02 Liquid fuels (derived liquid fuels)

turing economics are reviewed, but the ultimate profitability of gas to hydrocarbon systems at 25°C. The calculated data and experimental data liquids projects is left to the individual investor to decide, as it is their were very similar. The equation of molecular aggregation model was economic thresholds which must be met. suitable to describe the behaviour of a non-ideal solution.

99lQ2467 The North American natural gas liquids markets are chaotic Serletis, A. and Gogas, P. The Energy Journal, 1999, 20, (1) 83-103. In this paper, tests for deterministic chaos (i.e. non-linear deterministic processes which look random) are carried out in seven Mont Belview, Texas hydrocarbon markets, using monthly data from 1985:l to 1996:12. The markets are those of etbane, propane, normal butane, iso-butane, naptha, crude oil and natural gas. In doing so, the Lyapunov exponent estimator of Nychka, Ellner, Gallant and McCaffrey (1992) is used. The study concludes that there is evidence consistent with a chaotic nonlinear generation process in all five natural gas liquids markets.

99102468 The political economy of motor-fuel taxation Goel, R. K. and Nelson, M. A. The Energy Journal, 1999, 20, (l), 25-41. This paper examines the political and economic underpinnings of gasoline tax policy. The theoretical model extends the earlier work of Hettich and Winer (1988) to flush out the effect of a change in the pre-tax price of a taxable activity on the politically optimal tax rate. Using a large cross- sectional sample of US states over 1960-94, the empirical model tests the predictions of the theoretical model within the context of the state tax policy on gasoline. While simultaneously controlling for other politico- economic influences, the influence of changes in gas prices on tax rates is found to be negative. This is the first study to include a fully developed theoretical model and its empirical application to the gasoline market for a test of the votemaximizing model of tax policy.

99102469 Regionalization in the world crude oil market: further evidence Giircan Giilen, S. The Energy Journal, 1999, 20, (1) 125-139. This paper extends the tests of Weiner’s regionalization hypothesis which employed monthly data, to weekly data from a more recent period (1991:4- 1996:52). The higher frequency data allows us to analyse the co-movement of prices for similar quality crude oils from different regions of the world in shorter periods of time. In addition to the full sample, two subperiods (one of falling prices, 1991:4-93:52 and the other of rising prices, 1994:1-96:52) are analysed. The results are usually similar to those from Giilen (1997 Regionalization in the world crude oil market. The Energy Journal 18(2)), which rejected regionalization, but the comparison of the two subperiods leads to some interesting conclusions. First, prices (including that of Saudi Arabian Heavy) appear to be more in line with each other during tight market conditions than during weak market conditions. Second, the global benchmark role of WTI and UK Brent is reinforced.

Derived Liquid Fuels

99lO2470 Advances in hydrocarbon generation theory. II. Oils from coal and their primary migration model Huang, D. J. of Per. Sci. & Eng., 1999, 22, (l-3), 131-139. In recent years, great achievements have been made in exploring oil and gas from Jurassic coal measures in China. Plentiful oil and gas have been discovered in some coal basins of the Northwest of China. The exploration, development and studies of the oils from the coal greatly developed non- marine oil generation theory. In this paper, a new method by Qin [Qin, K. Z. and Wu, X., 1990. An approach to estimate the average structural unit weight of keroqen. Organic Geochemical 16, (13), 996-lOtJO.] is introduced, which adopted %? NMR spectroscopy to determine oil-prone carbon (Co), gas-prone carbon (Cg) and aromatic carbon (Ca) to evaluate oil and gas- generating potential. A primary migration model by three stages for oils from coal is also presented in this article.

99102471 Apparatus for thermal decomposition of WSStS plastics including chlorine-containing resins for manufacture of oils Hama, T. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 273,676 [98 273,676], (Cl. ClOGl/lO). 13 Ott 1998, Appl. 97/79,278, 31 Mar 1997,4 PP. (In Japanese) In the thermal decomposition of the waste plastics, the apparatus consists of a furnace, a quenching tower for quenching oil vapour and decomposi- tion gases generated from the furnace by circulating cooling water, and a tank for separating oils from the circulating cooling water. The separation tank is equipped with an apparatus for injecting alkalis into the cooling water for neutralization. The addition of alkalis to the decomposition products effectively and economically removes generated toxic decomposi- tion gases and acidic components.

99102472 Calculation of heat of mixin 7

of alcohol-hydrocar- bon system by using molecular aggregat on theory Tong, J. and Yu, Y. Tianranqi Huagong, 1997, 22, (5), 48-52. (In Chinese) Based on the molecular aggregation model, an equation for calculating the heat from the mixing of liquid mixtures was derived, and was used to correlate and calculate the heat of mixing data for eight binary alcohol-

99102473 Dewaterlng/reconstitution of fine clean coal slurry Sung, D. J. et 01. Fluid/Part. Separate J., 1998, 11, (2), 173-180. An innovative approach for in-situ dewateringfreconstitution of fine clean coal slurry is described in this paper. Three studies were conducted comprising a baseline dewatering study, a chemical en’ranced dewatering study and a waste fibrous material enhanced dewatering study. Vacuum and pressure filtration apparatus were utilized.

99102474 Diesel fuel from waste oils of various origins Kotowski, W. and Ferens, E. Karbo-Energochem.-Ekol., 1998,43, (7), 236- 239. (In Polish) This paper presents a problem of present and future quantities of used recoverable oils. The physicochemical properties of the oils, including lubricating, transformer and hydraulic, were characterized. In addition, a scheme for the thermal cracking of these oils mainly used to produce a fuel for diesel engines is presented.

99102475 Manufacture method of diesel fuel oils from waste cooking oils Haynfuji, S. ef al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 245,586 [98 245.5861, (Cl. CllC3/04), 14 Sep 1998, JP Appl. 96/315,544, 11 Nov 1996, 17 pp. (In Japanese) The manufacture of diesel fuel oils takes place by (1) removing solid material from waste cooking oils by a filter, (2) vapourizing and removing water and odorous material from the waste cooking oils by heating, (3) making catalyst-containing alcohol solutions by dissolving alkalis as catalyst to alcohol solutions, (4) reacting the catalyst-containing alcohols with the waste cooking oils by mixing and stirring, (5) separating the reaction products into a light liquid and a heavy liquid, (6) mixing the light liquid with a solid adsorbent for adsorbing the impurities of light liquid to the adsorbent and separating the light liquid with the adsorbent, and (7) neutralizing the alkalis of the heavy liquid.

99102476 A mathematical model of Fischer-Tropsch synth- esls In a slurry reactor Kirillov, V. A. et al. Stud. Surf Sci. Catal., 1998, 119, (Natural Gas Conversion V), 149-154. A mathematical model of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process in slurry reactors is presented here. Optimal conditions for the process were obtained.

99102477 The measurement of residence time of coal slurries in hydroliquefaction towers and coal hydroliquefaction method using hydrogen gas Ikeda, K. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 298,559 [98 298,559], (Cl. ClOG1/06), 10 Nov 1998, Appl. 97/109,240, 25 Apr 1997, 4 pp. (In Japanese) In this paper, the residence time of coal slurries is measured from pressure differentials between inside and outside of the hydroliquefaction towers and the amount of the coal slurries discharged from tower outlets. The coal liquefaction is carried out under conditions of maximum rate liquefaction which is determined from the coal slurry-residence time and the liquefaction performances.

99102478 Modeling for suspension of coal in multiphase reactor system. A statistical approach Mukheijee, A. et al. Fuel, 1998, 77, (14) 1683-1689. The suspension characteristics of coal in oil were studied using anthracene oil as the liquid medium to prepare the slurry and different coals in the size range 53-76 pm. Experiments were conducted in a 40 mm diameter and 1.5 m length glass reactor. The variables studied were coal to oil ratio, coal ash, slurry velocity, gas velocity and pressure drop. The effect of these variables on the minimum superficial velocity of gas required to keep the coal particles in suspension were studied qualitatively. Models predicting minimum superficial velocity and pressure drop were developed. The model parameters were optimized using a combined graphical and statistical approach.

99102479 Online and/or batch process for production of fuel mixtures consistlng of coallasphaltenes, fuel oillhesvy crude oil, surfsctant and water (CCTA), and the obtained products Grosso, V. J. L. et al. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 872,538, (Cl. ClOL1/32), 21 Ott 1998, US Appl. 842,654, 15 Apr 1997, 9 pp. An online and/or batch process to obtain a liquid mixture consisting of coal/ asphaltenes, fuel oil/heavy crude oil, surfactant and water has been devised. The liquid is obtained through the dispersion of a coal/water mixture using a mechanical element defined as a static mixer or a tank with shaking. The process can also be applied to obtain an emulsified, triphasic combustible product. This product can be transported through pipelines, is dynamically stable and has pseudoplastic and thixotropic characteristics.

260 Fuel and Energy Abstracts July 1999