymes) Z «Z ZÆpZmƒCXtZâÅZŒiÅ ¦SZzgDi îzVÆ¶ƒñƒDX (Globular Proteins) XtÍ ŵÅ 6,z " 2 . ç HGEE 1

â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²¯CX (3-Dimensional) ti î, (


27/59

(Enzymes) Z «Z Z¹ Y@*ìX (Co-Factors) ¼ Z ÙZ ZÃ » x™ äÆn**y6,z”â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²Å ¢zg]ƒCìXÎÃ X 1i :(Co-Factors) Ã X 1i

ÌX Organic ÌƒMhZzg Inorganic Ã X 1iÃ X 1iZ «Z Z÷ B¢ïÐÈñƒñƒVÂ6,Z d - £ 4 5 ë GGH¤ /z\B DX Organic Z¤ / :(Prosthetic Group) 6,Z d - £ 4 5 ë GGH¤ /z\

ë X (co-Enzyme) Wg µ 4 5 ë Y GEÃ X 1iZ «Z Z÷ B $ zgh¯DXZ¹Ã XZ «Zì :(Co-Enzyme) Ã XZ «ZìX (Folic Acid) Zzḡ´ ZŒ (Riboflavin) á ïXX~gZÆ̧y (Vitamins) Ã XZ «Z ZÅ VßV~¼ §&

Z «Zì» Ñ§ ase p¶K3X Amylon -**ãÂ :(Uses Of Enzymes) Z «Z ZÆZEÑ]B DXZ¹CgzKZzggz²¯äc ZEwH Y@*ìX Amylase Ã ‚Š{Ø¤ /~ÂhD (Starch) XZ,Z «Z Z¶K3 1

XZ «Z Z¶K3Ã Âh™ Zk» Ç hJ6Á ™ Šï» ½Å »g~~æŠŠêìX 2Ã À zV6,Ñ6,z " 2 . ç HGEEÆŠÆZ@*gäÆnZEwH Y@*ìX (Protease) X6,zKZm, 3

:(Factors Affecting The Rate Of E. Action) Z «ZìZ½ Å gëg6,ZW,Z0+ZiƒäzZá 1i(Substrate Concentration) X ] 4 n . ç EHf$ ´ 4 k 2 . ç

EEHc 2 (Temperature) XŠgzwZg] 1(pH) X !ZšM 3

:(Temperature) XŠgzwZg] 1B @*ìX (Optimum Temperature) Z «Z ZºmŠgzwZg]6, !gëg~Ð» x™ @*ìtŠgzwZg]Z «Zì» oƒ F,+ŠgzwZg]

óe¤ /~v¤ /i+ìXŠgzwZg]Æ(,"ÐZÐ cZ3,Y~ZŸ†ƒ@*ì 30-50L Optimum Temperature ZK̈ãŸ~Z «Z Z»

aZƒCìg~Z½

Å gëg !™ CìX(Kinetic Energy)

TÐ» & 4 5 4

5 ë

JGE

GH

Z3,YZ¤ /oƒ ŠgzwZg]~ZŸ†ƒYñÂZ «Z ZÆâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²~ :(Denaturing Of Enzymes) e~ o8 - WsZ «Z Z

(Denaturing Of E) aZƒY@*ìTÅ zzÐZ «Z ZÅ Í w‚|# ‡ì7gSXZkqªÃ e~ o8 - WsZ «Z Z (Vibration) Zg¬l¹ Y@*ìXe~ o8 - ÆË~Z «Z ZZ½ Å gëgÁ ƒYCìZzgZ½ gu ÌYìX

Ë g~Z½ ~ ] 4 n . ç EHf$ ´ 4 k 2 . ç EEHc~ZŸ±Ðg~Z½ Å gëg(,|YCì :(Substrate Concentration) X ] 4 n . ç EHf$ ´ 4 k 2 . ç EEHc 2pZ¤ /Z «Z ZÅ ´ 4 k 2 . ç

EEHcxƒZzg ] 4 n . ç EHf$Å lZg(,JðYñÂZq- {m£x6, ] 4 n . ç EHf$Å lZg~ZŸ±Ðg~Z½ Å gëg~' × h+ZŸ†7ƒÇ X ] 4 n . ç EHf$Å i c*Š{ P cÅ zzÐZ «Z ZÅ ÓxZÐ ‚Q %æ F NƒYCXZzg' × h+â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²Ã ZÐ ‚Q7ï0*'XZkqªÃ ZÐ ‚QÅ

ë X (Saturation) Z|Y c* d - B ð G Fgc(Potential Of H+ Ion) :pH

ë X (Optimum pH) pH ~ !gëg~Ð» x™ DXZkuÃ Z «Z ZÅ oƒ (Narrow Range) Å ßu pH ÓxZ «Z Z

g‚rìXZku~¶ c*i c*ŠCZ «Z ZÆ» xÃ W×™ Šîì c*gzu ŠîìX† (Optimum pH) pH C Ù Z «ZìZKºmoƒ

pH Zæíz*~» x™ @*ìXZkÅ (Trypsin) ƒCìX²R, $ j è FE (1.5-1.6)Á pH !Z!z*~» x™ @*ìp (Pepsin) " 5 4 j è FG FE

ƒCìX (7.8-8.7) i c*Š{

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(Enzymes) Z «Z Z:(Mechanism Of Enzyme Action) Z «ZìZ½ » }4,x

Z «ZìZ½ Æ}4,xÅ zŸs# ÆnŠzZëâewŠg`fsX

äZq- Gz£7H TÆ_.: (Emil Fischer) Y~Z ' )

ÿ G d 1890 :(Lock & Key Model) Ñu ZzgÅ âew XZ «ZìZzg ] 4 n . ç EHf$Å ZDwºmƒCXZzgŠzâVZq- Šz u}~ÅƒYD 1~psƒY@*ìX (Product) ¯DZzg ] 4 n . ç EHf$ Q6,ze– (E-S Complex) XZq- Šz u}~ÅƒäÆẐ «Zì ] 4 n . ç EHf$™ 2

tâew c* Gz£‡ &ÿ E LJw7X

:(Induced Fit Model OR Hand & Gloves Model) íZzg ‰ iâew OR Z&+-̂ÅâewäÑu ZhÅ âew~p~Å ?m,Š~ZzgZ&+-̂Åâew7H X (Daniel Koshland) Y~Z %O !*Çß¡e " 5 4 5 ÿ JGEGÃ ] Ó 4 5 å IGEH 1958-1959

ZkÆ_.:XZ «Z ZEZgZxƒDX 1XZyÅ ZÐ ‚V$Z# ] 4 n . ç EHf$ÐQìÂp̂s™ gìX 2tâew‡ &ÿ E LJwìXZkâewÅ gzÐZÐ ‚V$"E7ìXZÐ ‚V$ZL» xÃ ™ äÆnoƒ qª~eRYCìX

:(Specificity Of Enzymes) Z «Z ZÅ HC Ù Z «ZìË ºm6 ðg~Z½ ~á ïƒ@*ìX

:(With Respect To Substrates) Xäp ] 4 n . ç EH 1 ] 4 n . ç EHÆÒpÐ{mZ «Z ZƒDX‰ā

¶K36,¿7™ @*É6,z " 2 . ç HGEE~ñŠƒ[+i!*&+iÃ Âh@*ìX (Protease) 6,zKZm,ìXTÐtI^Y@*ìX (Amylase) ¶K3» ºmZ «ZìZZð 9

~eZð 7 4 i ï EGH™ Šêì (Glycerol) Zzg e zw (Fatty Acids) ÆnºmìXt Å 5 å FHiÃ ¢ 4 - ö E

GHZŒi (Lipids) Üs Å 5 å FHi (Lipase) Ñð m:(With Respet To Shape Of Active Sites) äpZÁ ‚QÅ ^

Å ZDwæ¢ apƒCX{m ] 4 n . ç EH÷ BÅƒCX Active Sites ZÁ ‚QÅ ^6,ÌZ «Z ZºmƒDXÐ

iZZ+ƒCì

X2500 Ð³ 62

Z «Zì~

ZZÅ

ZŒ

iÅ ®

ZŠ: Z,Z «Z Z‚ç öix~» x™ ,ÔZ ÚZ+°Z «Z ZB DX†† VÑ $ l ç JEÆZ «Z Z Z ÚZ+°Z «Z Z:

Z,Z «Z Z−Ð!*C Ù » x™ ,ÔZ À Z+°Z «Z ZB DX† " 5 4 j è FG FEXn{Å Y ¨~» x™ @*ì Z À Z+°Z «Z Z:

Composed By:

RASHID-SAHIL

14/9-R Khanewal

Mob:0346-3985843

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(Bioenergetics) !*ÇZ ² 7 4 5 ½ ø EGH

:(Bioenergetics) !*ÇZ ² 7 4 5 ½ ø EGH

ë óóX (Bioenergetics) LLY0+ZgzV~Z3,YÆ©]ZzgZ3,YÅ p=VÆ_·Ã !*ÇZ ² 7 4 5 ½ ø EGH

Ì¹ Y@*ìX (Biochemical Thermodynamics) !*ÇZ ² 7 4 5 ½

ø EG

H

Ã !*Ç¡ êñeZÑd ƒCì (Potential Energy) ~7 " 5 4 h ÿ HGEIZ3,Y (Bond) Y0+ZgZK»g”{pgZu c*3 ðƒðpgZu ÐZ3,YqÝ™ DXZkpgZu Æh

â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²Æ!*&+i~7 " 5 4 h ÿ HGEIZ3,Y ATP Å (,~ lZg» ZyZ`ƒ@*ìXZkZ3,YÅ ¼ lZg (Kinetic Energy) Zy!*&+iÆIUÐ» ð & 4 5 ë EGHZ3,Y~ps™ 1Y@*ìX (Kinetic Energy) Å ^~fí{ƒYCìX7 " 5 4 h ÿ

HGEIZ3,YÃ i0+Ï ÆZdw uZxŠ¶c Šz!*g{» ð & 4 5 ë EGHZ3,Y

:(Oxidation-Reduction Reactions & Bioenergetics ) W ± k 5 å GHcXgi+̈ g~Z ¶ Zzg!*ÇZ ² 7 4 5 ½ ø EGH

W ± k 5 å GHcB @*ìX (Lose) ZVÐZ ¼Z4,» Â_ :(Oxidation) W ± k 5 å GHc ™ **gi+̈ B @*ìX (Gain) ZV» Z ¼Z4,qÝ :(Reduction) g~ë

:(Oxidation-Reduction Reaction) W ± k 5 å GHcXgi+̈ g~Z ¶ 6 ð¬5]ÆŠzgZyZÜVÆŠgxyZ ¼Z4,» nŠ!ƒ@*ìXZ,¬5]W ± k 5 å GHcgi+̈ g~Z ¶ B DXtŠz §bÆ6 ð¬5]» ù·

Xgi+̈ 2 XW ± k 5 å GHc 1 Z ¼Z4,Z3,Y» fg=ƒMhX

ZV÷ B¢om¯DpZ3,Y» ZYfg=7ƒD 02 XZ ¼ZyZ# Wx ~ñŠƒDÂz{ 1 Vw

XZ ¼ZyÃ Z# Wx ÐŠzg‹ c*Y@*ìZzg» g0 c*;àgzX÷ BhZY@*ìÂ¢oģ700*@*ZknZ ¼zyŠz!*g{Wx Å §s 2 VwYDZkŠzgZyZ3,Y{g`ƒCìX

:(Redox Reactions In Living Organisms) Y0+ZgzV~gi+z¾ g~Z ¶ Z ¼Zyg‚rìXZq- â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GGwZ# Zq- ;àgzXZVgh@*ìÂ 1 6,zN*yÔ 1 ƒ@*ìX;àgzXZV: ! gi+z¾ ¬5]ÆŠzgZy;àgzXZ Å» nŠ

ŠgZÝz{Zq- Z ¼Zygh@*ìZzgZ# Ã ðâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GGw;àgzXZVqÝ™ @*ìÂŠgZÝz{Z ¼ZyqÝ™ @*ìX

:(ATP - The Energy Currency Of The Cell) Z}K8X 7 Ò 0 î E MGÅ Z3,Y™ ´

ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate Z}XKX8XZi+ēR,ZðÃ‘¹ Y@*ìX ATP ÓxûÅ (,~Z3,YZq- Eè N*àì&z{¯zKZ» ×VE ® Ò 5 ë GZŒÆâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²¯CXEè N*àB CX :(Nucleotide) Eè N*à

Zq- Eè N*à&‚Š{á ƒ &+iÆYÐáCìX :(Structure Of ATP) Å ‚|# ATPìX (Nitrogenous Base) XtZq- e.Þ g8 - zZà** >z 8 5 4 ø EG

EZ‚k (Adenine) XZi+2 1

ìX (C5H10O5) ¹ Y@*ìXgZÆi» ÃgñÑ (Pentose Sugar) » g06,ŒØ¤ /ìZknZÐâiØ¤ / 5 Xt (Ribose) XgZÆi 2

ìX (H3PO4) XtÃ`gu ZŒ (Phosphate) XÃ‘ 3

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ÆZdw: ATPÅ »g~ RNA , DNA , ProteinsX1

Å F,− (Nerve Impulse) X3,zZ ! 5 Ò

ø F 2XZÐ R,Z¡g^~Zë™ ŠZg 3XZ; ‚ç ‹ZzgZhz‚ç ‹ÆnZ3,Y» fg= 4

Ã Šg c*ÄH X ATPä(Karl Lohman) Y~» gwß} 1929 Å Šg c*Ä: ATP

p»g™ ** synthesis pgzÝX Photo :(Photosynthesis) ¯I ] 4 - ā ö EG

©LL !7ŠzV» » g0eZðW‚ àZzg0*ãÐÎg`Å gzÝZzg³ gz…Å ñŠÏ ~pgZu »g™ ä» ¿¯I

] 4 - ā ö EG

©B @*ìóóXìXZk¿~Wx Zq- !*ð6,ze– Æîg6,kìX̄I

] 4 - ā ö EG

©Å )zZ]Šg`fsì (Anabolic Process) ¯I ] 4 - ā ö EG

©Zq- y~¿gzÝ

6CO2 + 12H2O -----------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

0*ãWx ‰ Ã i³ gz…0*ã» g0eZðW‚ à

:(Intake Of Carbon Dioxide & Oxygen) 0*ãZzg» g0eZðW‚ àÃ Ÿ~áY**0*ãZzg» g0eZðW‚ à¯I

] 4 - ā ö EG

©~{xñZŠÆîg6,ñŠƒDX7Š}ZyâŠzVÃ Šg`fs §hVÐŸ~á™ WDZzgF,−™ DXè~ñŠa,0*ãÃ _.[™ CZzgZk0*ãÃ iZ " 5 Ð ê JGz $ h Î æ GEÆfg)êVJ- áY c*Y@*ìX 1

~¬YCìZkƒZ~» g0eZðW‚ àñŠ (Air Spaces) XƒZ:wÐ Æfg)í~ŠZ4ƒCìz{ öz…AiÆ¤ /ŠñŠZ J _ 5 4 l ç FGE 2ƒCì0*ã~_.[ƒYCìZzg Q öz…û~¬YCìX

:(Mechanism Of Photosynthesis) ¯I ] 4 - ā ö EG

©» §i» g¯I

] 4 - ā ö EG

©» ¿Šz %Zi6,Œƒ@*ì(Dark Reaction OR Calvin Cycle) ú y‚¡ OR XeZgu g~Z½ 2 (Light Reaction) XÑV$g~Z½ 1

:(Light Reaction) XÑV$g~Z½ 1á ïXtg~Z½ ³ gzö† Å å^ NADPH Zzg ATP Zk %µ~ÑV$Z3,YÃ ZEwH Y@*ìZzg;ðZ3,Yâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²¯ñYDX~

Ã Z[+i M «6,ƒDXÑV$g~Z½ Æï]Šg`fsX

X³ gz…â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²gzÝ_.[™ DXZk §bZyÆZ3,YCw~ZŸ†ƒY@*ìXZzgZ ¼Z4,» ZyZ`ƒ@*ìX 1¯DX ATP XtZ ¼Z4,Zq- u6,Ð¦ /gDX&Z ¼zyR,Z¡g^u¹ Y@*ìXZzgZLZ0+gñŠZ3,YÐ 2

B @*ìX (Photolysis) XÑV$Z3,Y0*ãÆâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GGwÃ ÂhCìZzgWx {g`ƒCìXt¿0*ãÅ ¯IÑ

$ l ç

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31/59

(Bioenergetics) !*ÇZ ² 7 4 5 ½ ø EGHX̄IÑ $ l ç

JEÆŠzgZy“WzZá;àgzXZ Å³ gz…Ã Z ¼z4,Š}™ pŠWí0YDX 4¯äÆnZEwH Y@*ìX NADPH Å gi+̈ ™ Æ NADPH+ X³ gz…ÆZ ¼Z4,Zzg0*ãÆ;àgzXW ÙÃ ZEw™ Æ 5

XZq- Ã

XZ «ZììX

(Nicotineamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate)

Xæ ”ZZ[+Zi+

2eZðEè N*

àÃ‘ NADPH

^» eg^¯@*ìX Z XY Ì¹ Y@*ìY è ZyÓxg~Z ¶ » Ÿ z XZkg~Z½ ÆÓxŸÃ 6

:(Calvin Cycle OR Dark Reaction) XeZgu g~Z½ ) c*(ú y‚¡ 2qÝH XZknZkg~Z½ (Noble Prize) Y~Zk» x6,â.Þ 6,Z,̂ 1961 äŠg c*ÄH Zzg (Malvin Calvin) Zkg~Z½ Ã qyú y

Ã ú y‚¡Ì¹ Y@*ìX~ƒ@*ìZknZkÃ (Absence Of Light) Zk %µ~» g0eZðW‚ àÃ ‰ Ã i~ps™ Š c*Y@*ìXtg~Z½ gzÝÅ °xñŠÏ

¹ Y@*

ìX (Dark Reaction)

eZgu g~Z½ ú y‚¡Æï]Šg`fsXX» g0zZáŠzá ƒ &+~ 3 X» g0zZá¬gèá ƒ &+0YD 6 á ƒ &+÷ B5 c*Y@*ìZk §b (Pentose) X» g0eZðW‚ àÃ âi 1

I^YDXÅ NADPH Zzg ATP ‘WXZk¿~ (Carbohydrates) X» g0zZáá ƒ &+Å gi+̈ Å YCìTÆË~» g1;[+g 3 X2

;àgzXZEwƒCìX¯äÆnZEwƒD (Glucose) X» g0zZá» g1;[+g ‰ Ã i 3 X3

ZEwƒCìX ATP X» g0á ƒ &+iŠz!*g{»gGYDXZk %³~ 5 X4

:(Role Of Light & Chlorophyll in Photosynthesis) ¯I ] 4 - ā ö EG

©~gzÝZzg³ gz…» ™ ŠZg¯I

] 4 - ā ö EG

©~gzÝZzg³ gz…ÆŠg`fs™ ŠZgXX³ gz…Îg`Å gzÝÃ _.[™ Æ¡ Z3,Y~ps™ ŠêìX̄I

] 4 - ā ö EG

©» Z®gZÏ¡ Z3,Y6,ìXí6,7,äzZà ' + ) é G

gzÝ_.[7ƒ0*C 1~i c*Š{ZW,gBb (Photosynthesis) ƒYCìXšZzg ucgz0VMð@*; (Reflect) gzÝ_.[ƒCì²!*¹gzÝF 1% Üs

X

:(Photo-Pigments) ¯I ] 4 - £ 4 5 ë EGGH & À . 5 4 ø FY EH X2LLZ,âŠ} ÃWäzZàgzÝÃ _.[™ DX̄I ] 4 - £ 4 5 ë

EGGH

& À . 5 4 ø FY EHB DóóXtâŠ}³ gzö† Å å^Ã Z[+i M «6,# VÅ ^~ñŠƒD

X̄I ] 4 - £ 4 5 ë EGGH

& À . 5 4 ø FY EHÅ ZZlxX~Ð PZq- Šg`fsX

tZë¯I ] 4 - £ 4 5 ë EG

GH & À . 3 ï FY EHì̄I ] 4 - £ 4 5 ë

EGGH7ŠzV~0* c*Y@*ìX :(Chlorophyll-a) ³ gz…XZ} X1

tWIR,Z~7ŠzV~0* c*Y@*ìX :(Cholorophyll-b) ³ gz…X! X2á ïX (Cartenoids) Zzg P zÐZ[+i fÔeÔdÔcÔb ³ gz…XZ}Æ´z{!*¹ &

À . 5 4 ø FY EH

ZŸ° & À . 5 4 ø FY EHB DXX~³ gz…X

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32/59

(Bioenergetics) !*ÇZ ² 7 4 5 ½ ø EGH³ gz…~ ãCŠ~îg6, ucZzgYg8 - Å gzÝ» Z + C å EEEZ[ƒ@*ìXgz0V³ gz…XZ}_.[7™ 0*DZ7ZŸ°

& À . 5 4 ø FY EH_.[™ feX

:(Limiting Factors in Photosynthesis) Å ) 4 5 ë HEY

1i ¯I ] 4 - ā ö EG

©~Z(âj1C KTÅ °xñŠÏ c*¶ wÐ 1́ g~Z½ Å gëgÃ Á ™ Š}X Å ) 4 5 ë HEY 1B @*ìX Å ) 4 5 ë HEY 1i:

¯I ] 4 - ā ö EG ©Æ Å ) 4 5 ë HEY 1iŠg`fsX

gzÝÅ ”](,|YñÂ¯I ] 4 - ā ö EG

©Å gëgÌ !ƒYCìXgzÝÅ ”]~¶ ƒYñÂ¯I ] 4 - ā ö EG

©Å gëg~Ì¶ WYCìX XgzÝÅ ”]: 1gzÝZ¤ /¹i c*Š{”h+ƒYñÂ' × h+gëg7(,fZzgxƒYCìX

ŠgzwZg]oƒ uJ- (,|YäÐ̄I ] 4 - ā ö EG

©Å gëg~ZŸ†ƒ@*ìXZzgŠgzwZg]Á ƒäÐ :(Temperature) XŠgzwZg] 2gëgÁ ƒYCìX

» g0eZðW‚ à» Zg‚i(,"Ð̄I

] 4 - ā ö

EG

©Å gëg~ÌZŸ†ƒ@*ìXtZŸ†Zkz‰Ü J- gLìZ# J- X» g0eZðÅ ´ 4 k

2 . ç

EEH

c: 3Šz u}úZïZÐÁ :™ Š,X» g0eZðW‚ [+Å ´ 4 k 2 . ç EEHc~Zq- uÐi c*Š{ZŸ†ƒYäÐ:wÐ ÈƒYDZzggëg~¶ WYCìX:(Respiration) gä],c

LLZ(¿T~Y0+ZgWx Å æŠÐ ‰ Ã iÆâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²Ã Âh™ Z3,YqÝ™ DXgä],cB @*ìóóXûÆZ0+gZ3,YaZ™ äzZÑ¿+°gä],cB @*ìX :(Cellular Respiration) +°gä],c

!*&+iÂhäÆnZEwƒCìX+°gä],c C-H W» ¿gä],cÐx¹g‚rìXWÆZk¿~Wx ZgïÆâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²~ñŠ~pgZu Å Wx ™ Æ» g0eZðW‚ à¯ðYCìZzgWx Å gi+̈ ™ Æ0*ã¯ c*Y@*ìX

+°gä],cÅ ŠzZlxX +°gä],cÅ Zlx:pi0+Ï XWx zZàƒZÅ ¢zg] Bios pƒZX Aer Šz-**ãZÖp: :(Aerobic Respiration) XZ k,z,- gä],c 1

LLWx Å ñŠÏ ~ƒäzZàgä],cZ k,z,- gä],gcB CìóóXXWx Å ñŠÏ ~ ‰ Ã iÅ W ± k 5 å GHcÅ YCìZzgZ3,Y» ZyZ`i c*Š{ƒ@*ìX (i)

ÆŠzâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²~ÂhZY@*ìX (Pyruvic Acid) X» g0zZá0*ðgzzu ZŒ 3 ~ ‰ Ã iÆZq- â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GGwÃ (Glycolysis) X† rÑ $ l ç JE (ii)

» g0zZÑZŒì ‰ Ã iZzg e zwÐáCìX 3t :(Pyruvic Acid) 0*ðgzzu ZŒ

!*&+iI^YDX C-H X0*ðgzzu ZŒÅ W ± k 5 å GHc™ Š~YCìZzgÓx (iii)XZk¿~» g0eZðW‚ àZzg0*ã‘WXZzg0*ðgzu ZŒÐÓxZ3,Y» ZyZ`™ Š c*Y@*ìX (iv)ù¦g~Z½ -Vƒ@*ìX

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----> 6CO2 + 12H2O + Energy

pi0+Ï XWx zZàƒZÅ ¢zg]7 Bios pƒZX Aer p7X An :(Anaerobic Respiration) Z+Z k,z,- gä],c X2

LLWx Å °xñŠÏ ~ƒäzZàgä],c+°gä],cB CìóóX XWx Å °ñŠÏ ~ ‰ Ã iÅ **å W ± k 5 å GHcƒCZk §bZ3,YÁ {g`ƒCX 1

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33/59

(Bioenergetics) !*ÇZ ² 7 4 5 ½ ø EGH ‰ Ã iÆZq- â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GGwÃ 0*ðgzzu ZŒÆŠzâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²~ÂhZY@*ìX X2

(Lactic Acid c* Å 5 ½ 5 ë GHZŒ (Ethyl Alcohol) XWx ñŠ:ƒäÅ zzÐ0*ðgzzu Å å W ± k 5 å GHc7ƒ0*CZzg0*ðgzzu ZŒZ # - £ é GGb ZÈ i 3~psƒY@*ìX

!*&+iIL %g{YDX C-H X¹Ð 4Z+Z k,z,- Å ŠzZlx Z+Z k,z,- gä],cÅ Zlx:

t¿ PZzg Ù c*~ƒ@*ìXZk¿~0*ðgzzu ZŒÃ ZÈ iZzg» g0eZðW‚ à~ :(Alcoholic Fermentation) XZÈ 7 Ó ë Û ! 5 4 5 4 j è GEHGIE (a)

ÂhŠ c*Y@*ìX(Pyruvic Acid) 0*ðgzzu ZŒ ------------> ZÈ i + » g0eZðW‚ à g~Z½ :

:(Lactic Acid Formentation) Å 5 ½ 5 ë GHZŒ Û ! 5 4 5 4 j è GEHGIE X(b)

~ !ZzgKã» x™ ä (Skeletal Muscles) t¿ŠzŠ|~ñŠ Ù c*~ƒ@*ìXZkÆ´z{t¿ZK̈yZzgŠz u}YâgzVÆ ] ½ 5 Ó 4 5 ÿ GGH¦ÆŠzgZyƒ@*ìXZk~0*ðgzzu ZŒ» â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GGw Å 5 ½ 5 ë GHZŒ~psƒY@*ìX

0*ðgzzu ZŒ --------------> Å 5 ½ 5 ë GHZŒ g~Z½ plŠÑ** Fermentum ÑHÂ: :(Fermentation) Û

! 5 4 5 4 j è GEHGIE

B @*ìóóX (Fermentation) LLZ(¿T~Wx Å )ñŠÏ ~Wg µ 4 5 ë Y GEá ƒ &+iÐZ3,YqÝÅ YñX Û ! 5 4 5 4 j è GEHGIE

:(Significance Of Anaerobic Respiration) Z+Z k,z,- gä],cÅ ZÌXi0+Ï ÆW¸i~i}6,WiZŠWx ñŠ7¶ZknY0+ZgZL» ñVÆnŠg» gZ3,YZ+Z k,z,- gä],cÐqÝ™ D¸XZzgW`Ì 1

¹ Y@*ìX (Anaerobes) Wx ƒDƒñ¼ Y0+ZgZ+Z k,z,- gä],cÐZ3,YqÝ™ DXZyY0+ZgzVÃ Z+Z k,z),¯ c*Y@*ì (Cheese) X Ù c*Å Û

! 5 4 5 4 j è GEHGIEÐŠ„Zzg ¿ 2

X‚0ZâVä Ù c*Zzg¡ðÅ Û ! 5 4 5 4 j è GEHGIEÅ &¢A Ã ZK̈ãÃZ+{ÆnZEwH ìX 3

XZK̈yZzg PŠz u}YâgZ+Z k,z,- gä],cÐZL ] ½ 5 Ó 4 5 ÿ GGH¦Ã Z3,Y Û Zë™ MhX 4

pÅ ** Lyein pÛkX Glykys -**ãZÖp: :(Glycolysis) † VÑ $ l ç JE

LLZ(¿T~ ‰ Ã iÆâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²Ã 0*ðgzzu ZŒÆŠzâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²~ÂhZYñX† VÑ $ l ç J

EB @*ìóóX ~ƒ@*ìXZk¿~Wx ZEw7ƒCX (Cytoplasm) c*‚ç öix (Cytosol) t¿‚ç Îw

äg~Z½ ÆZkŸÃ Šg c*ÄH åZknZÐ™ * . ç GEE‚¡ Sir Hans Krebs ',¤â~!*Ç1 :(Krebs Cycle) ™ * . ç GEE‚¡¹ Y@*ìX (Krebs Cycle)

‘WX FADH2 Zzg NADHÔATP X™ * . ç GEE‚¡~0*ðgzzu ZŒÆâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²Å å W ± k 5 å GHcƒYCìXZzg 1

~psH Y@*

ìX(Acetyl CoA)

X» g0zZáá ƒ &+Z

$ h 4 5 é GGH

b Ã XZ «ZìXZ}

2

X0*ðgzzu Z

ŒÃ ™

* . ç

GEE

‚¡~ŠZ4ƒäÐ¬Zq- 2

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:(Electron Transport Chain) Z ¼ZyR,Z¡gûXt+°gä],c» Wy~ %³ìX 1XZk %³~Z ¼Z4,XZ ¼ZyR,Z¡gû~ŠZ4ƒDX 2

Z ¼Z4,Zzg;àgzXW Ù» ZyZ`ƒ@*ìX FADH2 Zzg NADH XZ ¼ZyR,Z¡gû~ 3

» Zq- ŸqÝ™ fe (Electron Carrier) XtZ ¼Z4,Z ¼ZyX P J 4â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²‘WX ATP XZ# Z ¼Z4, P JÆŸÐ¦ /gDÂZ3,YÇìTÐ 5

XWy~Z ¼Z4,Zzg;àgzXW ÙWx ÷ Bï™ 0*ã¯DX 6

:(The Energy Budget Of Respiration) gä],c» Z3,YP¯@*ìX ATPX3 â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GGwZ ¼ZyR,Z¡gû~ NADH XC Ù 1

¯@*ìX ATP Šz NADH X† rÑ $ l ç JE~“WzZÑC Ù 2¯@*ìX ATP » C Ù â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GGwŠz FADH2X3

Composed By:

RASHID-SAHIL

14/9-R Khanewal

Mob:0346-3985843

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(Nutrition) ´tLLz{ÓxZqwT~pgZu »g™ **Ô3 **Ô_.[™ **ÔZzgZ¹Z3,Yc KãâŠzV~ps™ **á ïX :(Nutrition) ´tB DóóX (Nutrition) ´t

LLz{Á Ü c*á ƒ &+iY0+ZgqÝ™ DZzgZ7Z3,YÆîg6,ZEw~ÑDXER, " 5 4 ø GEHB DóóX :(Nutrients) ER, " 5 4 ø GEH

:(Mineral Nutrition In Plants) 7ŠzV~ ÉwER,cÅ ŠzZlxX (Mineral Elements) Á ÜÅ ¢zg]ƒCìX ÉwÁ Ü 15 7ŠzVÃ ZKi0+Ï ',Œ Û Zggpp Æn

(Macro-Nutrients) X–GzER, " 5 4 ø GEH

(ii) (Micro-Nutrients) XâMzER, " 5 4 ø GEH

(i)

pgN*XðhZ Micro :(Micro-Nutrients) XâMzER, " 5 4 ø GEH

(i)

LLZ,Á ÜXÅ ðh~Ï lZg7ŠzVÆn» °ƒCìXâMzER, " 5 4 ø GEHB DXZy~ $ 4 5 ½ 2 . ç G

EY EGEÔi7- Ô 9u ÔZzg³ g+á ïX

p(,ZXi c*Š{ Macro :(Macro-Nutrients) X–GzER, " 5 4 ø GEH (ii)Z,Á ÜXÅ i c*Š{ lZg~ ¢zg]ƒCìX–GzER, " 5 4 ø G

EHB DXX~» g0Ô;àgzXÔWx Ô** >zXÔ ! 5 ½ 5 4 o - ê

GY EGIGÔ7N*ôÔy Ô ZzgÃ`gk

á ïX

7ŠzV~ ÉwÁ ÜÅ ZÌ:

7ŠzVÅ i0+Ï ~ZÌ –GzER, " 5 4 ø GEH

Õ@ZuÔ6,z " 2 . ç HGEEÅ »g~ZzḡI ] 4 - ā ö EG ©ÆnÑiòìXE ® Ò 5 ë GZŒi» bzì Ã`gkêVÐ0*ãÆMqÃ gzÂ ìZzg:wÐ ÆZdwÃ N zw™ @*ìX 7N*ô6,z " 2 . ç HGEEÔ§&ZzgZ «Z Z» z

−zZwÅ ‚|# » zXû~0*ãÅ w» ]6,ZW,g‚rì y ¯I

] 4 - ā ö EG

©ÆnÑiòì W],y) 9u (

Ø¤ /Å F,−ZzgZ «Z ZÅ »g~ÆnZëìX 1gzy

Z «Z Z» z » 6,¯I

] 4 - ā ö EG

©Xgä],c~á ïìX $ 4 5 ½ 2 . ç GEY EGE

Z «Z ZÆn ¢zg~ì i7-

ZzÈ‹ÆnÑiòì ³ g+

** >zXÆwÐ 1²xÆnÑiòì ò³ gz…» zìX

! 5 ½ 5 4 g ê GY EGI

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(Nutrition) ´t** >Zzg

! 5 ½ 5 4 o - ê G

Y EGIGÅ ¶ Æ7ŠzV6,ZW,Z]:** >zXÆ %· ]Ã ** >¹ Y@*ìX** >zX7ŠzV~ZªV~ñŠƒ@*ìX ** >zX: X1

>zXÃ ** >Å ^~qÝ™ DX ** X7Š} (i) 7ŠzVÅ ›zú6,ZW,Z]:X** >zXYwZzgV“W~@*í» :L kìX (ii)X** >zXÅ ¶ ÐaZzZg~Ì¶ WYCìX (iii)XêVÆigŠƒä~g» z^» !*)̄ kìX (iv)

³ gz…Å ‚|# » ZëbzìXt¶K3ÔØ¤ /i¯äzZáZ «Z ZÆn ¢zg~ìX ! 5 ½ 5 4 o - ê

GY EGIG:

XVZzg¤ /~ŠZgñ{¯ä~ZEwƒ@*ìX (i) 7ŠzVÅ ›zú6,ZW,Z]:XÕ@ÆZuÆn ¢zg~ìX (ii)

XZkÅ ¶ Ð7ŠzVÆíigŠƒ™ %ÄYDX (iii)

paZ™ **X(,J** Ferre ÑHÂ: :(Fertilizers) Û Ë,̂giLLZ,6 ð %· ]7Š}Å ›zúZzg(,ðF,~ÆnZEwGYN X Û Ë,̂giB DóóX

XZyWg µ 4 5 ë Y GE Û Ë,̂gi 2 XWg µ 4 5 ë Y GE Û Ë,̂gi 1 Û Ë,̂giÅ Šz(,~ZlxXLLZ, Û Ë,̂gi7ŠzVZzgYâgzVÆâŠzVÐqÝGYDƒVZzgZq- c*iZZ+Á Ü6, :(Organic Fertilziers) Wg µ 4 5 ë Y GE Û Ë,̂gi X1

ŒƒVXWg µ 4 5 ë Y GE Û Ë,̂giB DóóX

t Û Ë,̂gii c*Š{ë{ƒDX Xtè~0*ãÅ ïÏZzgER, " 5 4 ø GEH6,¤ /Ägpp Å &¢A ~ZŸ†™ DX (i) ZÌ:

Wg6 Û Ë,̂giÆîg6,ZEwƒDX (Compost) ZzgB£3 Š (Manure) XYâgzV» — (ii)LLZ, Û Ë,̂giSyWg µ 4 5 ë Y GEÁ Ü6,ŒƒVXSyXWg µ 4 5 ë Y GE Û Ë,̂giB DóóX XZyWg µ 4 5 ë Y GE Û Ë,̂gi: 2

(Rock Phosphate) XgZu Ã‘ (Gypsum) VB:/Z, Û Ë,̂giX~ƒ ÐZë K** >zXƒX** >z 8 5 4 ø EG

E Û Ë,̂giB DX ** >z 8 5 4 ø EG

E Û Ë,̂gi:

Z, Û Ë,̂giX~ƒ ÐZë K7N*ôƒX7N*l Û Ë,̂giB DX 7N*l Û Ë,̂gi:

Û Ë,̂gi» i c*Š{ZEw7ŠzVZzgâjwÆnvyŠ{ƒ@*ìX Û Ë,̂giÆv**]Šg`fsX Û Ë,̂giÆv**]:XZyWg µ 4 5 ë Y GE Û Ë,̂giÅ i c*Š{ lZgER, " 5 4 ø G

EH6,¤ /Ägpp Å &¢A Ã vyàCìX 1X** >z 8 5 4 ø EG

E Û Ë,̂giÆZEwÐ** >kW‚ à’ » ZyZ`ƒ@*ìX 2

XZyWg µ 4 5 ë Y GE Û Ë,̂giÆZEwÐZñ*’ » ZyZ`ƒ@*ìèÅ !ZšM ~ZŸ†™ ŠîìX 3X** >z 8 5 4 ø EG

E Û Ë,̂gi» i c*Š{ZEwz!*ð Z]Å Â6~ÌZŸ†™ @*ìX 4

XWg µ 4 5 ë Y GE Û Ë,̂gi» i c*Š{ZEwâj1C)b » :L áCìX 5

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(Nutrition) ´tz{ÚY0+Zg¬xîg6,3 D c*ÃWZzgZyÐZ3,YqÝ™ DX½ZB CìóóX :(Food) ½Z

½ZZZbZY6,ŒƒCìX~ÐZëZbZYŠg`fsX :(Major Food Components) Zë½ZðZbZY(Minerals) XŠJ' 4 (Vitamins) X§& 3 (Carbohydrate) X¶K3 2 (Fat OR Lipids) X=ƒð 1

(Proteins) Xæ] 7 (Sugar) X] 6 (Water) X0*ã 5

¶K3WßÔgzKÔezwÔZ**`ÔìÔ‹ðÔU ZzgÙ ~Å µƒð qzVÐqÝƒ@*ìX :(Carbohydrate) X¶K3 1XtÂZ**ð Û Zë™ @*ì@*ā Y0+ZgZ» x uZxŠ}ÃX 1XtŸ~ñŠ6 ðâŠzVÃ z;Và@*ì˜VZyÅ Z” ¢zg]ƒCìX 2X ‰ Ã iZq- ¶K3ì&ÂZ**ðqÝ™ äÆnƒ Ði c*Š{ZEwH Y@*ìX 3XtŸÃ ¤ /xgpp » ÈznÌ™ DX 4

æ]Í “ ÔTÔZ&+ZÔÕ@ÔŠZwÔ̂ŠZg7Š}Ô ¿ÔŠzŠ|ZzgŠzŠ|ÐµZâYÐqÝGYDX :(Proteins) Xæ] 2X6,z”‚ç öixÔ M «ZzgWg ± 4 5 Î æ

Y EGE» ZëbzìX 1XtAiZzgZ «Z Z¯@*ìZkn¼ 6,z " 2 . ç HGEEZ «Z ZÆîg6,Ì» x™ DX 2

ÆZbZYÃ ¯@*ìX Immune SystemX3XpyZzg0*ãÅ lZgÃ N zw™ @*ìX 4

tl!Ô%Ôæ ÔÍ “ ÔTÔZ&+ZÔÈVÔŠzŠ|ZzgŠzŠ|ÐµƒðZâYÐqÝGYDX :(Fats OR Lipids) =ƒð~$+wYCìX (Fatty Acid) Zzg ¢ 4 - ö EGHZŒi (Glycerol) =ƒðŸ~† ·zw

(Unsaturated Fats) XRy d - B ð G Fg " 5 å GHH ¢ 5 4 øE

GH 2 (Saturated Fats) X d - B ð G Fg " 5 å GHH ¢ 5 4 øE

GH 1 =ƒðŠz §bÅ ƒ$Ë ìtYâgzVÐqÝÅ YCìZzg¬xŠgzwZg]6,WYCì :(Saturated Fat) d - B ð G Fg " 5 å GHH ¢ 3 ï

EGH (i)

t7ŠzVÐqÝÅ YCìZzg%Å ßg]~ƒCì¬xŠgzwZg]6,[7 :(Unsaturated Fat) Ry d - B ð G Fg " 5 å GHH ¢ 3 ï EGH (ii)ìX (Structural Part) X=ƒð− M «» ‚!z 1

XŸÃ ÂZ**ð Û Zë™ CìX 2

X3 ä~fZBaZ™ CìX 3X P;gñ4,¯ä~çzyƒDX 4

i}~‘WZzgŸZ7»g7™ YX (Inorganic Elements) LLZ, )**xCÁ Ü :(Minerals) É²B DóóX (Minerals) É²

t@*i{]VZzg !-VÔTÔÍ “ ÔZ**`ÐqÝƒDXKã ¢zg]ÆÒpÐn*]Å ŠzZlx n*]Å Zlx:

(Minor Minerals) Xâ In*] (b) (Major Minerals) X Æn*] (a)

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(Nutrition) ´tZ,n*]XÅ ŸÃ i c*Š{ lZg~ ¢zg]ƒX† X Æn*]: (a)

Îe*Ô7N*ôÔ³ gZàÔy ÔÃ`gkÔ ! 5 ½ 5 4 o - ê

GY EGIG

Z,n*]XÅ ŸÃ ðh~Ï lZg~ ¢zg]ƒX† Xâ In*]: (b)

W],yÔi7- Ô» 6,Ô™ zçÔjgZà É²» ™ ŠZg:XA c*VÔ**oZzgŠZ-$¯DX 1XpyÆ_~Zë™ ŠZgZŠZ™ DX 2XZ²AÆ» x~çzyX 3X6,z " 2 . ç HGEEÆ» xÃ ñW,¯DX 4

XŸÆZ;gñ4,Ã » x~æŠŠïX 5

tZën*]~ÐìTÅ ŸÃ i c*Š{ lZg~ ¢zg]ƒCìXtZ3,Y Û Zë7™ @*pŸÆZdwÆnÑixìX :(Calcium)y tŠzŠ|ÔŠ„Ô©Ô ¿ÔsŠÔÈÍ ÌÔ‚v ZzgZ&+}Å igŠ~ÐqÝƒ@*ìX

!*¹Ÿ~ñŠƒ@*ìX 1% zA-VZzgŠZÕV~ñŠƒ@*ì² 99% y »

Ÿ~™ ŠZg:XA-VZzgŠZÕVÅ 9›zúZzg¢ï~æŠŠêìX 1

~çzyìX (Clotting) XpyÆ_ 2XZ «Z ZÃ dw¯äÆnÑiòìX 3y Å ¶ ÐƒäzZáZW,Z]:

XA-VZzgŠZÕVÅ ›zúgu YCìX 1XA c*VZzgŠZ-$ $ zgƒYDX 2XpyW×W×çìX 3

Å ´â]ƒYC

X(Tetanus) ~¼ (Muscles)

XW

]4

lZg~á ïìpZkÅ ZÌƒ Ði c*Š{ìX (Trace) tŸÆn¾ :(Iron OR Ferrous) ¯ÑŠtÍ “ Ôn xÔ0*´ ÔZ&+}Å igŠ~ÔZyz^ÔL gZzgT~0* c*Y@*ìX

XWx Å F,−ZzgZÐfí{™ ä~Zë™ ŠZgZŠZ™ @*ìX 1 Ÿ~™ ŠZg:¯@*ìX R.B.C X̄ÑŠŸ~pyÆ ucfgZ] 2

» ZëbzìX (Haemoglobin) X̄ÑŠå ‰ 0 3Ã ÌæŠŠêì (Immune System) X̄ÑŠŸÆæZ ¢ š - ö

EGÂx 4

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9th biology urdu notes (iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com)

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